2565:
and wealth. The emperors stationed regional armies around the country under the command of their imperial relatives, recruited officers from humble backgrounds and appointed low-ranking officials to monitor the powerful elites occupying the top government posts. The southern aristocracy declined with the rise of the Indian Ocean trade in the mid 5th century, which led to the court revenues shifting to trade and the disappearance of the caste by the Chen dynasty. As landowning aristocrats were unable to convert cash from the produce of their estates, the resurgence of trade and the money-based economy forced them to break up and sell their lands to the burgeoning merchant class. Influential merchants increasingly occupied political offices, displacing the old aristocrats. On the other hand, the economic developments also drove peasants, unable to cope with inflation or to pay taxes in cash, to become mercenary soldiers, wandering through the country selling their services to the warring princes and plundering the populace. These upheavals devastated the south which eased the fall of the south to the Sui dynasty.
2358:
3189:, from the Central Plains in the North, which was regarded as highly prestigious. However, many local southern Chinese resisted adopting the speech of the newcomers. During the Southern dynasties period, beginning in the mid-4th century and spreading widely by the 5th century, elite northern emigres and southern locals around the capital of Jiankang developed a new elite speech form, with clearly distinctive pronunciation and phrasing that set it apart from the Central Plains speech. However, some of the emigres also resisted this new trend to "prize the speech of Wu", which they regarded as "seductive and frivolous". Meanwhile, the process of Han Chinese courtiers learning Xianbei and Xianbei learning Chinese led to the court speech of the North changing as well. By the 6th century, southern elites looked down on the accent of Luoyang as "crude and clumsy".
2151:, which had been the capital during the earlier Eastern Han and Western Jin dynasties. The new capital at Luoyang was revived and transformed, with roughly 150,000 Xianbei and other northern warriors moved from north to south by the year 495 to serve in the capital. Within a couple of decades, the population rose to about half a million residents and was famed for being home to over a thousand Buddhist temples. Defectors from the south, such as Wang Su of the prestigious Langye Wang family, were largely accommodated and felt at home with the establishment of their own Wu quarter in Luoyang (this quarter of the city was home to over three thousand families). They were even served tea (by this time gaining popularity in southern China) at court instead of the yogurt drinks commonly found in the north.
2561:
dynasty's flight south greatly exacerbated the weakness of the central government, and the great families who accompanied the
Emperor in his flight, along with the most wealthy clans of earlier settlers along the Zhejiang coast, were the primary power brokers in the Eastern Jin. With the greatly increased importance of proving one's pedigree to receive privileges, there was a rise in compiling of genealogy records, and the great families moved to legally outlaw intermarriage with common families. The lower class Northern migrants were forced to become "guests" (dependents) of the great families who established private guard forces with their new retainers. When the Eastern Jin attempted to draft the dependents of the great families, the court was quickly overthrown.
2189:
2171:
3214:
1937:
3203:
2180:
2160:
649:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3548:
5842:
3167:"When we speak of the area of the Yangtze valley and below in the period of disunion, we must banish from our minds the picture of the densely populated, intensively cultivated South China of recent centuries. When the aristocrats of the remnants of the Chin ruling house fled to the Nanking area early in the 4th century, the south contained perhaps a tenth of the population of China. There were centers of Chinese culture and administration, but around most of these lay vast uncolonized areas into which Chinese settlers were slow to move".
2374:). The revolt was caused by a food shortage far north of Luoyang. After the rebels force was suppressed, the government had 200,000 surrendered garrison rebels deployed to Hebei, which proved later to be a mistake when a former garrison officer organized another rebellion in the years 526–527. The underlying cause of these wars was the growing rift between the governing aristocracy which was increasingly adopting Han-style sedentary policies and lifestyles and their nomadic tribal armies who continued to preserve the old steppe way of life.
431:
419:
5866:
3005:
2147:). In the year 493 Emperor Xiaowen instituted a new sinification program that had the Xianbei elites conform to many Han standards. These social reforms included donning Han clothing (banning Xianbei clothing at court), learning the Han language (if under the age of thirty), converting Xianbei family names to one-character Han surnames, and encouraging high-ranking Xianbei and Han families to intermarry. Emperor Xiaowen also moved the capital city from Pingcheng to one of China's old imperial sites,
201:
2799:
2504:
3527:(Imperial Nanjing University), where the famed Zu Chongzhi (mentioned above) had studied. Zu Chongzhi devised the new Daming Calendar in 465, calculated one year as 365.24281481 days (which is very close to 365.24219878 days as we know today), and calculated the number of overlaps between sun and moon as 27.21223 (which is very close to 27.21222 as we know today). Using this number he successfully predicted 4 eclipses during a period of 23 years (from 436 to 459).
2346:
3443:
5878:
2580:
acknowledged her authority by awarding her with official titles and emblems of power. There were many other local chieftains of mixed origins between
Guangzhou and modern Vietnam that displayed mixed traits of both aboriginal and sinicized culture, such as the Ning of Qinzhou, the Li of Guizhou-Tengzhou and the Chen of Shuangzhou. These families functioned both as cheftains to the natives and bureaucrats to the court.
2035:
2413:
2760:. Emperor Qianfei proved to be similar to his father, engaging in both kin-slaughter and incest. In a scandalous move, because his sister complained about how it was unfair that men were allowed 10,000 concubines, he gave her 30 handsome young men as lovers. His uncle Liu Yu, the Prince of Xiangdong, whom he called the "Prince of Pigs" for his obesity, eventually assassinated him and became
3549:
139:
43:
2059:). In 450, Emperor Taiwu once again attacked the Liu Song and reached Guabu (瓜步, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), threatening to cross the river to attack Jiankang, the Liu Song capital. Though up to this point, the Northern Wei military forces dominated the Liu Song forces, they took heavy casualties. The Northern Wei forces plundered numerous households before returning north.
3155:) took place. This sinicisation helped to develop the region from its previous state of being inhabited by isolated communities separated by vast uncolonized wilderness and other non-Han ethnic groups. During this period, the south went from being nearly a frontier to being on a path to the thriving, urbanized, sinicized region that it became in later centuries. In his book
2884:
2063:
2930:. Despite the fact that Chen was only given 7,000 troops, he still managed to defeat army after army and even captured Luoyang, the capital of Northern Wei. Ultimately, Chen was insufficiently supplied and was defeated by troops ten times his size. After the Northern Wei split into Eastern and Western Wei, Emperor Wu granted asylum to rebel Eastern Wei commander
2595:
5854:
2700:. Starting in 445, Northern Wei, taking advantage of Liu Song's weakness, made major incursions in the lands between the Yangtze and the Huai (modern Shandong, Hebei, and Henan) and devastating six provinces. Emperor Wen lamented that if Tan were still alive, he would have prevented Northern Wei advances. From then on, Liu Song was in a weakened state.
3907:
3034:(a region near modern-day Shanghai). At that time, due to the Hou Jing rebellion, the Qiao and Wu clans were greatly weakened, and many independent regimes emerged. Emperor Wu could not pacify all the independent regimes, so he adopted conciliatory measures. After the sudden death of Emperor Wu, his nephew Chen Qian took power as
3070:
wanted to protect his territories south of the Huai River. Northern Zhou instead took advantage of
Northern Qi's weakness and following their defeat of Northern Qi, in 577, they sent troops to the territories south of the Huai River, where they decisively defeated the Chen dynasty forces. The Chen dynasty was in imminent danger.
84:
3969:(A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.
1917:
led these Han gentry families to avoid government service, before the
Northern Wei court launched the sinicization movement. Northern gentry were therefore highly militarized as compared to their refined southern counterparts, and this distinction persisted well into the Sui and Tang dynasties centuries later.
1795:. Numerous nomadic tribal groups had been forcibly resettled in northern and northwestern China during previous centuries. When the warring princes heavily drafted these tribes into the military, they mutinied and exploited the civil wars to seize power. Their armies almost destroyed the dynasty in the
2914:
In his later years, however, sycophants surrounded him. Three times he dedicated his life to
Buddhism and tried to become a monk, but each time he was persuaded to return by extravagant court donations to Buddhism. Furthermore, since Buddhists and Daoists were exempt from taxation, nearly half of the
2457:
Like its predecessor the
Western Wei, the Northern Zhou reacted against sinicization by trying to revive Xianbei warrior culture: reviving Xianbei tunics, trousers and boots, reverting sinicized surnames into Xianbei names and even giving Han officers Xianbei surnames. This "tribalization" policy was
2453:
The
Northern Qi inherited the primary recruiting grounds of the Northern Wei army; previously, five out of six Northern Wei military officers came from the eastern territories, particularly the local armed forts of Han military families and steppe tribes who had settled in these areas. The members of
1916:
In the north, local ethnic Han gentry clans responded to the chaos by constructing fortified villages. Clans would then carve de facto fiefs out of these highly cohesive family-based self-defense communities. Lesser peasant families would work for the dominant clan as tenants or serfs. The chaos also
1846:
system eventually led to a fall in their social status, causing widespread desertion of troops. Faced with shortage of troops, Eastern Jin generals were often sent on campaigns to capture non-Han indigenous peoples in the south to draft them into the military. The
Eastern Jin dynasty fell not because
2857:. Using the government secretaries, he slaughtered all the sons of Emperors Gao and Wu. Emperor Ming soon became very ill and started following Daoism, changing his whole wardrobe to red. He also passed an edict making officials try to find whitebait (銀魚). He died in 498 and was succeeded by his son
2660:
Even after crowning himself
Emperor Wu, Liu Yu remained frugal. However, he did not care for education and trusted unsavory people. He felt that the nobility had too much power, so he tended to appoint the lower classes to government positions and gave military power to imperial kinsmen. Ironically,
2564:
However, with the fall of the
Eastern Jin in 420, the balance of power shifted in favour the central government. The subsequent Liu Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties were ruled by military leaders from lowly social backgrounds. They gradually stripped the powerful clans of military power, authority
3069:
to assist the effort; in two years, he managed to recover he lost territories south of the Huai River. At the time, Northern Qi was in a precarious situation with little military strength and Emperor Xuan could have taken advantage of the opportunity to entirely defeat Northern Qi. However, he only
2942:
who died in 531 and was removed from crown prince because of conflicts with his father. Hou surprised Emperor Liang by besieging the Liang capital at Jiankang. Attempts by Liang forces to break the siege failed, and Emperor Wu was forced to negotiate a ceasefire and peace. However, Hou thought that
2834:). Because Emperor Gao had a low social standing, he earned the disdain of nobility. His style of governance was similar to the early style of the Liu Song dynasty and was very economical. He died in the fourth year of his reign and his heir, who was only 13 years younger than him, succeeded him as
2971:
was still a major threat. Emperor Yuan asked for assistance from Western Wei to defeat Xiao Ji, but after subduing Xiao Ji, they kept Sichuan. Due to a diplomatic faux pas, he incited the anger of Yuwen Tai, the leading general of Western Wei, which resulted in him being deposed and dying. Western
2579:
who married the Liang court's governor Feng Bao, helped to extend the dynasties' authority while preserving autonomy and local culture. Lady Xian and Feng Bao played a critical role in assisting Chen Baxian's rise, and in stabilising the region between the Liang, Chen, and Sui dynasties. The court
3171:
During the Northern and Southern dynasties, the Yangtze valley transformed from a backwater frontier region with less than 25% of China's population to a major cultural center of China with 40% of China's population, and after China was subsequently unified under the Tang dynasty, they became the
2950:
In spite of conquering Jiankang, Hou essentially only controlled the nearby areas. The rest of the Liang dynasty lands were under the control of members of the imperial clan. Their squabbling amongst themselves weakened their efforts to defeat Hou. In the end, Xiao Yi with the aid of his generals
2985:
to establish himself as Emperor Min of Liang. However, Chen Baxian was displeased with the arrangements, and in a surprise move killed Wang and deposed Emperor Min in favor of Xiao Fangzhi who became Emperor Jing of Liang. After a short reign, Chen deposed Emperor Jing and took power himself as
2560:
when he attempted to consolidate his power by building an endogenous military caste of professional soldiers. His policy led to the rise and usurpation of the Sima family who established the Jin dynasty; subsequent leaders were similarly unable to bring the other great families in line. The Jin
2484:
The core elite of the Northern dynasties, mixed-culture, and mixed-ethnicity military clans, would later also form the founding elites of the Sui and Tang dynasties. Hence, they tended to have a flexible approach to steppe nomads, viewing them as possible partners rather than intrinsic enemies.
