185:
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and particles, governed by the laws of chance, rather than the rigid rules of causality. An extension of the quantum theory goes beyond even this; it paints a picture in which solid matter dissolves away, to be replaced by weird excitations and vibrations of invisible field energy. Quantum physics undermines materialism because it reveals that matter has far less "substance" than we might believe. But another development goes even further by demolishing Newton's image of matter as inert lumps. This development is the theory of chaos, which has recently gained widespread attention.
1461:, such as "substance" and "substratum", which according to Turbayne have little if any meaning. He further argues that such physicalist theories of the universe generally rely upon mechanistic metaphors drawn through the use of deductive logic for the synthesis of their respective hypotheses. Turbayne observes that modern man has become victimized by the metaphors underlying these hypotheses, which have been unintentionally interpreted as examples of literal truth despite their limitations.
712:
distributed and society divided into classes or orders is dependent upon what is produced, how it is produced, and how the products are exchanged. From this point of view, the final causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men's brains, not in men's better insights into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange. They are to be sought, not in the philosophy, but in the economics of each particular epoch.
3906:
3172:. A379, p. 352: "If, however, as commonly happens, we seek to extend the concept of dualism, and take it in the transcendental sense, neither it nor the two counter-alternatives — pneumatism on the one hand, materialism on the other — would have any sort of basis. … Neither the transcendental object which underlies outer appearances nor that which underlies inner intuition, is in itself either matter or a thinking being, but a ground (to us unknown)…"
1204:
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1495:. Berkeley gives an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, matter's existence can only be inferred from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.
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Then came our
Quantum theory, which totally transformed our image of matter. The old assumption that the microscopic world of atoms was simply a scaled-down version of the everyday world had to be abandoned. Newton's deterministic machine was replaced by a shadowy and paradoxical conjunction of waves
1155:
In the twentieth century, physicalism has emerged out of positivism. Physicalism restricts meaningful statements to physical bodies or processes that are verifiable or in principle verifiable. It is an empirical hypothesis that is subject to revision and, hence, lacks the dogmatic stance of classical
477:
provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in
Lucretius's work. Democritus and Epicurus did not espouse a monist ontology, instead espousing the ontological separation of matter
1372:
As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration
1165:
But not all conceptions of physicalism are tied to verificationist theories of meaning or direct realist accounts of perception. Rather, physicalists believe that no "element of reality" is missing from the mathematical formalism of our best description of the world. "Materialist" physicalists also
711:
The materialist conception of history starts from the proposition that the production of the means to support human life and, next to production, the exchange of things produced, is the basis of all social structure; that in every society that has appeared in history, the manner in which wealth is
2246:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990, p. 57: "Although Marx has rejected Feuerbach's abstract materialism," Lenin says that Feuerbach's views "are consistently materialist," implying that Feuerbach's conception of causality is entirely in line with dialectical materialism."
1160:
defended physicalism in the United States and consistently held that mental states are brain states and that mental terms have the same referent as physical terms. The twentieth century has witnessed many materialist theories of the mental, and much debate surrounding
260:. The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality: the primary difference between them is how they answer two fundamental questions—what reality consists of, and how it originated. To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (
981:
tradition of inquiry at the expense of an
Indigenous ethic of responsibility. Other scholars, such as Helene Vosters, echo their concerns and have questioned whether there is anything particularly "new" about "new materialism", as Indigenous and other
3194:: "Kant argues that we can determine that there has been a change in the objects of our perception, not merely a change in our perceptions themselves, only by conceiving of what we perceive as successive states of enduring substances (see Substance)."
976:
scholar
Vanessa Watts, query the colonial orientation of the race for a "new" materialism. Watts in particular describes the tendency to regard matter as a subject of feminist or philosophical care as a tendency too invested in the reanimation of a
1108:
said: "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible...atoms are not things."
345:
explicitly rejects this notion, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents.
93:—the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter (e.g.
339:, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description—typically, at a more reduced level.
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425:
school (c. 600–100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism (although their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists).
469:
philosophy of
Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called
1292:
of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible
1112:
The concept of matter has changed in response to new scientific discoveries. Thus materialism has no definite content independent of the particular theory of matter on which it is based. According to
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1445:
During the 20th century, several other philosophers also offered specific criticisms related to the fundamental concepts underlying scientific materialism. Among them was the
Australian scholar
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concurred with Planck, saying, "The
Universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter."
1560:
states that since the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries, as has happened in the past, scientific materialists are being dogmatic in assuming the opposite.
1373:
and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent Mind. This Mind is the matrix of all matter.
5260:
2285:: "During the 1850s German...scientists conducted a controversy known...as the materialistic controversy. It was specially associated with the names of Vogt, Moleschott and Büchner."
128:
find that association fallacious or consider it compatible with non-materialist ideas. Alternative philosophies opposed or alternative to materialism or physicalism include idealism,
1104:
With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained.
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1633:
252:
Despite the large number of philosophical schools and their nuances, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, defined in contrast to each other:
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analyzes the limitations associated with several metaphors routinely incorporated as literal constructs in the "mechanistic" explanations of the universe first outlined by
3808:
350:
held this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics.
1998:
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said, "Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else."
2664:
1364:
wrote, "all matter and all things physical are information-theoretic in origin and this is a participatory universe." Some founders of quantum theory, such as
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and
Zakiyyah Iman Jackson have critiqued this body of new materialist literature for neglecting to consider the materiality of race and gender in particular.
883:. A materialist of this variety might believe that a concept like "belief" has no basis in fact (e.g. the way folk science speaks of demon-caused illnesses).
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264:) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary—the product of matter acting upon matter.
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shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is
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has become its own subfield, with courses on it at major universities, as well as numerous conferences, edited collections and monographs devoted to it.
160:
in either some type of celestial "heaven" cognate from which they ruled the universe (if not on a literal Mount
Olympus), and his philosophy promulgated
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271:; by itself, materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of
2808:
3430:
1545:—claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers "
1093:, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" the Standard Model describes, and most of the universe is composed of
3801:
267:
The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically by
3213:. B274, p. 245: "All determination of time presupposes something permanent in perception. This permanent cannot, however, be something in me…"
2321:
Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche
Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914
70:
interactions of material things. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are caused by physical processes, such as the
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875:. Eliminative materialism holds that some mental phenomena simply do not exist at all, and that talk of such phenomena reflects a spurious "
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Urvoy, Dominique. 1996. "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)." pp. 38–46 in
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believe that the formalism describes fields of insentience. In other words, the intrinsic nature of the physical is non-experiential.
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The University of Rochester Department of Philosophy- Berkley Essay Prize Competition - History of the Prize Colin Turbayne's
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Discoveries of neural correlates between consciousness and the brain are taken as empirical support for materialism, but some
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Seidner, Stanley S. 10 June 2009. "A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology."
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3336:
2575:"Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency Amongst Humans and Non Humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go On a European World Tour!)"
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Todd, Zoe (2016). "An Indigenous Feminist's Take On The Ontological Turn: 'Ontology' Is Just Another Word For Colonialism".
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Indeed, it has been noted it is difficult if not impossible to define one category without contrasting it with the other.
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Some scientific materialists have been criticized for failing to provide clear definitions of matter, leaving the term
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1272:, rejected materialism: "The premise that you can describe in terms of physics the whole function of a human being
990:, have critiqued "vitalist" versions of new materialism for depoliticizing "flat ontology" and being ahistorical.
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787:(1817–1895), even though they had different views on core issues such as the evolution and the origins of life.
