Northeast Passage - Knowledge (XXG)

927: 325: 205: 1290: 1260:. A usable Northern Sea Route between northern Europe and North Pacific ports would cut time at sea (and, accordingly, fuel consumption) by more than half. For the corporate players in bulk shipping of relative low-value raw materials, cost savings for fuel may appear as a driver to explore the Northern Sea Route for commercial transits, and not necessarily reduced lead time. The Northern Sea Route allows economies of scale compared to coastal route alternatives, with vessel draught and beam limitation. Environmental demands faced by the maritime shipping industry may emerge as a driver for developing the Northern Sea Route. 1443:

issuing permits for the passage of vessels, monitoring, dispatching, and managing the work of the fleet. The single digital platform will collect information from all the available sources, for example, hydrometeorological data, the location of ships and icebreakers, port congestion. As a result, users will receive an advanced "ice navigator" that will allow to plot a precise route in view of the changing ice conditions of the NSR. In other words, the study of Sibul et al. proposed a path-finding algorithm for the NSR strategic assessment. It uses real weather as input and find the optimal shipping route.

1641:. The growth in traffic has been startling. 46 ships sailed the entire length from Europe to East Asia during 2012. By July 2013, the administrators of the Northern Sea Route had granted permission to 204 ships to sail during the season. By that time, Arctic sea ice had declined substantial especially on the Atlantic side of the Arctic. "On July 15 extent came within 540,000 square kilometers (208,000 square miles) of that seen in 2012 on the same date... (Compared to the 1981 to 2010 average, ice extent on July 15, 2013 was 1.06 million square kilometers (409,000 square miles) below average.)" (Summer 22: 1452: 4439: 577: 1319: 4451: 1046:

termination of permits for sailing vessels in the waters of the NSR. To solve these tasks, the department arranges icebreaker fleet vessels in the waters of the NSR, monitors the traffic in the NSR water area, provides information on hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions, and processes information from vessels located in the NSR water area.

1573:, westward through the Bering, Sannikov, and Vilkitskiy Straits. The two vessels embarked Russian ice pilots for the voyage to the western Siberian port of Novyy, in the Yamburg region in the delta of the Ob River. The ships arrived at Novyy on 7 September, discharged their cargo to barges and departed on 12 September, bound for the 1209:

compared to coastal route alternatives, with vessel draught and beam limitation. Environmental demands faced by the maritime shipping industry may emerge as a driver for developing the Northern Sea Route. Increased awareness of environmental benefits and costs for both the Northern Sea Route and Suez

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Brigham, L.; McCalla, R.; Cunningham, E.; Barr, W.; VanderZwaag, D.; Chircop, A.; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; MacDonald, R.; Harder, S.; Ellis, B.; Snyder, J.; Huntington, H.; Skjoldal, H.; Gold, M.; Williams, M.; Wojhan, T.; Williams, M.; Falkingham, J. (2009). Brigham, Lawson; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; Juurmaa,

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Due to its harsh climatic conditions and the low population density, the NEP has had relatively little activity. The NSR portion of the NEP experienced its highest levels of activity during the Soviet era. The NSR greatly developed as a heavily subsidized domestic route, with traffic peaking in 1987

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emissions by 50% by 2050. It may seem very realistic, but achieving this result may become a tough challenge. Firstly, marine transport generates 14% of all transport emissions, and, secondly, effective techniques that could replace marine engines powered by fossil fuels do not exist yet. Due to its

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According to the Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020, sea cargo transportation is responsible for 2.9% of global emissions. More than that, in the next 20 years the trading maritime volume is expected to double, which may cause even worse consequences for the environment. Now marine transport produces about 1

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and therefore does not reach the Atlantic Ocean. However, since the NSR has a significant overlap over the majority of the NEP, the NSR term is often used to refer to the entirety of the Northeast Passage. This practice injects confusion in understanding the specifics of both navigational procedures

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On 28 July 2009, the sailing yacht RX II (36-foot length), with expedition leader Trond Aasvoll and crew Hans Fredrik Haukland and Finn Andreassen left Vardø in Norway on a quest to circumnavigate the North Pole. The northern sea route proved ice free and the three Norwegians sailed into the Bering

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In 2009, the first two international commercial cargo vessels traveled north of Russia between Europe and Asia. In 2011, 18 ships made the now mostly ice-free transit. During 2011, 34 ships made the transit up from a total of 6 ships in 2010. In 2012, 46 commercial ships made the transit. Petroleum

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to celebrate the 175th anniversary of Nordenskiöld's birth and his discovery of the northern sea route. The obverse features an abstract portrait of Nordenskiöld at the helm of his ship. The reverse is dominated by a pattern resembling the labyrinth formed by adjacent ice floes. The coin is one of

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is planning to implement the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) methodology. This system will represent a digital space that will provide various services to cargo carriers, shipowners, captains, insurers, and other participants in the logistics market on the NSR. In particular, it involves

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Route only. If the shipping company provides sufficient loading on the NSR, uses a reliable ice-class vessel for navigation and the price of crude oil is high, the economic advantage of the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme is obvious. Ice thickness directly affects the shipping cost. Now, when the

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A usable Northern Sea Route between northern Europe and North Pacific ports would cut time at sea (and resultant fuel consumption) by more than half. For the corporate players in bulk shipping of relative low-value raw materials, cost savings for fuel may appear as a driver to explore the Northern

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trips is still very small compared to the thousands of ships each year through the Suez Canal. Mainstream container shipping is expected to continue to overwhelmingly use the Suez route, while niche activities like bulk shipping is expected to grow, driven by the mining industries of the Arctic.

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Since the early 2000s, the thickness and area extent of the Arctic sea ice has experienced significant reduction, compared to the recorded averages. This has led to an increase in transit shipping. In 2011, four ships sailed the entire length of the NEP, 46 in 2012, and 19 in 2013. The number of

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Other parts of the NEP (mostly the NSR part), freeze in winter and partially melt in the summer months, especially along the coasts. Since the early 2000s the summer melting has been stronger, and the winter freezing has been weaker, opening the waters to the possibility of more non-ice breaking

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is a state corporation that organizes the navigation of vessels in the waters of the NSR in accordance with the Merchant Shipping Code, manages a fleet of powerful nuclear icebreakers, ensures the safety and uninterrupted operation of navigation, provides port services for gas tankers in case of

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report on expanding Russian arctic natural gas shipments to Asia, stated that while shipping traffic on the NSR surged in 2012 to around 1 million tons of various kinds of cargoes, "it pales by comparison with the 1987 peak of 6.6 million tons." It also reported that the Finnish crude oil tanker

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Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kiveäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran A.P., Sachin;

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was escorted by Soviet icebreakers during her journey. After the start of the Soviet-German War, the Soviets transferred several destroyers from the Pacific Fleet to the Northern Fleet via the Arctic. The Soviets also used the Northern Sea Route to transfer materials from the Soviet Far East to

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Federal State Budgetary Institution solves the following tasks: ensuring the organization of icebreaking vessels taking into account the hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions in the waters of the NSR; vessels navigation in the waters of the NSR; issuance, suspension, renewal, and

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in 2012 and Northeast Passage with a sailboat clockwise. Best Explorer started 1 June 2012 from Tromsø (Norway) sailing the Northwest Passage (first Italian boat and Italian skipper) and after several years of sailing in the Pacific got the permission to follow the Northeast Passage without

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had melted. This would have been the first time since satellite records began that both the Northwest Passage and Northern Sea Route had been open simultaneously. However, other scientists suggested that the satellite images may have been misread and that the sea route was not yet passable.

