660:, men, women, and children, were killed on Dungeness Spit by a group of about twenty Klallam men. One Tsimshian woman survived by pretending to be dead. The attack was in retaliation for the abduction of some Klallam women by the Tsimshian a few years earlier. Before the attack the Klallam debated over how the white settlers would react, but after some hesitation the attack was carried out in the traditional manner. One Klallam man was killed, which led to arguments among the Klallam who in the end threw away their trophies and went home dejected. A few were arrested by white settlers and sentenced to hard labor at the Skokomish Reservation, but they were not held for long and the punishment was generally considered to have been mild.
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leading
Klallam collected enough money to purchase a parcel of 250 acres, in 1874, and found a town they named Jamestown, after James Balch. This was very unusual for the time, not least because Native people were legally barred from buying land at the time. By doing this and not moving to the Skokomish Reservation they gave up the possibility of federal assistance of any kind. For many decades Jamestown was one of the few examples of a Native settlement fully owned and managed by the native people themselves, with no governmental assistance or oversight.
545:. There was little traffic between the Klallam and the fort. The only serious incident between the two occurred in 1828 when five white men were killed by a number of Klallam, two of which had been serving as guides and had been mistreated by the white men. In response a party of about 60 men from Fort Vancouver visited Klallam territory and attacked the first group they found, killing seven including women and children, and burning their house. Then, with the help of an HBC ship they attacked, plundered, and destroyed a Klallam village near
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713:) through an intricate and arduous process requiring great skill, beginning with the selection of the proper tree. Stone adzes, fire, and heated water were used to hollow and shape the canoe. This knowledge was passed to a select few of each generation, and some of the canoes were purchased from other tribes, especially the larger ones.
370:(meaning "strong people"). According to the oral history of the Klallam, the name was earned after the tribe won a challenge around hoisting a log onto a house. They put the log in the water, and then floated it onto their shoulders. When they came back with the log, other tribes started cheering "strong people."
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Klallam regularly raided their neighbors but had almost completely stopped using clubs and bows. The
Klallam had many tools and utensils of European manufacture. They were growing potatoes in cultivated fields. The fur trade, formerly vital, was almost extinct. Slavery and potlatching were still practiced.
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The lands, rivers, marine waters, and beaches in
Klallam territory provided an abundant, year-round supply of food. Strategic intertribal marriages and agreements also allowed them permission to hunt or forage outside their homeland. Though their diet included large and small land game, sea fowl, and
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forced them to relocate to other nearby areas twice, and then threatened to have them moved to the
Skokomish Reservation. This led to Chief James Balch, who had been a heavy drinker until his reform in 1873, to lead the Klallam in purchasing their own land and create their own community. He and other
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After Gibbs's questionable census of 1855, which counted 926 Klallam, somewhat better censuses were conducted in the 1860s and 1870s. It appears that from initial contact to about 1862 the
Klallam population declined but not too severely. Between 1862 and 1878 a more rapid decline occurred—from about
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today. Fort records indicate that
Klallam were visiting to trade furs and game by 1833. Between 1833 and 1835 Klallam parties visited Fort Nisqually at least nine times, and more regularly in the following decade. During the same period an HBC trading party visited Klallam territory. This party found
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style for use in rougher waters. The smaller type of canoe had a rounded bottom and was 12–30 feet (4–9 m) long, 20–48 inches (50–120 cm) wide, and 9–20 inches (20–50 cm) deep. This type was used on calm waters for fishing or to haul small loads. The larger canoes had flat bottoms and
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visited Fort
Nisqually and the larger region in 1847. His descriptions of the Klallam indicate that they still practiced slavery, had given up bows and arrows for guns, that duck netting was common, shell money was still valued, and shamanism still practiced. One village he visited was fortified and
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In local media today "Clallam" is usually used to refer to
Clallam County, Washington. It is also used in the names of a number of non-native commercial enterprises. The spellings with 'K' are used to refer to the native peoples. The Lower Elwha tribe has adopted "Klallam" as its official spelling.
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A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of
Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities. Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries,
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Based on early interviews of tribal elders by early ethnologists and anthropologists, the estimated number of
Klallam villages has ranged from ten to over thirty, with some ambiguity in distinguishing permanent from seasonal settlements, and some villages with mixed or disputed tribal identity.
