Northern and Southern dynasties

2565:

and wealth. The emperors stationed regional armies around the country under the command of their imperial relatives, recruited officers from humble backgrounds and appointed low-ranking officials to monitor the powerful elites occupying the top government posts. The southern aristocracy declined with the rise of the Indian Ocean trade in the mid 5th century, which led to the court revenues shifting to trade and the disappearance of the caste by the Chen dynasty. As landowning aristocrats were unable to convert cash from the produce of their estates, the resurgence of trade and the money-based economy forced them to break up and sell their lands to the burgeoning merchant class. Influential merchants increasingly occupied political offices, displacing the old aristocrats. On the other hand, the economic developments also drove peasants, unable to cope with inflation or to pay taxes in cash, to become mercenary soldiers, wandering through the country selling their services to the warring princes and plundering the populace. These upheavals devastated the south which eased the fall of the south to the Sui dynasty.

2358: 3189:, from the Central Plains in the North, which was regarded as highly prestigious. However, many local southern Chinese resisted adopting the speech of the newcomers. During the Southern dynasties period, beginning in the mid-4th century and spreading widely by the 5th century, elite northern emigres and southern locals around the capital of Jiankang developed a new elite speech form, with clearly distinctive pronunciation and phrasing that set it apart from the Central Plains speech. However, some of the emigres also resisted this new trend to "prize the speech of Wu", which they regarded as "seductive and frivolous". Meanwhile, the process of Han Chinese courtiers learning Xianbei and Xianbei learning Chinese led to the court speech of the North changing as well. By the 6th century, southern elites looked down on the accent of Luoyang as "crude and clumsy". 2151:, which had been the capital during the earlier Eastern Han and Western Jin dynasties. The new capital at Luoyang was revived and transformed, with roughly 150,000 Xianbei and other northern warriors moved from north to south by the year 495 to serve in the capital. Within a couple of decades, the population rose to about half a million residents and was famed for being home to over a thousand Buddhist temples. Defectors from the south, such as Wang Su of the prestigious Langye Wang family, were largely accommodated and felt at home with the establishment of their own Wu quarter in Luoyang (this quarter of the city was home to over three thousand families). They were even served tea (by this time gaining popularity in southern China) at court instead of the yogurt drinks commonly found in the north. 2561:

dynasty's flight south greatly exacerbated the weakness of the central government, and the great families who accompanied the Emperor in his flight, along with the most wealthy clans of earlier settlers along the Zhejiang coast, were the primary power brokers in the Eastern Jin. With the greatly increased importance of proving one's pedigree to receive privileges, there was a rise in compiling of genealogy records, and the great families moved to legally outlaw intermarriage with common families. The lower class Northern migrants were forced to become "guests" (dependents) of the great families who established private guard forces with their new retainers. When the Eastern Jin attempted to draft the dependents of the great families, the court was quickly overthrown.

2189: 2171: 3214: 1937: 3203: 2180: 2160: 649: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3548: 5842: 3167:"When we speak of the area of the Yangtze valley and below in the period of disunion, we must banish from our minds the picture of the densely populated, intensively cultivated South China of recent centuries. When the aristocrats of the remnants of the Chin ruling house fled to the Nanking area early in the 4th century, the south contained perhaps a tenth of the population of China. There were centers of Chinese culture and administration, but around most of these lay vast uncolonized areas into which Chinese settlers were slow to move". 2374:). The revolt was caused by a food shortage far north of Luoyang. After the rebels force was suppressed, the government had 200,000 surrendered garrison rebels deployed to Hebei, which proved later to be a mistake when a former garrison officer organized another rebellion in the years 526–527. The underlying cause of these wars was the growing rift between the governing aristocracy which was increasingly adopting Han-style sedentary policies and lifestyles and their nomadic tribal armies who continued to preserve the old steppe way of life. 431: 419: 5866: 3005: 2147:). In the year 493 Emperor Xiaowen instituted a new sinification program that had the Xianbei elites conform to many Han standards. These social reforms included donning Han clothing (banning Xianbei clothing at court), learning the Han language (if under the age of thirty), converting Xianbei family names to one-character Han surnames, and encouraging high-ranking Xianbei and Han families to intermarry. Emperor Xiaowen also moved the capital city from Pingcheng to one of China's old imperial sites, 201: 2799: 2504: 3527:(Imperial Nanjing University), where the famed Zu Chongzhi (mentioned above) had studied. Zu Chongzhi devised the new Daming Calendar in 465, calculated one year as 365.24281481 days (which is very close to 365.24219878 days as we know today), and calculated the number of overlaps between sun and moon as 27.21223 (which is very close to 27.21222 as we know today). Using this number he successfully predicted 4 eclipses during a period of 23 years (from 436 to 459). 2346: 3443: 5878: 2580:

acknowledged her authority by awarding her with official titles and emblems of power. There were many other local chieftains of mixed origins between Guangzhou and modern Vietnam that displayed mixed traits of both aboriginal and sinicized culture, such as the Ning of Qinzhou, the Li of Guizhou-Tengzhou and the Chen of Shuangzhou. These families functioned both as cheftains to the natives and bureaucrats to the court.

2035: 2413: 2760:. Emperor Qianfei proved to be similar to his father, engaging in both kin-slaughter and incest. In a scandalous move, because his sister complained about how it was unfair that men were allowed 10,000 concubines, he gave her 30 handsome young men as lovers. His uncle Liu Yu, the Prince of Xiangdong, whom he called the "Prince of Pigs" for his obesity, eventually assassinated him and became 3549: 139: 43: 2059:). In 450, Emperor Taiwu once again attacked the Liu Song and reached Guabu (瓜步, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), threatening to cross the river to attack Jiankang, the Liu Song capital. Though up to this point, the Northern Wei military forces dominated the Liu Song forces, they took heavy casualties. The Northern Wei forces plundered numerous households before returning north. 3155:) took place. This sinicisation helped to develop the region from its previous state of being inhabited by isolated communities separated by vast uncolonized wilderness and other non-Han ethnic groups. During this period, the south went from being nearly a frontier to being on a path to the thriving, urbanized, sinicized region that it became in later centuries. In his book 2884: 2063: 2930:. Despite the fact that Chen was only given 7,000 troops, he still managed to defeat army after army and even captured Luoyang, the capital of Northern Wei. Ultimately, Chen was insufficiently supplied and was defeated by troops ten times his size. After the Northern Wei split into Eastern and Western Wei, Emperor Wu granted asylum to rebel Eastern Wei commander 2595: 5854: 2700:. Starting in 445, Northern Wei, taking advantage of Liu Song's weakness, made major incursions in the lands between the Yangtze and the Huai (modern Shandong, Hebei, and Henan) and devastating six provinces. Emperor Wen lamented that if Tan were still alive, he would have prevented Northern Wei advances. From then on, Liu Song was in a weakened state. 3907: 3034:(a region near modern-day Shanghai). At that time, due to the Hou Jing rebellion, the Qiao and Wu clans were greatly weakened, and many independent regimes emerged. Emperor Wu could not pacify all the independent regimes, so he adopted conciliatory measures. After the sudden death of Emperor Wu, his nephew Chen Qian took power as 3070:

wanted to protect his territories south of the Huai River. Northern Zhou instead took advantage of Northern Qi's weakness and following their defeat of Northern Qi, in 577, they sent troops to the territories south of the Huai River, where they decisively defeated the Chen dynasty forces. The Chen dynasty was in imminent danger.

