3234:
493:
558:
421:
tourists, both domestic and international, that flock there. Between 10-15% of the total household income is derived from the sale of NTFPs. The harvesting of leaves in the diet of family goes round the year where different species are readily available in specific months. Water from forest areas is yet another service that is useful in the livelihoods of these people. They have micro-hydro plants installed in streams that generate the much needed power for pounding (grain and seeds) and lighting too.
276:, house heating and cooking, animal feeding, indigenous medicine and healing, scientific learning, and income. Other terms synonymous with harvesting include wild-crafting, gathering, collecting, and foraging. NTFPs also serve as raw materials for industries ranging from large-scale floral greens suppliers and pharmaceutical companies to microenterprises centered upon a wide variety of activities (such as basket-making, woodcarving, and the harvest and processing of various medicinal plants).
3262:
465:
4411:
3302:
2231:
416:) collection that provides the bulk of household income. Every family sends several people into the forest on a regular basis during this period where they stay for 2–3 days during which 5–6 kg of berries are collected. A kilogram of dried berries (2–3 days of sun-dry) is sold for $ 1.50. The next comes bamboo shoots, mushrooms, and vegetable collection that goes through to February. The minority people in
3220:
43:
3312:
507:
353:
3290:
451:
3248:
479:
3206:
2241:
3276:
31:
288:
Estimate the contribution of NTFPs to national or regional economies is difficult, broad-based systems for tracking the combined value of the hundreds of products that make up various NTFP industries are lacking. One exception to this is the maple syrup industry, which in 2002 in the US alone yielded
262:
Other groupings or names for these types of forest products include wild forest products, minor forest produce, special, minor, alternative and secondary forest products. The term non-wood forest products (NWFP) differs from NTFP in that it does not include woodfuel or wood charcoal. The terminology
405:
Minority people in
Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos live away from mainstream settlements. The hill tribes and many other minority groups are closely associated with forests for centuries. Much of their household subsistence and part of the income is generated from the sale of a variety of NTFP products.
338:
Both men and women are involved in collection and sale of NWFPs – and have different knowledge on different products, although women tend to collect forest foods to supplement the nutrition of their households – empowering them has important spill-over effects on households'/communities' nutrition.
258:
Land conversion, pollution and overharvesting threaten wild species and collectors' lives and livelihoods in many regions of the world. For instance, one in five medicinal and aromatic plant species have been found to be threatened with extinction, yet only 7 percent of MAPs have been assessed for
271:
The harvest of NTFPs remains widespread throughout the world. People from a wide range of socioeconomic, geographical, and cultural contexts harvest NTFPs for a number of purposes, including household subsistence, maintenance of cultural and familial traditions, spiritual fulfilment, physical and
420:
area depends mainly on a variety of NTFPs for their livelihoods. Among the products collected are fruits, berries, leaves, mushrooms, fish, bees honey, bamboo shoots, wild orchids and the list goes on. The Friday market is full of orchids and other wild plants put forward by these people for the
305:
and sword fern are multimillion-dollar industries. Others with documented trade data include Brazil nuts, bamboo, honey, chestnuts, and gum Arabic, among others. While these high-value species may attract the most attention, a diversity of NTFPs can be found in most forests of the world, many of
159:
NTFPs in particular highlight forest products which are of value to local people and communities, but have been overlooked in the wake of forest management priorities (for example, timber production and animal forage). For example, some 2.4 billion people – in both urban and rural settings – use
254:
estimates that NWFPs generated US$ 88 billion in 2011. Some 80 percent of the population of the developing world use NWFPs, mostly plant-based, for health. The value of forest foods as a nutritional resource is not limited to low- and middle-income countries; more than 100 million people in the
249:
Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are a subset of NTFP; they exclude woodfuel and wood charcoal. Both NWFP and NTFP include wild foods. Worldwide, around 1 billion people depend to some extent on wild foods such as wild meat, edible insects, edible plant products, mushrooms and fish, which often
438:
Research on NTFPs has focused on three perspectives: NTFPs as a commodity with a focus on rural incomes and markets, as an expression of traditional knowledge or as a livelihood option for rural household needs, and finally, as a key component of sustainable forest management and conservation
430:) is an important income source to the rural people. This tree which is endemic to the country provides a fruit that has a high-popularity during certain months of the year. The returns from the sale of these two products is an important addition to the household incomes of rural people.
279:
More than 28,000 plant species are currently recorded as being of medicinal use and many of them are found in forest ecosystems. Visits to forest environments can have positive impacts on human physical and mental health and many people have a deep spiritual relationship to forests.
155:
and conservation strategies, and for their important role in improving dietary diversity and providing nutritious food, particularly for forest-proximate peoples. All research promotes forest products as valuable commodities and tools that can promote the conservation of forests.
