467:
122:
25:
915:
908:
264:
in any desired direction. Absent a driving force, thionitrosos form out of nitrosamines, which form out of nitrite esters, which form out of nitrous acid.
2048:
743:
Wang, P. G.; Xian, M.; Tang, X.; Wu, X.; Wen, Z.; Cai, T.; Janczuk, A. J. (2002). "Nitric Oxide Donors: Chemical
Activities and Biological Applications".
673:, pp. 27–28, 209. Williams refers to Traube products as "Drago complexes"; note the typo on p. 27, which should refer to "2:1 complexes".
144:
functionality. The synonymy arises because the R-NO functionality can be interpreted two different ways, depending on the physico-chemical environment:
901:
35:
604:
Mannick, Joan B.; Schonhoff, Christopher M. (7 July 2009). "Review: NO Means No and Yes: Regulation of Cell
Signaling by Protein Nitrosylation".
549:
93:
198:
423:, so that the initial nitroso product (from the first addition) is reduced to a disulfonyl hydroxylamine. A variant on this process with
65:
552:
nitrosate primary amines during the acid environment of the stomach, and the resulting diazonium ions alkylate DNA, leading to cancer.
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72:
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353:, proton release to the solvent is typically rate-limiting, and the reaction can be suppressed in superacidic conditions.
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2053:
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Hayton, T. W.; Legzdins, P.; Sharp, W. B. (2002). "Coordination and
Organometallic Chemistry of Metal-NO Complexes".
261:
333:
can substitute directly onto an aromatic ring, but the ring must be substantially activated, because NO is about 14
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1936:
1822:
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If the amine is secondary, then the product is stable, but primary amines decompose in acid to the corresponding
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1327:
826:
López-Rodríguez, Rocío; McManus, James A.; Murphy, Natasha S.; Ott, Martin A.; Burns, Michael J. (2020-09-18).
1582:
449:
than the sulfur atom. The formation of an alkyl nitrite from an alcohol and nitrous acid is a common example:
267:
Some form of Lewis acid also enhances the electrophilicity of NO carriers, but the acid need not be Brønsted:
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541:, and then attack any nearby nucleophile. Nitrosation of a primary amine is thus sometimes referred to as
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transfer is catalyzed by a strong nucleophile, such as (in increasing order of efficacy)
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Although such cations have not been isolated, nitrosating reagents likely coordinate to
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typically oxidizes the initially-nitroso product to a nitro compound or diazonium salt.
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solution. Nitrous acid is unstable, and high yields require a rapid reaction rate; NO
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NO. It commonly occurs to a metal (e.g. iron) or a thiol, leading to nitrosyl iron
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There are multiple chemical mechanisms by which this can be achieved, including
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The stable secondary nitrosamines are carcinogens in rodents. The compounds
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115:
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cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)
445:-nitroso compounds, but are less reactive because the oxygen atom is less
2169:
2125:
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1928:
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946:
828:"Pathways for N -Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond"
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notwithstanding. But atmospheric oxygen can oxidize nitric oxide to
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may react similarly, but it is unclear if they release NO or NO.
125:
Nitrosylation results in a molecule "R" adducted with the group N=O
500:
489:
465:
379:
120:
132:
are two names for the process of converting organic compounds or
2063:
1990:
1564:
271:, for example, nitrosates best in neutral-to-basic conditions.
16:
Process of converting organic compounds into nitroso derivatives
897:
260:) can also nitrosate under such conditions; and the equilibria
18:
46:
947:
Nitroxyl anion (NO; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)
2016:
1989:
1927:
1857:
1808:
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1537:
1438:
Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)
1054:
974:
965:
937:
711:
429:Raschig's hydroxylamine production technique
212:thiols in proteins, which is an important part of
1252:Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)
294:ions catalyze disproportionation into NO and NO.
148:Nitrosylation interprets the process as adding a
1113:Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)
156:(e.g., in nitrosylated heme = nitrosylheme) or
252:. Indeed, (meta)stable nitrosation products (
1529:N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
1088:Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)
909:
8:
140:derivatives, i.e., compounds containing the
51:introducing citations to additional sources
492:. Typically, this reaction occurs when the
398:They are liable to disproportionate to the
1560:
1551:
971:
916:
902:
894:
832:Organic Process Research & Development
1272:Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)
1182:Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))
872:
813:
801:
789:
777:
697:
670:
658:
646:
224:Nitrosation is typically performed with
173:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1348:S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)
1338:S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)
561:
290:, which does nitrosate. Alternatively
1333:S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
1207:Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)
163:Nitrosation interprets it as adding a
710:Williams, D. L. H. (1988).