84: 3969:(A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153. 1917:

led these Han gentry families to avoid government service, before the Northern Wei court launched the sinicization movement. Northern gentry were therefore highly militarized as compared to their refined southern counterparts, and this distinction persisted well into the Sui and Tang dynasties centuries later.

1795:. Numerous nomadic tribal groups had been forcibly resettled in northern and northwestern China during previous centuries. When the warring princes heavily drafted these tribes into the military, they mutinied and exploited the civil wars to seize power. Their armies almost destroyed the dynasty in the 2914:

In his later years, however, sycophants surrounded him. Three times he dedicated his life to Buddhism and tried to become a monk, but each time he was persuaded to return by extravagant court donations to Buddhism. Furthermore, since Buddhists and Daoists were exempt from taxation, nearly half of the

2457:

Like its predecessor the Western Wei, the Northern Zhou reacted against sinicization by trying to revive Xianbei warrior culture: reviving Xianbei tunics, trousers and boots, reverting sinicized surnames into Xianbei names and even giving Han officers Xianbei surnames. This "tribalization" policy was

2453:

The Northern Qi inherited the primary recruiting grounds of the Northern Wei army; previously, five out of six Northern Wei military officers came from the eastern territories, particularly the local armed forts of Han military families and steppe tribes who had settled in these areas. The members of

1916:

In the north, local ethnic Han gentry clans responded to the chaos by constructing fortified villages. Clans would then carve de facto fiefs out of these highly cohesive family-based self-defense communities. Lesser peasant families would work for the dominant clan as tenants or serfs. The chaos also

1846:

system eventually led to a fall in their social status, causing widespread desertion of troops. Faced with shortage of troops, Eastern Jin generals were often sent on campaigns to capture non-Han indigenous peoples in the south to draft them into the military. The Eastern Jin dynasty fell not because

2857:. Using the government secretaries, he slaughtered all the sons of Emperors Gao and Wu. Emperor Ming soon became very ill and started following Daoism, changing his whole wardrobe to red. He also passed an edict making officials try to find whitebait (銀魚). He died in 498 and was succeeded by his son 2660:

Even after crowning himself Emperor Wu, Liu Yu remained frugal. However, he did not care for education and trusted unsavory people. He felt that the nobility had too much power, so he tended to appoint the lower classes to government positions and gave military power to imperial kinsmen. Ironically,

2564:

However, with the fall of the Eastern Jin in 420, the balance of power shifted in favour the central government. The subsequent Liu Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties were ruled by military leaders from lowly social backgrounds. They gradually stripped the powerful clans of military power, authority

3069:

to assist the effort; in two years, he managed to recover he lost territories south of the Huai River. At the time, Northern Qi was in a precarious situation with little military strength and Emperor Xuan could have taken advantage of the opportunity to entirely defeat Northern Qi. However, he only

2942:

who died in 531 and was removed from crown prince because of conflicts with his father. Hou surprised Emperor Liang by besieging the Liang capital at Jiankang. Attempts by Liang forces to break the siege failed, and Emperor Wu was forced to negotiate a ceasefire and peace. However, Hou thought that

2834:). Because Emperor Gao had a low social standing, he earned the disdain of nobility. His style of governance was similar to the early style of the Liu Song dynasty and was very economical. He died in the fourth year of his reign and his heir, who was only 13 years younger than him, succeeded him as 2971:

was still a major threat. Emperor Yuan asked for assistance from Western Wei to defeat Xiao Ji, but after subduing Xiao Ji, they kept Sichuan. Due to a diplomatic faux pas, he incited the anger of Yuwen Tai, the leading general of Western Wei, which resulted in him being deposed and dying. Western

2579:

who married the Liang court's governor Feng Bao, helped to extend the dynasties' authority while preserving autonomy and local culture. Lady Xian and Feng Bao played a critical role in assisting Chen Baxian's rise, and in stabilising the region between the Liang, Chen, and Sui dynasties. The court

3171:

During the Northern and Southern dynasties, the Yangtze valley transformed from a backwater frontier region with less than 25% of China's population to a major cultural center of China with 40% of China's population, and after China was subsequently unified under the Tang dynasty, they became the

2950:

In spite of conquering Jiankang, Hou essentially only controlled the nearby areas. The rest of the Liang dynasty lands were under the control of members of the imperial clan. Their squabbling amongst themselves weakened their efforts to defeat Hou. In the end, Xiao Yi with the aid of his generals

2985:

to establish himself as Emperor Min of Liang. However, Chen Baxian was displeased with the arrangements, and in a surprise move killed Wang and deposed Emperor Min in favor of Xiao Fangzhi who became Emperor Jing of Liang. After a short reign, Chen deposed Emperor Jing and took power himself as

2560:

when he attempted to consolidate his power by building an endogenous military caste of professional soldiers. His policy led to the rise and usurpation of the Sima family who established the Jin dynasty; subsequent leaders were similarly unable to bring the other great families in line. The Jin

2484:

The core elite of the Northern dynasties, mixed-culture, and mixed-ethnicity military clans, would later also form the founding elites of the Sui and Tang dynasties. Hence, they tended to have a flexible approach to steppe nomads, viewing them as possible partners rather than intrinsic enemies.