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visited the Klallam in 1855. He reported their population as 926 and blamed alcohol and disease for their population decline. Although his count was probably too low, the Klallam population was significantly reduced from earlier times, mostly due to alcohol and disease. According to Gibbs, the
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led a small exploring fleet, which for a time based itself at Port Discovery. It is not known which ship first made contact with the Klallam, but it was most likely before 1789 and probably at the village at Clallam Bay or Port Discovery, and involved gifts of knives, buttons, and copper.
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was established in 1854, but its population and infrastructure remained minimal for decades. Around 1860 there was smallpox among the Klallam, but it is not known how serious it was. The last act of intertribal warfare involving the Klallam occurred in 1869. A band of over thirty
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There exists a wide variety of English spellings including "Chalam," "Clalam," "Clallem," "Clallum," "Khalam," "Klalam," "Noodsdalum," "Nooselalum," "Noostlalum," "Tlalum," "Tlalam," "Wooselalim," "S'Klallam," "Ns'Klallam," "Klallam" and "Clallam." "Clallam" was used by the
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1,300 to 597. By 1870 most Klallam lived near Dungeness Spit and what is now Sequim. The period around 1870 marked what appears to be the lowest point in Klallam history. Due to rampant alcoholism, petty bickering and fighting, and thievery, the white residents of
501:, from the 1780s on. Early explorers did not enter the Strait of Juan de Fuca or make direct contact with the Klallam. By the time direct contact was made, sometime before 1789, the Klallam had already heard about the European newcomers.
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people, intending to wipe them out completely. They largely succeeded, destroying the last Chimakum villages and leaving nearly everyone dead or enslaved. The few surviving Chimakum fled and subsequently joined the Twana, or
596:. After this the Klallam occupied the former Chimakum territory, which was the northeastern part of the Olympic Peninsula, especially on the Quimper Peninsula, where Port Townsend is today, and along northern Hood Canal.
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Boyd, Colleen E. 2006 "Oral Traditions of the Pacific Northwest." In American Indian Religious Traditions: an Encyclopedia, Suzanne Crawford and Dennis Kelley, eds. pp. 663–672. Santa Barbara, CA:
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made contact with the Klallam in 1792. He thought he was the first European to visit them and wrote about their indifference, which surprised him. He traded them copper, knives, and minor trade goods.
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Early white settlers in the area noted the great skill the Klallam used in canoe handling and navigation, and that the Klallam canoes tended to be larger than those used by other Puget Sound tribes.
649:, in exchange for government aid in the form of rations and instruction. However the Klallam never made this move and remained in their territory along the northern coast of the Olympic Peninsula.
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Boyd, Colleen E. 2006 "That government man tried to poison all the Klallam Indians": Metanarratives of History and Colonialism on the Central Northwest Coast. Ethnohistory 53(2):331–354
780:, and holes dug in the beach. Specific locations were known to produce certain fishes at the right time of year, and special implements and skills were employed for a successful catch.
1101:
Boyd, Colleen E. 2009 "The Indians themselves are greatly enthused": The Wheeler-Howard Act and the Reorganization of Klallam Space. The Journal of Northwest Anthropology 43(1):3–26.
623:. These early settlers, who lived in conditions little better, or worse than the Klallam, began selling large amounts of liquor to the Klallam, which quickly had deleterious effects.
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While language and tradition united the Klallam people, there were extensive trade, inter-marriage, and other forms of cooperation between the Klallam and surrounding tribes.
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Boyd, Colleen E. 2009 "You see your culture coming out of the ground like a power": Uncanny Encounters in Time and Space on the Northwest Coast. Ethnohistory 56(4): 699–732.
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In 1981, over a century later, and after six years of effort to gain official recognition as a tribe, the federal government agreed, resulting in the federally recognized
611:, returning very impressed. In the early 1850s many settlers came to Port Townsend and elsewhere in the region. By 1853 there were sawmills operating at Port Townsend,
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and tribal history courses at Dry Creek Elementary School, Stevens Middle School and Port Angeles High School, where most Lower Elwha Klallam children attend school.
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Lower Elwha Klallam children are offered a Klallam cultural and language immersion program at the Lower Elwha Klallam Head Start. Older children are provided with
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607:, known as the Duke of York—many Klallam were given royal names by whites who had difficulty pronouncing Klallam names—was taken by a ship captain on a visit to
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the Klallam mostly unwilling to sell furs, saying the HBC's prices were too low and that they would instead wait for some other, more competitive trader.