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If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind,
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Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition of other scientifically observable entities such as
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1360:, who view information rather than matter as fundamental. The physicist and proponent of digital physics
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ontologies have attested to what might be called the "vibrancy of matter" for centuries. Others, such as
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3486:. The Philosophy of Science. Boyd, Richard; P. Gasper; J. D. Trout. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.
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2289:: "Frenchmen were surprised to see Büchner and Vogt.... he French were surprised at German materialism."
1831:
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Gamble, Christopher N.; Hanan, Joshua S.; Nail, Thomas (2 November 2019). "What is New Materialism?".
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has attempted to rework and strengthen classical materialist ideas. Contemporary theorists such as
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1481:, often take the form of an argument against materialism; indeed, Berkeley's idealism was called
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approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance.
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One challenge to the conventional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of
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764:, which connects his opponents' political conceptions to their anti-materialist philosophies.
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494:
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Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of
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centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the
268:
3384:(April 2006). "Having an Idea of Matter: A Peircean Refutation of Berkeleyan Immaterialism".
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1967:
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thinkers also express skepticism about any all-encompassing metaphysical scheme. Philosopher
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2547:
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1324:) have argued that materialism is flawed due to certain recent findings in physics, such as
1276:... including knowledge and consciousness, is untenable. There is still something missing."
1090:
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907:
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780:
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642:(1711–1776) became one of the most important materialist philosophers in the 18th century.
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account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach introduced
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Reppert, V. 1992. "Eliminative Materialism, Cognitive Suicide, and Begging the Question."
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3660:"A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"
27:
Form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature
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Scientific materialism is often synonymous with, and has typically been described as, a
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advocated a radically contrasting position (at least in regard to certain hypotheses):
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525:) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka (or Lokāyata) text to quote from or refer to.
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Churchland, P. M. (1981). "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes".
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to facts) and eliminative materialism at the other (certain theories will need to be
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230:
217:. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism is in contrast to
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63:
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2881:
Bernard Sadoulet "Particle Dark Matter in the Universe: At the Brink of Discovery?"
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2255:
see Plekhanov, Georgi: 1891. "For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel's Death;" 1893.
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1248:, blinding humans from the truth. Transcendental experiences like the perception of
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However, critics of materialism are equally guilty of prognosticating that it will
3222:
2316:
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2043:
1951:
1557:
1527:
1454:
1431:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1113:
1035:
1001:
978:
771:-oriented materialist school of thought that developed in the mid-19th century was
588:
573:(1592–1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of
379:
291:
145:
3754:
3181:
2691:
1120:
can be considered material, if one defines matter such that it has that property.
323:, stripping them of their idealist aspects, and fusing them with materialism (see
3593:
3512:
2759:
2739:
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2512:
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2434:
2190:
8185:
8159:
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4467:
4377:
4310:
4086:
4033:
3858:
3551:
Basic Buddhism: A Modern Introduction to the Buddha's Teaching". 18 January 2008
3447:
3069:
2816:
1727:
1387:
1317:
1309:
1194:
1146:
1098:
1094:
1020:—like other key concepts in science and philosophy—have occasioned much debate:
987:
973:
958:
833:
807:
347:
312:
272:
242:
137:
90:
75:
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has been particularly instrumental in bringing theories of monist ontology and
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1423:
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1005:
639:
631:
536:
529:
490:
486:
448:
189:
157:
3782:
A new theory of ideomaterialism being a synthesis of idealism and materialism
3340:
Shook, John. 2005 p. 2451 Biography of Colin Murray Turbayne on Google Books
2699:
2590:
2559:
1987:
RePresentations: Philosophical Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science
1526:
Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or
931:, working with this reinvigorated materialism, have come to be classified as
8094:
8027:
7991:
7654:
7619:
7052:
7047:
6907:
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6640:
6574:
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6371:
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6142:
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4921:
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4736:
4689:
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4320:
4272:
4219:
4205:
3985:
3690:
2226:
2142:
1653:
1503:
1082:
to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are
784:
690:
462:
444:
422:
383:
298:
165:
94:
6277:
3786:
3698:
86:, according to which consciousness is the fundamental substance of nature.
3584:
2861:
José Ignacio Illana; Alejandro Jiménez Cano (2022). "Cornell University".
2070:
The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān
6882:
6789:
6754:
6712:
6700:
6488:
6282:
6182:
6125:
5929:
5883:
5767:
5370:
4931:
4786:
4561:
4526:
4240:
4043:
3848:
3833:
1586:
1535:
1514:
seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially
1491:, and mind-independent properties can, in turn, be reduced to subjective
1470:
1289:
1235:
965:
950:
675:
452:
440:
234:
218:
206:
83:
67:
3399:
3320:
2307:. 1952. p. 227: "the Continental materialism of Moleschott and Buchner."
886:
With reductive materialism at one end of a continuum (our theories will
8037:
6509:
6483:
6478:
6420:
6415:
6247:
6135:
6130:
6089:
5911:
5757:
5639:
5220:
4926:
4856:
4826:
4791:
4726:
4684:
4669:
4536:
3914:
3556:
3482:
2551:
2389:
Smith, Daniel; Protevi, John (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1492:
1420:). But Kant argues that change and time require an enduring substrate.
1249:
1101:, with little agreement among scientists about what these are made of.
1040:
1033:
Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (
983:
741:
582:
431:
414:
375:
315:
created, reproduced or destroyed by that activity. They also developed
161:
118:
82:, without which they cannot exist. Materialism directly contrasts with
3115:, ed. 1990. "Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links." In
2395:(Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
682:, a version of materialism that views materialist anthropology as the
294:, suggest that the concept of "matter" is elusive and poorly defined.
8154:
7567:
6774:
6695:
6425:
6084:
6074:
5772:
5674:
4816:
4766:
4679:
4551:
2461:"Animal: New Directions in the Theorization of Race and Posthumanism"
1507:
402:
279:
203:
141:
98:
55:
47:
43:
3365:
Murphy, Jeffrie G. "Berkeley and the Metaphor of Mental Substance."
2867:
2460:
840:
framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate the
650:
dimension, which had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of
489:(27 – c. 100 AD) was a Chinese thinker of the early
413:
school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of
152:
that was a major forerunner of modern science. Though ostensibly a
7799:
6590:
6252:
5538:
4916:
4866:
3731:
1474:
647:
418:
283:
183:
153:
102:
3072:. "Quantum interactive dualism - an alternative to materialism."
2279:
The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century
1356:
The objections of Davies and Gribbin are shared by proponents of
241:. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of
8129:
8057:
4861:
4841:
4836:
4761:
4719:
4704:
3416:
be able to explain certain phenomena. "Over a hundred years ago
2337:
Eliminative Materialism § Specific Problems With Folk Psychology
1673:
1151:
George Stack distinguishes between materialism and physicalism:
1026:
841:
169:
59:
7571:
7233:
5975:
5513:
5475:
4440:
3790:
513:
philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400; when
6435:
4436:
1198:
173:
5471:
5321:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
2738:
622:
In England, materialism was developed in the philosophies of
581:
with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and
397:, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of
3203:
Kant, Immanuel. "The refutation of idealism." pp. 345–52 in
3162:
Kant, Immanuel. "The refutation of idealism." pp. 345–52 in
3143:
Kant, Immanuel. "The refutation of idealism." pp. 345–52 in
3493:(1981), "Mental representation", in Block, Ned Joel (ed.),
2357:
Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain
758:
further developed dialectical materialism in his 1909 book
209:, and is thus different from ontological theories based on
2488:
Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect
1817:"Tyler Burge, A Real Science of Mind - The New York Times"
1030:) that everything is made of, or are there multiple kinds?