593:. The journey went through parts of the Northeast Passage, which was to be opened as a shorter trading connection between Western Europe and the Far East. The photograph depicts the encounter of some of the ship's crew with officers from the Russian barges at the mouth of the Yenisei River. 1029:

also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. For this purpose, the Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was formed, that now manages three subordinate

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was isolated from the western powers, which made it imperative to use this route. Besides being the shortest seaway between the western and far eastern USSR, it was the only one that lay completely inside Soviet internal waters and did not impinge on waters of opposing countries.

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assistance and without a Russian on board with a crew of 5, including Salvatore Magri who sailed the Northwest Passage with Nanni. In 2019 Best Explorer left Petropavlovsk Kamchatski on 3 August and crossed the Bering Strait on 19 August reaching Murmansk on 22 September.

1585:. The company did not disclose how much they paid for the escort service and the Russian pilots. An 18 September 2009 press release stated that the company was planning for six vessels to make Arctic deliveries in 2010. It is not clear that this plan was followed up on. 588:

journey to Siberia (2 August to 26 October 1913). Nansen is the tall man in the centre, number 2 from left hand is Loris-Melikov, number 5 partly concealed is Lied, number 10 is Vostrotin. Fridtjof Nansen started his trans-Siberian travel on a freighter from Oslo to the

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Sea ice extent in March 2013 (left) and September 2013 (right), illustrating the respective monthly averages during the winter maximum and summer minimum extents. The magenta lines indicate the median ice extents in March and September, respectively, during the period

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Arctic ice is slowly melting due to weather conditions, the cost of icebreaking service is expected to reduce. Also, vessels of some ice classes can sail on the NSR independently. That is why the NSR icebreaker escort fee may be several times lower than the SCR toll.

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Chair Jimmy Stotts was reported as saying there is concern that increased shipping could adversely affect indigenous hunting of marine mammals. Also concerning is the lack of infrastructure on the Western Alaska coast to deal with a spill or a wrecked vessel.

485:. During the Second Expedition Bering became the first Westerner to sight the coast of northwestern North America, and Chirikov was the first Westerner to land there (a storm had separated the two ships earlier). On his return leg, Bering discovered the 1593:

Strait on 24 September. But Russian bureaucracy managed to do what the arctic waters didn't – to stop their effort to sail around in one season. The boat over-wintered in Nome, and finished the trip through the Northwest passage the following summer.

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assumes the possibility and functions of the NSR and ensures the safety of navigation on the high technological level. Besides organizing the navigation along the NSR and the icebreaking services with the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet,

364:; had it proved practicable, such a seaway would have had enormous economic and military importance. Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered. The most notable was the 1596 expedition led by Dutch navigator 1581:, Valeriy Durov, described the achievement as "...great news for our industry." The president of Beluga Shipping claimed the voyage saved each vessel about 300,000 euros, compared to the normal Korea-to-Rotterdam route by way of the 982:

Therefore, the NEP encompasses all the East Arctic seas, and the NSR all the seas except the Barents Sea. Since the NSR constitutes the majority of the NEP, sometimes the term NSR has been used to refer to the entirety of the NEP.

963:). The length of the Northern Sea Route from the Kara Gates to Provideniya Bay is about 5600 km. The distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok through the NSR is over 14 thousand km (for comparison, the same distance through the 3268: 4294: 2981:[Melting ice in the Arctic seaway opens coveted maritime route: Two German freighters that traveled from South Korea to Siberia, managed to cross the mythical Northeast Passage, along the Russian coast.]. 2402: 926: 3177: 1505:

The Northern Sea Route was opened by receding ice in 2005 but was closed by 2007. The amount of polar ice had receded to 2005 levels in August 2008. In late August 2008, it was reported that images from the

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were prominent passengers. Lied had founded The Siberian company with the purpose of exporting and importing goods through the great Siberian rivers and the Kara Sea. The 1913 trip is recorded in Nansen's

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became the first ship of its kind to transit the Northern Sea Route. The vessel completed the westbound voyage in ballast in only six days and planned to sail back to Asia in November with a full load of

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However, a polar opinion also does exist. The Northern Sea route is considerably shorter than the existing sea routes from Asia to Europe, which makes it more ecological due to less consumption of CO

1009:(IMO), and the domestic legislation of the Russian Federation. In combination, they cover territorial claims, economic exploitation, technical shipping requirements, environmental protection, and 220:

The motivation to navigate the Northeast passage was initially economic. In Russia, the idea of a possible seaway connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans was first proposed by the diplomat

2329:на официальном сайте Федерального агентства морского и речного транспорта = Administration of the Northern Sea Route on the official website of the Federal Agency for Sea and River Transport 2612: 3265: 1451: 1306:, by the northern coast of Norway and Northwestern coast of Russia. The Barents sea is affected by the currents of warm water from the Gulf Stream, feeding into the North Atlantic. 3154: 2859: 3485: 1074:. The table below shows the sailing distances between the major East Asia sea ports, and Rotterdam in Europe (these distances assume no route diversions owing to ice conditions). 858:

was to attempt a transit of the "Northeast Passage". The effort was not successful due to diplomatic reasons and caused an international incident between the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A.

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Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).

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Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).

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with 6.58 million tons of cargo carried by 331 ships over 1306 voyages. With the end of the Soviet Union and its subsidies, the NSR traffic collapsed to 1.5–2 M tons of cargo.

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Nevertheless, the cargo traffic is steadily growing every year. The research shows that the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme can be more competitive than the use of the

3169: 3226: 3038: 2060: 2643: 1481:. "Ice free" regions can contain broken ice cover of varying density, often still requiring appropriately strengthened hulls or icebreaker support for safe passage. 3764: 998: 1216:

In August 2012, Russian media reported that 85% of vessels transiting the Northern Sea Route in 2011 were carrying gas or oil, and 80% were high-capacity tankers.

2899: 2317:= Rosatom as the infrastructure operator of the Northern Sea Route // Коммерсантъ (28 декабря 2018). Дата обращения: 27 июля 2019. Архивировано 27 июля 2019 года. 918:

Now the NSR is developing rapidly. In 2021 85 ships with around 2.75m tons of cargo made their way along the NSR, only 12 of which were under the Russian flag.

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As the Northern Sea Route is a strategically important transport artery, it can already be called economically profitable in comparison, for example, with the

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In 2011, four ships sailed the length of the Northern Sea Route and Northeast Passage, from the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. In 2012, 46 ships sailed the NSR.

