213:) control the direction and strength of westerly winds into Europe. The relative strengths and positions of these systems vary from year to year and this variation is known as the NAO. A large difference in the pressure at the two stations (a high index year, denoted NAO+) leads to increased westerlies and, consequently, cool summers and mild and wet winters in Central Europe and its Atlantic facade. In contrast, if the index is low (NAO-), westerlies are suppressed, northern European areas suffer cold dry winters and storms track southwards toward the
237:, but the impact to the south of these areas is debatable. Conversely, when the NAO index is low (NAO-), the upper central and northeastern portions of the United States can incur winter cold outbreaks more than the norm with associated heavy snowstorms. In summer, a strong NAO- is thought to contribute to a weakened jet stream that normally pulls zonal systems into the Atlantic Basin contributing significantly to excessively long-lasting heat waves over Europe, however, recent studies do not show the evidence of these associations.
163:
154:(EOF) of surface pressure. This definition has a high degree of correlation with the station-based definition. This then leads onto a debate as to whether the NAO is distinct from the AO/NAM, and if not, which of the two is to be considered the most physically based expression of atmospheric structure (as opposed to the one that most clearly falls out of mathematical expression).
220:
Especially during the months of
November to April, the NAO is responsible for much of the variability of weather in the North Atlantic region, affecting wind speed and wind direction changes, changes in temperature and moisture distribution and the intensity, number and track of storms. Research now
581:
Stephenson, D.B., H. Wanner, S. Brönnimann, and J. Luterbacher (2003), The
History of Scientific Research on the North Atlantic Oscillation, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, edited by J.W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck, pp. 37-50,
249:
Under a positive NAO index (NAO+), regional reduction in atmospheric pressure results in a regional rise in sea level due to the 'inverse barometer effect'. This effect is important to both the interpretation of historic sea level records and predictions of future sea level trends, as mean pressure
817:
Scaife, A. A.; Arribas, A.; Blockley, E.; Brookshaw, A.; Clark, R. T.; Dunstone, N.; Eade, R.; Fereday, D.; Folland, C. K.; Gordon, M.; Hermanson, L.; Knight, J. R.; Lea, D. J.; MacLachlan, C.; Maidens, A.; Martin, M.; Peterson, A. K.; Smith, D.; Vellinga, M.; Wallace, E.; Waters, J.; Williams, A.
347:
Strangely enough, Jonas and Joern (2007) found a strong signal between NAO and grasshopper species composition in the tall grass prairies of the midwestern United States. They found that, even though NAO does not significantly affect the weather in the midwest, there was a significant increase in
440:
with the Azores highs and
Iceland lows known from the weather reports. If this difference is high, a strong westerly wind will result which in winter carries warm and humid Atlantic air masses right down to Europe. In the negative phase when pressure differences are low, cold Arctic air can then
283:
struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium. These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC – 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5
224:
There is some debate as to how much the NAO impacts short term weather over North
America. While most agree that the impact of the NAO is much less over the United States than for Western Europe, the NAO is also believed to affect the weather over much of upper central and eastern areas of North
419:
The probability of cold winters with much snow in
Central Europe rises when the Arctic is covered by less sea ice in summer. Scientists of the Potsdam Research Unit of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association have decrypted a mechanism in which a
225:
America. During the winter, when the index is high (NAO+), the Azores High draws a stronger south-westerly circulation over the eastern half of the North
American continent which prevents Arctic air from plunging southward (into the United States south of 40 latitude). In combination with the
441:
easily penetrate southward through Europe without being interrupted by the usual westerlies. Model calculations show that the air pressure difference with decreased sea ice cover in the Arctic summer is weakened in the following winter, enabling Arctic cold to push down to mid-latitudes.
423:
If there is a particularly large-scale melt of Arctic sea ice in summer, as observed in recent years, two important effects are intensified. Firstly, the retreat of the light ice surface reveals the darker ocean, causing it to warm up more in summer from the solar radiation
310:
larvae which are at the upper limits of their temperature tolerance, as does the cooling in the
Labrador Sea, where the cod larvae are at their lower temperature limits. Though not the critical factor, the NAO+ peak in the early 1990s may have contributed to the
240:
More recent studies have shown that the components (pressure centers strength, and locations) of the NAO are more powerful to investigate the relationships to seasonal and sub-seasonal climate variability over Europe, North
America and the Mediterranean region.
379:
was unusually cold. It is hypothesized that this may be due to a combination of low solar activity, a warm phase of the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation and a strong easterly phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation all occurring simultaneously. The
1017:
Scott, D. B.; Collins, E. S.; Gayes, P. T. & Wright, E. (2003). "Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South
Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence, with comparison to other Atlantic Coast records".