1841:

conquered the rest of the northern states in 439 and unified northern China. Although the Eastern Jin and successive southern dynasties were well-defended from the northern dynasties by their placement of naval fleets along the Yangtze, they suffered various problems related to the creation and

2910:

due to heavy casualties. Given the excessive kin-slaughter in the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties, Emperor Wu was very lenient to imperial clansmen, not even investigating them when they committed crimes. The Liang reached a cultural peak because he was very learned, supported scholars, and

2126:

steppe tribesmen who dominated northern China kept a policy of strict social distinction between them and their Han subjects. Ethnic Han were drafted into the bureaucracy, employed as officials to collect taxes, etc. However, the Han were kept out of many higher positions of power. They also

2707:. proved to be licentious and cruel, supposedly committing incest with the daughters of an uncle who had helped him gain the throne; his rivals also claimed he had incest with his mother. This led to two rebellions by the imperial clan, one of which saw him slaughter the inhabitants of 2211:

imperial family. More than fifty per cent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han men from the imperial families and aristocrats of the southern dynasties, who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Several daughters of the Xianbei

2115:, and had a temple constructed in 488 at Lirun, Fengyi (modern day Chengcheng), which was his birthplace according to the Booke of Wei. Wang Yu may have been castrated during the suppression of a 446 Qiang rebellion since the Northern Wei would castrate rebel tribes' young elite. 3138:

testify, there was a shift from imperial rhetoric denouncing the other side as illegitimate barbarians, towards a new conception referring to the two as distinct 'Northern' and Southern' parallels, using unique local customs to distinguish themselves and compete for legitimacy.

3097:(Houzhu of Chen) took power. He was licentious and wasteful, resulting in chaos and corruption in the government; many officials heavily exploited the people, causing great suffering. In planning to defeat the Chen dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui took the suggestion of his general 3105:) to finally vanquish the Chen dynasty. Chen Shubao relied on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River and continued as always with his festive and licentious activities. The next year, Sui forces captured the Chen capital of Jiankang. Chen Shubao and his favorite concubine 2934:, sending him on Northern Expeditions against Eastern Wei. After some initial successes, Liang forces were decisively defeated. Rumors abounded that Emperor Wu intended to give Hou as a peace offering. Despite Emperor Wu's assurances, Hou decided to rebel in the name of 2377:

The Northern Wei court was betrayed by one of their own generals, who had the empress dowager and the young emperor thrown into the Yellow River while establishing his own puppet ruler to maintain authority. As conflict swelled in the north between successive leaders,

2767:

Emperor Ming began his reign by killing all the descendants of Emperor Xiaowu, and his suspicious nature resulted in the loss of the provinces north of the Huai River, which were only briefly regained in the other Southern dynasties. Emperor Ming's young son became

2023:'s province of Henan, he died soon afterward. Emperor Mingyuan's son Tuoba Tao took the throne as Emperor Taiwu. Due to Emperor Taiwu's energetic efforts, Northern Wei's strength greatly increased, allowing them to repeatedly attack Liu Song. After dealing with the 2317:

to serve as its governor for a term of fifteen years. With Buddhism gaining mainstream acceptance in Chinese society, Prince Dongyang and local wealthy families set out to establish a monumental project in honor of Buddhism, carving and decorating Cave 285 of the

2691:

In 430, Emperor Wen started a number of northern expeditions against Northern Wei. These were ineffective because of insufficient preparations and excessive micromanagement of his generals, increasingly weakening the dynasty. Because of his jealousy of

2046:

Even though it was a time of great military strength for the Northern Wei, Rouran harassment from the north forced them to divert their focus from their southern expeditions. After uniting the north, Emperor Taiwu also conquered the powerful

3242:, which led to a wide diversification of political thought and philosophy by the time of the Northern and Southern dynasties. This era produced a myriad of writers that advocated practical systems of governance and administration, such as 3065:. At that time, the Northern Zhou intended to conquer Northern Qi and thus invited the Chen dynasty to help. Emperor Xuan agreed to help because he wanted to recover the lost territories south of the Huai River. In 573, he sent general 3912:. Angela Falco Howard, Boris Ilʹich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. 3129:

and smaller local powers to defeat the Northern Wei, the North and South were forced into tacitly acknowledging their equal status, for example, by granting each other the highest positions as the most esteemed envoys. As the

2458:

intended to convert large numbers of Han Chinese army recruits into "Xianbei" who would pay for their own equipment in exchange for tax exemptions. The policy was highly successful in boosting the state's military strength.

3782:. Note the antithesis between fathers and sons on the one hand, and younger brothers and older brothers on the other, both of which crimes are considered acts of great impiety according to the Confucian tenet known as the 2976:

with capital at Jiangling. Northern Qi also had designs on the Liang throne and sent an expedition under the banner of a cousin of Emperor Yuan. Chen Baxian and Wang Sengbian set up the last surviving son of Emperor Yuan,

2537:(557–589). As all of these dynasties had their capital at Jiankang (except for a brief interlude from 552 to 555), they are sometimes grouped together with Eastern Wu and Eastern Jin under the historiographic term "the 2477:, the Sui Dynasty was able to effectively conquer the south. After this conquest, the whole of China entered a new golden age of reunification under the centralization of the short-lived Sui dynasty and the succeeding 2911:

encouraged the flourishing education system. An avid poet, Emperor Wu was fond of gathering many literary talents at court, and even held poetry competitions with prizes of gold or silk for those considered the best.

2541:". The rulers of these short-lived dynasties were generals who seized and then held power for several decades but were unable to securely pass power of rule onto their heirs to continue their dynasty successfully. 2661:

because the imperial kinsmen stabilized their military power and wished to gain political power, Emperor Wu was afraid they would have thoughts of usurping the throne. Thus, he also frequently killed his kinsmen.

2869:. Xiao Baojuan was killed by one of his generals during the siege of his capital at Jiankang, and after a short puppet reign by Emperor He, Xiao Yan overthrew the Southern Qi and established the Liang dynasty. 3326:) became common, where educated men would meet and talk about philosophy all day without paying any attention to "mundane" things such as their profession or family. The phenomenon gradually waned during the 2696:, a noted leader of the Army of the Northern Garrison, he deprived himself of a formidable general to the great delight of the Northern Wei. Thus, they were unable to capitalize when Northern Wei suffered the 2357: 2943:

peace was unsustainable, so he broke the ceasefire and captured the palace, leading to the slaughter of the nearby populace. Emperor Wu was starved to death and after the short puppet reigns of crown prince

2461:

The Northern Zhou dynasty was able to defeat and conquer Northern Qi in 577, reunifying the north. However, this success was short-lived, as the Northern Zhou was overthrown in 581 by Yang Jian, who became

2676:, a different son, who soon killed the officials who supported him. Emperor Wen's reign was a period of relative political stability because of his frugality and good government; the period was called the 5821: 5461: 3101:

and waited until the South were harvesting their crops to entirely burn the farmland, crippling the strength of the Chen dynasty. In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui sent his son Yang Guang (who would become

3348:

Literature was particularly vibrant during the Southern Dynasty and tended to be flowery and frilly, while Northern Dynasty literature was rougher and more straightforward. Notable writers include

3681: 2019:

Due to Emperor Daowu's cruelty, he was killed by his son Tuoba Shao, but crown prince Tuoba Si managed to defeat Tuoba Shao and took the throne as Emperor Mingyuan. Though he managed to conquer

5958: 2703:

Emperor Wen was assassinated by Crown Prince Shao and Second Prince Jun in 453 after planning to punish them for witchcraft. However, they were both defeated by Third Prince Jun, who become

3050:

to conquer the Chen capital at Jiankang. Emperor Wen first defeated the combined forces of Northern Qi and Wang Lin before preventing the forces of Northern Zhou from entering the South at

3669: 1651:

accelerated among the non-Han ethnicities in the north and among the indigenous peoples in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism in both

5953: 3698: 3657: 4502:

He Xi (2013). "The Past tells it differently: the Myth of Native Subjugation in the Creation of Lineage Society in South China". In Cuiping He; David Faure; Ts'ui-p'ing Ho (eds.).