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was the first to sail all the way from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait in the same summer without wintering en route. After trial runs in 1933 and 1934, the

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sailor Eric Brossier made the first passage by sailboat in only one season in the summer of 2002. He returned to Europe the following summer through the

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After the Soviet Union dissolved in the early 1990s, commercial navigation in the Siberian Arctic went into decline. Regular shipping is found only from

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are the alternatives to the Northern Sea Route. However, if the distance from the port of Murmansk (Russia) to the port of Yokohama (Japan) through the

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claimed they were the first Western company to attempt to cross the Northern Sea Route for shipping without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 4000

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shorter length, navigation on the NSR contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime transport thus contributing to the achievement of the

3356: 2604: 2567:= The construction of the Arctic icebreaker will be completed in 2020 // Рамблер. Дата обращения: 28 апреля 2019. Архивировано 28 апреля 2019 года. 1577:

and Rotterdam. They were the first non-Russian commercial vessels to complete this journey, but not without Russian assistance. The captain of the

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A convoy of seven brand-new merchant vessels (900 DWT to 5500 DWT) built for the People's Republic of China but sailing under the Polish flag from

623:(Hercules); each with a woman on board. Both expeditions were hastily arranged, and both disappeared. The German Arctic Expedition of 1912, led by 3837: 3670: 2445: 1885: 1567:

commenced an East-to-West passage of the Northern Sea Route in August 2009 as part of a small convoy escorted by the Russian nuclear icebreaker

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The development of the icebreaking fleet is the most important condition for constant navigation in Arctic waters. Since 2008, the structure of

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Independent of Bering and Chirikov, other Russian Imperial Navy parties took part in the Second Great Northern Expedition. One of these, led by

4365: 187: 148: 1289: 546:(born in Finland but exiled to Sweden many years before the expedition) made the first complete passage of the Northeast Passage, leading the 212:(1572). Ortelius marks a vast network of waterways across East Asia, advocating his belief that a shipping route existed through China to the 3817: 3634: 2140: 2035: 3535: 3146: 1724:Østreng, Willy; Eger, Karl Magnus; Fløistad, Brit; Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn; Lothe, Lars; Mejlænder-Larsen, Morten; Wergeland, Tor (2013). 1551:, sailed the length of the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk to the Bering Strait, becoming the first Western ship to complete the voyage. 3477: 3454: 2863: 4348: 4234: 3076: 1269: 1006: 1326:

Only one Russian seaport in the Barents Sea along the officially defined Northern Sea Route (which begins at the Kara Gates Strait) is

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The governance of the NEP has developed considerably in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The main sources of governance are the

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Map of the Arctic region showing the Northern Sea Route (yellow & white dash line), in the context of the Northeast Passage, and

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The Northeast Passage is a shorter route to connect Northeast Asia with Western Europe, compared to the existing routes through the

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proved impossible or impractical. East of the Taimyr, from the 1630s, Russians began to sail the Arctic coast from the mouth of the

2986: 2475: 1843: 2564: 2462: 1659:. About 400 ships were expected to transit the Russian portion of the route during the 2013 season, up from about 40 during 2012. 4516: 4380: 4370: 4023: 3880: 3774: 3759: 1037:") was established on the basis of the Naval Operations Headquarters of FSUE “Atomflot”. The main purpose of the creation of the 4343: 3729: 3424: 2535: 2369: 2278:

Stephenson, Scott R.; Brigham, Lawson W.; Smith, Laurence C. (2013). "Marine accessibility along Russia's Northern Sea Route".

992: 4454: 4221: 3900: 3852: 3688: 3196: 2577: 761: 3568:; Eger, Karl Magnus; Fløistad, Brit; Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn; Lothe, Lars; Mejlænder-Larsen, Morten; Wergeland, Tor (2013). 3218: 3106: 3046: 2256: 2052: 4360: 3885: 3403: 2635: 847: 2430:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure" 1799:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure" 4193: 4100: 4065: 3938: 3328: 2697:

Evaluating the feasibility of combined use of the Northern Sea Route and the Suez Canal Route considering ice parameters

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Lawson W. Brigham: "The Northern Sea Route, 1997" in Polar Record (1998), 34 : 219–224 Cambridge University Press

3918: 3860: 3663: 2132: 524: 137: 2696: 565:. Of 122 convoys between 1877 and 1919 only 75 succeeded, transporting as little as 55 tons of cargo. From 1911 the 557:

One year before Nordenskiöld's voyage, commercial exploitation of a section of the route started with the so-called

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Renewed interest led to several demonstration voyages in 1997 including the passage of the Finnish product tanker

4244: 3749: 3016: 2778: 2497: 1619:. These were the first recorded instances of the circumnavigation of the Arctic by sailing yachts in one season. 1477:, i.e. continuously frozen surface ice sheet cover. Under common usage "ice free" does not mean that there is no 1390: 1347: 1268:) emissions per year and has been struggling for many years to reduce its environmental impact. For example, the 823: 462: 3244: 2666: 4060: 3701: 3266:"Arctic expedition round the North Pole, through both the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage with RX2" 2196: 2168: 1406: 1394: 1386: 395:

activity in Northern Asia declined and most Arctic exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian

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is 12,840 nautical miles, the same itinerary along the Northern Sea Route equals only 5,770 nautical miles.

124:(NSR). The Northern Sea Route is a portion of the NEP. It is defined in Russian law and does not include the 3734: 1398: 1355: 1051: 528: 51: 2215: 4393: 4048: 3656: 2089:"A Tsarist Attempt at Opening the Northern Sea Route: The Arctic Oeean Hydrographie Expedition, 1910–1915" 1966: 1623: 753:) was set up in 1932, with Otto Schmidt as its director. It supervised navigation and built Arctic ports. 727: 532: 70: 3353: 1346:. Beyond the Bering Strait, the end of the Northern Sea Route, and south along Russia's Pacific seaboard 535:

and others). The possibility of navigating the length of the passage was proven by the mid-19th century.

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Sea Route for commercial transits, and not necessarily reduced lead time. The Northern Sea Route allows

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Solski, Jan (2013). "New developments in Russian regulation of navigation on the Northern sea route".

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The Northern Sea Route does not charge payments for the passage (unlike, for example, the Suez Canal);

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was officially defined and open and commercial exploitation began in 1935. The next year, part of the

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led a flotilla of Russian navy ships with icebreaker support along the Northern Sea Route to the

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Stephenson, Scott R.; Smith, Laurence C.; Brigham, Lawson W.; Agnew, John A. (24 January 2013).

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Across the Top of Russia, The Cruise of the USCGC Northwind into the Polar Seas North of Siberia

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Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages

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Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages

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products constituted the largest cargo group. In 2013 71 commercial ships made the transit.

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is over 23 thousand km). The Northern Sea Route serves the Arctic ports and major rivers of

947:(NSR). The NSR is a shipping route that administratively begins at the boundary between the 796: 689: 659: 627:, ended disastrously with only 7 of 15 crew members surviving the preliminary expedition to 614: 610: 486: 482: 290: 221: 209: 191: 42: 3511: 3042: 4442: 4314: 4043: 3953: 3870: 3865: 3407: 3385: 3365: 3360: 3335: 3272: 3133: 2709:

Sibul, Gleb; Yang, Peihao; Muravev, Dmitri; Jin, Jian Gang; Kong, Linghe (14 April 2022).

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organizations "Atomflot" (ROSATOMFLOT), "Hydrographic Enterprise" and "ChukotAtomEnergo".