163:
In recent decades, interest has grown in using NTFPs as alternatives or supplements to forest management practices. In some forest types, under the right political and social conditions, forests can be managed to increase NTFP diversity, and consequently, to increase
439:
strategies. These perspectives promote forest products as valuable commodities and important tools that can promote the conservation of forests. In some contexts, the gathering and use of NTFPs can be a mechanism for poverty alleviation and local development.
706:
Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Oliach, Daniel; Fischer, Christine; Olivera, Antoni; Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Colinas, Carlos (2009). "Cultivation
Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review".
232:
project, defines them as "materials supplied by woodlands - except the conventional harvest of timber". These definitions include wild and managed game, fish, and insects. NTFPs are commonly grouped into categories such as floral greens, decoratives,
259:
the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species (TRAFFIC, 2018). Data and information on NWFPs is incomplete yet essential to monitor their status in the wild, their contribution to food and nutrition security and for traceability across the supply chain.
150:
Research on NTFPs has focused on their ability to be produced as commodities for rural incomes and markets, as an expression of traditional knowledge or as a livelihood option for rural household needs, as a key component of
339:
For part-time (unpaid) collection of woodfuel for rural uses, women account for almost 80 percent of all labour and a significantly higher proportion than this in Africa and Latin
America and the Caribbean.
250:
contain high levels of key micronutrients. Several million households world-wide depend on NWFPs for income, and these products may be particularly important for local economies. On a global scale,
3441:
2849:
160:
wood-based energy for cooking. Different communities are involved in collecting and using forest NTFPs, often with different minority communities or gender roles determining how they are used.
406:
In the highlands of
Vietnam, NTFPs production is spread almost throughout the year, so provides a sustained income for the ethnic minority people. From June to August is the wild berry called
726:
Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Fischer, Christine; Bonet, Jose-Antonio (2012). "Economically profitable post fire restoration with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) producing plantations".
2620:
914:
1148:
918:
2659:
313:
in Peru found that exploitation of NTFPs could yield higher net revenue per hectare than would timber harvest of the same area, while still conserving vital
263:
debate on NWFPs has persisted for decades, although steps have been taken to disentangle the different terms and definitions for improved forest statistics.
3348:
309:
In tropical forests, for example, NTFPs can be an important source of income that can supplement farming and/or other activities. A value analysis of the
2328:
370:
1141:
530:
424:
In the drier areas of Sri Lanka, the harvesting of curry leaves to be sold to traders is an important income. The harvesting of velvet tamarind (
4445:
3382:
856:
682:
2245:
4435:
2234:
1134:
1087:
The
Canadian NTFP Business Companion: Ideas, Techniques and Resources for Small Businesses in Non-Timber Forest Products & Services.
535:
2321:
2279:
4264:
2553:
2533:
392:
251:
3210:
1035:
4450:
3888:
2307:
3341:
2625:
317:. Their economic, cultural, and ecological values, when considered in aggregate, make managing NTFPs an important component of
1658:
374:
4455:
3405:
2698:
318:
152:
3957:
3792:
1058:
Non-Timber Forest
Products: Medicinal Herbs, Fungi, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest.
4281:
2508:
2314:
557:
4414:
4298:
4242:
3334:
3022:
2664:
2615:
2300:
2045:
1079:
965:
Peters, Charles M.; Alwyn H. Gentry; Robert O. Mendelsohn (29 June 1989). "Valuation of an
Amazonian rainforest".