411:sulfides with no hydrogen substituent
7:
2168:non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g.,
952:Nitric oxide (NO; nitrogen monoxide)
170:. It commonly occurs with amines (–
1192:Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)
1078:Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
687:(8th ed.). Wiley. p. 634.
351:electrophilic aromatic substitution
2097:Indirect/downstream NO modulators:
1865:Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
14:
1895:Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)
1358:S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)
1328:S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)
1202:Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)
957:Nitrosonium (NO; nitrosyl cation)
228:, formed from acidification of a
419:and sulfinic acids add twice to
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
1423:Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)
683:Smith, Michael B. (2020).
62:"Nitrosation and nitrosylation"
1623:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (
1:
2206:Receptor/signaling modulators
1875:Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)
1093:Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)
1083:Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
130:Nitrosation and nitrosylation
1343:S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)
1172:Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)
1167:Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)
618:10.1080/10715760310001629065
503:attacks the nitrogen of the
309:, are typically prepared by
1818:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
1711:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
1608:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
1372:N-Nitroso compounds (e.g.,
1187:Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)
1098:Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)
484:arise from the reaction of
208:, the conjugation of NO to
2252:
2104:AT-II receptor antagonists
1849:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
1686:1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine
1658:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
1405:Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
374:are typically prepared by
113:
2199:
685:March's Organic Chemistry
441:compounds are similar to
1583:3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole
1418:Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)
1390:Metal nitrosyl complexes
1318:S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)
1012:Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)
844:10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323
816:, pp. 150–151, 177.
661:, pp. 202, 206–207.
364:Of chalcogen heteroatoms
337:less electrophilic than
189:and chemical synthesis.
114:Not to be confused with
2175:PDE9 inhibitors (e.g.,
1663:Pentamidine isethionate
1573:3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
1460:Heterocyclic compounds:
984:Activators/stimulators:
199:biological functions of
160:-nitrosothiols (RSNOs).
2132:L-Type calcium channel
804:, pp. 186, 191–2.
474:
298:On the carbon skeleton
126:
1736:Cindunistat (SD-6010)
1691:2-Ethylaminoguanidine
1448:Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)
1245:O-Nitroso compounds (
889:Nitrosation of Amines
606:Free Radical Research
469:
453:ROH + HONO → RONO + H
390:RSH + HONO → RSNO + H
284:Traube-type reactions
282:is a poor nitrosant,
124:
2122:receptor antagonists
1795:Ronopterin (VAS-203)
1494:Molsidomine (SIN-10)
1415:(diazeniumdiolates):
1395:Roussin's black salt
1108:Mannitol hexanitrate
720:Cambridge University
47:improve this article
1489:Linsidomine (SIN-1)
1386:Nitrosyl compounds:
1353:S-Nitrosodiclofenac
1323:S-Nitrosated AR545C
1308:S-Nitroso compounds
792:, pp. 182–183.
780:, pp. 174–175.
722:. pp. 59, 61.
2226:Chemical reactions
1400:Roussin's red salt
1257:Cyclohexyl nitrite
1148:Nipradilol (K-351)
475:
321:RNHOH + → RNO + H
127:
2236:Organic reactions
2213:
2212:
2038:
2029:
2012:
2011:
1945:
1923:
1922:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1823:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1769:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
1763:
1759:
1756:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
1696:2-Iminopiperidine
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1548:
1277:Isopropyl nitrite
1223:Nitroso compounds
1065:
1050:
1049:
875:, pp. 81–83.
757:10.1021/cr000040l
718:. Cambridge, UK:
700:, pp. 63–70.
583:10.1021/cr000074t
349:. Unusually for
303:Nitroso compounds
220:Organic synthesis
112:
111:
97:
2243:
2139:dihydropyridines
2039:-arginine (NOHA)
2036:
2027:
1981:alpha aminoacids
1951:chlorogenic acid
1946:-arginine (NOHA)
1943:
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1578:3-Chloroindazole
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1177:Nitrofluvastatin
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1103:Itramin tosilate
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863:
838:(9): 1558–1585.