1841:
conquered the rest of the northern states in 439 and unified northern China. Although the Eastern Jin and successive southern dynasties were well-defended from the northern dynasties by their placement of naval fleets along the Yangtze, they suffered various problems related to the creation and
2910:
due to heavy casualties. Given the excessive kin-slaughter in the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties, Emperor Wu was very lenient to imperial clansmen, not even investigating them when they committed crimes. The Liang reached a cultural peak because he was very learned, supported scholars, and
2126:
steppe tribesmen who dominated northern China kept a policy of strict social distinction between them and their Han subjects. Ethnic Han were drafted into the bureaucracy, employed as officials to collect taxes, etc. However, the Han were kept out of many higher positions of power. They also
2707:. proved to be licentious and cruel, supposedly committing incest with the daughters of an uncle who had helped him gain the throne; his rivals also claimed he had incest with his mother. This led to two rebellions by the imperial clan, one of which saw him slaughter the inhabitants of
2211:
imperial family. More than fifty per cent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han men from the imperial families and aristocrats of the southern dynasties, who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Several daughters of the Xianbei
2115:, and had a temple constructed in 488 at Lirun, Fengyi (modern day Chengcheng), which was his birthplace according to the Booke of Wei. Wang Yu may have been castrated during the suppression of a 446 Qiang rebellion since the Northern Wei would castrate rebel tribes' young elite.
3138:
testify, there was a shift from imperial rhetoric denouncing the other side as illegitimate barbarians, towards a new conception referring to the two as distinct 'Northern' and Southern' parallels, using unique local customs to distinguish themselves and compete for legitimacy.
3097:(Houzhu of Chen) took power. He was licentious and wasteful, resulting in chaos and corruption in the government; many officials heavily exploited the people, causing great suffering. In planning to defeat the Chen dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui took the suggestion of his general
3105:) to finally vanquish the Chen dynasty. Chen Shubao relied on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River and continued as always with his festive and licentious activities. The next year, Sui forces captured the Chen capital of Jiankang. Chen Shubao and his favorite concubine
2934:, sending him on Northern Expeditions against Eastern Wei. After some initial successes, Liang forces were decisively defeated. Rumors abounded that Emperor Wu intended to give Hou as a peace offering. Despite Emperor Wu's assurances, Hou decided to rebel in the name of
2377:
The Northern Wei court was betrayed by one of their own generals, who had the empress dowager and the young emperor thrown into the Yellow River while establishing his own puppet ruler to maintain authority. As conflict swelled in the north between successive leaders,
2767:
Emperor Ming began his reign by killing all the descendants of Emperor Xiaowu, and his suspicious nature resulted in the loss of the provinces north of the Huai River, which were only briefly regained in the other Southern dynasties. Emperor Ming's young son became
2023:'s province of Henan, he died soon afterward. Emperor Mingyuan's son Tuoba Tao took the throne as Emperor Taiwu. Due to Emperor Taiwu's energetic efforts, Northern Wei's strength greatly increased, allowing them to repeatedly attack Liu Song. After dealing with the
2317:
to serve as its governor for a term of fifteen years. With Buddhism gaining mainstream acceptance in Chinese society, Prince Dongyang and local wealthy families set out to establish a monumental project in honor of Buddhism, carving and decorating Cave 285 of the
2691:
In 430, Emperor Wen started a number of northern expeditions against Northern Wei. These were ineffective because of insufficient preparations and excessive micromanagement of his generals, increasingly weakening the dynasty. Because of his jealousy of
2046:
Even though it was a time of great military strength for the Northern Wei, Rouran harassment from the north forced them to divert their focus from their southern expeditions. After uniting the north, Emperor Taiwu also conquered the powerful
3242:, which led to a wide diversification of political thought and philosophy by the time of the Northern and Southern dynasties. This era produced a myriad of writers that advocated practical systems of governance and administration, such as
3065:. At that time, the Northern Zhou intended to conquer Northern Qi and thus invited the Chen dynasty to help. Emperor Xuan agreed to help because he wanted to recover the lost territories south of the Huai River. In 573, he sent general
3912:. Angela Falco Howard, Boris Ilʹich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23.
3129:
and smaller local powers to defeat the Northern Wei, the North and South were forced into tacitly acknowledging their equal status, for example, by granting each other the highest positions as the most esteemed envoys. As the
2458:
intended to convert large numbers of Han Chinese army recruits into "Xianbei" who would pay for their own equipment in exchange for tax exemptions. The policy was highly successful in boosting the state's military strength.
3782:. Note the antithesis between fathers and sons on the one hand, and younger brothers and older brothers on the other, both of which crimes are considered acts of great impiety according to the Confucian tenet known as the
2976:
with capital at Jiangling. Northern Qi also had designs on the Liang throne and sent an expedition under the banner of a cousin of Emperor Yuan. Chen Baxian and Wang Sengbian set up the last surviving son of Emperor Yuan,
2537:(557–589). As all of these dynasties had their capital at Jiankang (except for a brief interlude from 552 to 555), they are sometimes grouped together with Eastern Wu and Eastern Jin under the historiographic term "the
2477:, the Sui Dynasty was able to effectively conquer the south. After this conquest, the whole of China entered a new golden age of reunification under the centralization of the short-lived Sui dynasty and the succeeding
2911:
encouraged the flourishing education system. An avid poet, Emperor Wu was fond of gathering many literary talents at court, and even held poetry competitions with prizes of gold or silk for those considered the best.
2541:". The rulers of these short-lived dynasties were generals who seized and then held power for several decades but were unable to securely pass power of rule onto their heirs to continue their dynasty successfully.
2661:
because the imperial kinsmen stabilized their military power and wished to gain political power, Emperor Wu was afraid they would have thoughts of usurping the throne. Thus, he also frequently killed his kinsmen.
2869:. Xiao Baojuan was killed by one of his generals during the siege of his capital at Jiankang, and after a short puppet reign by Emperor He, Xiao Yan overthrew the Southern Qi and established the Liang dynasty.
3326:) became common, where educated men would meet and talk about philosophy all day without paying any attention to "mundane" things such as their profession or family. The phenomenon gradually waned during the
2696:, a noted leader of the Army of the Northern Garrison, he deprived himself of a formidable general to the great delight of the Northern Wei. Thus, they were unable to capitalize when Northern Wei suffered the
2357:
2943:
peace was unsustainable, so he broke the ceasefire and captured the palace, leading to the slaughter of the nearby populace. Emperor Wu was starved to death and after the short puppet reigns of crown prince
2461:
The Northern Zhou dynasty was able to defeat and conquer Northern Qi in 577, reunifying the north. However, this success was short-lived, as the Northern Zhou was overthrown in 581 by Yang Jian, who became
2676:, a different son, who soon killed the officials who supported him. Emperor Wen's reign was a period of relative political stability because of his frugality and good government; the period was called the
5821:
5461:
3101:
and waited until the South were harvesting their crops to entirely burn the farmland, crippling the strength of the Chen dynasty. In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui sent his son Yang Guang (who would become
3348:
Literature was particularly vibrant during the Southern Dynasty and tended to be flowery and frilly, while Northern Dynasty literature was rougher and more straightforward. Notable writers include
3681:
2019:
Due to Emperor Daowu's cruelty, he was killed by his son Tuoba Shao, but crown prince Tuoba Si managed to defeat Tuoba Shao and took the throne as Emperor Mingyuan. Though he managed to conquer
5958:
2703:
Emperor Wen was assassinated by Crown Prince Shao and Second Prince Jun in 453 after planning to punish them for witchcraft. However, they were both defeated by Third Prince Jun, who become
3050:
to conquer the Chen capital at Jiankang. Emperor Wen first defeated the combined forces of Northern Qi and Wang Lin before preventing the forces of Northern Zhou from entering the South at
3669:
1651:
accelerated among the non-Han ethnicities in the north and among the indigenous peoples in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism in both
5953:
3698:
3657:
4502:
He Xi (2013). "The Past tells it differently: the Myth of Native Subjugation in the Creation of Lineage Society in South China". In Cuiping He; David Faure; Ts'ui-p'ing Ho (eds.).
2861:, who killed high officials and governors at whim, sparking many revolts. The final revolt in 501 started after Xiao Baojuan killed his prime minister Xiao Yi, leading his brother
1655:
and Daoism gaining influence as well, with two essential Daoist canons written during this period. Notable technological advances occurred during this period. The invention of the
4802:
3645:
2031:
in 439, Emperor Taiwu united northern China, ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period and beginning the Northern and Southern dynasties period with their southern rivals, the Liu Song.