2158:
The Making of Neoclassical Economics (Routledge Revivals)
1836:
Trinitarian: International Journal of Arts and Humanities
1312:), and some modern physicists and science writers (e.g.,
732:(1883), Engels later developed a "materialist dialectic"
693:, who in the late 19th century elaborated the concept of
192:
espoused a materialistic definition of the human soul in
168:
taught roughly the opposite, despite Plato's teaching of
3288:
99:157–84; and 1991. "The Status of Content Revisited."
3032:
Physics and philosophy: the revolution in modern science
2896:
Physics and philosophy: the revolution in modern science
1832:"A CRITICAL EPOCHAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHICAL MATERIALISM"
478:
and space (i.e. that space is "another kind" of being).
5261:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
3483:
Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes
1518:) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.
1215:
3669:
Turner, MS (5 January 2007). "Quarks and the Cosmos".
3307:
Hesse, Mary (1966). "Review of The Myth of Metaphor".
689:
Feuerbach's variety of materialism heavily influenced
3557:
Multiple Realization and the Metaphysics of Reduction
2906:
2904:
2406:
Dolphijn, Rick; Tuin, Iris van der (1 January 2013).
2098:
Pierre Gassendi (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
957:
theories of language and discourse. Scholars such as
3021:. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Vieweg & Sohn. p. 334.
2955:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Luther to Nifo
2579:
Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society
1039:) or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (
668:
signaled a new turn in materialism in his 1841 book
8178:
8005:
7875:
7605:
7483:
7383:
7345:
7292:
7259:
7250:
7179:
7091:
6929:
6920:
6853:
6627:
6605:
6560:
6502:
6454:
6408:
6399:
6362:
6233:
6098:
6045:
6036:
5986:
5910:
5882:
5839:
5791:
5748:
5701:
5673:
5625:
5597:
5524:
5363:
5162:
4902:
4630:
4474:
4291:
4193:
4115:
4077:
4009:
3966:
3913:
3824:
3773:
Dictionary of the Philosophy of Mind on Materialism
3332:
3330:
2192:
Materialism: A Historical and Philosophical Inquiry
2143:
Thomas Hobbes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1487:. Now, matter can be argued to be redundant, as in
953:back into a critical theoretical fold dominated by
493:said to be a materialist. Later Indian materialist
305:extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a
3767:Philosophical Materialism (by Richard C. Vitzthum)
3716:Materialism: An Affirmative History and Definition
3117:Complexity, Entropy and the Physics of Information
1089:According to the dominant cosmological model, the
3420:saw clearly that science would never resolve the
1074:and matter is one of its forms. In contrast, the
465:(99 – c. 55 BC) reflects the
156:, Epicurus affirmed the literal existence of the
2115:. Salem Publishing Solutions. pp. 587–589.
2885:5 January 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5808, pp. 61 - 63
2774:"Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century"
2409:New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies
2019:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1370:
1334:
1153:
709:
2915:New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind
2331:
2329:
7583:
5487:
4452:
3802:
2436:Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things
2262:The Development of the Monist View of History
1268:, a physicist who played a major role in the
543: Abubacer) discussed materialism in his
455:prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem
117:, while others use the terms as if they were
8:
3302:
3300:
3013:"General Scientific and Popular Papers." In
2795:Article by a philosopher who opposes atomism
2604:Schweitzer, M.; Zerdy, J. (14 August 2014).
2323:. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, pp. 210, 293–99.
1919:
1917:
1915:
1882:
1880:
1408:argued against materialism in defending his
30:For other uses of the term materialism, see
2821:"Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century"
1830:Idoko, Barnabas Obiora (14 December 2023).
1086:and the energy is a property of the field.
7590:
7576:
7568:
7256:
7247:
7230:
6926:
6633:
6405:
6042:
5983:
5972:
5521:
5510:
5494:
5480:
5472:
4459:
4445:
4437:
3809:
3795:
3787:
3338:Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2663:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2233:, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 18.
1332:. According to Gribbin and Davies (1991):
836:) operate within a broadly physicalist or
2866:
2039:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism (2006)
3567:La Mettrie, La Mettrie, Julien Offray de
3561:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
3538:Fodor, J.A. (1974). "Special Sciences",
2607:Performing Objects and Theatrical Things
2161:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–25.
1252:are considered to destroy the illusion.
3477:. New York, Peter Eckler Publishing Co.
3242:. Princeton: Princeton University Press
3089:"A Physicist Talks God And The Quantum"
3046:Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses
3043:Wigner, Eugene Paul (6 December 2012).
2017:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1794:
1412:(as well as offering arguments against
1346:, Chapter 1: "The Death of Materialism"
1046:Does matter have intrinsic properties (
434:school continued the atomic tradition.
188:In 1748, French doctor and philosopher
3719:. Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books.
3588:. New York, Harcourt, Brace, & Co.
2656:
2517:McMaster Indigenous Research Institute
1968:Afterword to the Second German Edition
1874:. (Originally published in 8 volumes.)
324:
8191:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
5291:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
3742:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911.
3592:Moser, Paul K.; Trout, J. D. (1995).
3497:, vol. 2, Taylor & Francis,
2189:Brown, Robin; Ladyman, James (2019).
1803:"Edward Feser: Against "Neurobabble""
1368:, shared their objections. He wrote:
1242:regard all matter as an illusion, or
540:
335:Materialism is often associated with
7:
5391:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
5311:The World as Will and Representation
4411:
3658:Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009).
3655:. New York, Dover Publications, Inc.
3652:The World as Will and Representation
3495:Readings in Philosophy of Psychology
3183:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2817:Article on traditional Greek atomism
2788:"Atomism in the Seventeenth Century"
2749:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2257:Essays on the History of Materialism
1304:Some 20th-century physicists (e.g.,
202:Materialism belongs to the class of
148:is a philosophy of materialism from
2838:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2824:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2342:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3595:Contemporary Materialism: A Reader
3448:"Interview with John Polkinghorne"
2791:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
2784:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1976:, Vol. 1, transcribed by H. Kuhls.
1024:Is there a single kind of matter (
646:(1747–1822) believed matter has a
365:History of metaphysical naturalism
89:Materialism is closely related to
25:
3282:. 1990. "The Status of Content."
2737:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2631:Nail, Thomas (10 December 2018).
2109:Mahan, A.; Friedrich, R. (2003).
1008:also based on materialist ideas.
761:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
719:Socialism: Scientific and Utopian
308:materialist conception of history
58:, and that all things, including
7551:
7550:
7537:
5454:
5444:
5443:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4390:
3958:Traditional ecological knowledge
3904:
3075:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2635:. New York, NY. pp. 11–54.
2433:Bennett, Jane (4 January 2010).
2300:The Nineteenth Century and After
2112:A Critical History of Philosophy
1989:. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
1202:
509:epistemology. The materialistic
5241:Meditations on First Philosophy
4256:Science, technology and society
3545:Gunasekara, Victor A. (2001). "
3387:Journal of the History of Ideas
3291:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
2957:, Routledge, pp. 171–172,
2806:Information on Buddhist atomism
2540:Journal of Historical Sociology
557:), while vaguely foreshadowing
503:The Upsetting of All Principles
2281:. Cambridge University Press.
2231:Social Action and Human Nature
1931:. New York: Pathfinder Press.
1858:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1779:
1556:without any definite meaning.
1342:Paul Davies and John Gribbin,
1130:uses a more precise term than
615:(1723–1789), and other French
109:). Thus, some prefer the term
1:
8048:Hard problem of consciousness
4097:Religion and environmentalism
3649:Schopenhauer, Arthur (1969).
3547:Buddhism and the Modern World
2692:10.1080/0969725x.2019.1684704
2573:Watts, Vanessa (4 May 2013).