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751:(4): 1091–1134.
745:Chemical Reviews
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539:diazonium cation
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288:nitrogen dioxide
177:), leading to a
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150:nitrosyl radical
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2159:PDE5 inhibitors
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2008:
1985:
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1598:7-Nitroindazole
1593:6-Nitroindazole
1588:5-Nitroindazole
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1310:(thionitrites):
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1197:Propatylnitrate
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550:are believed to
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499:of a secondary
490:amino compounds
470:Nitrosation of
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404:nitrogen oxides
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273:Roussin's salts
222:
214:cell signalling
206:S-nitrosylation
195:
193:In biochemistry
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165:nitrosonium ion
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134:metal complexes
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1303:-Butyl nitrite
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1295:Pentyl nitrite
1292:
1290:-Butyl nitrite
1284:
1282:Methyl nitrite
1279:
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1269:
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1247:alkyl nitrites
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883:External links
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577:(1): 935–991.
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518:+ 2 H → NO + H
515:
463:
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396:
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372:-nitrosothiols
365:
362:
343:
329:In principle,
327:
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322:
315:hydroxylamines
307:nitrosobenzene
299:
296:
254:alkyl nitrites
230:sodium nitrite
221:
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110:
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103:September 2024
45:. Please help
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1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Hexyl nitrite
1265:
1263:
1262:Ethyl nitrite
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1242:
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1228:
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873:Williams 1988
869:
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814:Williams 1988
810:
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798:
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778:Williams 1988
774:
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746:
739:
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731:
729:0-521-26796-X
725:
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698:Williams 1988
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659:Williams 1988
655:
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546:
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513:
512:
511:
509:
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505:electrophilic
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:sources with
487:
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312:
308:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
269:nitroprusside
265:
263:
262:can be driven
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
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117:
106:
95:
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78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2202:
2201:
2177:paraxanthine
2153:beta blocker
2096:
2045:
2023:
1827:-ornithine (
1760:-ornithine (
1505:
1484:Feprosidnine
1479:Sydnonimines
1477:
1462:
1459:
1411:
1388:
1385:
1374:nitrosamines
1371:
1306:
1300:
1287:
1244:
1221:
1071:
1038:
1017:GSK-2181236A
983:
925:Nitric oxide
868:
835:
831:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
748:
744:
738:
713:
705:
693:
684:
678:
666:
654:
642:
609:
605:
599:
574:
570:
564:
547:
536:
494:nucleophilic
482:Nitrosamines
477:
476:
447:nucleophilic
442:
434:
433:
421:nitrous acid
415:
408:
397:
384:nitrous acid
376:condensation
369:
367:
355:
328:
301:
280:nitric oxide
278:In general,
277:
266:
258:nitrosamines
226:nitrous acid
223:
202:nitric oxide
196:
184:
157:
129:
128:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
2190:simvastatin
2024:Precursors:
1961:epicatechin
1885:Indospicine
1840:-arginine (
1786:-arginine (
1721:AR-C 102222
1649:-arginine (
1636:-arginine (
1499:Sydnonimine
1232:Nitrite (NO
1215:Trolnitrate
1211:Tenitramine
1153:Nitrate (NO
1039:Inhibitors:
1022:Praliciguat
1002:BAY 60-4552
997:BAY 41-8543
992:BAY 41-2272
714:Nitrosation
543:deamination
529:NH + NO → R
508:nitrosonium
246:thiocyanate
179:nitrosamine
2220:Categories
2163:sildenafil
2143:nifedipine
2046:Cofactors:
2035:N-Hydroxy-
1942:N-Hydroxy-
1731:Canavanine
1726:BYK-191023
1545:inhibitors
1474:REC15/2739
1453:V-PYRRO/NO
1143:Nicorandil
1032:Vericiguat
931:modulators
612:(1): 1–7.