415:
In the north western part of the Atlantic, both of these winters were mild, especially 2009–2010, which was the warmest recorded in Canada. The winter of 2010-2011 was particularly above normal in the northern Arctic regions of that country.
400:, typically positioned west of Iceland and east of Greenland, appeared regularly to the east of Iceland and so allowed exceptionally cold air into Europe from the Arctic. A strong area of high pressure was initially situated over
384:
reported that the UK, for example, had experienced its coldest winter for 30 years. This coincided with an exceptionally negative phase of the NAO. Analysis published in mid-2010 confirmed that the concurrent
511:
435:
The warming of the air near to the ground leads to rising movements and the atmosphere becomes less stable. One of these patterns is the air pressure difference between the Arctic and mid-latitudes: the
1303:
Jonas, Jayne L.; Joern, Anthony; et al. (2007). "Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) communities respond to fire, bison grazing and weather in North American tallgrass prairie: a long-term study".
292:
Until recently, the NAO had been in an overall more positive regime since the late 1970s, bringing colder conditions to the North-West Atlantic, which has been linked with the thriving populations of
432:). As a result of the decreased sea ice cover the air is warmed more greatly than it used to be particularly in autumn and winter because during this period the ocean is warmer than the atmosphere.
77:
phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean, the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode. It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates.
408:
pattern driving warm air into northeastern Canada and cold air into Western Europe, as was the case during the previous winter. This occurred during a La Niña season, and is connected to the rare
461:
in the Mediterranean registered one of the driest years ever recorded up to beginning of March, with a national average of only 235 mm and some areas registering less than 200 mm.
1053:
Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. (2000). "Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records".
1902:
531:
96:
The NAO has multiple possible definitions. The easiest to understand are those based on measuring the seasonal average air pressure difference between stations, such as:
729:
Cook, E. R.; D'Arrigo, R. D.; Briffa, K. R. (1998). "A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe".
360:) following winters during a negative phase of the NAO. This is thought to be the first study showing a link between NAO and terrestrial insects in North America.
135:; and various southern points. All are attempting to capture the same pattern of variation, by choosing stations in the "eye" of the two stable pressure areas, the
190:
are strong, summers are cool, winters are mild and rain is frequent. If westerlies are suppressed, the temperature is more extreme in summer and winter leading to
1757:
453:
events recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the winter of 2015–2016. For example,
1561:
1096:
McCloskey, T. A.; Knowles, J. T. (2009). "Migration of the tropical cyclone zone throughout the Holocene". In Elsner, J. B.; Jagger, T. H. (eds.).
1591:
36:
966:
Hameed, Sultan; Piontkovski, Sergey (4 May 2004). "The dominant influence of the Icelandic Low on the position of the Gulf Stream northwall".
1105:
367:, where increases in aridity resulting in significant forest mortality and intensification of dust storms have been linked to NAO- events.
1842:
496:
74:
1847:
259:
1706:
1750:
428:
mechanism). Secondly, the diminished ice cover can no longer prevent the heat stored in the ocean being released into the atmosphere (
393:
1953:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1178:
713:
566:
131:
These definitions all have in common the same northern point (because this is the only station in the region with a long record) in
85:
62:. Through fluctuations in the strength of the Icelandic Low and the Azores High, it controls the strength and direction of westerly
27:
20:
420:
shrinking summertime sea ice cover changes the air pressure zones in the Arctic atmosphere and effects on European winter weather.
221:
suggests that the NAO may be more predictable than previously assumed and skillful winter forecasts may be possible for the NAO.
376:
654:
265:
356:) following winters during the positive phase of NAO and a significant increase in the abundance of less common species (i.e.
1958:
1862:
1672:
1963:
1743:
880:"North Atlantic centers of action and seasonal to subseasonal temperature variability in Europe and eastern North America"
151:
1827:
321:
On the East Coast of the United States an NAO+ causes warmer temperatures and increased rainfall, and thus warmer, less
147:
599:
Hurrell, James W. (1995). "Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation".
264:
By controlling the position of the Azores High, the NAO also influences the direction of general storm paths for major
1892:
1363:
526:
312:
1697:
1907:
1782:
1724:
1718:
1206:
536:
1882:
1147:
1122:
1802:
425:
1658:
1948:
1897:
1258:
Coulson, T; et al. (2001). "Age, Sex, Density, Winter Weather, and Population Crashes in Soay Sheep".