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Langness, L.L. (1984). "Individual Psychology and Cultural Change, An Ethnohistorical Case from the Klallam". In Miller, Jay; Eastman, Carol M. (eds.).
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shellfish, the most important source of food was fish. Salmon still plays a significant nutritional and spiritual role in the Klallam culture.
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The Klallam fished year round using a variety of tools and techniques particular to the species, location, and season. They were known to use
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could be over 30 feet (10 m) long, 6 feet (200 cm) wide, and 3 feet (100 cm) deep. These were used on the rougher waters of
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Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40
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The North American Indian. Volume 9 – The Salishan tribes of the coast. The Chimakum and the Quilliute. The Willapa
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A majority of Jamestown S'Klallam children attend Sequim School District schools.
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was the first European known to have entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in 1787.
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through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection.
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on Vancouver Island, made multiple expeditions into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
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Hicks family (Klallam) pose with canoe near Chimacum Creek, Washington, ca. 1914
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the territory inhabited by the Klallam stretched across the north coast of the
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There were two main types of canoes used by the Klallam: The smaller
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Washington Post: "Northwest Tribe Struggles to Revive Its Language"
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the preferred mode of transportation. The canoes were carved from
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Elaine Grinnell, Klallam storyteller and basket & drum maker
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Klallam men on beach with the Shaker church in the background,
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The Tsimshian and Their Neighbors of the North Pacific Coast
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on the east. There were also some Klallam living across the
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tribes have adopted "S'Klallam" as their official spelling.
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Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port Gamble Reservation
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Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation
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Klallam pole for netting ducks, Mount Rainier as seen from
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Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
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1052:"Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons"
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The Klallam tribes do not operate their own schools.
549:. HBC records say they killed 25 Klallam altogether.
986:. University of Washington Press. pp. 255–280.
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1118:Alphabetical vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi
603:arrived in 1850. That same year the Klallam chief
513:in 1789. From 1790 to 1792 the Spanish, based at
382:. The following year "S'klallam" was used in the
256:Klallam chief Chitsamanhan and his wife, ca. 1884
575:In 1847 about 150 Klallam warriors joined with
720:type used on protected waters, and the larger
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947:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
521:reached Port Discovery Bay in 1790. In 1791
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556:was established on the southern shore of
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
388:United States Department of the Interior
2067:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2057:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
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814:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington
674:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington
641:and the surviving Chimakum, signed the
431:Before the arrival of Europeans to the
2052:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
831:), Vancouver Island, British Columbia
682:Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians
497:in 1778, and many others, especially
288:. The language of the Klallam is the
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2062:Washington Indian Gaming Association
637:In 1855 the Klallam, along with the
378:legislature in 1854 when it created
164:Regions with significant populations
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1941:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
1029:. Classic Books. pp. 138–143.
344:is based at Becher Bay on southern
284:people Indigenous to the northern
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2031:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
394:, Jamestown, and Port Gamble (or
572:inhabited by about 200 Klallam.
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798:to the chest or side for pain.
47:needs additional citations for
2045:Organizations and institutions
2021:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1:
1936:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1074:The Jamestown S'Klallam Story
1008:The Jamestown S'Klallam Story
552:In 1832 the HBC trading post
1766:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1701:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1189:reports and other documents.