2861:, who killed high officials and governors at whim, sparking many revolts. The final revolt in 501 started after Xiao Baojuan killed his prime minister Xiao Yi, leading his brother 1655:

and Daoism gaining influence as well, with two essential Daoist canons written during this period. Notable technological advances occurred during this period. The invention of the

4802: 3645: 2031:

in 439, Emperor Taiwu united northern China, ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period and beginning the Northern and Southern dynasties period with their southern rivals, the Liu Song.

5492: 5135: 3054:. Furthermore, through Emperor Wen's extensive efforts at good governance, the economic situation of the South was greatly improved, restoring his kingdom's national strength. 31: 3308:

established a Neo-Daoist Academy and promoted it, along with Confucianism, literature, and history, as the four great subjects of study. A phenomenon known as "empty chat" (

2568:

Under the later waning leadership of the Chen dynasty, the southern Chinese were unable to resist the military power amassed in the north by Yang Jian, who declared himself

253: 3387:, flowery language, and classical allusions, became popular. Writings often spoke of removing oneself from everyday material existence and jettisoning cares and anxiety. 2575:

Aboriginal chiefs played an important active role in adapting to the dominant Chinese structure, rather than being forcibly subjugated. For instance, the aboriginal chief

5501: 5144: 5082: 5052: 3278:) of the Northern and Southern period. Much of the philosophy of the period is despondent and dispirited, and a number of scholars and poets became reclusive mountain 102: 56: 2394:

by 535. The Western regime was dominated by the sinicized nobles and their Han bureaucrats while the Eastern regime was controlled by the traditional steppe tribes.

5908: 5785: 5425: 3703: 3077:

attempted to take the throne. This stopped the southern advance of the northern troops. The respite was short though, as after Yang Jian defeated his rival General

1996:, the Northern Wei progressively expanded. The establishment of the early Northern Wei state and the economy were also greatly indebted to the father-son pair of 1616:(220–589). The period featured civil war and political chaos, but was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of 2322:

with beautiful statues and murals. Such promotion of the arts would continue for centuries at Dunhuang and is now one of China's greatest tourist attractions.

435:

Approximate territories of the Northern Qi dynasty (dark blue), Northern Zhou dynasty (light blue), Chen dynasty (red), and Western Liang dynasty (pink) in 560

3492:

The sophistication and complexity of the Chinese arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting, and playing of music reached new heights during this age. The earlier

5938: 5913: 5817: 5457: 5209: 2772:. The political situation was volatile. General Xiao Daocheng slowly gained power and eventually deposed Emperor Houfei in favor of his brother, who became 3500:, is regarded as one of the greatest poets of his day. His style and deep emotional expression in writing influenced later poets of this new age, such as 2494: 1868: 1565: 1505: 3394:, formalizing the rhyme patterns and meters that governed poem composition. However, scholars realized that ancient songs and poems, like those of the 3213: 2188: 2170: 1936: 5485: 5128: 4217:... Southern Song.105 We read the story of a certain Zhang Huan 張歡 in the Zhoushu, who married a sister of Emperor Xiaowu 宣武帝 of the Northern Wei (r. 5948: 3508:(307–365), was prized by many and considered a true form of personal expression like other arts. Painting became highly prized with artists such as 3202: 2111:

court eunuch and the favourite of Empress Dowager Wenming, patronized Buddhism lavishly. He constructed Cave 9–10, the most highly decorated of the

2981:, as Liang ruler, but he was not given the imperial title. After some defeats to the forces of Northern Qi, Wang Sengbian allowed their pretender, 2898:. The Liang dynasty's military strength gradually surpassed the strength of the Northern Wei, who suffered internal strife due to their policy of 2179: 3042:

had established an independent kingdom based in modern-day Hunan and Hubei provinces and was now starting to cause trouble. Wang Lin allied with

2287:'s sister was married to the ethnic Han Zhang Huan, son of Zhang Qiong. When the Eastern Jin dynasty ended, Northern Wei received the Jin prince 2915:

population fraudulently named themselves as such, badly damaging state finances. Imperial clansmen and officials were also greedy and wasteful.

5034: 1195: 5801: 5441: 4934: 4913: 4787: 4564: 4350: 4239: 4183: 4157: 3961: 3944: 3890: 3818: 3718: 1495: 3530:

Although multiple-story towers such as guard towers and residential apartments existed in previous periods, during this period the distinct

5773: 5769: 5478: 5413: 5409: 5121: 62: 5761: 5401: 2853:(his first son predeceased him), were dominated by Xiao Luan, Emperor's Wu's first cousin. He killed them in turn and crowned himself as 2008:

that ended favorably for the Northern Wei after they received help from Zhang Gun that allowed them to destroy the Later Yan army at the

1537: 699: 5556: 5219: 4375: 4210: 4075: 4046: 4019: 3477:, who applied familiar Daoist terms to describe Buddhism for other Chinese. The Chinese were in contact and influenced by cultures of 2769: 2757: 2261: 2088:. At this late stage in his life, Emperor Taiwu meted out cruel punishments, which led to his death in 452 at the hands of the eunuch 689: 1984:

restored the fortunes of the Tuoba clan, renaming his state Wei (now known as Northern Wei) with its capital at Shengle (near modern

1366: 4888: 4702: 4639: 4536: 4511: 4325: 4300: 3762: 3728: 279: 182: 120: 70: 149: 3061:. His uncle, Chen Xu, after essentially controlling the country through his short reign, eventually deposed him and took power as 5765: 5757: 5405: 5397: 5346: 5204: 5184: 5169: 3568: 2093: 1989: 2918:

Emperor Wu was willing to accept generals who defected from Northern Wei. So when Northern Wei suffered major revolts in their

5313: 5257: 5194: 5189: 2383: 2213: 2136: 1708: 3422:, who produced a (since-lost) glossary of Chinese transcriptions of Sanskrit terms "arranged according to the 14 sounds". The 2842:. He also used government secretaries appointed with provincial governors and members of the imperial clan to monitor them. 200: 5903: 5318: 5303: 5239: 5229: 5199: 4474: 4441: 4408: 4275: 3917: 3851: 3376: 3309: 3287: 3271: 3263: 2614: 2431: 2284: 1558: 1510: 553: 94: 2159: 5923: 5918: 5797: 5437: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5174: 5164: 4654:

Felt, David Jonathan. “The Metageography of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.” T’oung Pao 103, no. 4–5 (2017): 334–87.

