215:
224:
448:
373:, a Canadian anthropologist, classified Sooke, Saanich, Songhees, Lummi, and Klallam as one language called "Lekonenen," and Songhees as another called "Lekunen." What Hill-Tout believed to be the names of the languages were actually derived from the words
264:. The various dialects of Northern Straits Salish are often referred to as separate languages, both in historic and modern times, and although their similarities are recognized by its speakers, there is no word for the language as a whole.
2059:
1745:
361:, in 1863, classified Klallam, Sooke, and Songhees as being one language, Lummi, Saanich, and Semiahmoo being another language, and Samish being a dialect of another Coast Salish language,
2069:
1800:
472:
1755:
1108:
715:
234:
2064:
1775:
979:
1780:
1388:
2049:
1881:
1029:
385:(the Songhees name for the Songhees people). Despite this, Klallam and the dialects of Northern Straits Salish are not mutually intelligible.
1750:
1845:
1580:
591:
1555:
708:
1585:
2054:
1871:
1835:
357:
Historians have historically classified the various dialects of
Northern Straits and Klallam together in many ways. Linguist
1866:
1876:
418:
401:
648:
Thompson, Laurence C.; Thompson, M. Terry; Efrat, Barbara S. (1974). "Some
Phonological Developments in Straits Salish".
1515:
201:
1535:
1520:
1243:
1233:
1705:
1610:
1540:
1253:
1208:
701:
346:
within the Coast Salish branch. Among the Coast Salish languages, Northern
Straits is one of the two languages in the
1810:
1695:
1635:
1600:
1068:
1022:
358:
1770:
1363:
964:
923:
542:
1795:
347:
99:
1948:
1902:
1825:
1685:
1680:
1625:
1560:
1490:
1278:
1203:
1198:
969:
883:
876:
840:
58:
1917:
1820:
1805:
1730:
1715:
1630:
1595:
1570:
1495:
1303:
1288:
1052:
748:
253:
249:
1897:
1650:
1565:
1505:
1318:
1283:
1118:
1015:
91:
1983:
1675:
1213:
1148:
2011:
1830:
1815:
1760:
1735:
1700:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1615:
1575:
1525:
1418:
1173:
1113:
1078:
1153:
1993:
1665:
1640:
1620:
1605:
1530:
1510:
1453:
1248:
1238:
1103:
1073:
1062:
825:
365:. One missionary, Myron Eells, believed that Lummi was a dialect of Klallam. German anthropologist
330:
150:
1273:
1228:
1057:
1938:
1590:
1550:
1545:
1500:
1263:
1258:
908:
834:
724:
665:
620:
512:
343:
257:
86:
1725:
1670:
1313:
1193:
1448:
1133:
1128:
354:. Klallam and Northern Straits are very closely related, but have lost mutual intelligibility.
2028:
1958:
1953:
1690:
1398:
974:
948:
938:
890:
845:
788:
504:
466:
370:
1298:
1178:
1083:
688:
2023:
2000:
1988:
1907:
1458:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1378:
1368:
1268:
1223:
1098:
943:
869:
809:
774:
683:
657:
351:
261:
54:
50:
1973:
1840:
1765:
1740:
1710:
1438:
1413:
1353:
1218:
1158:
1093:
804:
738:
290:
214:
130:
78:
2018:
1978:
1925:
1850:
1343:
1188:
1168:
1088:
998:
851:
814:
763:
306:
135:
599:
566:
369:
believed that
Klallam was part of the same language as Northern Straits. Furthermore,
193:
2043:
1968:
1720:
1383:
1308:
1183:
799:
669:
280:
125:
17:
1790:
1785:
1358:
1348:
1038:
2005:
1373:
781:
362:
223:
206:
1943:
1443:
1163:
768:
366:
508:
248:(also referred to as North Straits Salish) is a language composed of several
1469:
1428:
1423:
1333:
1328:
186:
170:
684:
An
Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish
177:
1338:
1138:
516:
492:
1433:
1293:
1143:
230:
Northern
Straits Salish is classified as Critically Endangered by the
1474:
1464:
1323:
1123:
693:
231:
661:
40:
SENĆOŦEN / Malchosen / Siʔneməš / Lekwungen / Semiahmoo / T’Sou-ke
1011:
1007:
697:
1746:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde
Community of Oregon
447:
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (28 March 2018).