770:"Forest Research - Social, cultural and economic values of contemporary non-timber forest products: Wild Harvests"
566:
363:
2805:
2674:
2335:
64:
obtained from forests other than timber. Harvest ranges from wild collection to farming. They typically include
3814:
3124:
2810:
2418:
2383:
838:
228:
defines NTFPs as "any biological resources found in woodlands except timber", and Forest
Harvest, part of the
3989:
3878:
2953:
2844:
2740:
2735:
1765:
1313:
4392:
4235:
4107:
2730:
2725:
2593:
2272:
2191:
1648:
4189:
4184:
3979:
3920:
3238:
3224:
2895:
2136:
1802:
1700:
1283:
908:
498:
46:
1051:
The Role of Wild Food Plants in
Poverty Alleviation and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Countries
591:
641:
4383:
4355:
4320:
4247:
4047:
3984:
3802:
3623:
3114:
2854:
2795:
2765:
2635:
2423:
1872:
1730:
1705:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1263:
1061:
974:
735:
322:
290:
273:
229:
4378:
4286:
4274:
4164:
4117:
3925:
3848:
3574:
3365:
3315:
2686:
2630:
2503:
2471:
1515:
1485:
1475:
412:
225:
4388:
4373:
4303:
4259:
4149:
3735:
3640:
3395:
3266:
2785:
2780:
2610:
2573:
2528:
2481:
2388:
2378:
1812:
1720:
1464:
1340:
990:
896:
814:
751:
709:
Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services
688:
545:
470:
314:
302:
169:
35:
1036:
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20066710101.html;jsessionid=453D5B8DEE32770EACE0E447E613263E
4440:
4360:
3824:
3730:
3703:
3550:
3500:
3436:
3390:
3305:
3066:
2588:
2568:
2558:
2543:
2448:
2265:
1735:
1715:
1459:
1404:
852:
678:
310:
42:
4310:
4269:
4252:
4139:
4037:
3569:
3473:
3357:
3261:
3181:
3166:
2928:
2885:
2832:
2720:
2578:
2563:
2538:
2206:
2196:
2181:
1807:
1628:
1444:
1414:
1394:
1350:
1228:
1017:
982:
888:
874:"Into the wild: disentangling non-wood terms and definitions for improved forest statistics"
844:
743:
670:
464:
426:
294:
234:
1120:
4327:
4293:
4179:
4159:
4069:
3718:
3684:
3618:
3415:
3400:
3191:
3049:
3034:
2890:
2837:
2820:
2523:
2491:
2461:
2413:
2398:
2373:
2146:
2067:
1832:
1744:
1584:
1426:
1345:
572:
The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
17:
978:
739:
4368:
4315:
4225:
4144:
4129:
4124:
4076:
3964:
3760:
3708:
3691:
3525:
3252:
3176:
3171:
3104:
3012:
3000:
2965:
2923:
2871:
2866:
2790:
2708:
2600:
2443:
2433:
2211:
2177:
2050:
2009:
1777:
1680:
1505:
1449:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1362:
1303:
1190:
1165:
1067:
Guillen, Abraham; Laird, Sarah A.; Shanley, Patricia; Pierce, Alan R. (editors). 2002.
512:
484:
221:
4429:
4332:
4169:
4059:
4016:
3797:
3674:
3560:
3510:
3374:
3280:
3186:
3146:
3099:
2938:
2910:
2775:
2713:
2652:
2647:
2456:
2408:
2186:
1967:
1942:
1887:
1643:
1612:
1439:
1434:
1335:
1278:
1069:
Tapping the Green Market: Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products.
900:
692:
185:
113:
755:
4134:
4092:
3868:
3819:
3755:
3611:
3515:
3294:
3129:
2825:
2815:
2800:
2770:
2693:
2669:
2583:
2548:
2513:
2428:
2403:
2359:
2216:
2201:
2040:
1962:
1852:
1797:
1792:
1760:
1750:
1695:
1670:
1653:
1559:
1454:
994:
562:
540:
456:
165:
666:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
4230:
4174:
3996:
3974:
3969:
3836:
3713:
3679:
3667:
3555:
3478:
3161:
3141:
3134:
3094:
3061:
2642:
2393:
2092:
1982:
1977:
1952:
1935:
1925:
1916:
1782:
1633:
1528:
1268:
525:
520:
352:
205:
73:
65:
1021:
892:
506:
4337:
4154:
4112:
4054:
4023:
3662:
3594:
3532:
3505:
3468:
3156:
3151:
2877:
2498:
2062:
2057:
2014:
1997:
1987:
1957:
1947:
1897:
1787:
1675:
1564:
1384:
1330:
1293:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1207:
1183:
747:
446:
172:
cultivation in the Mediterranean area is highly profitable when well managed.
101:
1126:
947:
873:
4220:
4102:
3910:
3905:
3883:
3772:
3765:
3584:
3579:
3486:
3463:
3039:
3017:
2918:
2860:
2760:
2605:
2476:
2342:
2141:
1992:
1862:
1837:
1725:
1710:
1690:
1549:
1480:
1470:
1367:
1357:
1288:
1273:
1238:
769:
624:
298:
197:
117:
105:
61:
3289:
450:
4347:
3915:
3841:
3782:
3777:
3725:
3635:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3520:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3119:
3089:
3084:
3044:
2990:
2980:
2900:
2288:
1882:
1847:
1755:
1740:
1638:
1594:
1579:
1569:
1554:
1544:
1298:
1223:
209:
193:
181:
85:
1100:
872:
G.F. Muir , S. Sorrenti, P. Vantomme , E. Vidale and M. Masiero (2020).