1569:
1201:
516:
358:
Campylacantha olivacea, Melanoplus sanguinipes, Mermiria picta, Melanoplus packardii, and Boopedon gracile
1792:
1787:
476:
409:
340:
The strength of the NAO is also a determinant in the population fluctuations of the intensively studied
1359:"Tree rings reveal a major episode of forest mortality in the late 18th century on the Tibetan Plateau"
250:
fluctuations of the order of millibars can lead to sea level fluctuations of the order of centimeters.
1689:
1630:
1595:
1525:
1435:
1372:
1315:
1269:
1215:
1134:
1062:
1027:
975:
938:
827:
738:
693:
608:
73:
The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike the
51:
1867:
1857:
1766:
1592:"Environment Canada - Climate Change - Climate Trends and Variables Bulletin - Winter of 2020/2011"
521:
405:
1797:
1400:
1339:
1152:
1078:
999:
907:
879:
853:
754:
632:
471:
437:
167:
81:
429:
1202:"Sand invasion along the Portuguese coast forced by westerly shifts during cold climate events"
1927:
1513:
1331:
1285:
1260:
1101:
991:
899:
709:
624:
562:
276:
214:
50:) is a weather phenomenon over the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of
1638:
1533:
1443:
1380:
1323:
1277:
1231:
1223:
1200:
Costas, Susana; Jerez, Sonia; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Goble, Ronald; RebĂŞlo, LuĂs (24 May 2012).
1142:
1070:
1035:
983:
946:
891:
843:
835:
746:
701:
689:
677:
616:
583:
179:
104:
1619:"Impact of sea ice cover changes on the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric winter circulation"
1887:
1701:
1486:
1123:"Spatial Variations in Major U.S. Hurricane Activity: Statistics and a Physical Mechanism"
458:
364:
272:, whereas a northern position allows them to track up the North American Atlantic Coast.
217:. This brings increased storm activity and rainfall to southern Europe and North Africa.
1634:
1529:
1439:
1376:
1319:
1273:
1219:
1138:
1066:
1031:
979:
942:
831:
742:
697:
612:
146:
A more complex definition, only possible with more complete modern records generated by
1448:
1423:
501:
486:
269:
35:
818:(March 2014). "Skilful Long Range Prediction of European and North American Winters".
795:
705:
186:
Westerly winds blowing across the Atlantic bring moist air into Europe. In years when
1942:
1832:
1156:
1082:
1003:
911:
857:
758:
506:
397:
334:
230:
202:
140:
113:
55:
1463:
1385:
1358:
1227:
662:
636:
318:
In southwestern Europe, NAO- events are associated with increased aeolian activity.
268:: a position of the Azores High farther to the south tends to force storms into the
1912:
1343:
772:
330:
293:
1281:
951:
926:
108:
1707:
Overview paper on the NAO from the USA's National Center for Atmospheric Research
620:
1922:
1643:
1618:
1514:"Northern hemisphere winter snow anomalies: ENSO, NAO and the winter of 2009/10"
491:
481:
354:
Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, M. scudderi, M. keeleri, and Pseudopomala brachyptera
234:
210:
136:
59:
750:
162:
1817:
1812:
1327:
559:
The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact
450:
386:
381:
341:
226:
187:
1730:
995:
903:
404:, reversing the normal wind pattern in the northwestern Atlantic, creating a
1306:
401:
389:' event and the rare occurrence of an extremely negative NAO were involved.
326:
303:
296:
280:
191:
171:
124:
1335:
1289:
1074:
628:
84:(AO) (or Northern Annular Mode (NAM)), but should not be confused with the
1694:
1538:
987:
878:
Osman, Mahmoud; Zaitchik, Benjamin; Badr, Hamada; Hameed, Sultan (2021).
839:
322:
1236:
1872:
1852:
1735:
1512:
R. Seager; Y. Kushnir; J. Nakamura; M. Ting & N. Naik (July 2010).
927:"Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate of Germany"
848:
454:
198:
175:
132:
1917:
1422:
D. Fereday; A. Maidens; A. Arribas; A.A. Scaife; J.R. Knight (2012).
1039:
895:
206:
117:
100:
1712:
1617:
Jaiser, R.; Dethloff, K.; Handorf, D.; Rinke, A.; Cohen, J. (2012).
587:
161:
67:
925:
Riaz, Syed M. F.; Iqbal, M. J.; Hameed, Sultan (1 January 2017).
512:
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
229:, this effect can produce significantly warmer winters over the
63:
1739:
457:
in England registered one of the wettest months on record. The
307:
166:
Winter index of the NAO based on the difference of normalized
1562:"Florida shivers; Hot Arctic-Cold Continents pattern is back"
796:"Climate Prediction Center, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)"
1148:
10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2293:SVIMUS>2.0.CO;2
794:
Climate Prediction Center Internet Team (10 January 2012).