2485:Chen, Mel Y. (10 July 2012).
2056:History of Indian Materialism
1434:argues that materialism is a
1170:Religious and spiritual views
1016:The nature and definition of
972:(Bear Clan, Six Nations) and
863:. In the early 21st century,
697:—the basis for what Marx and
387:
290:; some philosophers, such as
7023:Ordinary language philosophy
5426:Philosophy of space and time
4160:Environmental interpretation
3713:Vitzthum, Richard C. (1995)
3019:Austrian Academy of Sciences
1693:Marxist philosophy of nature
1261:From contemporary physicists
1181:Materialism and Christianity
898:is somewhere in the middle.
779:(1824–1899), the Dutch-born
591:(1664–1729), along with the
523:A Digest of All Philosophies
473:(literally "indivisibles").
229:. It can also contrast with
32:Materialism (disambiguation)
7073:Contemporary utilitarianism
6988:Internalism and externalism
5301:The Phenomenology of Spirit
4133:Environmental communication
3582:Lange, Friedrich A. (1925)
2359:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1296:... Atoms are not things."
680:anthropological materialism
671:The Essence of Christianity
611:(1715–1771), German-French
605:Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
597:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
577:(1596–1650) to provide the
8278:
6337:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3948:Environmental anthropology
3585:The History of Materialism
3511:Flanagan, Owen J. (1991).
3427:Are We Spiritual Machines?
3030:Heisenberg, Werner. 1962.
2894:Heisenberg, Werner. 1962.
2355:Churchland, P. S. (1986).
2059:, Ramakrishna Bhattacharya
1929:The Origins of Materialism
1522:Materialism as methodology
1256:Criticism and alternatives
1192:
1178:
1144:
916:Transcendental materialism
905:
805:
794:
497:(6th century) in his work
409:and the proponents of the
362:
29:
8211:
7770:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
7760:David Lewis (philosopher)
7531:
7246:
7229:
6636:
5982:
5971:
5559:Philosophy of mathematics
5549:Philosophy of information
5520:
5509:
5439:
4386:
3902:
3480:Churchland, Paul (1981).
2949:Stack, George J. (1998),
2491:. Duke University Press.
2439:. Duke University Press.
2412:. Open Humanities Press.
2335:Ramsey, William. 2019. "
2011:Berryman, Sylvia (2022).
1718:Philosophical materialism
1541:objects to what he calls
1125:philosophical materialist
1078:of particle physics uses
395:ancient Indian philosophy
343:Non-reductive materialism
331:Non-reductive materialism
297:During the 19th century,
18:Non-reductive materialism
5416:Philosophy of psychology
5351:Simulacra and Simulation
4363:Sustainable architecture
4301:Arts and Crafts movement
4165:Environmental journalism
4059:Environmental philosophy
3818:Environmental humanities
3620:Priest, Stephen (1991),
3433:11 November 2013 at the
2811:16 February 2007 at the
2800:21 December 2006 at the
2779:9 September 2006 at the
2195:. Taylor & Francis.
1887:Priest, Stephen (1991).
1763:Transcendence (religion)
1394:Philosophical objections
894:in light of new facts),
750:. In early 20th-century
740:, the father of Russian
555:Philosophus Autodidactus
390: 800–200 BC).
7898:Eliminative materialism
7028:Postanalytic philosophy
6969:Experimental philosophy
5281:Critique of Pure Reason
4185:Thematic interpretation
4138:Environmental education
3938:Ecological anthropology
3844:Environmental sculpture
3760:Eliminative Materialism
3739:Encyclopædia Britannica
3691:10.1126/science.1136276
3394:(2): 292–293, 302–303.
3309:Foundations of Language
3206:Critique of Pure Reason
3190:6 February 2007 at the
3165:Critique of Pure Reason
3153:. (2nd ed., pp. 244–7).
3146:Critique of Pure Reason
3131:The Mysterious Universe
2155:Henry, John F. (2012).
1753:Scientistic materialism
1713:Naturalism (philosophy)
1708:Model-dependent realism
1703:Metaphysical naturalism
1644:Dialectical materialism
1440:eliminative materialist
1410:transcendental idealism
1401:Critique of Pure Reason
998:speculative materialism
922:continental philosopher
912:Speculative materialism
896:revisionary materialism
873:eliminative materialism
826:Willard Van Orman Quine
797:Contemporary philosophy
747:dialectical materialism
609:Claude Adrien Helvétius
317:dialectical materialism
8150:Propositional attitude
8145:Problem of other minds
8053:Hypostatic abstraction
7161:Social constructionism
6173:Hellenistic philosophy
5589:Theoretical philosophy
5564:Philosophy of religion
5554:Philosophy of language
4872:Type–token distinction
4700:Hypostatic abstraction
4482:Abstract object theory
4336:Landscape architecture
4283:Sustainability studies
4092:Environmental theology
3777:University of Waterloo
3514:Science of the Mind 2e
2953:, in Craig, E. (ed.),
2928:Gustavo Bueno, Estroma
2244:Marxism and Alienation
1985:Fodor, Jerry A. 1981.
1669:Historical materialism
1543:promissory materialism
1385:
1362:John Archibald Wheeler
1349:
1163:
902:Continental philosophy
881:introspection illusion
838:scientific materialist
812:Scientific materialism
724:
695:historical materialism
659:late modern philosophy
644:John "Walking" Stewart
636:Scottish Enlightenment
559:historical materialism
528:In early 12th-century
519:Sarva-darśana-samgraha
199:
8257:Metaphysical theories
8221:Philosophers category
8125:Mental representation
7888:Biological naturalism
7775:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
7750:Frank Cameron Jackson
7544:Philosophy portal
7063:Scientific skepticism
7043:Reformed epistemology
5569:Philosophy of science
5461:Philosophy portal
5341:Being and Nothingness
4757:Mental representation
4155:Environmental history
4054:Environmental justice
3748:Stanford Encyclopedia
3371:7 (1965):171, note 3.
3209:(1st ed.), edited by
3168:(1st ed.), edited by
3149:(1st ed.), edited by
2746:Catholic Encyclopedia
2372:Journal of Philosophy
1629:Christian materialism
1465:Varieties of idealism
1447:Colin Murray Turbayne
1380:Das Wesen der Materie
1066:in the 19th century.
861:reductive materialism
818:analytic philosophers
187:
140:, and other forms of
7903:Emergent materialism
6964:Critical rationalism
6671:Edo neo-Confucianism
6515:Acintya bheda abheda
6494:Renaissance humanism
6205:School of the Sextii
5579:Practical philosophy
5574:Political philosophy
5386:Feminist metaphysics
4331:Environmental design
4211:Biophilia hypothesis
4049:Environmental ethics
4019:Aesthetics of nature
3622:Theories of the Mind
3598:. Psychology Press.
3473:Buchner, L. (1920).
3353:The Myth of Metaphor
3285:Philosophical Review
3227:The Myths We Live By
3128:Jeans, James. 1937.
2842:. Plato.stanford.edu
2840:on substance theory"
2727:. Bloomsbury, p. 90.
2721:Meillassoux, Quentin
2242:Nicholas Churchich,
1955:The Myths We Live By
1889:Theories of the Mind
1698:Materialist feminism
1649:Economic materialism
1639:Cultural materialism
1571:Aleatory materialism
1451:The Myth of Metaphor
1080:quantum field theory
791:Contemporary history
734:philosophy of nature
729:Dialectics of Nature
704:scientific socialism
674:, which presented a
126:philosophers of mind
44:philosophical monism
8100:Language of thought
7850:Ludwig Wittgenstein
7680:Patricia Churchland
6535:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6446:Korean Confucianism
6193:Academic Skepticism
5231:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4742:Linguistic modality
4373:Sustainable fashion
3733:"Materialism"
3683:2007Sci...315...59T
3664:Mater Dei Institute
3450:. Crosscurrents.org
3268:Mater Dei Institute
2989:"Matter Undermined"
2513:"Dr. Vanessa Watts"
1966:Marx, Karl. 1873. "
1819:. 19 December 2010.