4215:
4011:
4006:
3952:
3858:
3787:
3630:
3431:
3275:
3109:
3005:
2975:
2970:
2958:
2948:
2933:
2486:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2082:
2002:
1902:
1867:
1857:
1842:
1599:
1510:
1379:
1374:
1253:
377: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
217:
97:
4064:
4029:
3853:
3809:
3657:
3455:
2943:
2681:
2518:
2466:
2365:
2167:
2151:
2129:
2114:
2077:
2035:
2030:
1930:
1685:
1589:
1258:
1218:
986:
848:
674:
213:
121:
3326:
790:
664:
570:
4097:
3937:
3863:
3650:
2995:
2097:
1972:
1892:
1877:
1824:
1574:
1533:
1325:
1203:
1178:
1105:
417:
81:
41:
29:
4042:
3898:
3893:
3873:
3747:
3698:
3542:
3054:
3029:
2703:
2104:
2087:
2072:
1317:
1074:
Jones, Eric T. Rebecca J. McLain, and James Weigand. eds. 2002.
201:
189:
109:
77:
30:
3330:
2261:
1130:
4001:
3645:
1912:
1617:
1173:
932:"SIC 0831 Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products".
346:
301:, medicinal plants such as ginseng, and floral greens such as
238:
93:
89:
69:
2257:
1034:
Kala, CP 2003. Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya.
1056:
Emery, Marla and Rebecca J. McLain; (editors). 2001.
948:"FAO – Non-wood forest products: Data and statistics"
146:
further distinctions see the definition section below
1115:
597:. Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada). March 2008
4346:
4204:
4085:
3945:
3936:
3746:
3541:
3454:
3424:
3373:
3364:
3077:
2909:
2751:
2442:
2352:
2160:
2023:
1911:
1823:
1608:
1524:
1425:
1312:
1199:
1164:
1110:
27:
Commodities obtained from forests other than timber
913:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
297:such as in the US, wild edible mushrooms such as
289:1.4 million US gallons (5,300 m) worth
255:European Union (EU) regularly consume wild food.
60:) are useful foods, substances, materials and/or
1076:Non Timber Forest Products in the United States.
592:"Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia"
1053:. Progress in Development Studies 6(4): 275-286
306:which remain invisible in official statistics.
3342:
2273:
1142:
1008:Belcher, B.M. (2003). "What isn't an NTFP?".
237:, foods, flavors and fragrances, fibers, and
8:
561: This article incorporates text from a
934:Encyclopedia of American Industries, 5th ed
917:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4208:
3942:
3370:
3349:
3335:
3327:
2280:
2266:
2258:
1149:
1135:
1127:
625:"FAO – Forestry, Non-wood forest products"
1089:Candlenut Books: Sault Ste Marie, Ontario
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
1121:Virginia Tech Non-Timber Forest Products
815:"Forests and non-timber forest products"
809:
807:
791:"non timber forest products in Scotland"
565:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
583:
1111:Northern Forest Diversification Centre
906:
833:
831:
575:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
7:
2240:
659:
657:
655:
636:
634:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
375:adding citations to reliable sources
168:and potentially economic diversity.
3205:
1106:Nontimber Forest Products in Alaska
1101:FAO Nonwood Forest Products Website
536:Ecotourism in the Amazon rainforest
212:, rubber, wild pigs, tree oils and
180:The wide variety of NTFPs includes
25:
2554:Global Forest Information Service
4410:
4409:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3274:
3260:
3246:
3232:
3218:
3204:
2239:
2230:
2229:
556:
505:
491:
477:
463:
449:
351:
145:
126:non-wood forest products (NWFPs)
3311:
362:needs additional citations for
124:. Overlapping concepts include
669:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
343:In ethnic minority communities
1:
4446:Sustainable forest management
1010:International Forestry Review
881:International Forestry Review
840:State of World's Forests 2014
319:sustainable forest management
153:sustainable forest management
120:, fish, insects, spices, and
3375:Pollution / quality
642:"Minor Forest Produce (MFP)"
567:license statement/permission
192:, transplants, seed cones,
138:special, minor, alternative
4472:
4436:Non-timber forest products
2665:Growth and yield modelling
1158:Non-timber forest products
1080:University Press of Kansas
1022:10.1505/IFOR.5.2.161.17408
893:10.1505/146554820828671553
54:Non-timber forest products
4405:
4211:
3946:Types / location
3239:Earth sciences portal
3225:Climate change portal
3200:
2806:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2295:
2225:
1049:Delang, Claudio O. 2006.
748:10.1007/s11056-012-9316-x
531:Countermeasures in LULUCF
142:secondary forest products
18:Nontimber forest products
2811:Great Green Wall (China)
2384:Close to nature forestry
1085:Mohammed, Gina H. 2011.
325:and cultural diversity.
321:and the conservation of
245:Non-wood forest products
4451:Sustainable agriculture
2845:Million Tree Initiative
895:(inactive 2024-09-17).