1424:"Seasonal Forecasts of Northern Hemisphere Winter 2009/10"
1357:
Fang, Ouya; Alfaro, René I.; Zhang, Qi-Bin (April 2018).
80:
The North Atlantic Oscillation is closely related to the
1725:
Daily North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index 1948 - 2013
1695:
UK's climatic research unit information sheet on the NAO
1121:
Elsner, James B.; Liu, Kam-biu; Kocher, Bethany (2000).
1401:"Link between solar activity and the UK's cold winters"
1179:"Perfect Storm: Why storms are good news for fishermen"
1487:"Huge snowfall caused by rare clash of weather events"
1773:
1719:North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index 1850 - 2013
363:The NAO's ecological effects extend as far as the
1673:"Malta records worst winter drought in 50 years"
394:winter of 2010–11 in Northern and Western Europe
205:) and a permanent high-pressure system over the
931:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
348:abundance of common grasshopper species (i.e.
1903:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
1751:
648:
646:
532:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
8:
1464:"UK's climatic research unit NAO index data"
582:American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
325:surface water. This prevents nutrient-rich
1758:
1744:
1736:
1568:. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
16:Weather phenomenon over the Atlantic Ocean
1642:
1537:
1447:
1384:
1235:
1146:
950:
847:
337:are affected by this reduced cod catch.
313:collapse of the Newfoundland cod fishery
299:, which have a low temperature optimum.
34:
549:
52:atmospheric pressure at sea level (SLP)
1690:Current NAO observations and forecasts
1485:Pamela Rutherford (2 September 2010).
1020:Geological Society of America Bulletin
873:
871:
869:
867:
197:A permanent low-pressure system over
194:, deep freezes and reduced rainfall.
7:
884:International Journal of Climatology
1848:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
1659:"Record breaking December rainfall"
260:Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons
245:Effects on North Atlantic sea level
773:"North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)"
70:tracks across the North Atlantic.
14:
1838:Diurnal air temperature variation
1823:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
1808:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
1403:. Sciencedaily.com. 15 April 2010
86:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
28:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
21:North Atlantic Oscillation (band)
1466:. Cru.uea.ac.uk. 6 February 1995
1177:Pearson, Aria (3 January 2009).
329:which has reduced productivity.
266:North Atlantic tropical cyclones
1386:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.02.004
1228:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.03.008
1181:. New Scientist. pp. 32–35
1713:The North Atlantic Oscillation
1428:Environmental Research Letters
678:"Atlantic air-sea interaction"
659:CGD's Climate Analysis Section
561:. American Geophysical Union.
350:Hypochlora alba, Hesperotettix
279:research has shown, few major
1:
1282:10.1126/science.292.5521.1528
1098:Hurricanes and Climate Change
952:10.1080/16000870.2017.1406263
706:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60005-9
449:Despite one of the strongest
152:empirical orthogonal function
1843:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1518:Geophysical Research Letters
1449:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034031
968:Geophysical Research Letters
820:Geophysical Research Letters
621:10.1126/science.269.5224.676
497:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
150:, is based on the principal
148:numerical weather prediction
75:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1893:Pacific decadal oscillation
1731:Overview of Climate Indices
1644:10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.11595
1364:Global and Planetary Change
527:Pacific decadal oscillation
445:Winter of 2015–16 in Europe
377:winter of 2009–10 in Europe
371:Winter of 2009–10 in Europe
120:and StykkishĂłlmur/ReykjavĂk
1980:
1908:Quasi-biennial oscillation
1878:North Atlantic oscillation
1783:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
1709:Hurrell at al, ~2002, 35pp
1207:Quaternary Science Reviews
751:10.1191/095968398677793725
684:. Advances in Geophysics.
537:Quasi-biennial oscillation
257:
127:(1821–2007), and ReykjavĂk
44:North Atlantic Oscillation
25:
18:
1883:North Pacific Oscillation
1863:Madden–Julian oscillation
1328:10.1007/s00442-007-0761-8
655:"NAO/NAM Climate Indices"
557:Hurrel, James W. (2003).
254:North Atlantic hurricanes
1954:Regional climate effects
1828:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
1803:Atlantic Equatorial mode
302:The NAO+ warming of the
143:(shown in the graphic).
26:Not to be confused with
1898:Pacific Meridional Mode
19:For the rock band, see
1100:. New York: Springer.