3082: 1993: 1981: 1750: 1730: 1532: 1458: 1393: 605: 5832: 4202:

Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values

4200: 2629:'s rebellion, leading to his dominance over the Eastern Jin court. In order to gain popularity to take the throne he led 5928: 4994: 1468: 5666: 5100: 2973: 1277: 393: 5933: 5898: 5599: 5356: 5285: 3708: 3423: 2854: 2443: 1652: 1520: 658: 164: 5579: 5308: 5280: 5275: 5027: 4972: 2894:

Emperor Wu was economical, worked hard at governing, and cared for the common people. His early reign was known as

2781: 2704: 2610: 2143:

Clan from the Xianbei tribe, Emperor Xiaowen asserted his dual Xianbei-Han identity, renaming his own clan "Yuan" (

1525: 4987: 4556:

Cultural Convergence in the Northern Qi Period: A Flamboyant Chinese Ceramic Container : a Research Monograph

3239: 2906:). Emperor Wu supported the Northern Expeditions but did not aggressively take advantage of his victory in 516 at 2237: 1842:

maintenance of military strength. The court's designation of specific households for military service through the

1819: 1769: 1704: 1660: 1068: 1058: 1026: 160: 5609: 5584: 4173: 2866: 2838:. Emperor Wu made peace with the Northern Wei, content to protect his borders. This period of peace was known as 2835: 2108: 1833:

In the north, the Five Barbarians established numerous short-lived dynasties, leading to the period known as the

1551: 1488: 1453: 722: 632: 5749: 5636: 5389: 4147: 3629: 2944: 2803: 2773: 2761: 2665: 1780: 871: 216:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. 211: 3147:

It was during the Northern and Southern dynasties period that the earliest recorded mass migration of ethnic

1791:, the empire was put into grave danger by the uprising of northern non-Han peoples collectively known as the 5741: 5381: 3992: 3555: 3305: 2673: 2630: 2097: 1726: 430: 418: 3504:(365–427) or Tao Yuanming. Even during his lifetime, the written calligraphy of the "Sage of Calligraphy", 2552:, the great families, who monopolized political power until the mid-6th century. This class was created by 949: 5943: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5745: 5541: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5385: 3367:

continued to be a dominant genre, though the five-syllable form that achieved great prominence during the

3004: 2606: 1965: 1758: 1696: 1500: 1478: 1463: 668: 2080:) rebelled. After pacifying this rebellion, Emperor Taiwu, under the advice of his Daoist prime minister 1764:

Following a failed coup by the ruling Cao family against the Sima family, the final Cao ruler abdicated.

5777: 5753: 5737: 5656: 5646: 5417: 5393: 5377: 5020: 3251: 3093:. He proceeded to invade the south to reunify China. Emperor Xuan had just died and his incompetent son 2978: 2960: 2085: 2009: 1773: 1473: 890: 4175:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four

4092: 2895: 2839: 2798: 2503: 2370:

In the year 523, a revolt of several military garrisons broke out, the Rebellion of the Six Garrisons (

2102: 3109:

attempted to hide in a well but eventually were captured by Sui forces, thus ending the Chen dynasty.

241:|pg=Northern and Southern dynasties |language=zh |comments= }} 5721: 5561: 5551: 5526: 4744: 3343: 3062: 2469:

With greater military power and morale, along with convincing propaganda that the Chen dynasty ruler

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Though distantly related, the Southern Qi and the following Liang dynasty were members of the Xiao (

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Beginning in the 480s, the Northern Wei arranged for Han elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei

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forced the Eastern Wei emperor to abdicate in favor of his claim to the throne, establishing the

2293: 2288: 1848: 1788: 1637: 663: 589: 581: 238: 4466: 3843: 3765:

which mention his marriage to a Xianbei princess of Wei. His personal name was changed due to a

3057:

Following the death of Emperor Wen, his son, the weak-willed Chen Bozong, took power and became

2027:

threat to his northern flank, he engaged in a war to unite northern China. With the fall of the

249: 2269: 5224: 4930: 4909: 4884: 4818: 4783: 4775: 4698: 4635: 4604: 4560: 4532: 4507: 4470: 4437: 4433: 4404: 4400: 4371: 4346: 4321: 4296: 4271: 4267: 4235: 4206: 4179: 4153: 4071: 4063: 4042: 4015: 3940: 3913: 3886: 3880: 3847: 3814: 3723: 3713: 2650: 2646: 2474: 1997: 1909:. The Northern, Eastern, and Western Wei along with the Northern Zhou were established by the 1765: 1617: 1411: 734: 537: 529: 4554: 4229: 4036: 4009: 3934: 2545:(502–549) was the most notable ruler of his age, being a patron of the arts and of Buddhism. 5088: 5012: 4905: 4859: 4830: 4596: 4121: 3513: 3482: 3466: 3451: 3442: 3402:

over the previous centuries. The introduction of Buddhism to China, which began in the late

3391: 3160: 2681: 2677: 2589: 2522: 2514: 2112: 1957: 1856: 1834: 1712: 1605: 1601: 1583: 1090: 648: 640: 464: 441: 423:

Approximate territories of the Northern Wei dynasty (blue) and Liu Song dynasty (red) in 440

316: 17: 3457:

The southern dynasties of China were rich in cultural achievement, with the flourishing of

3390:

Poets of the Northern and Southern dynasties focused on imitating older classical poets of

2345: 5877: 4976: 3601: 3238:'s unchallenged domination of Chinese culture and thought was greatly weakened during the 2907: 2827: 2056: 1977: 1792: 515: 4097:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. pp. 86, 87, 88. 3473:. The southern Chinese were influenced greatly by the writings of Buddhist monks such as 2548:

The Southern dynasties, except for the last Chen dynasty, were strongly dominated by the

2139:(reigned 471–499), whose father was a Xianbei, but whose mother was Han. Although of the 499: 2668:

ruled briefly before being judged incompetent and killed by government officials led by