493:"Language and Dialect Variation in Straits Salishan"
422:
405:
380:
374:
298:
38:
2060:
Indigenous languages of the
Pacific Northwest Coast
1916:
1890:
1859:
1483:
1045:
957:
931:
922:
900:
861:
756:
747:
731:
200:
184:
168:
163:
119:
75:
65:
46:
32:
272:The dialects of Northern Straits are as follows: (
592:"Traditional language comes alive on breakwater"
276:) marks a dialect that has no native speakers.
1023:
709:
650:International Journal of American Linguistics
379:(the Songhees name for Songhees dialect) and
8:
471:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2070:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
1030:
1016:
1008:
928:
753:
716:
702:
694:
222:
213:
29:
235:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1882:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
1872:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
529:
439:
394:
464:
1867:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
327:; also known as Lekwungen or Songish)
118:
7:
1877:Washington Indian Gaming Association
486:
484:
482:
1756:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
25:
2065:First Nations languages in Canada
1846:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
590:Patterson, Travis (2011-06-01).
449:"Aboriginal Mother Tongue (90)"
2050:North Straits Salish languages
1860:Organizations and institutions
1836:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1:
1751:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
689:SENĆOŦEN Classified Word List
621:"lək̓ʷəŋən Language Reawaken"
1581:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1516:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
254:Coast Salish language family
1781:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
1706:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
1611:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
497:Anthropological Linguistics
2086:
1811:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
1696:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1601:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1556:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
406:
324:
310:
299:
294:
284:
27:Salishan dialect continuum
1776:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1771:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
992:
491:Montler, Timothy (1999).
221:
212:
37:
1796:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
350:branch, the other being
1933:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
1826:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1686:Tsawwassen First Nation
1681:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1626:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1561:Skawahlook First Nation
423:
381:
375:
246:Northern Straits Salish
207:Northern Straits Salish
39:
2055:Coast Salish languages
1821:Skokomish Indian Tribe
1806:Quinault Indian Nation
1801:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1731:Esquimalt First Nation
1716:Union Bar First Nation
1636:Chemainus First Nation
1631:Semiahmoo First Nation
1596:Tzeachten First Nation
1571:Soowahlie First Nation
1536:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1521:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1496:Chawathil First Nation
342:Northern Straits is a
71:105 (2016 census)
1651:Klahoose First Nation
1586:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
1566:Skowkale First Nation
1506:Kwantlen First Nation
949:Thompson River Salish
333:(also known as Sooke)
250:mutually-intelligible
1831:Squaxin Island Tribe
1816:Samish Indian Nation
1761:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
1736:Tsawout First Nation
1701:Tseycum First Nation
1661:Nanoose First Nation
1656:Malahat First Nation
1646:Homalco First Nation
1616:Musqueam Indian Band
1576:Squiala First Nation
1526:Matsqui First Nation
571:Samish Indian Nation
323:Songhees (Songhees:
252:dialects within the
105:North Straits Salish
33:North Straits Salish
18:North Straits Salish
1891:Culture and society
1666:Peters First Nation
1641:Halalt First Nation
1621:Katzie First Nation
1541:Seabird Island Band
1511:Katzie First Nation
453:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1591:Sumas First Nation
1551:Skway First Nation
1546:Skwah First Nation
1501:Cheam First Nation
725:Salishan languages
547:SENĆOŦEN Word List
532:, p. 462-463.