1748:Reality in Buddhism
1473:, such as those of
1414:subjective idealism
1188:Transcendental Club
994:Quentin Meillassoux
869:Patricia Churchland
802:Analytic philosophy
736:, a worldview that
593:French materialists
545:philosophical novel
534:Arabian philosopher
321:Hegelian dialectics
288:spacetime continuum
150:classical antiquity
50:is the fundamental
7928:Neurophenomenology
7599:Philosophy of mind
7156:Post-structuralism
7058:Scientific realism
7013:Quinean naturalism
6993:Logical positivism
6949:Analytical Marxism
6168:Peripatetic school
6080:Chinese naturalism
5607:Aesthetic response
5534:Applied philosophy
5421:Philosophy of self
5411:Philosophy of mind
4675:Embodied cognition
4587:Scientific realism
4396:Environment portal
4368:Sustainable design
4001:Outdoor literature
3928:Cultural landscape
3854:Landscape painting
3113:Zurek, Wojciech H.
3017:, Vol. 4. Vienna:
2993:The Economic Times
2763:Concise Britannica
2552:10.1111/johs.12124
2519:. 12 December 2018
1805:. 20 January 2011.
1723:Philosophy of mind
1686:, a philosophy of
1659:French materialism
1549:" to materialism.
1547:dual-aspect monism
1532:Particle physicist
1512:process philosophy
1438:, at least in its
1436:self-refuting idea
1240:transcendentalists
1214:. You can help by
773:German materialism
752:Russian philosophy
717:Friedrich Engels,
652:William Wordsworth
499:Tattvopaplavasimha
239:dual-aspect monism
200:
8239:
8238:
8135:Mind–body problem
8033:Cognitive closure
7997:Substance dualism
7615:G. E. M. Anscombe
7565:
7564:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7216:
6944:Analytic feminism
6916:
6915:
6878:Kierkegaardianism
6840:Transcendentalism
6800:Neo-scholasticism
6646:Classical Realism
6623:
6622:
6395:
6394:
6210:Neopythagoreanism
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5584:Social philosophy
5469:
5468:
4648:Category of being
4617:Truthmaker theory
4434:
4433:
4326:Educational trail
4316:Ecological design
4175:Outdoor education
4170:Environmental law
4102:Spiritual ecology
4064:Predation problem
3891:Site-specific art
3839:Environmental art
3769:from infidels.org
3645:978-0-14-013069-0
3605:978-0-415-10863-8
3524:978-0-262-56056-6
3422:mind-body problem
3382:de Waal, Cornelis
3280:Boghossian, Peter
2995:. 2 November 2012
2964:978-0-415-18714-5
2642:978-0-19-090890-4
2202:978-0-429-53537-6
2168:978-1-136-81053-4
2122:978-1-59160-363-4
2013:"Ancient Atomism"
1907:978-0-14-013069-0
1872:978-0-02-894950-5
1617:Transcendentalism
1602:Mind–body dualism
1539:John Polkinghorne
1459:mind-body dualism
1428:poststructuralist
1418:mind–body dualism
1326:quantum mechanics
1300:Quantum mechanics
1286:Werner Heisenberg
1280:Erwin Schrödinger
1270:Manhattan Project
1232:
1231:
1106:Werner Heisenberg
1012:Defining "matter"
955:poststructuralist
783:(1822–1893), and
775:, which included
684:universal science
661:, German atheist
630:(1588–1679), and
565:Modern philosophy
495:Jayaraashi Bhatta
399:Ajita Kesakambali
370:Before Common Era
325:Modern philosophy
245:, as espoused by
99:physical energies
66:, are results of
46:which holds that
16:(Redirected from
8269:
7987:Representational
7982:Property dualism
7975:Type physicalism
7940:New mysterianism
7908:Epiphenomenalism
7730:Martin Heidegger
7592:
7585:
7578:
7569:
7554:
7553:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7257:
7248:
7231:
7121:Frankfurt School
7068:Transactionalism
7018:Normative ethics
6998:Legal positivism
6974:Falsificationism
6959:Consequentialism
6954:Communitarianism
6927:
6795:New Confucianism
6634:
6441:Neo-Confucianism
6406:
6215:Second Sophistic
6200:Middle Platonism
6043:
5984:
5973:
5816:Epiphenomenalism
5683:Consequentialism
5617:Institutionalism
5522:
5511:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5473:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5196:
5186:
5176:
4852:Substantial form
4664:Cogito, ergo sum
4607:Substance theory
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4394:
4306:Acoustic ecology
4039:Ecophenomenology
4024:Critical realism
3923:Cultural ecology
3908:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3743:
3735:
3710:
3638:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3507:
3491:Field, Hartry H.
3475:Force and Matter
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3355:on rochester.edu
3348:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3304:
3295:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3238:Baker, L. 1987.
3236:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3201:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3110:
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3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3015:Collected Papers
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2946:
2940:
2939:
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2771:
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2750:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2633:Being and motion
2628:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2465:www.academia.edu
2457:
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2131:
2129:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2078:Brill Publishers
2066:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1999:Excerpt of Ch. 1
1983:
1977:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1921:
1910:
1896:
1884:
1875:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1783:
1758:Substance theory
1634:Critical realism
1607:Platonic realism
1457:and Descartes's
1383:
1347:
1295:
1275:
1227:
1224:
1206:
1199:
1091:Lambda-CDM model
1052:) or lack them (
1049:substance theory
933:new materialists
908:New materialisms
850:anomalous monism
781:Jacob Moleschott
738:Georgi Plekhanov
722:
699:Friedrich Engels
666:Ludwig Feuerbach
579:natural sciences
550:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
542:
482:Early Common Era
428:Buddhist atomism
389:
303:Friedrich Engels
21:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8207:
8174:
8120:Mental property
8013:Abstract object
8001:
7871:
7825:Wilfrid Sellars
7700:Donald Davidson
7685:Paul Churchland
7645:George Berkeley
7601:
7596:
7566:
7561:
7538:
7536:
7515:
7479:
7379:
7341:
7288:
7242:
7241:
7213:
7202:Russian cosmism
7175:
7171:Western Marxism
7136:New Historicism
7101:Critical theory
7087:
7083:Wittgensteinian
6979:Foundationalism
6912:
6849:
6830:Social contract
6686:Foundationalism
6619:
6601:
6585:Illuminationism
6570:Aristotelianism
6556:
6545:Vishishtadvaita
6498:
6450:
6391:
6358:
6229:
6158:Megarian school
6153:Eretrian school
6094:
6055:Agriculturalism
6032:
5978:
5959:
5906:
5878:
5835:
5787:
5744:
5728:Incompatibilism
5697:
5669:
5621:
5593:
5516:
5505:
5500:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5435:
5359:
5354:
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5314:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5204:
5201:De rerum natura
5194:
5184:
5174:
5158:
4898:
4802:Physical object
4638:Abstract object
4626:
4612:Theory of forms
4547:Meaning of life
4470:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4382:
4287:
4278:Spirit of place
4261:science studies
4245:common property
4241:Property theory
4236:Popular science
4226:Natural history
4189:
4180:Psychogeography
4111:
4073:
4005:
3962:
3909:
3900:
3896:Sustainable art
3886:Sculpture trail
3820:
3815:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3677:(5808): 59–61.