5858: 4899: 4850:——— (1939). "Marginalia to The Histories of The Northern Dynasties". 4459: 3836: 3779: 3605: 3531: 3470: 3427: 2303: 2084:, proscribed Buddhism — the first of the persecutions of Chinese Buddhism known as the 2028: 1878: 1734: 1700: 1483: 992: 909: 4504:

Chieftains Into Ancestors Imperial Expansion and Indigenous Society in Southwest China

3997:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. 1983. p. 86. 3465:, especially the latter as two new canons of scriptural writings were created for the 3185:

When the Jin court fled south they continued to speak in the refined common language,

5892: 5651: 5619: 5470: 5338: 5113: 5096: 5074: 4924: 4529:

The People between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200-750 CE

4426: 4393: 4260: 3808: 3687:

Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 562: Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Liang and Chen

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gradually increased in popularity. In the Southern Dynasty, a type of essay known as

3304:). Neo-Daoism was highly influential during the Southern Dynasty, to the point that 3152: 3043: 2982: 2952: 2878: 2538: 2530: 2498: 2447: 2416: 2407: 1906: 1664: 1613: 782: 749: 366: 336: 4964: 3963:

Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)

3572:

of Liang by Xiao Yi. Foreign emissaries to the Liang court, from right to left: Uar(

2034: 5846: 5698: 5604: 5594: 5156: 5104: 5058: 4110:"Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386-618)" 3783: 3766: 3573: 3559: 3524: 3501: 3368: 3331: 3235: 3019: 2999: 2923: 2899: 2883: 2858: 2850: 2534: 2478: 2454:

these military families, both men and women, were often expert riders and archers.

2412: 2299: 2280: 2198: 2062: 1976:

resulted in the collapse of the Former Qin. The grandson of the last prince of Dai

1949: 1941: 1926: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1838: 1718: 1684: 1648: 1633: 1357: 1333: 1320: 1307: 1251: 1232: 1222: 1210: 1148: 862: 852: 829: 598: 471: 384: 308: 3538:, the latter originating from Buddhist traditions of protecting sutras in ancient 2594: 3073:

In a stroke of fortune, Northern Zhou's Emperor Wu suddenly died and his general

2645:

by 416. He gave up Guanzhong to try to take the throne. Because he believed in a

1913:

people while the Northern Qi was established by a Xianbei-influenced ethnic Han.

5870: 5726: 5589: 5571: 5295: 5267: 5249: 5092: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5004: 3621: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3361: 3327: 3247: 3148: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3047: 2956: 2846: 2793: 2777: 2557: 2526: 2470: 2435: 2403: 2391: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2257: 2253: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1882: 1804: 1722: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1641: 1625: 1612:. It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the 1448: 1264: 1135: 979: 969: 959: 937: 924: 758: 375: 355: 346: 326: 4581: 4465:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4432:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4399:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4318:

Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History

4266:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 3512:(344–406), who largely established the tradition of landscape art in classical 3842:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3733: 3625: 3593: 3505: 3282:

living apart from society. Of these various trends, the most influential was

3066: 2756:

Emperor Xiaowu died naturally in 464 and was succeeded by his son, who became

2669: 2127:

represented the minority of the populace where centers of power were located.

2069: 1969: 1815: 1776:

occurred in 280, ending the Three Kingdoms period and reuniting China proper.

1742: 1016: 805: 4608: 3675:

Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 541: Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Liang

2274: 5684: 5641: 5234: 5214: 3609: 3509: 3415: 3098: 2939: 2935: 2693: 2642: 2626: 2576: 2439: 2424: 2387: 2005: 1668: 546: 2135:

Widespread social and cultural transformation in northern China came with

5679: 5674: 5546: 5513: 5328: 5179: 4066:. In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). 3613: 3517: 3458: 3431: 3407: 3353: 3259: 3255: 3122: 3117:

After the failure of the Liu Song's efforts to form an alliance with the

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This article is about the Chinese historical period. For other uses, see

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Institutions of learning in the south were also renowned, including the

2902:. In 503, the Northern Wei invaded but were defeated at Zhongli (modern 1749:, but they were initially in a relatively stable formation. After a 249 5323: 4945:

Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty

4871: 4842: 4616: 4133: 4109: 3663:

Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 497: Northern Wei and Southern Qi

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and continued through the Tang dynasty, introduced Chinese scholars to

3395: 3283: 3243: 3227: 3126: 3051: 3023: 2968: 2964: 2553: 2148: 2123: 2089: 2081: 2039: 2016:(modern-day Datong). That same year he declared himself Emperor Daowu. 2012:. Following this victory, Tuoba Gui conquered the Later Yan capital of 2001: 1945: 1910: 1843: 1827: 1800: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1679:. Intellectuals of the period include the mathematician and astronomer 1656: 1629: 1159: 1010: 1004: 3418:

organization, arrived in China in the 5th century, and was studied by

2865:

to revolt under the banner of Xiao Baojuan's brother who was declared

2092:. His death sparked off turmoil that only ended with the ascension of 4091:

Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1983).

4070:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 156–165. 3581: 3577: 3486: 3462: 3349: 3317: 3295: 3279: 3118: 2903: 2024: 2013: 1985: 1859:, which officially began the Northern and Southern dynasties period. 1621: 1591: 4863: 4834: 4600: 4125: 3651:

Northern and Southern Dynasties circa 460: Northern Wei and Liu Song

167:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3516:(to learn more, refer to the "Far East" section of the article for 2780:, Xiao forced Emperor Shun to yield the throne and crowned himself 4898:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).

4632:

China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386-535: The Struggle for Legitimacy

3617: 3589: 3585: 3539: 3535: 3478: 3447: 3441: 3010: 2882: 2811: 2797: 2638: 2593: 2509: 2502: 2420: 2411: 2208: 2140: 2061: 2033: 1961: 1935: 1822:. Cementing their power in the south, the Eastern Jin established 4821:(1938). "Marginalia to The Histories of The Northern Dynasties". 2947:

and Xiao Dong, Hou seized power and established the Han dynasty.