5492:
5135:
3054:. Furthermore, through Emperor Wen's extensive efforts at good governance, the economic situation of the South was greatly improved, restoring his kingdom's national strength.
31:
3308:
established a Neo-Daoist Academy and promoted it, along with Confucianism, literature, and history, as the four great subjects of study. A phenomenon known as "empty chat" (
2568:
Under the later waning leadership of the Chen dynasty, the southern Chinese were unable to resist the military power amassed in the north by Yang Jian, who declared himself
3387:, flowery language, and classical allusions, became popular. Writings often spoke of removing oneself from everyday material existence and jettisoning cares and anxiety.
2575:
Aboriginal chiefs played an important active role in adapting to the dominant Chinese structure, rather than being forcibly subjugated. For instance, the aboriginal chief
5501:
5144:
5082:
5052:
3278:) of the Northern and Southern period. Much of the philosophy of the period is despondent and dispirited, and a number of scholars and poets became reclusive mountain
253:
102:
56:
2394:
by 535. The Western regime was dominated by the sinicized nobles and their Han bureaucrats while the Eastern regime was controlled by the traditional steppe tribes.
5908:
5785:
5425:
3703:
3077:
attempted to take the throne. This stopped the southern advance of the northern troops. The respite was short though, as after Yang Jian defeated his rival General
1996:, the Northern Wei progressively expanded. The establishment of the early Northern Wei state and the economy were also greatly indebted to the father-son pair of
1616:(220–589). The period featured civil war and political chaos, but was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of
2322:
with beautiful statues and murals. Such promotion of the arts would continue for centuries at Dunhuang and is now one of China's greatest tourist attractions.
435:
Approximate territories of the Northern Qi dynasty (dark blue), Northern Zhou dynasty (light blue), Chen dynasty (red), and Western Liang dynasty (pink) in 560
3492:
The sophistication and complexity of the Chinese arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting, and playing of music reached new heights during this age. The earlier
5938:
5913:
5817:
5457:
5209:
2772:. The political situation was volatile. General Xiao Daocheng slowly gained power and eventually deposed Emperor Houfei in favor of his brother, who became
3500:, is regarded as one of the greatest poets of his day. His style and deep emotional expression in writing influenced later poets of this new age, such as
2494:
1868:
1565:
1505:
3394:, formalizing the rhyme patterns and meters that governed poem composition. However, scholars realized that ancient songs and poems, like those of the
3213:
2188:
2170:
1936:
5485:
5128:
4217:... Southern Song.105 We read the story of a certain Zhang Huan 張歡 in the Zhoushu, who married a sister of Emperor Xiaowu 宣武帝 of the Northern Wei (r.
5948:
3508:(307–365), was prized by many and considered a true form of personal expression like other arts. Painting became highly prized with artists such as
3202:
2111:
court eunuch and the favourite of Empress Dowager Wenming, patronized Buddhism lavishly. He constructed Cave 9–10, the most highly decorated of the
2981:, as Liang ruler, but he was not given the imperial title. After some defeats to the forces of Northern Qi, Wang Sengbian allowed their pretender,
2898:. The Liang dynasty's military strength gradually surpassed the strength of the Northern Wei, who suffered internal strife due to their policy of
2179:
3042:
had established an independent kingdom based in modern-day Hunan and Hubei provinces and was now starting to cause trouble. Wang Lin allied with
2287:'s sister was married to the ethnic Han Zhang Huan, son of Zhang Qiong. When the Eastern Jin dynasty ended, Northern Wei received the Jin prince
2915:
population fraudulently named themselves as such, badly damaging state finances. Imperial clansmen and officials were also greedy and wasteful.
5034:
1195:
5801:
5441:
4934:
4913:
4787:
4564:
4350:
4239:
4183:
4157:
3961:
3944:
3890:
3818:
3718:
1495:
3530:
Although multiple-story towers such as guard towers and residential apartments existed in previous periods, during this period the distinct
5773:
5769:
5478:
5413:
5409:
5121:
62:
5761:
5401:
2853:(his first son predeceased him), were dominated by Xiao Luan, Emperor's Wu's first cousin. He killed them in turn and crowned himself as
2008:
that ended favorably for the Northern Wei after they received help from Zhang Gun that allowed them to destroy the Later Yan army at the
1537:
699:
5556:
5219:
4375:
4210:
4075:
4046:
4019:
3477:, who applied familiar Daoist terms to describe Buddhism for other Chinese. The Chinese were in contact and influenced by cultures of
2769:
2757:
2261:
2088:. At this late stage in his life, Emperor Taiwu meted out cruel punishments, which led to his death in 452 at the hands of the eunuch
689:
1984:
restored the fortunes of the Tuoba clan, renaming his state Wei (now known as Northern Wei) with its capital at Shengle (near modern
1366:
4888:
4702:
4639:
4536:
4511:
4325:
4300:
3762:
3728:
279:
182:
120:
70:
3061:. His uncle, Chen Xu, after essentially controlling the country through his short reign, eventually deposed him and took power as
5765:
5757:
5405:
5397:
5346:
5204:
5184:
5169:
3568:
2093:
1989:
2918:
Emperor Wu was willing to accept generals who defected from Northern Wei. So when Northern Wei suffered major revolts in their
5313:
5257:
5194:
5189:
2383:
2213:
2136:
1708:
3422:, who produced a (since-lost) glossary of Chinese transcriptions of Sanskrit terms "arranged according to the 14 sounds". The
2842:. He also used government secretaries appointed with provincial governors and members of the imperial clan to monitor them.
200:
5903:
5318:
5303:
5239:
5229:
5199:
4474:
4441:
4408:
4275:
3917:
3851:
3376:
3309:
3287:
3271:
3263:
2614:
2431:
2284:
1558:
1510:
553:
149:
2159:
5923:
5918:
5797:
5437:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5174:
5164:
4654:
Felt, David Jonathan. “The Metageography of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.” T’oung Pao 103, no. 4–5 (2017): 334–87.
3082:
1993:
1981:
1750:
1730:
1532:
1458:
1393:
605:
4202:
Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values
4200:
2629:'s rebellion, leading to his dominance over the Eastern Jin court. In order to gain popularity to take the throne he led
5928:
4994:
1468:
5666:
5100:
2973:
1277:
393:
5933:
5898:
5599:
5356:
5285:
3708:
3423:
2854:
2443:
1652:
1520:
658:
94:
5832:
5579:
5308:
5280:
5275:
5027:
4972:
2894:
Emperor Wu was economical, worked hard at governing, and cared for the common people. His early reign was known as
2781:
2704:
2610:
2143:
Clan from the Xianbei tribe, Emperor Xiaowen asserted his dual Xianbei-Han identity, renaming his own clan "Yuan" (
1525:
4987:
4556:
Cultural Convergence in the Northern Qi Period: A Flamboyant Chinese Ceramic Container : a Research Monograph
3239:
2906:). Emperor Wu supported the Northern Expeditions but did not aggressively take advantage of his victory in 516 at
2237:
1842:
maintenance of military strength. The court's designation of specific households for military service through the
1819:
1769:
1704:
1660:
1068:
1058:
1026:
5609:
5584:
4173:
2866:
2838:. Emperor Wu made peace with the Northern Wei, content to protect his borders. This period of peace was known as
2835:
2108:
1833:
In the north, the Five Barbarians established numerous short-lived dynasties, leading to the period known as the
1551:
1488:
1453:
722:
632:
5749:
5636:
5389:
4147:
3629:
2944:
2803:
2773:
2761:
2665:
1780:
871:
164:
216:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
3147:
It was during the Northern and Southern dynasties period that the earliest recorded mass migration of ethnic
1791:, the empire was put into grave danger by the uprising of northern non-Han peoples collectively known as the
5741:
5381:
3992:
3555:
3305:
2673:
2630:
2097:
1726:
430:
418:
160:
3504:(365–427) or Tao Yuanming. Even during his lifetime, the written calligraphy of the "Sage of Calligraphy",
2552:, the great families, who monopolized political power until the mid-6th century. This class was created by
949:
5943:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5793:
5789:
5781:
5745:
5541:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5385:
3367:
continued to be a dominant genre, though the five-syllable form that achieved great prominence during the
3004:
2606:
1965:
1758:
1696:
1500:
1478:
1463:
668:
2080:) rebelled. After pacifying this rebellion, Emperor Taiwu, under the advice of his Daoist prime minister
1764:
Following a failed coup by the ruling Cao family against the Sima family, the final Cao ruler abdicated.
5777:
5753:
5737:
5656:
5646:
5417:
5393:
5377:
5020:
3251:
3093:. He proceeded to invade the south to reunify China. Emperor Xuan had just died and his incompetent son
2978:
2960:
2085:
2009:
1773:
1473:
890:
211:
4175:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four
4092:
2895:
2839:
2798:
2503:
2370:
In the year 523, a revolt of several military garrisons broke out, the Rebellion of the Six Garrisons (
2102:
3109:
attempted to hide in a well but eventually were captured by Sui forces, thus ending the Chen dynasty.
241:|pg=Northern and Southern dynasties |language=zh |comments= }}
5721:
5561:
5551:
5526:
4744:
3343:
3062:
2469:
With greater military power and morale, along with convincing propaganda that the Chen dynasty ruler
2119:
2066:
1515:
728:
2818:
Though distantly related, the Southern Qi and the following Liang dynasty were members of the Xiao (
5716:
5711:
5631:
5536:
5531:
3758:
3384:
3223:
3106:
3102:
3058:
3035:
3031:
3015:
2888:
2862:
2697:
2654:
2622:
2542:
2265:
1973:
1852:
1811:
1796:
1784:
1609:
680:
5865:
2207:
Beginning in the 480s, the Northern Wei arranged for Han elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei
5882:
5706:
5521:
5505:
5148:
4867:
4838:
4756:
4612:
4129:
3738:
3474:
3357:
3090:
3074:
3039:
2987:
2919:
2599:
2569:
2463:
2434:
forced the Eastern Wei emperor to abdicate in favor of his claim to the throne, establishing the
2293:
2288:
1848:
1788:
1637:
663:
589:
581:
238:
4466:
3843:
3765:
which mention his marriage to a Xianbei princess of Wei. His personal name was changed due to a
3057:
Following the death of Emperor Wen, his son, the weak-willed Chen Bozong, took power and became
2027:
threat to his northern flank, he engaged in a war to unite northern China. With the fall of the
2269:
5224:
4930:
4909:
4884:
4818:
4783:
4775:
4698:
4635:
4604:
4560:
4532:
4507:
4470:
4437:
4433:
4404:
4400:
4371:
4346:
4321:
4296:
4271:
4267:
4235:
4206:
4179:
4153:
4071:
4063:
4042:
4015:
3940:
3913:
3886:
3880:
3847:
3814:
3723:
3713:
2650:
2646:
2474:
1997:
1909:. The Northern, Eastern, and Western Wei along with the Northern Zhou were established by the
1765:
1617:
1411:
734:
537:
529:
4554:
4229:
4036:
4009:
3934:
2545:(502–549) was the most notable ruler of his age, being a patron of the arts and of Buddhism.