804: 681: 643: 598: 585: 547: 520: 516: 505: 450: 365: 333: 329: 271: 248: 240: 199: 195: 2834: 2241: 1947: 3549: 2978: 2699:// Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. — 2021. — № 147. — pp. 350-369 2510: 1816: 4239: 4201: 3990: 3797: 3724: 3072: 3068: 1925: 1478: 1335: 1002: 693: 685: 628: 551: 481:(Saint Paul), the latter commanded by Bering's deputy in the first expedition, Captain 426: 406: 314: 256: 161: 74: 1318: 340:

The western parts of the passage were explored by northern European countries such as

4470: 4388: 4304: 4289: 4118: 4080: 3983: 3948: 3908: 3787: 3754: 2742: 2301: 1673: 1530: 1382: 1327: 1079: 1042: 1038: 1034: 960: 956: 808: 590: 494: 446: 377: 321:) no one is recorded as having sailed eastward between the Kolyma and Bering Strait. 310: 170: 132:

The Northeast Passage is one of several Arctic maritime routes, the others being the

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On 3 October 2019 Nanni Acquarone became the first Italian skipper with the Italian

708:, steamboats, and icebreakers made running the Northern Sea Route viable. After the 4259: 4151: 4113: 4090: 3802: 1526: 1067: 972: 843: 757: 735: 713: 566: 508:, the northernmost point of both the Northeast Passage and the Eurasian continent. 434: 410: 302: 298: 260: 3192: 2726: 1041:

is to organize the navigation of vessels in the waters of the Northern Sea Route.

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by importing fuel, equipment, food and exporting timber and minerals. The Suez or

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and others also led expeditions, mainly for scientific and cartographic purposes.

2293: 1825: 1798: 4413: 4324: 4299: 4274: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4033: 3973: 3102: 2710: 2056: 1630: 1495: 1363: 1303: 948: 891: 875: 576: 570: 401: 369: 345: 267: 236: 125: 117: 101: 1600:, becoming the second Swedish sailboat to transit the Northeast Passage, after 1302:), parts of the NEP remain ice-free year-round. This is mostly the case of the 417:, thus proving that no land connection existed between Asia and North America. 169:. Nordenskiöld was forced to winter just a few days' sailing distance from the 4138: 4108: 3832: 3613:. Norway: Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Arctic Council. 3577: 3400: 2756: 2519: 2492: 2185: 2150: 1733: 1582: 1574: 1546: 1514: 1426: 1220: 1063: 976: 964: 898: 883: 792: 768: 663: 635: 581: 306: 294: 275: 109: 26: 2734: 1669:

set a speed record by sailing from Murmansk to the Bering Strait in 13 days.

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Also in 2009, Ola Skinnarmo and his crew sailed the Northeast Passage aboard

4254: 4178: 4156: 3928: 3827: 3807: 3127: 2591:"Russia Signs Contract to Build World's Largest Nuclear-Powered Icebreaker". 2315:Путин назначил «Росатом» инфраструктурным оператором Северного морского пути 1542: 1338:. Other Arctic ports are generally usable from July to October, or, such as 1230:

The shorter distance reduces the cost of staff labor and chartering vessels;

827: 511:

Later expeditions to explore the Northeast Passage took place in the 1760s (

388: 283: 225: 93:. The western route through the islands of Canada is accordingly called the 2403:"Arctic oil rush: The new global petroleum race will shape Alaska's future" 1952:: A Survey of the Remains of the House of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya" 405:. In 1648, the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and 4143: 3995: 3923: 1663: 1622:

The largest ship as of 2011 is the 117,000 tonne SCF Baltica loaded with

1513:

had revealed that the last ice blockage of the Northern Sea Route in the

1474: 1359: 1331: 952: 867: 839: 835: 767:

to use the Northern Sea Route in the summer of 1940 to evade the British

639: 562: 266:

By the 17th century, traders had established a continuous sea route from

147:

The first confirmed complete passage, from west to east, was made by the

105: 2351:

The Northern Sea Route versus the Suez Canal: cases from bulk shipping.

2314: 1980: 882:

in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek see virtually no shipping.

550:

from west to east. The ship's captain on this expedition was Lieutenant

4284: 4133: 4123: 3968: 3963: 3943: 3933: 2979:"Derretimiento de los hielos en el Ártico abre codiciada ruta marítima" 1693: 1439: 1434: 1370: 1339: 1047: 1026: 1021: 1017: 968: 871: 831: 539: 430: 396: 349: 341: 3008: 2129:

Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice

232:, had been exploring parts of the route as early as the 11th century. 4309: 4279: 4249: 4211: 4183: 4128: 3842: 3679: 3240: 2432:. Polar Geography. 37 (4): 298–324. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769. 1522: 1484: 784: 392: 384: 353: 156: 90: 86: 82: 3241:"Final statistics figures for transit navigation on the NSR in 2013" 3193:"Back to the 40s (near 50 Tuesday; feels like January by late week)" 3096: 3094: 493:

had to take shelter on an island off Kamchatka, where Bering died (

224:

in 1525. However, Russian settlers and traders on the coast of the

4269: 4000: 2171:

and Van Rees Press. Library of Congress Cataloge Number: 67-19909.

1538: 1534: 1450: 1317: 1288: 925: 915:

was the first non-Russian energy vessel to brave the NSR in 1997.

879: 788: 739: 705: 575: 361: 357: 323: 313:

from the south and sailed some distance northwest, but from 1648 (

229: 203: 25:

The Northeast Passage (blue) and an alternative route through the

2370:"Rapid Arctic thawing could be economic timebomb, scientists say" 456:

Bering's explorations of 1725–30 were part of a larger scheme of

399:, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy 3648: 2216:"Russia Arctic Natural Gas Shipping Route to Asia 10 Years Away" 1698:

Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and Northeast Passage commemorative coin

1507: 1310:

ships taking advantage of the route for longer periods of time.

3652: 3508:"GuoChuan Racing completes Arctic Ocean World Record challenge" 3041:[Development that changes the course of the vessels]. 3012: 1405:). The last three are the latest universal icebreakers of the 1078:

Sailing distances between Asia and Europe through the NEP (in

441:(Saint Gabriel) made a similar voyage in reverse, starting in 2197:

The M/T Uikku navigated the entire Northern Sea Route in 1997

1298:

Unlike the similar latitudes in Alaska and Canada (along the

1033:

Recently, the "Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route" ("

332:

to describe the ill-fated third voyage of the Dutch explorer

239:

in search of the Northeast Passage in 1553, English explorer

2476:

Reducing emissions from the shipping sector: research (2022)

445:

and going north to the passage that now bears his name; the

3243:. Northern Sea Route Information Office. 22 November 2013. 1705:

series, which celebrates European achievements in history.

1210:

routes will probably be important factors in this respect.

3451:"A change of pace | Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis" 3170:"Warming Revives Old Dream of Sea Route in Russian Arctic" 3145:

Kramer, Andrew E.; Revkin, Andrew C. (11 September 2009).

2486: 2484: 2463:

A world afloat: why seaborne trade will double before 2030

1607:

In September 2010, two yachts circumnavigated the Arctic:

1236:

There are no queues (unlike, for example, the Suez Canal);

738:

made the passage to the Pacific where armed conflict with

2443:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Fourth IMO GHG Study (2020)

3510:. guochuansailing.com. 16 September 2015. Archived from 3011:[The first ship through the Northeast Passage]. 2493:"Projected 21st century changes to Arctic marine access" 243:

thought he saw islands to the north, and islands called

3304:"Northeast Passage expedition Archives - Thin Ice Blog" 2758:

THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE NAVIGABILITY [EN/RUS/CH]

2565:Строительство ледокола «Арктика» завершится в 2020 году 1473:

The term "ice free" generally refers to the absence of

216:

and thence, by way of the Northeast Passage, to Europe.