3267:Environment portal
2699:Sustainable management
2594:Trillion Tree Campaign
2172:(Iberian agroforestry)
1410:Pacific mountain onion
50:
39:
3192:Wood process engineer
2896:Urban forest inequity
2192:Indian forest produce
1663:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1060:Food Products Press:
499:Earth sciences portal
45:
33:
4456:Sustainable products
4321:remnant natural area
3958:storage and recovery
3624:habitat conservation
3442:Deforestation (REDD)
2855:Shifting cultivation
2796:Forest fragmentation
2766:Carbon sequestration
2636:Woodland Carbon Code
2601:Forest certification
2509:Even-aged management
2424:Sustainable forestry
1435:Bare-toothed russula
1062:Binghamton, New York
413:Scaphium macropodium
371:improve this article
334:Gendered differences
274:emotional well-being
230:Reforesting Scotland
134:minor forest produce
130:wild forest products
4275:Earth Overshoot Day
3849:Marine conservation
3830:non-timber products
2660:Formally designated
2504:Ecological thinning
2414:Plantation forestry
2322:Research institutes
2046:musical instruments
1304:Woodland strawberry
979:1989Natur.339..655P
843:. Rome: FAO. 2021.
740:2012NewFo..43..615M
569:). Text taken from
315:ecological services
284:Economic importance
226:Forestry Commission
4260:Ecosystem services
3383:Ambient standards
3253:Ecology portal
2786:Forest degradation
2781:Ecosystem services
2389:Community forestry
546:Waste valorization
471:Environment portal
51:
40:
4423:
4422:
4401:
4400:
4200:
4199:
3879:genetic resources
3815:genetic resources
3450:
3449:
3358:Natural resources
3324:
3323:
3281:Plants portal
3067:green woodworking
2255:
2254:
973:(6227): 655–656.
858:978-92-5-108269-0
772:. Forestry.gov.uk
684:978-92-5-132707-4
403:
402:
395:
329:Impacts on people
311:Amazon rainforest
295:temperate forests
293:38.3 million. In
49:(leaf) collection
16:(Redirected from
4463:
4413:
4412:
4364:
4311:Natural heritage
4270:overexploitation
4209:
3943:
3889:herbal medicines
3869:FAO Plant Treaty
3409:
3386:
3371:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3295:Trees portal
3293:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3207:
2929:Forest gardening
2886:Timber recycling
2833:Invasive species
2721:Tree measurement
2282:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2207:Resin extraction
2197:Mushroom hunting
2173:
1919: / etc.
1773:
1666:
1501:Saffron milk cap
1491:Parasol mushroom
1331:Fiddlehead ferns
1151:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
999:
998:
987:10.1038/339655a0
962:
956:
955:
944:
938:
937:
929:
923:
922:
912:
904:
878:
869:
863:
862:
849:10.4060/cb3694en
835:
826:
825:
823:
822:
811:
802:
801:
799:
798:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
766:
760:
759:
734:(5–6): 615–630.
723:
717:
716:
703:
697:
696:
675:10.4060/ca8985en
661:
650:
649:
638:
629:
628:
621:
606:
605:
603:
602:
596:
588:
560:
515:
510:
509:
501:
496:
495:
494:
487:
482:
481:
480:
473:
468:
467:
459:
454:
453:
427:Dialium ovoideum
398:
391:
387:
384:
378:
355:
347:
235:medicinal plants
106:medicinal plants
21:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4397:
4362:
4342:
4328:Systems ecology
4294:Natural capital
4196:
4081:
4070:reclaimed water
3932:
3894:UPOV Convention
3742:
3537:
3446:
3420:
3416:Ozone depletion
3407:
3384:
3360:
3355:
3325:
3320:
3287:
3273:
3259:
3247:
3245:
3233:
3231:
3219:
3217:
3196:
3073:
3050:spruce-pine-fir
3023:Christmas trees
2905:
2821:Illegal logging
2753:
2747:
2462:Controlled burn
2447:
2438:
2419:Social forestry
2399:Energy forestry
2379:Bamboo forestry
2374:Analog forestry
2348:
2291:
2286:
2256:
2251:
2221:
2171:
2156:
2147:Vegetable ivory
2019:
1907:
1819:
1767:
1660:
1622:
1604:
1538:
1520:
1486:Oyster mushroom
1476:Meadow mushroom
1421:
1405:Twincrest onion
1308:
1212:
1195:
1166:Animal products
1160:
1155:
1125:
1096:
1046:
1044:Further reading
1041:
1033:
1029:
1007:
1006:
1002:
964:
963:
959:
946:
945:
941:
931:
930:
926:
905:
876:
871:
870:
866:
859:
837:
836:
829:
820:
818:
813:
812:
805:
796:
794:
793:. ForestHarvest
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
768:
767:
763:
725:
724:
720:
705:
704:
700:
685:
663:
662:
653:
640:
639:
632:
623:
622:
609:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:
585:
581:
554:
511:
504:
497:
492:
490:
483:
478:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
445:
436:
399:
388:
382:
379:
368:
356:
345:
336:
331:
286:
269:
247:
178:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4363:(perpetuation)
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4316:Nature reserve
4313:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:climate change
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3761:Bioprospecting
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:Clean Air Act
3398:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3284:
3270:
3256:
3242:
3228:
3214:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Timber cruiser
3179:
3177:Shingle weaver
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:Rail transport
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:pulp and paper
2951:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Forest farming
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2872:slash-and-char
2869:
2867:slash-and-burn
2864:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Forest dieback
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2434:Urban forestry
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:Rubber tapping
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:Forest farming
2175:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1814:Vateria indica
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:Shorea robusta
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:Honey mushroom
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1341:Mahuwa flowers
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1094:External links
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1016:(2): 161–168.