5088:
5012:
4905:
4859:
4830:
4596:
4121:
3513:
3482:
3466:
3451:
3442:
3402:
over the previous centuries. The introduction of Buddhism to China, which began in the late
3391:
3160:
2681:
2677:
2589:
2522:
2514:
2112:
1957:
1856:
1834:
1712:
1605:
1601:
1583:
1090:
648:
640:
464:
441:
423:
Approximate territories of the Northern Wei dynasty (blue) and Liu Song dynasty (red) in 440
316:
3457:
The southern dynasties of China were rich in cultural achievement, with the flourishing of
3390:
Poets of the Northern and Southern dynasties focused on imitating older classical poets of
2345:
5877:
4976:
3601:
3238:'s unchallenged domination of Chinese culture and thought was greatly weakened during the
2907:
2827:
2056:
1977:
1792:
515:
249:
4097:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. pp. 86, 87, 88.
3473:. The southern Chinese were influenced greatly by the writings of Buddhist monks such as
2548:
The Southern dynasties, except for the last Chen dynasty, were strongly dominated by the
2139:(reigned 471–499), whose father was a Xianbei, but whose mother was Han. Although of the
499:
2668:
ruled briefly before being judged incompetent and killed by government officials led by
5858:
4899:
4850:——— (1939). "Marginalia to The Histories of The Northern Dynasties".
4459:
3836:
3779:
3605:
3531:
3470:
3427:
2303:
2084:, proscribed Buddhism — the first of the persecutions of Chinese Buddhism known as the
2028:
1878:
1734:
1700:
1483:
992:
909:
4504:
Chieftains Into Ancestors Imperial Expansion and Indigenous Society in Southwest China
3997:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. 1983. p. 86.
3465:, especially the latter as two new canons of scriptural writings were created for the
3185:
When the Jin court fled south they continued to speak in the refined common language,
5892:
5651:
5619:
5470:
5338:
5113:
5096:
5074:
4924:
4529:
The People between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200-750 CE
4426:
4393:
4260:
3808:
3687:
Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 562: Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Liang and Chen
3563:
3411:
3371:
gradually increased in popularity. In the Southern Dynasty, a type of essay known as
3304:). Neo-Daoism was highly influential during the Southern Dynasty, to the point that
3152:
3043:
2982:
2952:
2878:
2538:
2530:
2498:
2447:
2416:
2407:
1906:
1664:
1613:
782:
749:
366:
336:
4964:
3963:
Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)
3572:
of Liang by Xiao Yi. Foreign emissaries to the Liang court, from right to left: Uar(
2034:
5846:
5698:
5604:
5594:
5156:
5104:
5058:
4110:"Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386-618)"
3783:
3766:
3573:
3559:
3524:
3501:
3368:
3331:
3235:
3019:
2999:
2923:
2899:
2883:
2858:
2850:
2534:
2478:
2454:
these military families, both men and women, were often expert riders and archers.
2412:
2299:
2280:
2198:
2062:
1976:
resulted in the collapse of the Former Qin. The grandson of the last prince of Dai
1949:
1941:
1926:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1838:
1718:
1684:
1648:
1633:
1357:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1251:
1232:
1222:
1210:
1148:
862:
852:
829:
598:
471:
384:
308:
3538:, the latter originating from Buddhist traditions of protecting sutras in ancient
2594:
17:
3073:
In a stroke of fortune, Northern Zhou's Emperor Wu suddenly died and his general
2645:
by 416. He gave up Guanzhong to try to take the throne. Because he believed in a
1913:
people while the Northern Qi was established by a Xianbei-influenced ethnic Han.
5870:
5726:
5589:
5571:
5295:
5267:
5249:
5092:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5004:
3621:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3361:
3327:
3247:
3148:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3047:
2956:
2846:
2793:
2777:
2557:
2526:
2470:
2435:
2403:
2391:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2257:
2253:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1882:
1804:
1722:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1641:
1625:
1612:. It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the
1448:
1264:
1135:
979:
969:
959:
937:
924:
758:
375:
355:
346:
326:
4581:
4465:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
4432:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
4399:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
4318:
Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History
4266:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
3512:(344–406), who largely established the tradition of landscape art in classical
3842:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
3733:
3625:
3593:
3505:
3282:
living apart from society. Of these various trends, the most influential was
3066:
2756:
Emperor Xiaowu died naturally in 464 and was succeeded by his son, who became
2669:
2127:
represented the minority of the populace where centers of power were located.
2069:
1969:
1815:
1776:
occurred in 280, ending the Three Kingdoms period and reuniting China proper.
1742:
1016:
805:
4608:
3675:
Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 541: Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Liang
2274:
5684:
5641:
5234:
5214:
3609:
3509:
3415:
3098:
2939:
2935:
2693:
2642:
2626:
2576:
2439:
2424:
2387:
2005:
1668:
546:
2135:
Widespread social and cultural transformation in northern China came with
5679:
5674:
5546:
5513:
5328:
5179:
4066:. In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.).
3613:
3517:
3458:
3431:
3407:
3353:
3259:
3255:
3122:
3117:
After the failure of the Liu Song's efforts to form an alliance with the
2931:
2927:
2831:
2807:
2708:
2634:
2379:
2314:
2217:
2048:
2020:
1823:
567:
485:
30:
This article is about the Chinese historical period. For other uses, see
4969:
4760:
4655:
3523:
Institutions of learning in the south were also renowned, including the
2902:. In 503, the Northern Wei invaded but were defeated at Zhongli (modern
1749:, but they were initially in a relatively stable formation. After a 249
5323:
4945:
Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty
4871:
4842:
4616:
4133:
4109:
3663:
Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 497: Northern Wei and Southern Qi
3597:
3497:
3493:
3406:
and continued through the Tang dynasty, introduced Chinese scholars to
3395:
3283:
3243:
3227:
3126:
3051:
3023:
2968:
2964:
2553:
2148:
2123:
2089:
2081:
2039:
2016:(modern-day Datong). That same year he declared himself Emperor Daowu.
2012:. Following this victory, Tuoba Gui conquered the Later Yan capital of
2001:
1945:
1910:
1843:
1827:
1800:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1679:. Intellectuals of the period include the mathematician and astronomer
1656:
1629:
1159:
1010:
1004:
3418:
organization, arrived in China in the 5th century, and was studied by
2865:
to revolt under the banner of Xiao Baojuan's brother who was declared
2092:. His death sparked off turmoil that only ended with the ascension of
4091:
Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1983).
4070:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 156–165.
3581:
3577:
3486:
3462:
3349:
3317:
3295:
3279:
3118:
2903:
2024:
2013:
1985:
1859:, which officially began the Northern and Southern dynasties period.
1621:
1591:
4863:
4834:
4600:
4125:
3651:
Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 460: Northern Wei and Liu Song
167:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3516:(to learn more, refer to the "Far East" section of the article for
2780:, Xiao forced Emperor Shun to yield the throne and crowned himself
4898:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).
4632:
China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386-535: The Struggle for Legitimacy
3617:
3589:
3585:
3539:
3535:
3478:
3447:
3441:
3010:
2882:
2811:
2797:
2638:
2593:
2509:
2502:
2420:
2411:
2208:
2140:
2061:
2033:
1961:
1935:
1822:. Cementing their power in the south, the Eastern Jin established
4821:(1938). "Marginalia to The Histories of The Northern Dynasties".
2947:
and Xiao Dong, Hou seized power and established the Han dynasty.
2313:
In the year 523, Prince Dongyang of the Northern Wei was sent to
1667:
as a combat standard. Historians also note advances in medicine,
1604:
that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the
2390:
took control of the west and the traditional Chinese capital of
2298:
as a refugee, and he married a Northern Wei Princess. Their son
5474:
5117:
5016:
2653:, he deposed the former and, soon afterwards, his replacement,
233:
have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add
1818:
and reestablished the dynasty, known in historiography as the
194:
132:
77:
36:
2521:
The Jin were succeeded by a series of short-lived dynasties:
610:
4064:"9. Crime and Punishment The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu"
3481:
and trading partners farther south, such as the kingdoms of
2751:
and behind, one sees younger brothers killing older brothers
4926:
China between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties
2326:
Split into Eastern Wei (534–550) and Western Wei (535–557)
4970:
Early Imperial China: A Working Collection of Resources
3534:
tower (for storing Buddhist scriptures) evolved from the
1779:
The Western Jin dynasty was severely weakened due to the
1757:, the Sima family essentially controlled Cao Wei and the
586:
572:
558:
3699:
Military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties
219:
156:
4370:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15, 143.
1964:
family of the Xianbei were the rulers of the state of
5830:
2711:. The following ballad gives an idea of those times:
534:
520:
504:
490:
476:
4901:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
1851:(Emperor Wu of Liu Song) seized the throne from the
1632:. The period came to an end with the unification of
1376:
1298:
1178:
1111:
1041:
915:
307:
32:
Northern and Southern Courts period (disambiguation)
5697:
5665:
5618:
5570:
5512:
5337:
5294:
5266:
5248:
5155:
5081:
5051:
2004:. Tuoba Gui engaged in numerous conflicts with the
604:
597:
580:
566:
552:
545:
528:
514:
498:
484:
470:
463:
458:
440:
407:
4458:
4425:
4392:
4259:
4234:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. 18–.
4152:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. 30–.
3835:
1988:). Under the rule of Emperors Daowu (Tuoba Gui),
1881:to unite northern China and ended in 589 when the
5959:States and territories disestablished in the 580s
2398:Northern Qi (550–577) and Northern Zhou (557–581)
2076:At this point, followers of the Buddhist Gai Wu (
4695:The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History
3939:. University of California Press. pp. 80–.
1733:rebellions, China eventually coalesced into the
254:Knowledge:Pages needing translation into English
4671:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Page 44.