556:References
417:Sulfinates
305:, such as
73:newspapers
2203:See also:
2149:Nebivolol
2108:captopril
2030:-Arginine
1971:norvaline
1966:ornithine
1880:GW-273629
1836:N-Methyl-
1782:N-Methyl-
1773:-lysine (
1645:N-Propyl-
1632:N-Methyl-
1613:ARL-17477
1506:Unsorted:
1056:NO donors
1027:Riociguat
1007:BI-703704
987:Ataciguat
928:signaling
860:225483602
852:1083-6160
571:Chem. Rev
462:Of amines
425:bisulfite
400:disulfide
311:oxidation
116:Nitration
43:talk page
2170:caffeine
2135:blockers
2126:bosentan
2112:losartan
1929:Arginase
1915:VAS-2381
1910:ONO-1714
1858:Unsorted
1618:Indazole
1524:FR146881
1519:FR144220
1509:Cimlanod
1464:Furoxans
1443:PROLI/NO
1413:NONOates
1363:SNO-t-PA
1227:nitrites
1138:NCX-4215
1133:NCX 4040
1128:NCX-4016
1123:NCX-2216
1073:Nitrates
1062:prodrugs
765:11942788
634:21787778
626:15061648
591:11942784
533:N-NO + H
497:nitrogen
250:thiourea
238:chloride
210:cysteine
204:include
2188:(e.g.,
2186:Statins
2161:(e.g.,
2137:(e.g.,
2124:(e.g.,
2106:(e.g.,
1956:ginseng
1905:NXN-462
1900:NCX-456
1890:KD-7040
1870:CKD-712
1603:A-84643
1469:Furoxan
1368:SNO-vWF
1118:NCX-466
967:Targets
486:nitrite
472:aniline
439:Nitroso
356:Excess
242:bromide
234:synthon
187:enzymes
138:nitroso
87:scholar
2017:Others
1976:lysine
1539:Enzyme
1514:FK-409
1428:GLO/NO
1379:SIN-1A
858:
850:
763:
726:
632:
624:
589:
510:ion:
292:cupric
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
2049:NADPH
1844:-NMA)
1831:-NIO)
1790:-NMA)
1777:-NIL)
1764:-NIO)
1706:AEITU
1701:1400W
1653:-NPA)
1640:-NMA)
1627:-NIO)
1313:LA810
939:Forms
856:S2CID
630:S2CID
501:amine
380:thiol
378:of a
248:, or
154:Fe−NO
136:into
94:JSTOR
80:books
2064:Heme
1991:CAMK
1810:eNOS
1800:TRIM
1751:MITU
1746:IPTU
1741:EITU
1678:iNOS
1668:TRIM
1565:nNOS
1433:JS-K
1301:tert
848:ISSN
761:PMID
724:ISBN
622:PMID
587:PMID
402:and
382:and
197:The
142:R−NO
66:news
2077:CaM
2059:FMN
2054:FAD
2004:W-7
1937:ABH
1716:AMT
1556:NOS
1042:ODQ
976:sGC
840:doi
753:doi
749:102
614:doi
579:doi
575:102
427:is
335:bel
313:of
256:or
49:by
2222::
2141::
2118:ET
2110:,
2090:Ca
2069:BH
1476:;
1376:):
1370:;
1305:;
1249:):
1243:;
854:.
846:.
836:24
834:.
830:.
759:.
747:.
628:.
620:.
610:38
608:.
585:.
573:.
545:.
514:NO
431:.
413:.
406:.
386::
358:NO
339:NO
331:NO
317::
244:,
240:,
216:.
172:NH
168:NO
2192:)
2179:)
2172:)
2165:)
2155:)
2151:(
2145:)
2128:)
2120:B
2114:)
2102:/
2084:2
2082:O
2071:4
2037:L
2028:L
1944:L
1842:L
1838:L
1829:L
1825:L
1788:L
1784:L
1775:L
1771:L
1762:L
1758:L
1651:L
1647:L
1638:L
1634:L
1625:L
1547:)
1543:(
1481::
1466::
1392::
1288:n
1241:)
1237:2
1229::
1225:/
1162:)
1158:3
1075::
1064:)
1060:(
917:e
910:t
903:v
862:.
842::
767:.
755::
732:.
649:.
636:.
616::
593:.
581::
531:2
527:2
525:R
522:O
520:2
516:2
480:-
478:N
457:O
455:2
443:S
437:-
435:O
394:O
392:2
370:S
344:2
325:O
323:2
181:.
174:2
158:S
118:.
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
53:.
39:.
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