3668:
3636:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3571:L'Homme Machine
3555:Kim, J. (1994)
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3505:
3489:
3469:
3467:Further reading
3464:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3435:Wayback Machine
3411:
3407:
3380:
3379:
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3192:Wayback Machine
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2813:Wayback Machine
2804:
2802:Wayback Machine
2793:
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2781:Wayback Machine
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2735:
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2388:
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2354:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2327:
2317:Andreas W. Daum
2315:
2311:
2297:
2293:
2273:
2269:
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2250:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2217:
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2036:
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2022:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1860:, vol. 1–4
1856:, ed. (1972) ,
1852:
1851:
1847:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1743:Rational egoism
1733:Postmaterialism
1612:Supernaturalism
1597:Maya (religion)
1576:Antimaterialism
1566:
1524:
1467:
1396:
1384:
1377:
1358:digital physics
1354:
1352:Digital physics
1348:
1344:The Matter Myth
1341:
1302:
1293:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1212:needs expansion
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1149:
1143:
1014:
937:New materialism
918:
904:
877:folk psychology
854:identity theory
830:Donald Davidson
814:
804:
799:
793:
723:
716:
613:Baron d'Holbach
571:Pierre Gassendi
567:
484:
475:De Rerum Natura
458:De Rerum Natura
372:
367:
361:
356:
333:
195:L'Homme Machine
182:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
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8218:
8212:
8209:
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8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8115:Mental process
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8085:Intentionality
8082:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8009:
8007:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7935:Neutral monism
7932:
7931:
7930:
7920:
7918:Interactionism
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7830:Baruch Spinoza
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7740:Edmund Husserl
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7710:René Descartes
7707:
7705:Daniel Dennett
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7675:David Chalmers
7672:
7667:
7662:
7660:Franz Brentano
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7640:Alexander Bain
7637:
7632:
7630:Thomas Aquinas
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7572:
7563:
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7508:
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7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7481:
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7478:
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7472:
7467:
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7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
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7432:
7427:
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7395:
7389:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7347:Middle Eastern
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
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7265:
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7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7111:Existentialism
7108:
7106:Deconstruction
7103:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6939:Applied ethics
6935:
6933:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6903:Nietzscheanism
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6845:Utilitarianism
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
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6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6743:Transcendental
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6681:Existentialism
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6469:Augustinianism
6466:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6382:Zoroastrianism
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6225:Church Fathers
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6107:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5740:Libertarianism
5737:
5736:
5735:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5544:Metaphilosophy
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5451:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5364:Related topics
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5331:Being and Time
5327:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5177:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4904:Metaphysicians
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4658:Causal closure
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Libertarianism
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Existentialism
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4216:Do it yourself
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:Animal studies
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4069:Social ecology
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3996:Nature writing
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Ecocomposition
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:Ecolinguistics
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3744:
3726:
3725:External links
3723:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3666:
3656:
3647:
3634:
3617:
3604:
3589:
3580:
3564:
3553:
3543:
3536:
3523:
3508:
3503:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3439:
3405:
3373:
3358:
3343:
3326:
3315:(3): 282–284.
3296:
3272:
3259:
3254:Metaphilosophy
3244:
3231:
3215:
3196:
3174:
3155:
3136:
3121:
3105:
3087:John Farrell.
3079:
3062:
3055:
3035:
3023:
3006:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2941:
2918:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2853:
2827:
2766:
2760:"Hylomorphism"
2752:
2740:"Matter"
2729:
2725:After Finitude
2713:
2686:(6): 111–134.
2670:
2641:
2623:
2616:
2596:
2565:
2530:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2452:
2445:
2425:
2418:
2398:
2392:Gilles Deleuze
2381:
2362:
2347:
2325:
2309:
2291:
2275:Chadwick, Owen
2267:
2248:
2235:
2215:
2201:
2181:
2167:
2147:
2135:
2121:
2101:
2090:
2061:
2047:
2030:
2003:
1978:
1959:
1944:
1937:
1925:Novack, George
1911:
1876:
1845:
1822:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Quantum energy
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1679:Incorporeality
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Grotesque body
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1523:
1520:
1469:Arguments for
1466:
1463:
1395:
1392:
1375:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1301:
1298:
1266:Rudolf Peierls
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1184:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1076:Standard Model
1060:
1059:
1044:
1031:
1013:
1010:
964:Métis scholar
947:Vibrant Matter
929:Manuel DeLanda
925:Gilles Deleuze
903:
900:
822:Daniel Dennett
803:
800:
792:
789:
777:Ludwig Büchner
756:Vladimir Lenin
714:
663:anthropologist
575:René Descartes
566:
563:
505:) refuted the
483:
480:
371:
368:
360:
357:
355:
352:
332:
329:
269:René Descartes
223:neutral monism
181:
178:
80:nervous system
72:neurochemistry
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8274:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8165:Understanding
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8090:Introspection
8088:
8086:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8043:Consciousness
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7965:Phenomenology
7963:
7961:
7960:Phenomenalism
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7950:Occasionalism
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7923:Naïve realism
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Functionalism
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7855:Stephen Yablo
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7810:Richard Rorty
7808:
7806:
7805:Hilary Putnam
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7780:Marvin Minsky
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7755:Immanuel Kant
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7745:William James
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7650:Henri Bergson
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7588:
7586:
7581:
7579:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7558:
7557:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:Miscellaneous
7482:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7180:Miscellaneous
7178:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:Structuralism
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7151:Postmodernism
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Phenomenology
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Vienna Circle
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:Moral realism
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Phenomenology
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Individualism
6748:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6616:
6615:Judeo-Islamic
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6591:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:Shuddhadvaita
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:Scholasticism
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Conceptualism
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:Particularism
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:Functionalism
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Eliminativism
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Compatibilism
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Particularism
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:Phenomenology
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:Notable works
5161:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
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4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Phenomenalism
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Action theory
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Nature center
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Simple living
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Ecomusicology
4126:
4124:
4123:Anthrozoology
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
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3912:
3907:
3897:
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3884:
3880:
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3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
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3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:0-14-013069-1
3631:
3627:
3626:Penguin Books
3623:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:Man a Machine
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3520:
3517:. MIT Press.
3516:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:9780416746006
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3418:William James
3415:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
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3347:
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3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
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3314:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:Saving Belief
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:Midgley, Mary
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
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3178:
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3147:
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3137:
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3132:
3125:
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3118:
3114:
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3106:
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3080:
3077:
3076:
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3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:9783642783746
3052:
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3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:"Materialism"
2945:
2942:
2931:, 22 May 2014
2930:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:Chomsky, Noam
2907:
2905:
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2617:9781137402455
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2498:9780822352549
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2446:9780822346333
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2087:
2086:90-04-09300-1
2083:
2079:
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2062:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:, p. 228, at
2041:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
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1996:
1995:9780262060790
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1938:0-87348-022-8
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1904:
1903:0-14-013069-1
1900:
1894:
1893:Penguin Books
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:0-02-894950-1
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:Edwards, Paul
1849:
1846:
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1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Immaterialism
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:and Anglican
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:bundle theory
1486:
1485:
1484:immaterialism
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:, who in his
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Immanuel Kant
1403:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Eugene Wigner
1299:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1223:November 2022
1217:
1213:
1210:This section
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:Hinduism and
1185:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1158:Herbert Feigl
1156:materialism.
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Gustavo Bueno
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:prima materia
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:prima materia
1069:
1065:
1064:field physics
1057:
1056:
1055:prima materia
1051:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
968:, as well as
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:'s 2010 book
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:Contemporary
917:
913:
909:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:functionalism
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:Contemporary
813:
809:
801:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
720:
713:
708:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
664:
660:
655:
654:(1770–1850).