3704:Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynasties
3258:and Bao Jingyan of the Eastern Jin, as well as
97:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
5954:States and territories established in the 420s
4531:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 172–195.
3624:stocks), whom dwell close to Hephthalite; Mo (
3489:(located in modern-day Cambodia and Vietnam).
3330:, though it did not fully disappear until the
2438:dynasty (551–577). Afterward, Yuwen Tai's son
2382:took control of the east and Luoyang (holding
2264:'s sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded to
5486:
5129:
5028:
4965:Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties
4582:"Teng-Hsien: An Important Six Dynasties Tomb"
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2649:saying there would be one more emperor after
2051:kingdom and subjugated the other kingdoms of
1889:. It can be divided into three time periods:
1873:The Northern dynasties began in 439 when the
1559:
446:
8:
4293:China's Cosmopolitan Empire The Tang Dynasty
4178:. BRILL. 22 September 2014. pp. 1566–.
4094:Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 27–30
3398:, in many instances no longer rhymed due to
2845:The short reigns of Emperor Wu's grandsons,
1600:) was a period of political division in the
222:. The original article is under "中文" in the
4697:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93.
3030:Emperor Wu of Chen came from the region of
2386:as a puppet ruler) by 534, while his rival
1847:of external invasion, however, but because
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5624:
5493:
5479:
5471:
5136:
5122:
5114:
5035:
5021:
5013:
4981:
4782:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 303.
4559:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42.
3936:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
2938:, the grandson of the former crown prince
2731:the little river flows against the current
2495:List of emperors of the Southern dynasties
1869:List of emperors of the Northern dynasties
1624:. The period saw large-scale migration of
1566:
1552:
1382:
1377:
1299:
1184:
1179:
1112:
1047:
1042:
916:
627:
455:
295:Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589)
293:
4747:(1999). "Chinese traditional phonology".
4719:Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei Chao de Xueshu yu Xinyang
2228:) of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang (
280:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Period in Chinese history from 420 to 589
4506:. UBC Press. pp. 138–142, 163–164.
4295:. Harvard University Press. p. 13.
4120:(3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 322.
4041:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72.
4014:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97.
3003:
2657:in 420, ending the Eastern Jin dynasty.
2633:against the Sixteen Kingdoms, capturing
1814:(Emperor Yuan of Jin) fled south of the
1810:However, a scion of the imperial house,
1799:of 311, when the Five Barbarians sacked
5837:
4231:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD
4149:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD
3909:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD
3799:
3750:
3641:
3038:. After the fall of Liang, the general
3014:statues from the Yongning Tomb of the
2741:in front, one sees sons killing fathers
2664:After the death of Emperor Wu, his son
639:
5909:6th-century disestablishments in China
4954:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
4253:
4251:
3757:His name is given as Zhang Xin in the
2473:was a decadent ruler who had lost the
2038:Northern Wei officer. Tomb statuette,
1972:, the defeat of the Former Qin at the
1783:from 291 to 306. During the reigns of
588:
536:
404:
4680:
4656:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566294
4489:
4316:Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt (2005).
3866:
3719:List of tributaries of Imperial China
3360:of the Northern Dynasty. In poetry,
1774:conquest of Eastern Wu by Western Jin
1768:(Emperor Wu of Jin) then founded the
335:
7:
2784:, thus ending the Liu Song dynasty.
2776:. After defeating the rival general
1826:on the existing site of Jianye (now
5939:Former countries in Chinese history
5914:5th-century establishments in China
4780:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
4551:"Late 5th to early 6th century" in
3979:
2814:. Southern Dynasties, circa 500 CE.
2625:in 383. In 404, he helped suppress
2351:Civil officer, Western Wei, 535–557
1968:. Although it was conquered by the
1837:in historiography. Eventually, the
1647:During this period, the process of
4852:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4823:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4341:Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007).
4114:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4068:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
3879:Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007).
3778:The ballad rhymes in the original
2262:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
2201:and some of its artefacts, 484 CE.
2072:Maitreya gilt-bronze figurine, 443
25:
4947:. University of California Press.
4881:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900
4634:. Routledge. pp. 88–89, 95.
4461:A History of Chinese Civilization
4428:A History of Chinese Civilization
4395:A History of Chinese Civilization
4262:A History of Chinese Civilization
3838:A History of Chinese Civilization
3810:The Dynasties of China: A History
3763:History of the Northern Dynasties
3729:Empress Dowager Hu (Northern Wei)
3163:points out this fact by stating:
52:This article has multiple issues.
5876:
5864:
5852:
5840:
3813:. New York: Carroll & Graf.
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3569:Portraits of Periodical Offering
3547:
3212:
3201:
3151:to southern China (south of the
2442:seized the throne of power from
2356:
2344:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2158:
1725:in 220 due in large part to the
1717:After the collapse of a unified
647:
429:
417:
199:
137:
82:
41:
5949:Northern and Southern dynasties
5044:Northern and Southern dynasties
4553:Valenstein, Suzanne G. (2007).
3450:and painted figurines from the
2972:Wei set up the puppet state of
2959:defeated Hou, crowning himself
2609:was originally a leader of the
2384:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
2214:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
2137:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
1741:was the strongest, followed by
1709:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
1663:helped spur the development of
1580:Northern and Southern dynasties
611:
587:
573:
559:
408:Northern and Southern dynasties
60:or discuss these issues on the
3380:
3322:
3313:
3300:
3291:
3275:
3267:
3172:core area of Chinese culture.
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2618:
2363:Soldiers, Eastern Wei, 534-550
2285:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
1759:conquest of Shu Han by Cao Wei
1596:
1506:Science and technology history
535:
521:
505:
491:
477:
447:
1:
5786:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
5426:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4368:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
4011:Women in Early Medieval China
3994:Papers on Far Eastern History
3226:(550–577 AD) in Jiuyuangang,
3083:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
3081:, he usurped the throne from
2611:Army of the Northern Garrison
2224:), married Princess Lanling (
2197:Tomb of Northern Wei General
876:
835:
811:
788:
764:
705:
4995:Dynasties in Chinese history
4929:. Harvard University Press.
4580:Juliano, Annette L. (1980).
4527:Catherine Churchman (2016).
3933:Rubie Sharon Watson (1991).
3600:(鄧至) of Qiang ethnic group;
2721:Looking toward Jiankang city
4952:Buddhism in Chinese History
4943:Miller, Roy Andrew (1959):
4923:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009).
4669:Buddhism in Chinese History
4589:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum
3709:Northern and southern China
3157:Buddhism in Chinese History
2855:Emperor Ming of Southern Qi
2444:Emperor Gong of Western Wei
2430:Eventually, Gao Huan's son
1807:met a similar fate in 316.
1653:northern and southern China
163:the claims made and adding
5975:
4950:Wright, Arthur F. (1959).
4667:Wright, Arthur F. (1959).
4343:Six Dynasties Civilization
4320:. Routledge. p. 103.
4291:Mark Edward Lewis (2012).
4205:. Routledge. p. 242.
3960:Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016).
3906:Watt, James C. Y. (2004).
3882:Six Dynasties Civilization
3807:Gascoigne, Bamber (2003).
3562:(960–1279) copy of a lost
3341:
2997:
2876:
2791:
2782:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
2587:
2492:
2401:
2329:
1924:
1866:
1694:
1683:(429–500), and astronomer
29:
5735:
5627:
5375:
5001:
4992:
4984:
4366:Marc S. Abramson (2011).
4345:. Yale University Press.
3885:. Yale University Press.
3414:, with its sophisticated
2926:to support the pretender
2867:Emperor He of Southern Qi
2836:Emperor Wu of Southern Qi
2823:
2819:
2685:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:royalty, Princess Jinan (
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2144:
2118:In the first half of the
2077:
1587:
1380:
1302:
1182:
1115:
1045:
919:
622:
454:
428:
416:
412:
325:
315:
302:
299:
4879:Graff, David A. (2002).
4693:Andrew Chittick (2020).
3630:National Museum of China
3430:were first described by
2216:married Han elites: the
1830:) as their new capital.
1781:War of the Eight Princes
4457:Jacques Gernet (1996).
4424:Jacques Gernet (1996).
4391:Jacques Gernet (1996).
4258:Jacques Gernet (1996).
4108:Wang, Yi-t’ung (1953).
4038:Women in Imperial China
3834:Jacques Gernet (1996).
3769:on the emperor's name.
3566:original from 526-539:
3306:Emperor Wen of Liu Song
2920:northern garrison towns
2840:Yongming Administration
2822:) family from Lanling (
2621:) that notably won the
2572:and invaded the south.
1944:terracotta soldiers in
220:enhance the translation
4199:Adamek, Piotr (2017).
3471:Numinous Treasure Sect
3454:
3222:Murals from a tomb of
3169:
3027:
2922:, he sent his general
2891:
2815:
2802:Brick relief from the
2602:
2600:Emperor Wu of Liu Song
2518:
2427:
2096:later that same year.
2073:
2043:
1966:Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)
1953:
1921:Northern Wei (386–535)
1697:End of the Han dynasty
1628:to lands south of the
5904:589 disestablishments
4745:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
4717:Zou Jiwan 邹纪万, 1992.
4062:Lee, Jen-der (2014).
4035:Hinsch, Bret (2016).
4008:Hinsch, Bret (2018).
3445:
3342:Further information:
3252:Three Kingdoms Period
3165:
3007:
2961:Emperor Yuan of Liang
2886:
2801:
2788:Southern Qi (479–502)
2672:, replacing him with
2597:
2513:of the Chuning Tomb,
2506:
2493:Further information:
2415:
2248:), Princess Nanyang (
2086:Three Disasters of Wu
2065:
2037:
2010:Battle of Canhe Slope
1939:
1867:Further information:
1705:Jin dynasty (266–420)
1661:Jin dynasty (266–420)
1371:(mainland, 1912–1949)
248:to the bottom of the
5924:6th century in China
5919:5th century in China
5225:Prince of Changguang
5210:Daughter of Xiaoming
5180:Prince Yin of Nan'an
4975:25 June 2010 at the
3344:Six Dynasties poetry
3085:and established the
3063:Emperor Xuan of Chen
2120:Northern Wei dynasty
1839:Northern Wei dynasty
5929:Civil wars in China
5605:Marquess of Donghun
4630:Puning Liu (2020).
3869:, pp. 130–135.