922:"Strong People Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̕əm"
1966:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
1891:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
1796:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
599:The first white settler of
592:, near the southern end of
302:federally-recognized tribes
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1996:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
1881:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1786:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1741:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1054:. University of Washington
945:Frederick W. Hodge, 1909,
792:of the smashed flowers of
390:officially recognized the
316:. Two Klallam tribes, the
1961:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1956:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1143:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1138:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
926:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
678:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
583:in a major attack on the
560:, in what is the city of
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27:Coast Salish ethnic group
1981:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2118:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2011:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1871:Tsawwassen First Nation
1866:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1811:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1746:Skawahlook First Nation
1171:(Olympic National Park)
503:Charles William Barkley
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2006:Skokomish Indian Tribe
1991:Quinault Indian Nation
1986:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1916:Esquimalt First Nation
1901:Union Bar First Nation
1821:Chemainus First Nation
1816:Semiahmoo First Nation
1781:Tzeachten First Nation
1756:Soowahlie First Nation
1721:Sq'Ă©wlets First Nation
1706:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1681:Chawathil First Nation
1181:Tribes of the Olympics
829:Becher Bay Indian Band
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731:Strait of Juan de Fuca
684:, and, in Canada, the
449:Strait of Juan de Fuca
439:from the mouth of the
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364:name for the tribe is
340:state. In Canada, the
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1836:Klahoose First Nation
1771:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
1751:Skowkale First Nation
1691:Kwantlen First Nation
825:Scia'new First Nation
750:Jamestown, Washington
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686:Scia'new First Nation
647:Skokomish, Washington
643:Point No Point Treaty
455:, in or near today's
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384:Point No Point Treaty
342:Scia'new First Nation
330:Port Gamble S'Klallam
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238:Related ethnic groups
154:
2016:Squaxin Island Tribe
2001:Samish Indian Nation
1946:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
1921:Tsawout First Nation
1886:Tseycum First Nation
1846:Nanoose First Nation
1841:Malahat First Nation
1831:Homalco First Nation
1801:Musqueam Indian Band
1761:Squiala First Nation
1711:Matsqui First Nation
1168:S'Klallam or Klallam
535:Hudson's Bay Company
499:maritime fur traders
402:The Port Gamble and
376:Washington Territory
272:; also known as the
245:Coast Salish peoples
56:improve this article
2076:Culture and society
1851:Peters First Nation
1826:Halalt First Nation
1806:Katzie First Nation
1726:Seabird Island Band
1696:Katzie First Nation
322:Lower Elwha Klallam
318:Jamestown S'Klallam
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1776:Sumas First Nation
1736:Skway First Nation
1731:Skwah First Nation
1686:Cheam First Nation
1163:Thomas Charles Sr.
1072:Joseph H. Stauss,
1006:Joseph H. Stauss,
897:"Klallam Language"
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537:(HBC) established
523:Francisco de Eliza
445:Port Discovery Bay
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356:Name and etymology
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1876:Yale First Nation
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1121:. Cramoisy Press.
1050:Buerge, David M.
1036:978-0-7426-9809-3
1021:Curtis, Edward S.
993:978-0-295-96126-2
707:western red cedar
437:Olympic Peninsula
433:Pacific Northwest
326:Olympic Peninsula
286:Olympic Peninsula
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1856:Tla'amin Nation
1676:Aitchelitz Band
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697:Transportation
695:
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653:Clallam County
554:Fort Nisqually
547:Dungeness Spit
543:Columbia River
539:Fort Vancouver
519:Manuel Quimper
486:
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380:Clallam County
357:
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1459:Shxw'ow'hamel
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1349:Kway-quit-lam
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802:Tribal groups
801:
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788:They apply a
783:
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734:
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714:
712:
711:Thuja plicata
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629:
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609:San Francisco
606:
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601:Port Townsend
597:
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582:
581:Chief Seattle
578:
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409:
407:
405:
399:
397:
396:Little Boston
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
368:
367:nəxʷsƛ̕áy̕əm̕
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:United States
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:nəxʷsƛ̕áy̕əm̕
267:
263:
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246:
241:
236:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
204:
203:United States
191:
179:
167:
162:
153:
148:
144:nəxʷsƛ̕áy̕əm̕
141:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1971:Lummi Nation
1549:Upper Skagit
1544:Lower Skagit
1224:Coast Salish
1117:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1045:
1025:
1015:
1007:
1002:
982:
946:
941:
929:. Retrieved
925:
916:
904:. Retrieved
900:
891:
874:
869:Coast Salish
863:Tse-whit-zen
852:
849:
842:
839:
821:, Washington
810:, Washington
795:Viola adunca
793:
787:
759:
755:
735:
718:Coast Salish
715:
710:
700:
671:
662:
651:
636:
631:George Gibbs
625:
598:
574:
567:
551:
533:In 1825 the
532:
515:Nootka Sound
488:
485:Post-Contact
476:
473:
469:
430:
400:
372:
359:
282:Coast Salish
277:
273:
261:
259:
134:Ethnic group
118:
112:October 2023
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2191:Lushootseed
1976:Makah Tribe
1716:Popkum Band
1669:Governments
1646:(Tillamook)
1559:Muckleshoot
877:(steamboat)
784:Ethnobotany
727:Puget Sound
628:ethnologist
617:Port Ludlow
613:Port Gamble
558:Puget Sound
511:Clallam Bay
507:Robert Gray
465:Beecher Bay
415:Pre-Contact
392:Lower Elwha
2129:Halkomelem
1629:Sahewamish
1584:Snoqualmie
1464:Skawahlook
1389:Tsawwassen
1384:Snuneymuxw
1304:Humptulips
1254:Stz'uminus
1123:Available
906:October 7,
883:References
752:, ca. 1903
605:Chetzemoka
594:Hood Canal
495:James Cook
491:Juan PĂ©rez
479:potlatches
441:Hoko River
398:) tribes.