3069:"German commercial ships make historic Arctic journey" 2862:. National Geographic. 2 December 2008. Archived from 2605:"Warming Revives Dream of Sea Route in Russian Arctic" 255:

in the 1590s, and they continued to appear on maps by

1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 56: 2924:. BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009. Archived from 2405:. Anchorage Press. 20 September 2012. Archived from 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 383:

Fearing English and Dutch penetration into Siberia,

286:, was an early precursor to the Northern Sea Route. 16:

Shipping lane from the Kara Sea to the Pacific Ocean

4379: 4336: 4220: 4192: 4099: 4014: 3899: 3851: 3773: 3715: 3687: 3478:"Russia Preparing Patrols of Arctic Shipping Lanes" 3401:

LNG Tanker Ob River Prepares for Northern Sea Route

2273: 2271: 1498:and its crew sailed the Northeast Passage with the 838:and was the first western vessel to operate in the 2860:"Space Radar Helps Shipping Dodge Arctic Icebergs" 1020:assumes the possibility and functions of the NSR. 597:In 1912, two Russian expeditions set out; Captain 561:, exporting Siberian agricultural produce via the 3329:"Around the North Pole in less than three months" 2922:"German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route" 2885: 2883: 2881: 1871: 1869: 282:, after its eastern terminus, the trade depot of 2578:"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline". 3765:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3147:"Arctic Shortcut Beckons Shippers as Ice Thaws" 999:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 720:In 1932, a Soviet expedition on the icebreaker 3425:"Arctic shipping set to grow as sea ice melts" 3343:, 24 September 2010. Retrieved: 7 August 2012. 2854: 2852: 1838: 1836: 1719: 1717: 638:organized a successful expedition through the 208:First edition of the important map of Asia by 3664: 2363: 2361: 8: 3291:. Annual Report 2009 EAST CAPITAL: 33. 2009. 2580:The California Review. Retrieved 2019-07-19. 2536:"Experts Confirm Open Water Circling Arctic" 2397: 2395: 826:, conducted an oceanographic survey between 807:Straits), two days of navigation before the 662:made the passage from east to west with the 188:Early modern Dutch cartography and geography 165:1878–79 backed by the royal funding of king 4076:Effects of global warming on marine mammals 3740:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 1922:Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment 1905: 1903: 1272:(IMO) has obliged sea carriers to reduce CO 751:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 3671: 3657: 3649: 2833:(in German). 16 March 2016. Archived from 2337: 2335: 776:European Russia, and the Germans launched 289:East of the Yamal, the route north of the 100:The NEP traverses (from west to east) the 2518: 2441:IMO, International Maritime Organization. 2218:. Insurancejournal.com. 28 January 2013. 1970: 1824: 1554:However, the new (2008) ice-strengthened 822:, commanded by Captain Kingdrel N. Ayers 3607:Arctic marine shipping assessment (AMSA) 3410:. World Maritime News, 31 October 2012. 3354:"No queue through the Northeast Passage" 2892:"Commercial Arctic Passage Nearing Goal" 2665:Buixadé Farré, Albert (7 January 2015). 2264:(1). Norway: Gyldendal Academic: 90–120. 2242:Transit Voyages on NSR in 2021: research 2075:Through Siberia – the land of the future 1076: 854:. The real (then-classified) mission of 20: 3379:Preparing for LNG on Northern Sea Route 3369:22 June 2011. Retrieved: 7 August 2012. 3219:"46 vessels through Northern Sea Route" 3039:"Gemilerin rotasını değiştiren gelişme" 1946:Hacquebord, Louwrens (September 1995). 1713: 642:to the Yenisei. Explorer and scientist 473:took place in 1735–42, with two ships, 453:, which Dezhnev had vaguely mentioned. 356:, looking for an alternative seaway to 3488:from the original on 18 September 2013 3476:Andrew E. Kramer (14 September 2013). 3109:from the original on 20 September 2009 3009:"Første skip gjennom Nordøstpassasjen" 2779:"Eric Brossier, le vagabond des pôles" 2636:"Northern Sea Route traffic plummeted" 1469:through the Northern Sea Route in 2009 771:and break out into the Pacific Ocean. 413:to the Pacific Ocean, and rounded the 3620:from the original on 1 November 2014. 3431:from the original on 29 November 2014 3388:. Barents Observer, 23 October 2012. 3168:Kramer, Andrew E. (17 October 2011). 3079:from the original on 24 November 2009 2902:from the original on 7 September 2009 2646:from the original on 18 December 2014 2634:Pettersen, Trude (16 December 2014). 2603:Kramer, Andrew E. (17 October 2011). 2342:Schøyen, H., & Bråthen, S. (2011) 2327:Администрация Северного морского пути 2063:from the original on 19 October 2013. 1935:from the original on 1 November 2014. 1629:In 2012, the 288-metre (945 ft) 1227:Fuel savings due to reduced distance; 658:In 1915, a Russian expedition led by 538:However, it was only in 1878-79 that 429:, in 1728, another Russian explorer, 7: 3229:from the original on 8 January 2015. 2667:"Arctic Promising For Bulk Shipping" 2030:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 578. 1888:from the original on 10 October 2014 1854:from the original on 21 October 2014 1615:, and Sergei Murzayev's team in the 1239:There is no risk of a pirate attack. 409:, sailed east from the mouth of the 4450: 4295:Northern indigenous Russian peoples 3157:from the original on 17 April 2014. 3103:"Arctic trail blazers make history" 3019:from the original on 7 January 2014 2949:"Era of Trans-Arctic Shipping Nigh" 2677:from the original on 9 January 2015 2576:Henderson, Isaiah M. (2019-07-18). 2546:from the original on 19 August 2009 2534:Revkin, Andrew (6 September 2008). 1270:International Maritime Organization 1007:International Maritime Organization 297:to a point beyond the mouth of the 4354:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy 3457:from the original on 15 April 2014 3199:from the original on 13 April 2014 3180:from the original on 26 June 2017. 3101:Liss, Artyom (19 September 2009). 3045:. 17 December 2010. Archived from 2890:Andrew Revkin (4 September 2009). 2785:from the original on 9 August 2007 2353:Journal of Transport Geography, 19 2222:from the original on 13 April 2014 1990:from the original on 27 March 2009 1662:On 15 September 2015, the Chinese 955:(the Kara Strait) and ends in the 943:A similar route to the NEP is the 336:in search of the Northeast Passage 14: 2989:from the original on 17 June 2012 2593:Naval News. Retrieved 2021-12-23. 2257:Arctic Review on Law and Politics 1914:Arctic marine shipping assessment 852:Operational Distinguishing Device 140:and the coast of Alaska) and the 4449: 4438: 4437: 4024:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 3881:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate 3760:Territorial claims in the Arctic 3247:from the original on 24 May 2014 2959:from the original on 14 May 2012 2715:Maritime Policy & Management 2615:from the original on 6 July 2014 2589:Manaranche, Martin (2020-05-04). 2380:from the original on 5 July 2014 1844:"The Northeast Passage Opens Up" 1648:During early September 2013 the 1025:unfavorable weather conditions. 