2313:

In the year 523, Prince Dongyang of the Northern Wei was sent to

1667:

as a combat standard. Historians also note advances in medicine,

1604:

that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the

2390:

took control of the west and the traditional Chinese capital of

2298:

as a refugee, and he married a Northern Wei Princess. Their son

5474: 5117: 5016: 2653:, he deposed the former and, soon afterwards, his replacement, 233:

have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add

1818:

and reestablished the dynasty, known in historiography as the

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The Jin were succeeded by a series of short-lived dynasties:

610: 4064:"9. Crime and Punishment The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu" 3481:

and trading partners farther south, such as the kingdoms of

2751:

and behind, one sees younger brothers killing older brothers

4926:

China between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties

2326:

Split into Eastern Wei (534–550) and Western Wei (535–557)

4970:

Early Imperial China: A Working Collection of Resources

3534:

tower (for storing Buddhist scriptures) evolved from the

1779:

The Western Jin dynasty was severely weakened due to the

1757:, the Sima family essentially controlled Cao Wei and the 586: 572: 558: 3699:

Military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties

219: 156: 4370:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15, 143. 1964:

family of the Xianbei were the rulers of the state of

254:

Knowledge (XXG):Pages needing translation into English

5830: 2711:. The following ballad gives an idea of those times: 534: 520: 504: 490: 476: 4901:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

1851:(Emperor Wu of Liu Song) seized the throne from the 1632:. The period came to an end with the unification of 1376: 1298: 1178: 1111: 1041: 915: 307: 32:

Northern and Southern Courts period (disambiguation)