1000:
957:
939:
924:
887:(1): 101–119.
864:
857:
827:
803:
782:
761:
718:
698:
683:
651:
630:
607:
582:
580:
577:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
516:
513:Biology portal
502:
488:
485:Ecology portal
474:
460:
444:
441:
435:
432:
401:
400:
359:
357:
350:
344:
341:
335:
332:
330:
327:
285:
282:
268:
265:
246:
243:
222:United Kingdom
177:
174:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4394:
4393:Non-renewable
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Urban ecology
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Privatization
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Surface water
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3561:peak farmland
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Rubber tapper
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Choker setter
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:Manufacturing
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Deforestation
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:Environmental
2750:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:reforestation
2651:
2649:
2648:afforestation
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Arboriculture
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Permaforestry
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Honey hunting
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Coconut sugar
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:Yellow knight
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Slippery jack
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Heart of palm
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:Edible plants
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Juniper berry
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:. Gale. 2008.
935:
928:
925:
920:
916:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
868:
865:
860:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
834:
832:
828:
816:
810:
808:
804:
792:
786:
783:
771:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
714:
710:
702:
699:
694:
690:
686:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
660:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
626:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
593:
587:
584:
578:
576:
574:
573:
568:
564:
559:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
508:
503:
500:
489:
486:
475:
472:
466:
461:
458:
452:
447:
442:
440:
433:
431:
429:
428:
422:
419:
415:
414:
409:
397:
394:
386:
376:
372:
366:
365:
360:This section
358:
354:
349:
348:
342:
340:
333:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
281:
277:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
253:
244:
242:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:huckleberries
183:
175:
173:
171:
170:Black truffle
167:
161:
157:
154:
148:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4391: /
4265:Exploitation
4150:Conservation
4093:Desalination
4028:
3921:conservation
3829:
3756:Biodiversity
3704:conservation
3551:Agricultural
3479:Fossil fuels
3286:
3272:
3258:
3244:
3230:
3216:
3209:
3187:Tree planter
3167:Resin tapper
3147:Truck driver
3142:River driver
2985:
2891:Tree hugging
2876:
2859:
2826:timber mafia
2816:High grading
2801:Ghost forest
2771:Clearcutting
2694:Silviculture
2670:Horticulture
2514:Fire ecology
2429:Urban forest
2404:Mycoforestry
2364:
2360:Agroforestry
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2308:Forest areas
2306:
2299:
2244:
2217:Wildcrafting
2202:Naval stores
2180: /
2168:
2137:Tendu leaves
2093:Natural dyes
1963:Gutta-percha
1915: /
1853:Frankincense
1813:
1769:
1726:Mango butter
1671:Cocoa butter
1662:
1659:Chaulmoogra
1629:Allanblackia
1560:Black pepper
1445:Birch bolete
1395:Canada onion
1380:Wild ginseng
1375:Saw palmetto
1316: /
1206: /
1157:
1086:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1050:
1030:
1013:
1009:
1003:
970:
966:
960:
951:
942:
933:
927:
909:cite journal
884:
880:
867:
839:
819:. Retrieved
795:. Retrieved
785:
774:. Retrieved
764:
731:
727:
721:
712:
708:
701:
665:
645:
599:. Retrieved
586:
571:
563:free content
555:
541:Rural crafts
457:Trees portal
437:
425:
423:
411:
407:
404:
389:
380:
369:Please help
364:verification
361:
337:
308:
287:
278:
270:
261:
257:
248:
241:and resins.