247:were shown on maps published by 3730:Arctic cooperation and politics 3625:Keupp (Ed.), Marcus M. (2015). 993:Arctic cooperation and politics 376:, and rounded the north end of 144:(going across the North Pole). 3838:Populated places in the Arctic 3423:Richard Milne (22 July 2013). 3412:Retrieved 2 November 2012. 3390:Retrieved 2 November 2012. 2947:Andrew Revkin (28 July 2009). 1645:volume reached a record low.) 523:), the 1820s and 1830s (Baron 449:. It was Bering who named the 1: 4361:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 3886:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone 2727:10.1080/03088839.2022.2059717 1264:gigaton of carbon dioxide (CO 848:Coast Guard Unit Commendation 846:, for which she received the 274:, where they portaged to the 4066:Climate change in the Arctic 3818:Impact craters of the Arctic 3555:Resources in other libraries 2695:Sibul, Gleb, Jian Gang Jin. 2478:, retrieved December 9, 2022 2452:, retrieved December 9, 2022 2368:Vidal, John (24 July 2013). 2294:10.1080/1088937X.2013.845859 1826:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 1250:Inuit Circumpolar Conference 1223:due to a number of reasons: 700:After the Russian Revolution 3919:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 3861:Canadian Arctic Rift System 3453:. Nsidc.org. 17 July 2013. 2805:"North-West Passage – 2003" 2673:. Fort Lauderdale FL, USA. 2465:// Ship Technology. — 2013. 2244:// Nord University. — 2021. 2133:Akademia Marynarki Wojennej 1366:are accessible year-round. 1344:nuclear-powered icebreakers 890:were abandoned and are now 780:to interdict this traffic. 646:and Siberian industrialist 573:to the Kolyma once a year. 554:of the Swedish Royal Navy. 525:Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel 471:Second Kamchatka Expedition 278:. This route, known as the 138:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 57: 4545: 3914:British Arctic Territories 3289:Annual Report EAST CAPITAL 2077:. London: Heinemann, 1914. 2024:Mills, William J. (2003). 1876:Pletcher, Kenneth (2013). 1181:Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 1058:Pacific-Atlantic distances 1050:is a Legacy Member of the 990: 936: 760:, the Soviets allowed the 710:Russian Revolution of 1917 185: 4527:1590s in the Dutch Empire 4522:Water transport in Russia 4432: 3750:Inuit Circumpolar Council 3578:10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4 3550:Resources in your library 2520:10.1007/s10584-012-0685-0 2186:10.1017/S0032247400025687 2027:Exploring Polar Frontiers 2009:Vaughan, Richard (2007). 1734:10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4 1413:Transit shipping activity 1088: 762:German auxiliary cruiser 756:During the early part of 745:A special governing body 580:One of the pictures from 463:Great Northern Expedition 235:During a sail across the 58:Severo-Vostochnyy prokhod 46: 4061:Arctic methane emissions 3406:29 November 2014 at the 3384:29 November 2014 at the 3285:"Northeast Passage 2009" 3132:26 November 2010 at the 2831:Arved Fuchs Expeditionen 2781:(in French). July 2004. 2347:21 February 2015 at the 2240:CHIL Information Office. 2051:Thadeusz, Frank (2008). 1533:off the journey between 1375:nuclear icebreaker fleet 874:in the west and between 4517:Transport in the Arctic 3735:Arctic Ocean Conference 2163:Petrow, Richard (1967) 2053:"Harakiri im Polarmeer" 1602:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 1052:Arctic Economic Council 625:Herbert Schröder-Stranz 544:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 529:Pyotr Fyodorovich Anjou 421:18th and 19th centuries 319:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 153:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 47:Северо-Восточный проход 4394:Arctic shipping routes 3627:The Northern Sea Route 3359:6 January 2015 at the 2671:The Maritime Executive 2087:Barr, William (1975). 1650:Russian battlecruiser 1624:natural-gas condensate 1470: 1323: 1295: 1244:Environmental concerns 934: 862:After the Soviet Union 787:, reached the port of 728:Otto Yulievich Schmidt 594: 504:, in May 1742 reached 337: 309:(in 1778) entered the 217: 182:11th to 17th centuries 120:, and it includes the 66: 30: 4349:Petroleum exploration 4029:Arctic dipole anomaly 4006:North American Arctic 3959:Northwest Territories 3745:Ilulissat Declaration 3075:. 12 September 2009. 3015:. 12 September 2009. 2985:. 15 September 2009. 2011:The Arctic: A History 1639:liquified natural gas 1454: 1373:includes the Russian 1322:Arctic Ocean seaports 1321: 1292: 991:Further information: 929: 579: 328:Map drawn in 1601 by 327: 207: 24: 4419:Transpolar Sea Route 3271:20 July 2012 at the 3225:. 23 November 2012. 2474:European Commission. 2448:8 March 2023 at the 2202:6 March 2012 at the 2169:David McKay Co. Inc. 2125:Bugajski, Dariusz R. 2013:. Stroud: A. Sutton. 1657:New Siberian Islands 1613:The Northern Passage 778:Operation Wunderland 704:The introduction of 569:steamboats ran from 4320:Arctic Winter Games 4086:Polar amplification 4054:ecology and history 3813:Greenland ice sheet 3308:Thin Ice Blog - WWF 3195:. StarTribune.com. 2511:2013ClCh..118..885S 1981:10.14430/arctic1246 1878:"Northeast Passage" 1850:. 17 October 2011. 1817:2014PolGe..37..298B 1643:2012 Arctic sea ice 1455:Nuclear icebreaker 1447:Ice-free navigation 1248:In September 2012, 1130:Busan, South Korea 1106:Difference between 1089:To Rotterdam, via: 1083: 603:Brusilov Expedition 425:Eighty years after 173:, due to pack ice. 136:(going through the 4409:Northern Sea Route 4039:Arctic oscillation 3783:Arctic Archipelago 3707:History of whaling 3697:Arctic exploration 3629:. SpringerGabler. 3514:on 18 October 2015 3482:The New York Times 3334:6 May 2013 at the 3327:Pettersen, Trude. 3174:The New York Times 3151:The New York Times 2837:on 15 January 2020 2609:The New York Times 2409:on 18 January 2013 2105:on 16 October 2010 1848:The New York Times 1598:Explorer of Sweden 1556:heavy lift vessels 1471: 1433:State Corporation 1324: 1296: 1207:economies of scale 1097:Cape of Good Hope 1077: 1013:responsibilities. 945:Northern Sea Route 939:Northern Sea Route 935: 922:Northern Sea Route 732:Northern Sea Route 595: 533:Count Fyodor Litke 489:but fell ill, and 477:(Saint Peter) and 338: 218: 167:Oscar II of Sweden 129:and jurisdiction. 122:Northern Sea Route 81:Oceans, along the 31: 4487:East Siberian Sea 4464: 4463: 4424:Search and rescue 4404:Northwest Passage 4399:Northeast Passage 4344:Natural resources 4235:Subarctic peoples 4207:Arctic vegetation 4071:Climate of Alaska 3891:Ungava Fault Zone 3876:Innuitian orogeny 3793:Arctic Cordillera 3636:978-3-658-04080-2 3541:Northeast Passage 3536:Library resources 3352:Stensvold, Tore. 2928:on 6 January 2011 2142:978-83-961549-1-0 2073:Fridtjof Nansen: 2037:978-1-57607-422-0 1950:Het Behouden Huys 1703:Europa Coins 2007 1681:Northwest Passage 1560:Beluga Fraternity 1489:Northwest Passage 1463:Beluga Fraternity 1300:Northwest Passage 1197: 1196: 1164:Hong Kong, China 1072:Cape of Good Hope 1011:search and rescue 932:Northwest Passage 726:led by Professor 648:Stephan Vostrotin 513:Vasiliy Chichagov 502:Semyon Chelyuskin 415:Chukchi Peninsula 368:, who discovered 245:Willoughby's Land 134:Northwest Passage 114:East Siberian Sea 95:Northwest Passage 55: 35:Northeast Passage 4534: 4453: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4328: 4327:(New Year's Day) 3823:Innuitian Region 3673: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3640: 3621: 3619: 3612: 3599: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3376: 3370: 3350: 3344: 3340:Barents Observer 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2887: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2827:"Nordostpassage" 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2640:Barents Observer 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2505:(3–4): 885–899. 