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:(1632–1704).
633:
629:
628:Thomas Hobbes
626:(1561–1626),
625:
624:Francis Bacon
620:
618:
617:Enlightenment
614:
610:
607:(1714–1780),
606:
603:(1713–1784),
602:
601:Denis Diderot
599:(1709–1751),
598:
594:
590:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:Madhavacharya
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
438:Ancient Greek
435:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
385:
381:
377:
369:
366:
359:Early history
358:
353:
351:
349:
344:
340:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
247:Enlightenment
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:phenomenalism
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
197:
196:
191:
186:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:exotic matter
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:consciousness
61:
60:mental states
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:is a form of
41:
37:
33:
19:
8201: /
8197: /
8193: /
8110:Mental image
8105:Mental event
8068:Intelligence
8018:Chinese room
7864:
7815:Gilbert Ryle
7795:Derek Parfit
7785:Thomas Nagel
7715:Fred Dretske
7635:J. L. Austin
7607:Philosophers
7549:
7535:
7206:
7197:Postcritique
7187:Kyoto School
7146:Posthumanism
7126:Hermeneutics
6981: /
6922:Contemporary
6898:Newtonianism
6861:Cartesianism
6820:Reductionism
6764:
6656:Conservatism
6651:Collectivism
6589:
6317:Sarvāstivadā
6295:Anekantavada
6220:Neoplatonism
6188:Epicureanism
6121:Pythagoreans
6060:Confucianism
6026:Contemporary
6016:Early modern
5934:
5920:Anti-realism
5874:Universalism
5831:Subjectivism
5627:Epistemology
5381:Epistemology
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5299:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5199:
5191:Nyāya Sūtras
5189:
5179:
5169:
5151:
5067:Wittgenstein
5012:Schopenhauer
4891:
4882:Unobservable
4732:Intelligence
4662:
4602:Subjectivism
4597:Spiritualism
4541:
4512:Essentialism
4492:Anti-realism
4358:New Urbanism
4029:Deep ecology
3991:Geocriticism
3981:Ecocriticism
3953:Ethnoecology
3943:Ecosemiotics
3864:conservation
3746:
3737:
3714:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3650:
3639:Alternative
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3594:
3583:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3539:
3528:. Retrieved
3513:
3494:
3481:
3474:
3452:. Retrieved
3442:
3426:
3413:
3408:
3391:
3385:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3204:
3199:
3182:
3177:
3163:
3158:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3082:
3073:
3070:Stapp, Henry
3065:
3049:. Springer.
3045:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3014:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2992:
2983:
2977:mahavidya.ca
2972:
2954:
2944:
2933:, retrieved
2927:
2921:
2914:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2837:
2830:
2823:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2744:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2632:
2626:
2610:. Springer.
2606:
2599:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2487:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2435:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2340:
2320:
2312:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2259:; and 1895.
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2223:Axel Honneth
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2157:
2150:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2111:
2104:
2093:
2074:L. I. Conrad
2072:, edited by
2069:
2064:
2055:
2050:
2044:Google Books
2037:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2006:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1952:Mary Midgley
1947:
1928:
1888:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1811:
1797:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1558:Noam Chomsky
1553:
1551:
1542:
1525:
1497:
1482:
1468:
1455:Isaac Newton
1450:
1444:
1432:Mary Midgley
1422:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1378:Max Planck,
1371:
1355:
1343:
1335:
1330:chaos theory
1322:John Gribbin
1314:Stephen Barr
1303:
1288:wrote: "The
1284:
1278:
1264:
1244:
1233:
1220:
1216:adding to it
1211:
1175:Christianity
1164:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1114:Noam Chomsky
1111:
1103:
1088:
1083:
1071:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1036:hylomorphism
1034:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1002:post-Kantian
997:
992:
963:
946:
943:Jane Bennett
941:
936:
932:
919:
891:
887:
885:
858:
844:, including
815:
772:
766:
759:
745:
727:
726:Through his
725:
718:
710:
702:
701:outlined as
688:
679:
669:
656:
638:philosopher
621:
589:Jean Meslier
585:
568:
554:
548:
527:
522:
518:
502:
498:
485:
474:
470:
456:
436:
392:
380:Karl Jaspers
378:during what
373:
342:
341:
337:reductionism
334:
319:, by taking
313:institutions
306:
296:
292:Mary Midgley
277:
275:or another.
266:
261:
257:
253:
251:
227:spiritualism
201:
193:
146:Epicureanism
123:
114:
110:
88:
39:
38:
36:
8252:Materialism
8195:information
8186:Metaphysics
8160:Tabula rasa
7970:Physicalism
7955:Parallelism
7883:Behaviorism
7840:Michael Tye
7835:Alan Turing
7820:John Searle
7695:Dharmakirti
7670:Tyler Burge
7665:C. D. Broad
7192:Objectivism
7131:Neo-Marxism
7093:Continental
7003:Meta-ethics
6983:Coherentism
6888:Hegelianism
6825:Rationalism
6785:Natural law
6765:Materialism
6691:Historicism
6661:Determinism
6552:Navya-Nyāya
6327:Sautrāntika
6322:Pudgalavada
6258:Vaisheshika
6111:Presocratic
6011:Renaissance
5950:Physicalism
5935:Materialism
5841:Normativity
5826:Objectivism
5811:Emergentism
5801:Behaviorism
5750:Metaphysics
5716:Determinism
5655:Rationalism
5211:Metaphysics
5195:(c. 200 BC)
5185:(c. 350 BC)
5175:(c. 350 BC)
5062:Collingwood
4967:Malebranche
4715:Information
4643:Anima mundi
4622:Type theory
4577:Physicalism
4542:Materialism
4497:Determinism
4468:Metaphysics
4378:Themed walk
4107:Stewardship
4087:Ecotheology
4034:Ecofeminism
3859:Photography
3755:Physicalism
3611:19 December
3530:19 December
3437:Dembski, W.
3211:N. K. Smith
3170:N. K. Smith
3151:N. K. Smith
2935:28 December
2546:(1): 4–22.
1728:Physicalism
1554:materialism
1528:reductivist
1516:mechanistic
1388:James Jeans
1318:Paul Davies
1310:Henry Stapp
1195:Vaisheshika
1147:Physicalism
1141:Physicalism
1099:dark energy
1095:dark matter
988:Thomas Nail
979:Eurocentric
974:Anishinaabe
959:Mel Y. Chen
834:Jerry Fodor
808:Physicalism
569:In France,
507:Nyāya Sūtra
467:mechanistic
382:termed the
348:Jerry Fodor
273:physicalism
258:materialism
243:determinism
138:panpsychism
115:materialism
111:physicalism
91:physicalism
76:human brain
40:Materialism
8246:Categories
8231:Task Force
8199:perception
8073:Artificial
8023:Creativity
7945:Nondualism
7845:Vasubandhu
7765:John Locke
7735:David Hume
7690:Andy Clark
7491:Amerindian
7398:Australian
7337:Vietnamese
7317:Indonesian
6866:Kantianism
6815:Positivism
6805:Pragmatism
6780:Naturalism
6760:Liberalism
6738:Subjective
6676:Empiricism
6580:Avicennism
6525:Bhedabheda
6409:East Asian
6332:Madhyamaka
6312:Abhidharma
6178:Pyrrhonism
5945:Nominalism
5940:Naturalism
5869:Skepticism
5859:Relativism
5849:Absolutism
5778:Naturalism
5688:Deontology
5660:Skepticism
5645:Naturalism
5635:Empiricism
5599:Aesthetics
5503:Philosophy
5271:Monadology
5205:(c. 80 BC)
4912:Parmenides
4797:Perception
4695:Experience
4582:Relativism
4557:Naturalism
4507:Enactivism
4341:assessment
4311:Biomimicry
4251:Sexecology
4148:arts-based
4011:Philosophy
3968:Literature
3624:, London:
3563:, Vol. 52.