179:
166:biodiversity
162:
158:
149:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
66:game animals
57:
53:
52:
4384:Nationalism
4356:Common-pool
3997:Hydrosphere
3990:remediation
3975:Groundwater
3570:Degradation
3211:WikiProject
3135:smokejumper
3115:Firefighter
3078:Occupations
3062:Woodworking
2643:Forestation
2574:restoration
2529:informatics
2394:Ecoforestry
2152:Willow bark
1983:Maple syrup
1978:Maple sugar
1953:Fruit syrup
1936:chewing gum
1926:Birch syrup
1783:Shea butter
1455:Chanterelle
1400:Crow garlic
1390:Bear garlic
1385:Wild onions
1363:filé powder
1284:Lingonberry
1269:Huckleberry
817:. Cifor.org
728:New Forests
526:Ethnobotany
521:Bioproducts
206:maple syrup
176:Definitions
70:fur-bearers
62:commodities
47:Tendu patta
4430:Categories
4379:Extraction
4338:Wilderness
4299:accounting
4282:Management
4248:ecological
4236:tragedy of
4155:Peak water
4140:Efficiency
4113:Sanitation
4055:Stormwater
4048:harvesting
4024:Irrigation
3926:management
3884:gene banks
3825:management
3803:management
3719:resilience
3685:phosphorus
3641:industrial
3619:Management
3595:soundscape
3501:Geothermal
3157:Lumberjack
3152:Log scaler
3035:engineered
2986:non-timber
2959:sawmilling
2911:Industries
2878:svedjebruk
2589:transition
2569:protection
2559:old-growth
2544:governance
2499:Dendrology
2449:management
2315:Ministries
2063:Birch beer
2058:Birch bark
2015:Spruce gum
1998:akpeteshie
1988:Palm sugar
1958:Gum arabic
1948:Date sugar
1898:Turpentine
1778:Sandalwood
1681:Eucalyptus
1676:Eucalyptol
1565:Brazil nut
1440:Bay bolete
1294:Strawberry
1249:Cocoa bean
1244:Breadfruit
1234:Blackberry
1208:tree fruit
1078:Lawrence:
821:2013-11-21
797:2013-11-21
776:2013-11-21
646:Arthapedia
601:2009-04-06
579:References
323:biological
102:pollarding
4389:Renewable
4374:Depletion
4361:Conflict
4243:Economics
4221:enclosure
4180:Resources
4160:Pollution
4077:Watershed
3980:pollution
3911:Seed bank
3906:Rangeland
3788:Fisheries
3773:Biosphere
3766:biopiracy
3709:fertility
3585:cityscape
3580:Landscape
3487:peak coal
3474:Resources
3425:Emissions
3105:Ecologist
3018:Tree farm
2919:Coppicing
2861:chitemene
2761:Acid rain
2709:allometry
2631:SmartWood
2579:secondary
2564:pathology
2539:inventory
2477:driftwood
2343:Arbor Day
2182:gardening
2142:Thatching
1993:Palm wine
1838:Birch tar
1766:Sal-seed
1691:Japan wax
1644:Candlenut
1585:Malva nut
1550:Areca nut
1471:Matsutake
1427:Mushrooms
1368:root beer
1358:Sassafras
1346:Sago palm
1289:Raspberry
1274:Jackfruit
1239:Blueberry
1191:Wild game
1071:Earthscan
901:215403967
693:241416114
383:June 2021
299:matsutake
198:tree nuts
194:pine nuts
182:mushrooms
86:mushrooms
4441:Forestry
4415:Category
4348:Resource
4287:adaptive
4185:improved
4145:Conflict
4130:Security
4125:Scarcity
4118:improved
4108:Leaching
3985:recharge
3965:Drinking
3916:Wildlife
3783:Bushmeat
3778:Bushfood
3731:planning
3636:gemstone
3631:Minerals
3612:property
3600:viewshed
3590:seascape
3521:sunlight
3495:peak oil
3491:peak gas
3306:Category
3120:handcrew
3090:Arborist
3085:Forester
3045:mahogany
2991:palm oil
2981:charcoal
2966:Products
2901:Wildfire
2714:breeding
2675:GM trees
2524:dynamics
2336:Journals
2329:Colleges
2289:Forestry
2235:Category
2051:textiles
1883:Pine tar
1848:Creosote
1798:Tea-tree
1793:Tea-seed
1761:Pongamia
1751:Phulwara
1736:Nagkesar
1731:Murumuru
1706:Kpangnan
1654:Carnauba
1595:Pine nut
1580:Hazelnut
1570:Cinnamon
1555:Bay leaf
1545:Allspice
1467:(reishi)
1299:Tamarind
1264:Gambooge
1224:Bilberry
1116:NTFP.org
756:17598889
715:: 57–71.