2488: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2439: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2365: 2356: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2104: 2098:. Archived from 2093: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1974: 1956: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1919: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1793: 1756: 1755: 1721: 1579:Beluga Foresight 1570:NS 50 Let Pobedy 1565:Beluga Foresight 1467:Beluga Foresight 1458:NS 50 Let Pobedy 1342:, are served by 1200:Commercial value 1147:Shanghai, China 1113:Yokohama, Japan 1084: 1070:, or around the 660:Boris Vilkitskiy 615:Vladimir Rusanov 611:Alexander Kuchin 559:Kara expeditions 487:Aleutian Islands 483:Aleksey Chirikov 391:seaway in 1619. 291:Taimyr Peninsula 280:Mangazeya seaway 263:into the 1640s. 210:Abraham Ortelius 192:Abraham Ortelius 142:Transpolar Route 67:Nordøstpassasjen 60: 50: 48: 37:(abbreviated as 4544: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4428: 4414:Polar air route 4375: 4366:Protected areas 4332: 4326: 4216: 4188: 4095: 4010: 3954:Northern Canada 3895: 3871:Greenland Plate 3866:Eurekan orogeny 3847: 3769: 3711: 3702:Arctic research 3683: 3677: 3647: 3637: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3588: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530:Further reading 3527: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408:Wayback Machine 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386:Wayback Machine 3377: 3373: 3366:Teknisk Ukeblad 3361:Wayback Machine 3351: 3347: 3336:Wayback Machine 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3273:Wayback Machine 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3223:Barentsobserver 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3191:Douglas, Paul. 3190: 3189: 3185: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3134:Wayback Machine 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2807:. 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1759: 1744: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1690: 1611:'s team aboard 1449: 1415: 1316: 1287: 1279:Paris Agreement 1275: 1267: 1259: 1246: 1202: 1107: 1060: 995: 989: 941: 924: 906:A January 2013 864: 702: 653:Through Siberia 644:Fridtjof Nansen 599:Georgy Brusilov 548:Vega expedition 521:Gavril Sarychev 517:Joseph Billings 506:Cape Chelyuskin 460:, known as the 458:Peter the Great 451:Diomede Islands 439:Svyatoy Gavriil 423: 366:Willem Barentsz 334:Willem Barentsz 330:Theodore de Bry 272:Yamal Peninsula 241:Hugh Willoughby 202: 200:Willem Barentsz 196:Petrus Plancius 184: 179: 149:Finland-Swedish 17: 12: 11: 5: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4446: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4371:Transportation 4368: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4230:Arctic peoples 4226: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4202:Arctic ecology 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4044:Arctic sea ice 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3979:Russian Arctic 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3808:Arctic Cyclone 3805: 3800: 3798:Arctic ecology 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3725:Arctic Council 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3646: 3645:External links 3643: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3600: 3587:978-3642167898 3586: 3566:Østreng, Willy 3558: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3499: 3468: 3442: 3415: 3393: 3371: 3345: 3320: 3294: 3276: 3258: 3232: 3210: 3183: 3160: 3137: 3120: 3090: 3073:Deutsche Welle 3060: 3030: 3000: 2970: 2953:New York Times 2939: 2913: 2896:New York Times 2877: 2866:on 24 May 2010 2848: 2818: 2796: 2770: 2748: 2721:(7): 924–940. 2701: 2688: 2657: 2626: 2595: 2582: 2569: 2557: 2540:New York Times 2526: 2480: 2467: 2461:Gareth, Evans. 2454: 2434: 2420: 2391: 2357: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2288:(2): 111–133. 2267: 2246: 2233: 2207: 2189: 2173: 2156: 2141: 2116: 2096:Polarforschung 2079: 2066: 2043: 2036: 2016: 2001: 1948:"In Search of 1938: 1926:Arctic Council 1899: 1865: 1832: 1811:(4): 298–324. 1757: 1743:978-3642167898 1742: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1689: 1686: 1531:nautical miles 1511:Aqua satellite 1494:The same year 1479:Arctic sea ice 1461:escorting the 1448: 1445: 1414: 1411: 1336:Kola Peninsula 1315: 1314:Ice-free ports 1312: 1286: 1285:Ice conditions 1283: 1273: 1265: 1257: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1080:nautical miles 1059: 1056: 1003:Arctic Council 1001:(UNCLOS), the 988: 985: 937:Main article: 923: 920: 863: 860: 814:In July 1965, 701: 698: 680:Nordenskiöld, 629:Nordaustlandet 609:, and Captain 552:Louis Palander 422: 419: 407:Semyon Dezhnev 315:Semyon Dezhnev 305:(in 1728) and 257:Jan Janssonius 183: 180: 178: 175: 71:shipping route 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4444: 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1915: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1696:issued a €10 1695: 1688:Commemoration 1687: 1685: 1682: 1679:to sail both 1678: 1677:Best Explorer 1675: 1670: 1668: 1667:Qingdao China 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Børge Ousland 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521:In 2009, the 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1407:22220 project 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:50 Let Pobedy 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:Petropavlovsk 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1271: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108:Suez and NEP 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1043:Glavsevmorput 1040: 1039:Glavsevmorput 1036: 1035:Glavsevmorput 1031: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1016:For example, 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 986: 984: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:Bering Strait 954: 950: 946: 940: 933: 928: 921: 919: 916: 914: 909: 904: 902: 901: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 819: 812: 810: 809:Bering Strait 806: 802: 801:Dmitry Laptev 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 774: 770: 766: 765: 759: 754: 752: 748: 747:Glavsevmorput 743: 742:was looming. 