256:spoken in western
2037:
2036:
1691:Yale First Nation
1005:
1004:
999:extinct languages
988:
987:
975:Colville-Okanagan
918:
917:
543:"Human relations"
371:Charles Hill-Tout
344:Salishan language
243:
242:
16:(Redirected from
2077:
1606:Sts'ailes Nation
1032:
1025:
1018:
1009:
929:
795:Northern Straits
754:
718:
711:
704:
695:
673:
635:
634:
632:
631:
617:
611:
610:
608:
607:
598:. Archived from
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
563:
557:
556:
554:
553:
539:
533:
527:
521:
520:
488:
477:
476:
470:
462:
460:
459:
444:
427:
426:
416:
410:
409:
408:
399:
384:
378:
326:
312:
302:
301:
296:
286:
262:British Columbia
237:
226:
217:
196:
180:
173:
81:
55:British Columbia
51:Vancouver Island
42:
30:
21:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
1912:
1886:
1855:
1841:Suquamish Tribe
1766:Suquamish Tribe
1741:Cowichan Tribes
1726:T'Sou-ke Nation
1711:Squamish Nation
1676:shíshálh Nation
1671:Tla'amin Nation
1491:Aitchelitz Band
1479:
1041:
1036:
1006:
1001:
984:
953:
924:Interior Salish
914:
896:
857:
743:
727:
722:
680:
647:
644:
639:
638:
629:
627:
625:Songhees Nation
619:
618:
614:
605:
603:
589:
588:
584:
575:
573:
565:
564:
560:
551:
549:
541:
540:
536:
528:
524:
490:
489:
480:
463:
457:
455:
446:
445:
441:
436:
431:
430:
417:
413:
400:
396:
391:
340:
270:
239:
238:
229:
192:
176:
169:
115:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
61:, United States
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:Island Comox †
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1851:Tulalip Tribes
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
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1698:
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1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
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1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:Seabird Island
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Tsleil-Waututh
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
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1060:
1055:
1049:
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1043:
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1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1002:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
983:
982:
980:Montana Salish
977:
972:
970:Columbia-Moses
967:
961:
959:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
913:
912:
904:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
887:
884:Upper Chehalis
880:
877:Lower Chehalis
873:
865:
863:
859:
858:
856:
855:
848:
843:
838:
831:
830:
829:
822:
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792:
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678:External links
676:
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662:10.1086/465311
656:(3): 182–196.
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582:
558:
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503:(4): 462–502.
478:
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392:
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348:Straits Salish
339:
338:Classification
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164:Language codes
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133:
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100:Straits Salish
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34:
26:
24:
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2:
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2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:Northern and
2009:
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1999:
1995:
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1964:North Straits
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1721:Nuxalk Nation
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
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1471:
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1445:
1442:
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1437:
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1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Stillaquamish
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Sauk-Suiattle
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Yakweakwioose
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Shxw'ow'hamel
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
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1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Kway-quit-lam
1162:
1160:
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1074:Clemclemaluts
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965:Coeur d’Alene
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602:on 2015-04-02
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285:Xwlemi Chosen
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36:
31:
19:
1963:
1786:Lummi Nation
1364:Upper Skagit
1359:Lower Skagit
1039:Coast Salish
994:
907:
889:
882:
875:
868:
850:
833:
824:
819:
794:
787:
780:
773:
749:Coast Salish
653:
649:
642:Bibliography
628:. Retrieved
624:
615:
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
595:
585:
574:. Retrieved
570:
561:
550:. Retrieved
546:
537:
530:Montler 1999
525:
500:
496:
456:. Retrieved
452:
442:
414:
397:
376:lək̓ʷəŋiʔnəŋ
359:George Gibbs
356:
341:
325:lək̓ʷəŋiʔnəŋ
317:
311:Xws7ámeshqen
273:
271:
245:
244:
185:
154:
141:
104:
2006:Lushootseed
1791:Makah Tribe
1531:Popkum Band
1484:Governments
1461:(Tillamook)
1374:Muckleshoot
782:Lushootseed
732:Bella Coola
363:Lushootseed
316:Semiahmoo (
140:Semiahmoo (
2044:Categories
1944:Halkomelem
1444:Sahewamish
1399:Snoqualmie
1279:Skawahlook
1204:Tsawwassen
1199:Snuneymuxw
1119:Humptulips
1069:Stz'uminus
769:Halkomelem
630:2024-03-16
606:2013-06-02
576:2023-06-24
567:"Language"
552:2024-03-16
458:2018-05-21
434:References
424:xʷsénəčqən
367:Franz Boas
300:W̱SÁNEĆḴEN
293:(Saanich:
258:Washington
59:Washington
57:, Canada;
1984:Semiahmoo
1939:Pentlatch
1918:Languages
1903:Mythology
1470:Quamichan
1449:Wynoochee
1429:Swinomish
1424:Suquamish
1409:Nisqually
1404:Skykomish
1394:Snohomish
1379:Sammamish
1369:Skokomish
1334:Penelakut
1329:Quamichan
1304:Tzeachten
1289:Soowahlie
1269:Shilshole
1244:Leq'á:mel
1239:Sts'ailes
1234:Sq'éwlets
1224:Semiahmoo
1134:Kilpahlas
1129:Khenipsen
1099:Esquimalt
1063:Sts'ailes
1053:Chawathil
997:indicate
909:Tillamook
901:Tillamook
835:Pentlatch
820:Semiahmoo
670:144820134
509:0003-5483
382:lək̓ʷəŋən
309:(Samish:
187:Glottolog
171:ISO 639-3
2029:Quinault
2012:Southern
1994:T'sou-ke
1989:Songhees
1959:Nooksack
1954:Squamish
1949:shíshálh
1439:Quinault
1414:Puyallup
1354:Nooksack
1339:Lamalcha
1319:Tsartlip
1314:T'souk-e
1284:Skowkale
1219:Squamish
1214:shíshálh
1194:Sliammon
1174:Musqueam
1159:Kwantlen
1149:Koksilah
1139:Klahoose
1094:Duwamish
1079:Comiaken
958:Southern
939:Lillooet
932:Northern
891:Quinault
862:Tsamosan
846:Squamish
841:shíshálh
826:T'Sou-ke
810:Songhees
789:Nooksack
517:30028724
467:cite web
407:sənčáθən
331:T'sou-ke
295:SENĆOŦEN
283:(Lummi:
268:Dialects
194:stra1244
151:T'sou-ke
147:Songhees
120:Dialects
87:Salishan
2024:Cowlitz
2001:Klallam
1974:Saanich
1459:Nehalem
1434:Tulalip
1344:Saanich
1294:Squiala
1189:Malahat
1179:Nanoose
1169:Matsqui
1144:Klallam
1114:Homalco
1089:Cowlitz
1084:Copalis
1046:Peoples
995:Italics
944:Shuswap
870:Cowlitz
805:Saanich
775:Klallam
757:Central
352:Klallam
291:Saanich
131:Saanich
96:Central
1979:Samish
1475:Somena
1465:Siletz
1454:Satsop
1384:Samish
1324:Somena
1299:Stó꞉lō
1249:Popkum
1184:Nuxalk
1124:Katzie
1104:Halalt
815:Samish
739:Nuxálk
668:
515:
507:
307:Samish
232:UNESCO
136:Samish
47:Region
2019:Twana
1969:Lummi
1926:Comox
1898:Music
1349:Lummi
1264:Skway
1259:Skwah
1229:Sumas
1058:Cheam
852:Twana
800:Lummi
764:Comox
666:S2CID
513:JSTOR
389:Notes
281:Lummi
126:Lummi
92:Coast
1065:(WA)
505:ISSN
473:link
419:NAPA
402:NAPA
260:and
1908:Art
1109:Hoh
658:doi
202:ELP
178:str
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318:†
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