443:See also
434:Research
210:cinnamon
208:, cork,
118:fuelwood
4216:Commons
4205:Related
4170:Quality
4086:Aspects
4012:glacial
3953:Aquifer
3859:Pasture
3810:Forests
3736:reserve
3511:Nuclear
3481: (
3437:Trading
3432:Airshed
3316:Outline
3130:lookout
3125:hotshot
3006:tanbark
2976:biomass
2971:biochar
2949:plywood
2934:Logging
2838:wilding
2487:log jam
2444:Ecology
2246:Commons
2161:Related
2125:Tanbark
2120:Shellac
2110:Quinine
2083:Gambier
2003:ogogoro
1903:Varnish
1868:Lacquer
1858:Gamboge
1843:Camphor
1833:Benzoin
1743: (
1649:Capuacu
1634:Babassu
1600:Vanilla
1511:Truffle
1496:Red cap
1465:Lingzhi
1254:Coconut
1229:Binukaw
1204:Berries
995:4338510
975:Bibcode
736:Bibcode
552:Sources
218:ginseng
98:foliage
82:berries
38:flowers
4226:global
4190:policy
4135:Supply
4098:Floods
4065:Sewage
4038:Marine
4030:huerta
3864:Plants
3854:Meadow
3714:health
3692:rights
3680:copper
3658:mining
3556:arable
3456:Energy
3396:Indoor
3162:Ranger
3110:Feller
3095:Bucker
3001:rubber
2944:lumber
2754:topics
2741:volume
2736:height
2682:i-Tree
2519:Forest
2472:coarse
2467:Debris
2366:dehesa
2169:Dehesa
2130:tannin
2115:Rattan
2078:Forage
2041:edible
2036:Bamboo
2031:Amadou
2010:Rubber
1931:Chicle
1873:Mastic
1825:Resins
1808:Ucuuba
1803:Tucuma
1788:Tamanu
1745:kernel
1716:Mafura
1686:Illipe
1639:Bacuri
1590:Nutmeg
1534:spices
1259:Durian
1219:Banana
993:
967:Nature
899:
855:
754:
691:
681:
220:. The
216:, and
214:resins
144:– for
122:forage
34:Dried
4369:Curse
4175:Right
4017:polar
4007:bergs
3970:Fresh
3938:Water
3651:metal
3575:Field
3526:shade
3516:Solar
3506:Hydro
3391:Index
2996:rayon
2731:girth
2726:crown
2687:urban
2584:stand
2492:slash
2482:large
2353:Types
2301:Index
2098:henna
2073:Ferns
2024:Other
1973:Latex
1893:Rosin
1888:Pitch
1878:Myrrh
1863:Kauri
1721:Mahua
1711:Kusum
1701:Kombo
1696:Kokum
1618:waxes
1575:Clove
1481:Morel
1415:Ramps
1351:queen
1326:Betel
1318:roots
1179:Honey
991:S2CID
897:S2CID
877:(PDF)
752:S2CID
689:S2CID
595:(PDF)
418:Sa Pa
303:salal
291:US$ D
190:ferns
78:seeds
58:NTFPs
36:Mahua
4304:good
4253:land
4231:land
4043:Rain
3899:wood
3874:food
3837:Game
3748:Life
3699:Soil
3675:peak
3668:sand
3543:Land
3533:Wind
3408:(US)
3385:(US)
3055:teak
3040:fuel
3030:Wood
2850:REDD
2704:Tree
2621:PEFC
2606:ATFS
2105:Peat
2088:Moss
2068:Cork
1968:Kino
1756:Pilu
1741:Palm
1529:Nuts
1184:pine
1174:Furs
919:link
915:link
853:ISBN
679:ISBN
267:Uses
239:saps
202:moss
140:and
114:mast
110:peat
90:oils
74:nuts
4103:Law
4002:Ice
3842:law
3820:law
3798:law
3726:Use
3663:law
3646:ore
3607:Law
3483:gas
3469:Law
3464:Bio
3401:Law
3366:Air
2626:SFI
2616:FSC
2611:CFS
2549:law
2534:IPM
2446:and
1917:gum
1913:Sap
1613:Oil
1450:Cep
1018:doi
983:doi
971:339
952:FAO
889:doi
845:doi
744:doi
671:doi
408:uoi
373:by
252:FAO
224:'s
94:sap
4432::
3493:,
3489:,
3485:,
1012:.
989:.
981:.
969:.
950:.
911:}}
907:{{
885:22
883:.
879:.
851:.
830:^
806:^
750:.
742:.
732:43
730:.
713:57
711:.
687:.
677:.
654:^
644:.
633:^
610:^
204:,
200:,
196:,
188:,
184:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
3497:)
3350:e
3343:t
3336:v
2281:e
2274:t
2267:v
1772:)
1768:(
1747:)
1665:)
1661:(
1150:e
1143:t
1136:v
1082:.
1064:.
1024:.
1020::
1014:5
997:.
985::
977::
954:.
921:)
903:.
891::
861:.
847::
824:.
800:.
779:.
758:.
746::
738::
695:.
673::
648:.
627:.
604:.
410:(
396:)
390:(
385:)
381:(
367:.
56:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