3759:Book of Northern Qi
3467:Supreme Purity sect
3224:Northern Qi Dynasty
3103:Emperor Yang of Sui
3089:, crowning himself
3059:Emperor Fei of Chen
3036:Emperor Wen of Chen
3016:Emperor Wen of Chen
2889:Emperor Wu of Liang
2623:Battle of Fei River
2543:Emperor Wu of Liang
2450:dynasty (557–580).
2446:, establishing the
2279:. According to the
2266:Emperor Wu of Liang
2236:), a descendant of
1974:Battle of Fei River
1853:Emperor Gong of Jin
1820:Eastern Jin dynasty
1797:Disaster of Yongjia
1785:Emperor Huai of Jin
1770:Western Jin dynasty
1723:Eastern Han dynasty
1659:during the earlier
1610:Eastern Jin dynasty
303:Southern dynasties
300:Northern dynasties
296:
5934:Dynasties of China
5899:420 establishments
5506:Southern dynasties
5149:Northern dynasties
5083:Southern dynasties
5053:Northern dynasties
4819:Boodberg, Peter A.
4776:Baxter, William H.
4725:中国通史, vol. 5, 165.
4683:, pp. 2, 6–7.
3739:Jinping Commandery
3469:and its rival the
3455:
3446:Northern Wei wall
3091:Emperor Wen of Sui
3028:
3022:, Qixia District,
2988:Emperor Wu of Chen
2892:
2816:
2603:
2584:Liu Song (420–479)
2570:Emperor Wen of Sui
2519:
2489:Southern dynasties
2464:Emperor Wen of Sui
2428:
2074:
2044:
1954:
1863:Northern dynasties
1789:Emperor Min of Jin
1761:rapidly followed.
1731:Five Pecks of Rice
1386:
1196:Five Dynasties and
1188:
1123:Southern dynasties
1051:
950:Chu–Han Contention
294:
148:possibly contains
101:You can assist by
18:Northern Dynasties
5828:
5827:
5693:
5692:
5642:Prince of Yuzhang
5595:Prince of Hailing
5468:
5467:
5111:
5110:
5011:
5010:
5002:Succeeded by
4936:978-0-674-02605-6
4915:978-0-618-13384-0
4789:978-3-11-012324-1
4566:978-1-58839-211-4
4492:, pp. 69–73.
4352:978-0-300-07404-8
4241:978-1-58839-126-1
4185:978-90-04-27185-2
4159:978-1-58839-126-1
3946:978-0-520-07124-7
3892:978-0-300-07404-8
3820:978-0-786-71219-9
3724:Buddhism in China
3714:Chinese sovereign
3620:(白題, of similar
3018:(r. 559–566 AD),
2896:Reign of Tianjian
2605:Liu Song founder
2475:Mandate of Heaven
2244:) to Lu Daoqian (
1948:uniform, tomb of
1885:extinguished the
1618:Mahayana Buddhism
1576:
1575:
1533:Transport history
1459:Education history
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1412:Republic of China
1394:People's Republic
1367:Republic of China
1346:
1345:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1175:
1174:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1039:
1038:
942:(206 BC – 220 AD)
872:Spring and Autumn
735:Liao civilization
626:
625:
618:
617:
554:Yale Romanization
465:Standard Mandarin
403:
402:
290:
289:
282:
272:
271:
257:
234:
193:
192:
185:
150:original research
131:
130:
123:
75:
16:(Redirected from
5966:
5881:
5880:
5869:
5868:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5625:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5472:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5014:
4985:Preceded by
4982:
4940:
4919:
4906:Houghton Mifflin
4894:
4875:
4858:(3/4): 230–283.
4846:
4829:(3/4): 223–253.
4805:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4723:Zhongguo Tongshi
4721:魏晋南北朝的学术与信仰, in
4715:
4709:
4708:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4665:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4586:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4464:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4265:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3841:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3804:
3787:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3551:
3514:Chinese painting
3452:Yungang Grottoes
3382:
3324:
3315:
3302:
3293:
3277:
3270:), and Fan Xun (
3269:
3216:
3205:
3161:Arthur F. Wright
2825:
2821:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2687:
2678:Reign of Yuanjia
2620:
2590:Liu Song dynasty
2556:during the late
2515:Liu Song dynasty
2360:
2348:
2302:in turn married
2297:
2278:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2162:
2146:
2113:Yungang Grottoes
2106:
2094:Emperor Wencheng
2079:
1958:Sixteen Kingdoms
1857:Liu Song dynasty
1855:and founded the
1835:Sixteen Kingdoms
1713:Sixteen Kingdoms
1606:Sixteen Kingdoms
1602:history of China
1598:
1589:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1496:Military history
1454:Economic history
1442:Related articles
1419:
1401:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1238:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1185:
1180:
1164:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1113:
1096:
1091:Sixteen Kingdoms
1074:
1064:
1048:
1043:
1032:
998:
985:
975:
965:
955:
943:
930:
917:
895:
887:
885:
881:
878:
868:
858:
846:
844:
840:
837:
822:
820:
816:
813:
799:
797:
793:
790:
775:
773:
769:
766:
716:
714:
710:
707:
651:
641:History of China
628:
614:
613:
593:
592:
591:
576:
575:
562:
561:
541:
540:
539:
524:
523:
510:
509:
508:
494:
493:
480:
479:
456:
450:
449:
433:
421:
405:
399:
390:
381:
372:
361:
352:
341:
331:
321:
313:
297:
285:
278:
267:
264:
258:
247:
245:
242:
228:
203:
195:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
165:inline citations
141:
140:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5731:
5689:
5661:
5614:
5590:Prince of Yulin
5566:
5508:
5499:
5469:
5464:
5371:
5333:
5290:
5262:
5244:
5151:
5142:
5112:
5107:
5077:
5047:
5041:
5007:
4998:
4990:
4977:Wayback Machine
4961:
4937:
4922:
4916:
4897:
4891:
4878:
4864:10.2307/2717776
4849:
4835:10.2307/2717838
4817:
4814:
4812:Further reading
4809:
4808:
4803:Art Gallery NSW
4801:
4797:
4790:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4601:10.2307/1522695
4584:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4126:10.2307/2718246
4107:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3777:
3773:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3676:
3673:
3664:
3661:
3652:
3649:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3557:
3552:
3440:
3434:and Zhou Yong.
3346:
3340:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3183:
3178:
3145:
3115:
3008:One of the two
3002:
2996:
2881:
2875:
2873:Liang (502–557)
2828:Cangshan County
2796:
2790:
2758:Emperor Qianfei
2592:
2586:
2501:
2491:
2410:
2402:Main articles:
2400:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2338:
2330:Main articles:
2328:
2291:
2272:
2232:) to Sima Fei (
2220:royal Liu Hui (
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2133:
2100:
2057:Western Regions
1978:Tuoba Shiyijian
1934:
1929:
1923:
1871:
1865:
1793:Five Barbarians
1715:
1695:Main articles:
1693:
1572:
1543:
1542:
1538:Women's history
1444:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1022:
996:
988:
983:
973:
964:(202 BC – 9 AD)
963:
953:
941:
933:
928:
913:
912:
901:
900:
893:
883:
879:
874:
866:
856:
842:
838:
833:
825:
818:
814:
809:
795:
791:
786:
778:
771:
767:
762:
753:
752:
741:
740:
712:
708:
703:
695:
684:
683:
574:naam4 bak1 ciu4
560:Naàhm Bāk Chìuh
516:Tongyong Pinyin
506:
436:
424:
397:
396:
388:
387:
379:
378:
370:
369:
359:
358:
350:
349:
339:
329:
319:
311:
286:
275:
274:
273:
268:
262:
259:
246:
243:
239:subst:Needtrans
236:
235:
227:
218:Please help to
217:
210:may be a rough
204:
189:
178:
172:
169:
154:
142:
138:
127:
116:
110:
107:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5826:
5825:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5557:Latter Deposed
5554:
5549:
5547:Former Deposed
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4960:
4959:External links
4957:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4920:
4914:
4895:
4889:
4876:
4847:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4795:
4788:
4767:
4755:(2): 101–137.
4736:
4727:
4710:
4703:
4685:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4640:
4622:
4572:
4565:
4544:
4537:
4519:
4512:
4494:
4482:
4475:
4449:
4442:
4416:
4409:
4383:
4377:978-0812201017
4376:
4358:
4351:
4333:
4326:
4308:
4301:
4283:
4276:
4247:
4240:
4221:
4212:978-1351565219
4211:
4191:
4184:
4165:
4158:
4139:
4100:
4083:
4077:978-0231531009
4076:
4054:
4048:978-1442271661
4047:
4027:
4021:978-1538117972
4020:
4000:
3984:
3972:
3952:
3945:
3925:
3918:
3898:
3891:
3871:
3859:
3852:
3826:
3819:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3780:Middle Chinese
3771:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3532:Chinese pagoda
3439:
3436:
3428:Middle Chinese
3383:), which used
3339:
3336:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3144:
3141:
3114:
3111:
2998:Main article:
2995:
2994:Chen (557–589)
2992:
2963:. His brother
2877:Main article:
2874:
2871:
2792:Main article:
2789:
2786:
2770:Emperor Houfei
2754:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2705:Emperor Xiaowu
2641:and, briefly,
2588:Main article:
2585:
2582:
2533:(502–557) and
2490:
2487:
2399:
2396:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2324:
2304:Northern Liang
2256:, a member of
2196:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2132:
2129:
2029:Northern Liang
1933:
1930:
1925:Main article:
1922:
1919:
1879:Northern Liang
1877:conquered the
1864:
1861:
1735:Three Kingdoms
1701:Three Kingdoms
1692:
1689:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Jewish history
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1400:(1949–present)
1389:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1000:
999:
993:Three Kingdoms
987:
986:
976:
966:
956:
945:
944:
932:
931:
920:
914:
908:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
897:
896:
891:Warring States
888:
859:
848:
847:
824:
823:
801:
800:
796: 1046 BC
777:
776:
772: 1600 BC
754:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
718:
717:
713: 2000 BC
694:
693:
685:
679:
678:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
669:Historiography
666:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
637:
636:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
608:
602:
601:
595:
594:
584:
578:
577:
570:
564:
563:
556:
550:
549:
547:Yue: Cantonese
543:
542:
532:
526:
525:
518:
512:
511:
502:
496:
495:
488:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
461:
460:
459:Transcriptions
452:
451:
444:
438:
437:
434:
426:
425:
422:
414:
413:
410:
409:
401:
400:
391:
382:
373:
363:
362:
353:
343:
342:
333:
332:
323:
322:
314:
305:
304:
301:
288:
287:
270:
269:
207:
205:
198:
191:
190:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5971:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Medieval Asia
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5838:
5834:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5667:Western Liang
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5339:Northern Zhou
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5106:
5102:
5101:Western Liang
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:Northern Zhou
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4890:0-415-23954-0
4886:
4883:. Routledge.