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 723:A. Sibiryakov 718: 715: 711: 707: 699: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 675: 670: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 592: 587: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540:Fenno-Swedish 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 498: 496: 495:Bering Island 492: 491:Svyatoy Pyotr 488: 484: 480: 479:Svyatoy Pavel 476: 475:Svyatoy Pyotr 472: 467: 465: 464: 459: 454: 452: 448: 447:Bering Strait 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 420: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 378:Novaya Zemlya 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 335: 331: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 311:Bering Strait 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 215: 211: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 181: 176: 174: 172: 171:Bering Strait 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 53: 44: 40: 36: 28: 23: 19: 4477:Arctic Ocean 4448: 4436: 4398: 4325:Quviasukvik 4114:Beluga whale 4091:Polar vortex 3803:Arctic Ocean 3626: 3606: 3572:. Springer. 3569: 3540: 3516:. Retrieved 3512:the original 3502: 3492:15 September 3490:. Retrieved 3481: 3471: 3459:. Retrieved 3445: 3433:. Retrieved 3418: 3396: 3374: 3364: 3348: 3338: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3307: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3261: 3249:. Retrieved 3235: 3222: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3186: 3173: 3163: 3150: 3140: 3123: 3113:21 September 3111:. Retrieved 3083:21 September 3081:. Retrieved 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3047:the original 3033: 3021:. Retrieved 3003: 2991:. Retrieved 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2952: 2942: 2932:21 September 2930:. Retrieved 2926:the original 2916: 2904:. Retrieved 2895: 2868:. Retrieved 2864:the original 2839:. Retrieved 2835:the original 2830: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2799: 2789:21 September 2787:. Retrieved 2773: 2762:, retrieved 2757: 2751: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2691: 2679:. Retrieved 2670: 2660: 2648:. Retrieved 2639: 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2608: 2598: 2585: 2572: 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2502: 2496: 2470: 2457: 2437: 2423: 2411:. Retrieved 2407:the original 2382:. Retrieved 2374:The Guardian 2373: 2355:(4), 977–983 2352: 2322: 2310: 2285: 2279: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2236: 2224:. Retrieved 2210: 2192: 2176: 2167:. New York, 2164: 2159: 2128: 2119: 2107:. Retrieved 2100:the original 2095: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2046: 2026: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1992:. Retrieved 1962: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1913: 1890:. Retrieved 1881: 1856:. Retrieved 1847: 1808: 1802: 1728:. Springer. 1725: 1691: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1652:Petr Velikiy 1651: 1647: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1527:Beluga Group 1520: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1368: 1330:year-round, 1325: 1308: 1297: 1262: 1255: 1247: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1203: 1068:Panama Canal 1061: 1032: 1015: 996: 981: 973:Panama Canal 961:Cape Dezhnev 942: 917: 912: 908:Reuters News 907: 905: 899: 896: 865: 855: 844:Soviet Union 817: 813: 782: 772: 763: 758:World War II 755: 746: 744: 736:Baltic Fleet 731: 721: 719: 714:Soviet Union 703: 679: 673: 667: 657: 652: 633: 618: 606: 596: 567:Kolyma River 558: 556: 537: 515:), 1785–95 ( 510: 499: 490: 478: 474: 470: 468: 461: 455: 438: 435:Vitus Bering 424: 411:Kolyma River 400: 382: 339: 303:Vitus Bering 299:Kolyma River 288: 279: 265: 261:Willem Blaeu 234: 219: 214:Northern Sea 160: 146: 131: 99: 73:between the 38: 34: 32: 18: 4502:Barents Sea 4482:Chukchi Sea 4455:WikiProject 4034:Arctic haze 3974:Nunatsiavut 3604:K. (eds.). 3313:22 November 3053:28 December 3023:28 December 2993:28 December 2906:5 September 2841:22 November 2811:11 November 2057:Der Spiegel 1911:K. (eds.). 1631:LNG carrier 1500:Dagmar Aaen 1496:Arved Fuchs 1364:Vladivostok 1304:Barents Sea 1100:Suez Canal 892:ghost towns 876:Vladivostok 664:icebreakers 571:Vladivostok 387:closed the 374:Bear Island 370:Spitsbergen 346:Netherlands 317:) to 1879 ( 268:Arkhangelsk 237:Barents Sea 155:, with the 126:Barents Sea 118:Chukchi Sea 102:Barents Sea 4507:Navigation 4497:Laptev Sea 4471:Categories 4139:Polar bear 4109:Arctic fox 3939:Inuvialuit 3833:North Pole 3717:Government 3518:14 October 3427:. BDlive. 2681:16 January 2650:16 January 2642:. Norway. 2619:21 October 2151:1267382284 1965:(3): 250. 1920:. Norway: 1892:19 October 1884:. 419575. 1882:Britannica 1858:21 October 1709:References 1583:Suez Canal 1575:Kara Gates 1515:Laptev Sea 1427:Suez Canal 1294:1981–2010. 1221:Suez Canal 1064:Suez Canal 1005:(AC), the 987:Governance 977:Suez Canal 965:Suez Canal 884:Logashkino 820:(WAGB-282) 811:in 1956. 769:Royal Navy 636:Jonas Lied 607:Santa Anna 582:Jonas Lied 307:James Cook 295:Lena River 276:Gulf of Ob 186:See also: 110:Laptev Sea 85:coasts of 27:Suez Canal 4512:Sea lanes 4381:Transport 4265:Icelandic 4255:Karelians 4179:Snowy owl 3929:Greenland 3828:Nordicity 3775:Geography 2983:Latercera 2870:3 October 2743:248211083 2735:0308-8839 2550:3 October 2302:129642531 2109:23 August 1967:CiteSeerX 1692:In 2007, 1543:Rotterdam 1352:Kamchatka 953:Kara Seas 856:Northwind 828:Greenland 818:Northwind 797:Vilkitsky 791:(via the 542:explorer 443:Kamchatka 389:Mangazeya 284:Mangazeya 226:White Sea 222:Gerasimov 151:explorer 69:) is the 63:Norwegian 52:romanized 4492:Kara Sea 4443:Category 4315:Yukaghir 4275:Gwich'in 4245:Chukotka 4144:Reindeer 3924:Finnmark 3615:Archived 3596:41481012 3486:Archived 3461:10 April 3455:Archived 3435:10 April 3429:Archived 3404:Archived 3382:Archived 3357:Archived 3332:Archived 3269:Archived 3245:Archived 3227:Archived 3203:10 April 3197:Archived 3178:Archived 3155:Archived 3130:Archived 3107:Archived 3077:Archived 3017:Archived 2987:Archived 2963:17 April 2957:Archived 2900:Archived 2783:Archived 2675:Archived 2644:Archived 2613:Archived 2544:Archived 2446:Archived 2413:10 April 2384:5 August 2378:Archived 2345:Archived 2226:10 April 2220:Archived 2200:Archived 2127:(2021). 2061:Archived 1985:Archived 1930:Archived 1924:(PAME), 1886:Archived 1852:Archived 1752:41481012 1664:trimaran 1634:Ob River 1475:fast ice 1360:Nakhodka 1332:Murmansk 1328:ice-free 868:Murmansk 840:Kara Sea 836:Scotland 805:Sannikov 686:Amundsen 640:Kara Sea 634:In 1913 620:Gerkules 601:and the 586:Nansen's 563:Kara Sea 397:Cossacks 253:Mercator 249:Plancius 106:Kara Sea 75:Atlantic 4337:Economy 4285:Koryaks 4240:Chukchi 4222:Culture 4152:bearded 4134:Narwhal 4124:Lemming 4049:decline 4016:Climate 3969:Nunavut 3964:Nunavik 3944:Karelia 3934:Iceland 3901:Regions 3853:Geology 3689:History 3105:. BBC. 2507:Bibcode 1994:8 March 1813:Bibcode 1694:Finland 1617:Peter I 1525:-based 1440:Rosatom 1435:Rosatom 1399:Siberia 1391:Vaygach 1371:Rosatom 1340:Dudinka 1334:on the 1281:goals. 1184:12,258 1167:13,014 1153:10,557 1150:13,796 1136:10,744 1133:14,084 1119:11,133 1116:14,448 1048:Rosatom 1027:Rosatom 1022:Rosatom 1018:Rosatom 969:Siberia 949:Barents 888:Nordvik 872:Dudinka 842:of the 832:Iceland 694:Makarov 674:Vaygach 617:in the 605:in the 591:Yenisei 584:'s and 427:Dezhnev 350:Denmark 342:England 301:. 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