1075:10.1006/qres.2000.2166
517:North Atlantic Current
183:
39:
1959:Physical oceanography
1793:Arctic dipole anomaly
1788:Antarctic oscillation
1700:19 March 2008 at the
477:Antarctic oscillation
410:Arctic dipole anomaly
165:
38:
1964:Climate oscillations
1767:Climate oscillations
1539:10.1029/2010GL043830
988:10.1029/2004gl019561
840:10.1002/2014GL059637
676:Bjerknes, J (1964).
392:However, during the
306:reduces survival of
277:paleotempestological
123:Azores (1865–2002),
1868:Milankovitch cycles
1858:Indian Ocean Dipole
1675:. 29 February 2016.
1661:. 28 December 2015.
1635:2012TellA..6411595J
1566:Weather Underground
1530:2010GeoRL..3714703S
1440:2012ERL.....7c4031F
1377:2018GPC...163...44F
1320:2007Oecol.153..699J
1274:2001Sci...292.1528C
1268:(5521): 1528–1531.
1220:2012QSRv...42...15C
1139:2000JCli...13.2293E
1067:2000QuRes..54..238L
1055:Quaternary Research
1032:2003GSAB..115.1027S
980:2004GeoRL..31.9303H
943:2017TellA..6906263R
832:2014GeoRL..41.2514S
743:1998Holoc...8....9C
698:1964AdGeo..10....1B
613:1995Sci...269..676H
522:North Atlantic Gyre
426:ice–albedo feedback
178:since 1823, with a
1813:Earth's axial tilt
1798:Arctic oscillation
1598:on 19 January 2012
1560:Masters, Jeffrey.
1127:Journal of Climate
472:Arctic oscillation
438:Arctic oscillation
288:Ecological effects
184:
168:sea level pressure
82:Arctic oscillation
40:
1936:
1935:
1928:True polar wander
1923:Solar variability
1715:by Martin Visbeck
1493:. BBC News Online
1133:(13): 2293–2305.
1107:978-0-387-09409-0
665:on 28 March 2010.
607:(5224): 676–679.
215:Mediterranean Sea
1971:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:. Archived from
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:on 25 March 2017
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1541:
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1118:
1112:
1111:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:10.1130/B25011.1
1026:(9): 1027–1039.
1014:
1008:
1007:
963:
957:
956:
954:
922:
916:
915:
896:10.1002/joc.6806
875:
862:
861:
851:
826:(7): 2514–2519.
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
769:
763:
762:
726:
720:
719:
673:
667:
666:
661:. Archived from
650:
641:
640:
596:
590:
579:
573:
572:
554:
66:and location of
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1888:Orbital forcing
1775:
1769:
1764:
1702:Wayback Machine
1686:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
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1601:
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1511:
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1416:
1406:
1404:
1399:
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1355:
1351:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1257:
1256:
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1629:(1): 11595.
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1596:the original
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1407:11 February
849:10871/34601
737:(1): 9–17.
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482:Anticyclone
235:New England
211:Azores High
158:Description
137:Azores High
60:Azores High
1943:Categories
1818:Bond event
1545:2 December
1497:2 December
1185:13 January
974:(9): n/a.
544:References
430:lid effect
382:Met Office
342:Soay sheep
297:snow crabs
281:hurricanes
258:See also:
192:heat waves
188:westerlies
92:Definition
1371:: 44–50.
1307:Oecologia
1243:30 August
1214:: 15–28.
1157:131457444
1083:140723229
1004:130771692
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912:225429315
904:1097-0088
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402:Greenland
327:upwelling
304:North Sea
172:Gibraltar
125:Gibraltar
109:ReykjavĂk
1698:Archived
1623:Tellus A
1491:BBC News
1336:17546466
1290:11375487
731:Holocene
637:23769140
629:17758812
465:See also
406:blocking
333:and the
139:and the
58:and the
1918:Seasons
1873:Monsoon
1774:Climate
1631:Bibcode
1602:5 March
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802:3 April
779:3 April
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694:Bibcode
609:Bibcode
601:Science
455:Cumbria
451:El Niño
387:El Niño
284:times.
227:El Niño
199:Iceland
182:(black)
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352:spp.,
323:saline
207:Azores
118:Azores
101:Lisbon
1340:S2CID
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1000:S2CID
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854:S2CID
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633:S2CID
209:(the
201:(the
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64:winds
1604:2012
1578:2010
1547:2010
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1472:2012
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1332:PMID
1286:PMID
1245:2023
1187:2009
1102:ISBN
992:ISSN
900:ISSN
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781:2014
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625:PMID
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233:and
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42:The
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