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4704:9780190937560
4700:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4641:9781000283143
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4538:9781442258600
4534:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4513:9780774823685
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4327:9781135790950
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4302:9780674265417
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3564:Liang dynasty
3561:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:Brahmi script
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:Ancient China
3388:
3386:
3385:metered rhyme
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3352:, Xing Fang,
3351:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3262:, Xing Shao (
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3204:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:Yangtze River
3150:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Northern Zhou
3041:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:Xiao Yuanming
2980:
2975:
2974:Western Liang
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:Wang Sengbian
2948:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:Liang dynasty
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:Dengxian tomb
2800:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2698:Wuqi Incident
2695:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:Six Dynasties
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2499:Six Dynasties
2496:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:Northern Zhou
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Northern Zhou
2414:
2409:
2408:Northern Zhou
2405:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2359:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:'s daughter.
2309:
2306:Xiongnu King
2305:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2239:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:Rise to power
1931:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:Northern Zhou
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Yellow Turban
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:heavy cavalry
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Six Dynasties
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Naval history
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:Music history
1482:
1480:
1479:Media history
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Legal history
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1418:1949–present)
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1233:Southern Song
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:Northern Song
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
990:
989:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
952:
951:
947:
946:
940:
939:
935:
934:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
911:
905:
904:
892:
889:
884: 476 BC
873:
870:
869:
865:
864:
860:
857:(1046–771 BC)
855:
854:
850:
849:
843: 256 BC
832:
831:
827:
826:
808:
807:
803:
802:
785:
784:
780:
779:
761:
760:
756:
755:
751:
745:
744:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
724:
720:
719:
702:
701:
697:
696:
692:
691:
687:
686:
682:
676:
675:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
621:
609:
607:
603:
600:
596:
590:
585:
583:
579:
571:
569:
565:
557:
555:
551:
548:
544:
538:
533:
531:
527:
519:
517:
513:
507:Nan pei ch'ao
503:
501:
497:
489:
487:
483:
475:
473:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
445:
443:
439:
432:
427:
420:
415:
411:
406:
395:
394:Western Liang
392:
386:
383:
377:
374:
368:
367:Northern Zhou
365:
364:
357:
354:
348:
345:
344:
338:
334:
328:
324:
318:
310:
306:
298:
292:
284:
281:
266:
255:
251:
240:
232:
225:
221:
215:
213:
208:This article
206:
202:
197:
196:
187:
184:
176:
166:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
98:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5774:N. Dynasties
5770:S. Dynasties
5414:N. Dynasties
5410:S. Dynasties
5157:Northern Wei
5059:Northern Wei
5043:
4993:
4951:
4944:
4925:
4900:
4880:
4855:
4851:
4826:
4822:
4798:
4779:
4770:
4765:pp. 107–108.
4752:
4748:
4739:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4694:
4688:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4650:
4631:
4625:
4592:
4588:
4575:
4555:
4547:
4528:
4522:
4503:
4497:
4485:
4460:
4452:
4427:
4419:
4394:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4342:
4336:
4317:
4311:
4292:
4286:
4261:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4201:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4086:
4067:
4057:
4037:
4030:
4010:
4003:
3993:
3987:
3975:
3962:
3955:
3935:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3881:
3874:
3862:
3837:
3829:
3809:
3802:
3774:
3767:naming taboo
3753:
3574:Hephthalites
3567:
3560:Song dynasty
3529:
3525:Zongmingguan
3522:
3491:
3456:
3416:phonological
3400:sound shifts
3389:
3372:
3369:Tang dynasty
3362:
3347:
3332:Tang dynasty
3321:
3299:
3236:Confucianism
3234:
3186:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3143:Demographics
3135:
3131:
3116:
3072:
3056:
3029:
3020:Chen Dynasty
3009:
3000:Chen dynasty
2979:Xiao Fangzhi
2949:
2924:Chen Qingzhi
2917:
2913:
2900:sinicization
2893:
2887:Portrait of
2859:Xiao Baojuan
2851:Xiao Zhaowen
2844:
2826:, in modern
2817:
2774:Emperor Shun
2766:
2762:Emperor Ming
2755:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2702:
2690:
2666:Emperor Shao
2663:
2659:
2655:Emperor Gong
2604:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2547:
2520:
2508:
2507:The eastern
2483:
2479:Tang dynasty
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2429:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2312:
2300:Sima Jinlong
2281:Book of Zhou
2206:
2199:Sima Jinlong
2134:
2131:Sinicization
2117:
2107:, an ethnic
2075:
2067:Northern Wei
2052:
2045:
2018:
1960:period, the
1955:
1950:Sima Jinlong
1942:Northern Wei
1927:Northern Wei
1915:
1899:Western Weis
1891:Northern Wei
1887:Chen dynasty
1875:Northern Wei
1872:
1832:
1809:
1778:
1763:
1737:. Of these,
1719:China proper
1716:
1685:Tao Hongjing
1649:sinicization
1646:
1634:China proper
1597:Nán běi cháo
1595:
1579:
1577:
1474:LGBT history
1410:
1392:
1365:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1231:
1221:
1209:
1198:Ten Kingdoms
1194:
1147:
1134:
1121:Northern and
1120:
1119:
1089:
1067:
1057:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:(220–280 AD)
991:
978:
968:
958:
954:(206–202 BC)
948:
936:
929:(221–207 BC)
923:
894:(475–221 BC)
867:(771–256 BC)
863:Eastern Zhou
861:
853:Western Zhou
851:
828:
804:
781:
757:
733:
727:
721:
698:
688:
612:Lâm-pak-tiâu
599:Southern Min
522:Nán běi cháo
478:Nán běi cháo
472:Hanyu Pinyin
309:Northern Wei
291:
276:
263:January 2024
260:
237:{{
230:
223:
214:from Chinese
209:
179:
173:January 2024
170:
147:
117:
111:January 2024
108:
95:copy editing
93:may require
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
5883:Middle Ages
5766:16 Kingdoms
5572:Southern Qi
5406:16 Kingdoms
5296:Northern Qi
5268:Western Wei
5250:Eastern Wei
5093:Southern Qi
5071:Northern Qi
5067:Eastern Wei
5063:Western Wei
5005:Sui dynasty
4988:Jin dynasty
3622:Hephthalite
3420:Xie Lingyun
3404:Han dynasty
3358:Wen Zisheng
3328:Sui dynasty
3248:Zhuge Liang
3240:Jin dynasty
3107:Zhang Lihua
3095:Chen Shubao
3087:Sui dynasty
3079:Yuchi Jiong
3048:Northern Qi
2957:Chen Baxian
2847:Xiao Zhaoye
2794:Southern Qi
2778:Shen Youzhi
2674:Emperor Wen
2631:expeditions
2558:Han dynasty
2529:(479–502),
2527:Southern Qi
2525:(420–479),
2481:(618–907).
2471:Chen Shubao
2436:Northern Qi
2404:Northern Qi
2336:Western Wei
2332:Eastern Wei
2320:Mogao Caves
2308:Juqu Mujian
2292: [
2289:Sima Chuzhi
2273: [
2258:Southern Qi
2254:Xiao Baoyin
2101: [
1903:Northern Qi
1883:Sui dynasty
1681:Zu Chongzhi
1677:cartography
1673:mathematics
1642:Sui dynasty
1638:Emperor Wen
1521:Discoveries
1516:Cartography
1511:Archaeology
1449:Art history
1338:(1644–1912)
1325:(1368–1644)
1312:(1271–1368)
1282:(1115–1234)
1269:(1038–1227)
1265:Western Xia
1237:(1127–1279)
1069:Eastern Jin
1059:Western Jin
984:(25–220 AD)
980:Eastern Han
960:Western Han
839: 1046
819: 1046
815: 1250
792: 1600
768: 2070
709: 8500
690:Paleolithic
681:Prehistoric
492:ㄋㄢˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ
376:Northern Qi
356:Eastern Wei
347:Western Wei
327:Southern Qi
252:section on
224:"languages"
212:translation
5893:Categories
5758:3 Kingdoms
5398:3 Kingdoms
5220:Xiaozhuang
4904:. Boston:
4749:Asia Major
4681:Lewis 2009
4595:: III–83.
4490:Lewis 2009
4476:0521497817
4443:0521497817
4410:0521497817
4277:0521497817
3980:Lee (2014)
3919:1588391264
3867:Lewis 2009
3853:0521497817
3794:References
3784:Five Bonds
3734:Yan Zhitui
3594:Langkasuka
3506:Wang Xizhi
3438:Other arts
3424:four tones
3338:Literature
3284:Neo-Daoism
3193:Philosophy
3067:Wu Mingche
2670:Xu Xianzhi
2651:Emperor An
1970:Former Qin
1816:Huai River
1743:Eastern Wu
1721:under the
1691:Background
1626:Han people
1526:Inventions
1256:(916–1125)
1227:(960–1127)
1215:(960–1279)
882: – c.
880: 770
841: – c.
817: – c.
806:Late Shang
794: – c.
770: – c.
711: – c.
500:Wade–Giles
157:improve it
103:editing it
57:improve it
5685:Xiao Cong
5046:(420–589)
4609:1423-0526
3610:Kabadiyan
3602:Karghalik
3510:Gu Kaizhi
3496:, son of
3426:of early
3113:Diplomacy
3099:Gao Jiong
3075:Yang Jian
2967:based in
2945:Xiao Gang
2940:Xiao Tong
2936:Xiao Dong
2709:Guangling
2694:Tan Daoji
2643:Guanzhong
2627:Huan Xuan
2577:Lady Xian
2440:Yuwen Jue
2425:limestone
2388:Yuwen Tai
2270:Xiao Zong
2260:royalty.
2014:Pingcheng
2006:Later Yan
1982:Tuoba Gui
1952:, 484 CE.
1669:astronomy
1202:(907–979)
1163:(690–705)
1153:(618–907)
1140:(581–618)
1127:(420–589)
1095:(304–439)
1073:(317–420)
1063:(266–316)
1031:(266–420)
974:(9–23 AD)
700:Neolithic
664:Dynasties
161:verifying
63:talk page
5680:Xiao Kui
5675:Xiao Cha
5537:Liu Shao
5514:Liu Song
5502:Emperors
5314:Xiaozhao
5258:Xiaojing
5205:Xiaoming
5185:Wencheng
5170:Mingyuan
5145:Emperors
5089:Liu Song
4999:420–589
4973:Archived
4778:(1992).