338:Washington
215:Washington
82:newspapers
2169:Semiahmoo
2124:Pentlatch
2103:Languages
2088:Mythology
1655:Quamichan
1634:Wynoochee
1614:Swinomish
1609:Suquamish
1594:Nisqually
1589:Skykomish
1579:Snohomish
1564:Sammamish
1554:Skokomish
1519:Penelakut
1514:Quamichan
1489:Tzeachten
1474:Soowahlie
1454:Shilshole
1429:Leq'á:mel
1424:Sts'ailes
1419:Sq'Ă©wlets
1409:Semiahmoo
1319:Kilpahlas
1314:Khenipsen
1284:Esquimalt
1248:Sts'ailes
1238:Chawathil
931:March 31,
776:, rakes,
666:Dungeness
658:Tsimshian
639:Skokomish
590:Skokomish
577:Suquamish
569:Paul Kane
493:in 1774,
404:Jamestown
332:, on the
274:S'Klallam
222:Languages
2229:Category
2214:Quinault
2197:Southern
2179:T'sou-ke
2174:Songhees
2144:Nooksack
2139:Squamish
2134:shĂshálh
1624:Quinault
1599:Puyallup
1539:Nooksack
1524:Lamalcha
1504:Tsartlip
1499:T'souk-e
1469:Skowkale
1404:Squamish
1399:shĂshálh
1379:Sliammon
1359:Musqueam
1344:Kwantlen
1334:Koksilah
1324:Klahoose
1279:Duwamish
1264:Comiaken
1115:(1863).
1108:ABC-CLIO
1076:, pp 2–3
1058:July 11,
1023:(1913).
1010:, p, xxv
949:, p. 302
857:See also
790:poultice
778:dip nets
770:gillnets
766:trolling
585:Chimakum
509:reached
308:and one
280:) are a
2235:Klallam
2209:Cowlitz
2186:Klallam
2159:Saanich
1644:Nehalem
1619:Tulalip
1529:Saanich
1479:Squiala
1374:Malahat
1364:Nanoose
1354:Matsqui
1329:Klallam
1299:Homalco
1274:Cowlitz
1269:Copalis
1231:Peoples
875:Clallam
836:Schools
722:Chinook
692:Culture
579:led by
541:on the
457:Saanich
410:History
304:in the
294:Klallam
278:Clallam
266:Klallam
262:Klallam
232:English
228:Klallam
138:Klallam
96:scholar
18:Klallam
2164:Samish
1660:Somena
1650:Siletz
1639:Satsop
1569:Samish
1509:Somena
1484:Stó꞉lō
1434:Popkum
1369:Nuxalk
1309:Katzie
1289:Halalt
1033:
990:
774:spears
729:, the
680:, the
621:Sequim
615:, and
562:DuPont
463:, and
314:Canada
243:other
212:
200:
187:
178:Canada
175:
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2204:Twana
2154:Lummi
2111:Comox
2083:Music
1534:Lummi
1449:Skway
1444:Skwah
1414:Sumas
1243:Cheam
762:traps
703:canoe
461:Sooke
103:JSTOR
89:books
1250:(WA)
1125:here
1060:2010
1031:ISBN
988:ISBN
933:2024
908:2023
740:Diet
626:The
360:The
320:and
260:The
75:news
2093:Art
1294:Hoh
451:on
348:in
336:in
312:in
276:or
58:by
2231::
954:^
924:.
899:.
772:,
768:,
764:,
688:.
459:,
352:.
296::
268::
230:,
1216:e
1209:t
1202:v
1062:.
1039:.
996:.
935:.
910:.
827:(
709:(
292:(
264:(
217:)
205:(
192:)
180:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