3542:, Vol. 28.
3294:71:264–78.
3257:23:378–92.
3093:Forbes.com
2868:2211.14636
2651:1040086073
2339:" (rev.).
1891:. London:
1789:References
1688:Middle Way
1684:Madhyamaka
1582:Gnosticism
1536:theologian
1424:Postmodern
1366:Max Planck
1193:See also:
1068:Relativity
1006:David Hume
1004:return to
906:See also:
892:eliminated
806:See also:
795:See also:
769:naturalist
640:David Hume
632:John Locke
619:thinkers.
537:Ibn Tufail
530:al-Andalus
491:Common Era
487:Wang Chong
449:Democritus
363:See also:
286:, and the
249:thinkers.
190:La Mettrie
158:Greek gods
119:synonymous
8095:Intuition
8028:Cognition
7992:Solipsism
7655:Ned Block
7625:Armstrong
7620:Aristotle
7370:Pakistani
7332:Taiwanese
7279:Ethiopian
7252:By region
7238:By region
7053:Scientism
7048:Systemics
6908:Spinozism
6835:Socialism
6770:Modernism
6733:Objective
6641:Anarchism
6575:Averroism
6464:Christian
6416:Neotaoism
6387:Zurvanism
6377:Mithraism
6372:Mazdakism
6143:Cyrenaics
6070:Logicians
5703:Free will
5665:Solipsism
5612:Formalism
5431:Teleology
5396:Mereology
5376:Cosmology
5235:(c. 1000)
5132:Plantinga
5122:Armstrong
5072:Heidegger
5047:Whitehead
5032:Nietzsche
4952:Descartes
4922:Aristotle
4877:Universal
4807:Principle
4777:Necessity
4737:Intention
4690:Existence
4653:Causality
4592:Solipsism
4522:Free will
4321:Ecomuseum
4273:Slow food
4206:Bioethics
3986:Ecopoetry
3869:landscape
3775:from the
3134:. p. 137.
2708:214428135
2700:0969-725X
2659:cite book
2591:1929-8692
2560:1467-6443
2227:Hans Joas
1654:Existence
1578:beliefs:
1504:Emergence
1502:results.
996:proposed
785:Carl Vogt
744:, called
691:Karl Marx
517:compiled
463:Lucretius
445:Leucippus
423:Vaisesika
384:Axial Age
299:Karl Marx
215:pluralism
166:Platonism
130:pluralism
95:spacetime
52:substance
8262:Ontology
8216:Category
8063:Identity
8006:Concepts
7876:Theories
7860:Zhuangzi
7790:Alva Noë
7556:Category
7511:Yugoslav
7501:Romanian
7408:Scottish
7393:American
7322:Japanese
7302:Buddhist
7284:Africana
7274:Egyptian
7116:Feminist
7038:Rawlsian
7033:Quietism
6931:Analytic
6883:Krausism
6790:Nihilism
6755:Kokugaku
6718:Absolute
6713:Idealism
6701:Humanism
6489:Occamism
6456:European
6401:Medieval
6347:Yogacara
6307:Buddhist
6300:Syādvāda
6183:Stoicism
6148:Cynicism
6136:Sophists
6131:Atomists
6126:Eleatics
6065:Legalism
6006:Medieval
5930:Idealism
5884:Ontology
5864:Nihilism
5768:Idealism
5526:Branches
5515:Branches
5449:Category
5371:Axiology
5225:(c. 270)
5153:more ...
5107:Anscombe
5102:Strawson
5097:Davidson
4992:Berkeley
4932:Plotinus
4893:more ...
4832:Relation
4812:Property
4787:Ontology
4710:Identity
4631:Concepts
4562:Nihilism
4527:Idealism
4475:Theories
4421:Journals
4406:Category
4346:planning
4079:Religion
4044:Ecosophy
3879:wildlife
3849:Land art
3834:Crop art
3707:30977763
3699:17204637
3569:(1748).
3540:Synthese
3431:Archived
3400:30141879
3321:25000234
3225:. 1990.
3188:Archived
3098:17 March
2913:. 2000.
2809:Archived
2798:Archived
2777:Archived
2723:. 2008.
2680:Angelaki
2378:: 67–90.
2305:Vol. 151
2277:. 1990.
1927:(1979).
1587:Idealism
1564:See also
1493:percepts
1479:Berkeley
1471:idealism
1376:—
1340:—
1290:ontology
1118:property
966:Zoe Todd
951:vitalism
715:—
676:humanist
453:Epicurus
441:atomists
430:and the
254:idealism
235:vitalism
219:idealism
207:ontology
180:Overview
164:, while
84:idealism
68:material
8226:Project
8179:Related
8038:Concept
7893:Dualism
7866:more...
7725:Goldman
7506:Russian
7475:Spanish
7470:Slovene
7460:Maltese
7455:Italian
7435:Finland
7403:British
7385:Western
7375:Turkish
7360:Islamic
7355:Iranian
7307:Chinese
7294:Eastern
7261:African
7208:more...
6893:Marxism
6723:British
6666:Dualism
6562:Islamic
6520:Advaita
6510:Vedanta
6484:Scotism
6479:Thomism
6421:Tiantai
6364:Persian
6352:Tibetan
6342:Śūnyatā
6283:Cārvāka
6273:Ājīvika
6268:Mīmāṃsā
6248:Samkhya
6163:Academy
6116:Ionians
6090:Yangism
6047:Chinese
6038:Ancient
6001:Western
5996:Ancient
5955:Realism
5912:Reality
5902:Process
5783:Realism
5763:Dualism
5758:Atomism
5640:Fideism
5221:Enneads
5215:(c. 50)
5181:Timaeus
5171:Sophist
5117:Dummett
5112:Deleuze
5052:Russell
5042:Bergson
5037:Meinong
5017:Bolzano
4977:Leibniz
4957:Spinoza
4942:Aquinas
4927:Proclus
4857:Thought
4847:Subject
4827:Reality
4822:Quality
4792:Pattern
4752:Meaning
4727:Insight
4685:Essence
4670:Concept
4572:Realism
4537:Liberty
4502:Dualism
4426:Degrees
4416:Commons
4293:Applied
4230:museums
4194:Related
3915:Culture
3679:Bibcode
3671:Science
3454:24 June
3270:. p. 5.
2999:21 June
2883:Science
2846:24 June
2208:7 April
2174:7 April
2128:7 April
1973:Capital
1624:Cārvāka
1500:dualism
1398:In the
1250:Brahman
1136:stroma.
1041:atomism
984:animist
767:A more
742:Marxism
583:atheist
511:Cārvāka
415:atomism
411:Cārvāka
376:Eurasia
354:History
211:dualism
162:atomism
134:dualism
74:of the
8170:Zombie
8155:Qualia
7465:Polish
7445:German
7440:French
7425:Danish
7415:Canada
7365:Jewish
7327:Korean
7312:Indian
6854:People
6775:Monism
6728:German
6696:Holism
6629:Modern
6607:Jewish
6530:Dvaita
6503:Indian
6426:Huayan
6278:Ajñana
6235:Indian
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6085:Taoism
6075:Mohism
6021:Modern
5988:By era
5977:By era
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5675:Ethics
5355:(1981)
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