4761:41645549
4734:Zou, 168
3693:See also
3628:) (且末).
3614:Kumedhan
3608:, 周古柯),
3518:Painting
3502:Tao Qian
3459:Buddhism
3432:Shen Yue
3408:Sanskrit
3373:pian wen
3354:Wei Shou
3323:Qīng tán
3260:Fan Zhen
3256:Wang Dao
3181:Language
3136:Song Shu
3123:Goguryeo
3040:Wang Lin
2990:in 557.
2932:Hou Jing
2928:Yuan Hao
2908:Shouyang
2863:Xiao Yan
2832:Shandong
2808:Dengxian
2647:prophecy
2635:Shandong
2598:Liu Yu,
2523:Liu Song
2432:Gao Yang
2423:made of
2392:Chang'an
2380:Gao Huan
2372:Liu Zhen
2315:Dunhuang
2218:Liu Song
2049:Shanshan
2021:Liu Song
1998:Cui Hong
1990:Mingyuan
1940:Army of
1824:Jiankang
1812:Sima Rui
1805:Chang'an
1772:and the
1766:Sima Yan
1729:and the
1608:and the
1489:Timeline
1416:(Taiwan,
1396:of China
910:Imperial
659:Timeline
633:a series
631:Part of
568:Jyutping
486:Bopomofo
317:Liu Song
250:WP:PNTCU
5859:History
5833:Portals
5637:Jianwen
5504:of the
5347:Xiaomin
5319:Wucheng
5304:Wenxuan
5195:Xiaowen
5190:Xianwen
5147:of the
4872:2717776
4843:2717776
4617:1522695
4469:, 184.
4134:2718246
3616:(胡蜜丹),
3612:(呵跋檀),
3606:Yarkand
3598:Dengzhi
3498:Cao Cao
3494:Cao Zhi
3475:Huiyuan
3396:Shijing
3377:Chinese
3310:Chinese
3301:Xuánxué
3288:Chinese
3280:hermits
3272:Chinese
3264:Chinese
3250:in the
3244:Cao Cao
3228:Xinzhou
3176:Culture
3132:Wei Shu
3127:Tuyuhun
3052:Yueyang
3024:Nanjing
2969:Sichuan
2965:Xiao Ji
2682:Chinese
2615:Chinese
2554:Cao Cao
2419:Daoist
2268:'s son
2149:Luoyang
2124:Xianbei
2098:Wang Yu
2090:Zong Ai
2082:Cui Hao
2042:Museum.
2040:Luoyang
2002:Cui Hao
1956:In the
1946:Xianbei
1911:Xianbei
1895:Eastern
1844:tuntian
1828:Nanjing
1801:Luoyang
1755:Sima Yi
1747:Shu Han
1739:Cao Wei
1657:stirrup
1640:of the
1630:Yangtze
1584:Chinese
1160:Wu Zhou
750:Ancient
729:Yangtze
442:Chinese
398:555–587
389:557–589
380:550–577
371:557–581
360:534–550
351:535–557
340:502–557
330:479–502
320:420–479
312:386–535
155:Please
5798:W. Xia
5727:Houzhu
5542:Xiaowu
5438:W. Xia
5329:Youzhu
5324:Houzhu
5240:Xiaowu
5235:Houfei
5230:Jiemin
5215:Youzhu
5200:Xuanwu
4933:
4912:
4887:
4870:
4841:
4786:
4759:
4701:
4638:
4615:
4607:
4563:
4535:
4510:
4473:
4440:
4436:–183.
4407:
4403:–178.
4374:
4349:
4324:
4299:
4274:
4270:–193.
4238:
4209:
4182:
4156:
4132:
4074:
4045:
4018:
3943:
3916:
3889:
3850:
3817:
3588:; Wo (
3582:Baekje
3578:Persia
3487:Champa
3463:Daoism
3448:murals
3410:. The
3379::
3365:poetry
3356:, and
3350:Yu Xin
3320::
3318:pinyin
3312::
3298::
3296:pinyin
3290::
3274::
3266::
3187:tongyu
3119:Rouran
2904:Bengbu
2747:後見弟殺兄。
2737:前見子殺父,
2727:小江逆流縈,
2717:遙望建康城,
2684::
2617::
2607:Liu Yu
2550:shijia
2122:, the
2070:Buddha
2025:Rouran
1992:, and
1986:Hohhot
1849:Liu Yu
1711:, and
1675:, and
1622:Taoism
1594::
1592:pinyin
1586::
1358:Modern
1014:, and
732:, and
723:Yellow
635:on the
606:Tâi-lô
226:list.
5847:China
5742:Shang
5620:Liang
5382:Shang
5175:Taiwu
5165:Daowu
5097:Liang
4868:JSTOR
4839:JSTOR
4757:JSTOR
4613:JSTOR
4585:(PDF)
4130:JSTOR
3967:(PDF)
3745:Notes
3626:Qiemo
3618:Baiti
3590:Japan
3586:Qiuci
3540:India
3536:stupa
3483:Funan
3479:India
3011:pixiu
2812:Henan
2639:Henan
2531:Liang
2510:qilin
2421:stele
2296:]
2277:]
2252:) to
2250:南阳长公主
2209:Tuoba
2141:Tuoba
2109:Qiang
2105:]
1994:Taiwu
1962:Tuoba
783:Shang
337:Liang
5871:Asia
5814:Qing
5810:Ming
5806:Yuan
5794:Song
5790:Liao
5782:Tang
5746:Zhou
5722:Xuan
5699:Chen
5657:Jing
5647:Yuan
5600:Ming
5562:Shun
5552:Ming
5527:Shao
5454:Qing
5450:Ming
5446:Yuan
5434:Song
5430:Liao
5422:Tang
5386:Zhou
5367:Jing
5362:Xuan
5352:Ming
5286:Gong
5105:Chen
5103:) →
5073:) →
4931:ISBN
4910:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4784:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4605:ISSN
4561:ISBN
4533:ISBN
4508:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4347:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4272:ISBN
4236:ISBN
4207:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4043:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3941:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3848:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3761:and
3638:Maps
3485:and
3461:and
3246:and
3134:and
3046:and
2955:and
2849:and
2686:元嘉之治
2535:Chen
2497:and
2406:and
2334:and
2242:濟南公主
2230:華陽公主
2226:蘭陵公主
2053:Xiyu
2000:and
1905:and
1897:and
1787:and
1751:coup
1745:and
1620:and
1578:The
1334:Qing
1321:Ming
1308:Yuan
1252:Liao
1211:Song
1149:Tang
830:Zhou
385:Chen
244:~~~~
5822:PRC
5818:ROC
5802:Jīn
5778:Sui
5762:Jìn
5754:Han
5750:Qin
5738:Xia
5717:Fei
5712:Wen
5652:Min
5580:Gao
5532:Wen
5462:PRC
5458:ROC
5442:Jīn
5418:Sui
5402:Jìn
5394:Han
5390:Qin
5378:Xia
5309:Fei
5281:Fei
5276:Wen
5061:→ (
4860:doi
4831:doi
4597:doi
4467:172
4434:181
4401:177
4268:192
4122:doi
3844:180
3592:);
3576:);
3520:).
3149:Han
2688:).
2619:北府軍
2246:盧道虔
2238:Jin
2234:司馬朏
1753:by
1636:by
1588:南北朝
1278:Jin
1136:Sui
1027:Jin
1011:Shu
1005:Wei
970:Xin
938:Han
925:Qin
821:BC)
759:Xia
582:IPA
530:IPA
448:南北朝
231:you
229:If
159:by
5895::
5820:/
5816:→
5812:→
5808:→
5804:→
5800:/
5796:/
5792:/
5788:→
5784:→
5780:→
5776:→
5772:/
5768:→
5764:/
5760:→
5756:→
5752:→
5748:→
5744:→
5740:→
5707:Wu
5632:Wu
5610:He
5585:Wu
5522:Wu
5460:/
5456:→
5452:→
5448:→
5444:→
5440:/
5436:/
5432:/
5428:→
5424:→
5420:→
5416:→
5412:/
5408:→
5404:/
5400:→
5396:→
5392:→
5388:→
5384:→
5380:→
5357:Wu
5095:→
5091:→
5069:→
5065:|
4908:.
4866:.
4854:.
4837:.
4825:.
4753:12
4751:.
4611:.
4603:.
4593:37
4591:.
4587:.
4250:^
4215:.
4128:.
4118:16
4116:.
4112:.
3846:.
3596:;
3584:;
3580:;
3558:A
3542:.
3381:駢文
3363:fu
3334:.
3316:;
3314:清談
3294:;
3292:玄學
3276:樊遜
3268:邢邵
3254:,
3159:,
3125:,
3121:,
3032:Wu
2830:,
2824:蘭陵
2810:,
2806:,
2764:.
2637:,
2466:.
2294:zh
2283:,
2275:zh
2222:刘辉
2103:zh
2078:蓋吳
1980:,
1901:;
1893:;
1803:.
1707:,
1703:,
1699:,
1687:.
1671:,
1644:.
1590:;
1017:Wu
1008:,
877:c.
836:c.
812:c.
789:c.
765:c.
726:,
706:c.
66:.
5835::
5494:e
5487:t
5480:v
5137:e
5130:t
5123:v
5099:(
5036:e
5029:t
5022:v
4939:.
4918:.
4893:.
4874:.
4862::
4856:4
4845:.
4833::
4827:3
4792:.
4763:.
4707:.
4658:.
4644:.
4619:.
4599::
4569:.
4541:.
4516:.
4479:.
4446:.
4413:.
4380:.
4355:.
4330:.
4305:.
4280:.
4244:.
4188:.
4162:.
4136:.
4124::
4080:.
4051:.
4024:.
3982:.
3949:.
3922:.
3895:.
3856:.
3823:.
3786:.
3632:.
3604:(
3375:(
3286:(
3026:.
2820:蕭
2680:(
2613:(
2517:.
2145:元
2055:(
1582:(
1567:e
1560:t
1553:v
886:)
875:(
845:)
834:(
810:(
798:)
787:(
774:)
763:(
715:)
704:(
283:)
277:(
265:)
261:(
256:.
186:)
180:(
175:)
171:(
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
105:.
99:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.