5697: 5665: 5618: 5570: 5512: 5337: 5294: 5266: 5248: 5155: 5081: 5051: 2004:. Tuoba Gui engaged in numerous conflicts with the 604: 597: 580: 566: 552: 545: 528: 514: 498: 484: 470: 463: 458: 440: 407: 4458: 4425: 4392: 4259: 4234:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. 18–. 4152:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. 30–. 3835: 1988:). Under the rule of Emperors Daowu (Tuoba Gui), 1881:to unite northern China and ended in 589 when the 5959:States and territories disestablished in the 580s 2398:Northern Qi (550–577) and Northern Zhou (557–581) 2076:At this point, followers of the Buddhist Gai Wu ( 4695:The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History 3939:. University of California Press. pp. 80–. 1733:rebellions, China eventually coalesced into the 4671:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Page 44. 3704:Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynasties 3258:and Bao Jingyan of the Eastern Jin, as well as 97:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 5954:States and territories established in the 420s 4531:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 172–195. 3624:stocks), whom dwell close to Hephthalite; Mo ( 3489:(located in modern-day Cambodia and Vietnam). 3330:, though it did not fully disappear until the 2438:dynasty (551–577). Afterward, Yuwen Tai's son 2382:took control of the east and Luoyang (holding 2264:'s sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded to 5486: 5129: 5028: 4965:Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties 4582:"Teng-Hsien: An Important Six Dynasties Tomb" 2745: 2735: 2725: 2715: 2649:saying there would be one more emperor after 2051:kingdom and subjugated the other kingdoms of 1889:. It can be divided into three time periods: 1873:The Northern dynasties began in 439 when the 1559: 446: 8: 4293:China's Cosmopolitan Empire The Tang Dynasty 4178:. BRILL. 22 September 2014. pp. 1566–. 4094:Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 27–30 3398:, in many instances no longer rhymed due to 2845:The short reigns of Emperor Wu's grandsons, 1600:) was a period of political division in the 222:. The original article is under "中文" in the 4697:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93. 3030:Emperor Wu of Chen came from the region of 2386:as a puppet ruler) by 534, while his rival 1847:of external invasion, however, but because 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5624: 5493: 5479: 5471: 5136: 5122: 5114: 5035: 5021: 5013: 4981: 4782:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 303. 4559:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. 3936:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society 2938:, the grandson of the former crown prince 2731:the little river flows against the current 2495:List of emperors of the Southern dynasties 1869:List of emperors of the Northern dynasties 1624:. The period saw large-scale migration of 1566: 1552: 1382: 1377: 1299: 1184: 1179: 1112: 1047: 1042: 916: 627: 455: 295:Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) 293: 4747:(1999). "Chinese traditional phonology". 4719:Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei Chao de Xueshu yu Xinyang 2228:) of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang ( 280:Learn how and when to remove this message 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 121:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Period in Chinese history from 420 to 589 4506:. UBC Press. pp. 138–142, 163–164. 4295:. Harvard University Press. p. 13. 4120:(3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 322. 4041:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. 4014:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. 3003: 2657:in 420, ending the Eastern Jin dynasty. 2633:against the Sixteen Kingdoms, capturing 1814:(Emperor Yuan of Jin) fled south of the 1810:However, a scion of the imperial house, 1799:of 311, when the Five Barbarians sacked 5837: 4231:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD 4149:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD 3909:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD 3799: 3750: 3641: 3038:. After the fall of Liang, the general 3014:statues from the Yongning Tomb of the 2741:in front, one sees sons killing fathers 2664:After the death of Emperor Wu, his son 639: 5909:6th-century disestablishments in China 4954:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 4253: 4251: 3757:His name is given as Zhang Xin in the 2473:was a decadent ruler who had lost the 2038:Northern Wei officer. Tomb statuette, 1972:, the defeat of the Former Qin at the 1783:from 291 to 306. During the reigns of 588: 536: 404: 4680: 4656:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566294 4489: 4316:Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt (2005). 3866: 3719:List of tributaries of Imperial China 3360:of the Northern Dynasty. In poetry, 1774:conquest of Eastern Wu by Western Jin 1768:(Emperor Wu of Jin) then founded the 335: 7: 2784:, thus ending the Liu Song dynasty. 2776:. After defeating the rival general 1826:on the existing site of Jianye (now 5939:Former countries in Chinese history 5914:5th-century establishments in China 4780:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology 4551:"Late 5th to early 6th century" in 3979: 2814:. Southern Dynasties, circa 500 CE. 2625:in 383. In 404, he helped suppress 2351:Civil officer, Western Wei, 535–557 1968:. Although it was conquered by the 1837:in historiography. Eventually, the 1647:During this period, the process of 4852:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4823:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4341:Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007). 4114:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4068:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook 3879:Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007). 3778:The ballad rhymes in the original 2262:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei 2201:and some of its artefacts, 484 CE. 2072:Maitreya gilt-bronze figurine, 443 25: 4947:. University of California Press. 4881:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 4634:. Routledge. pp. 88–89, 95. 4461:A History of Chinese Civilization 4428:A History of Chinese Civilization 4395:A History of Chinese Civilization 4262:A History of Chinese Civilization 3838:A History of Chinese Civilization 3810:The Dynasties of China: A History 3763:History of the Northern Dynasties 3729:Empress Dowager Hu (Northern Wei) 3163:points out this fact by stating: 52:This article has multiple issues. 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 3813:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3569:Portraits of Periodical Offering 3547: 3212: 3201: 3151:to southern China (south of the 2442:seized the throne of power from 2356: 2344: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2158: 1725:in 220 due in large part to the 1717:After the collapse of a unified 647: 429: 417: 199: 137: 82: 41: 5949:Northern and Southern dynasties 5044:Northern and Southern dynasties 4553:Valenstein, Suzanne G. (2007). 3450:and painted figurines from the 2972:Wei set up the puppet state of 2959:defeated Hou, crowning himself 2609:was originally a leader of the 2384:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei 2214:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei 2137:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei 1741:was the strongest, followed by 1709:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 1663:helped spur the development of 1580:Northern and Southern dynasties 611: 587: 573: 559: 408:Northern and Southern dynasties 60:or discuss these issues on the 3380: 3322: 3313: 3300: 3291: 3275: 3267: 3172:core area of Chinese culture. 2746: 2736: 2726: 2716: 2618: 2363:Soldiers, Eastern Wei, 534-550 2285:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei 1759:conquest of Shu Han by Cao Wei 1596: 1506:Science and technology history 535: 521: 505: 491: 477: 447: 1: 5786:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 5426:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 4368:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 4011:Women in Early Medieval China 3994:Papers on Far Eastern History 3226:(550–577 AD) in Jiuyuangang, 3083:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou 3081:, he usurped the throne from 2611:Army of the Northern Garrison 2224:), married Princess Lanling ( 2197:Tomb of Northern Wei General 876: 835: 811: 788: 764: 705: 4995:Dynasties in Chinese history 4929:. Harvard University Press. 4580:Juliano, Annette L. (1980). 4527:Catherine Churchman (2016). 3933:Rubie Sharon Watson (1991). 3600:(鄧至) of Qiang ethnic group; 2721:Looking toward Jiankang city 18:Northern and Southern period 4952:Buddhism in Chinese History 4943:Miller, Roy Andrew (1959): 4923:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). 4669:Buddhism in Chinese History 4589:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 3709:Northern and southern China 3157:Buddhism in Chinese History 2855:Emperor Ming of Southern Qi 2444:Emperor Gong of Western Wei 2430:Eventually, Gao Huan's son 1807:met a similar fate in 316. 1653:northern and southern China 163:the claims made and adding 5975: 4950:Wright, Arthur F. (1959). 4667:Wright, Arthur F. (1959). 4343:Six Dynasties Civilization 4320:. Routledge. p. 103. 4291:Mark Edward Lewis (2012). 4205:. Routledge. p. 242. 3960:Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). 3906:Watt, James C. Y. (2004). 3882:Six Dynasties Civilization 3807:Gascoigne, Bamber (2003). 3562:(960–1279) copy of a lost 3341: 2997: 2876: 2791: 2782:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi 2587: 2492: 2401: 2329: 1924: 1866: 1694: 1683:(429–500), and astronomer 29: 5735: 5627: 5375: 5001: 4992: 4984: 4366:Marc S. Abramson (2011). 4345:. Yale University Press. 3885:. Yale University Press. 3414:, with its sophisticated 2926:to support the pretender 2867:Emperor He of Southern Qi 2836:Emperor Wu of Southern Qi 2823: 2819: 2685: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:royalty, Princess Jinan ( 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2144: 2118:In the first half of the 2077: 1587: 1380: 1302: 1182: 1115: 1045: 919: 622: 454: 428: 416: 412: 325: 315: 302: 299: 4879:Graff, David A. (2002). 4693:Andrew Chittick (2020). 3630:National Museum of China 3430:were first described by 2216:married Han elites: the 1830:) as their new capital. 1781:War of the Eight Princes 4457:Jacques Gernet (1996). 4424:Jacques Gernet (1996). 4391:Jacques Gernet (1996). 4258:Jacques Gernet (1996). 4108:Wang, Yi-t’ung (1953). 4038:Women in Imperial China 3834:Jacques Gernet (1996). 3769:on the emperor's name. 3566:original from 526-539: 3306:Emperor Wen of Liu Song 2920:northern garrison towns 2840:Yongming Administration 2822:) family from Lanling ( 2621:) that notably won the 2572:and invaded the south. 1944:terracotta soldiers in 220:enhance the translation 4199:Adamek, Piotr (2017). 3471:Numinous Treasure Sect 3454: 3222:Murals from a tomb of 3169: 3027: 2922:, he sent his general 2891: 2815: 2802:Brick relief from the 2602: 2600:Emperor Wu of Liu Song 2518: 2427: 2096:later that same year. 2073: 2043: 1966:Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms) 1953: 1921:Northern Wei (386–535) 1697:End of the Han dynasty 1628:to lands south of the 5904:589 disestablishments 4745:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 4717:Zou Jiwan 邹纪万, 1992. 4062:Lee, Jen-der (2014). 4035:Hinsch, Bret (2016). 4008:Hinsch, Bret (2018). 3445: 3342:Further information: 3252:Three Kingdoms Period 3165: 3007: 2961:Emperor Yuan of Liang 2886: 2801: 2788:Southern Qi (479–502) 2672:, replacing him with 2597: 2513:of the Chuning Tomb, 2506: 2493:Further information: 2415: 2248:), Princess Nanyang ( 2086:Three Disasters of Wu 2065: 2037: 2010:Battle of Canhe Slope 1939: 1867:Further information: 1705:Jin dynasty (266–420) 1661:Jin dynasty (266–420) 1371:(mainland, 1912–1949) 248:to the bottom of the 5924:6th century in China 5919:5th century in China 5225:Prince of Changguang 5210:Daughter of Xiaoming 5180:Prince Yin of Nan'an 4975:25 June 2010 at the 3344:Six Dynasties poetry 3085:and established the 3063:Emperor Xuan of Chen 2120:Northern Wei dynasty 1839:Northern Wei dynasty 5929:Civil wars in China 5605:Marquess of Donghun 4630:Puning Liu (2020). 3869:, pp. 130–135. 3759:Book of Northern Qi 3467:Supreme Purity sect 3224:Northern Qi Dynasty 3103:Emperor Yang of Sui 3089:, crowning himself 3059:Emperor Fei of Chen 3036:Emperor Wen of Chen 3016:Emperor Wen of Chen 2889:Emperor Wu of Liang 2623:Battle of Fei River 2543:Emperor Wu of Liang 2450:dynasty (557–580). 2446:, establishing the 2279:. According to the 2266:Emperor Wu of Liang 2236:), a descendant of 1974:Battle of Fei River 1853:Emperor Gong of Jin 1820:Eastern Jin dynasty 1797:Disaster of Yongjia 1785:Emperor Huai of Jin 1770:Western Jin dynasty 1723:Eastern Han dynasty 1659:during the earlier 1610:Eastern Jin dynasty 303:Southern dynasties 300:Northern dynasties 296: 5934:Dynasties of China 5899:420 establishments 5506:Southern dynasties 5149:Northern dynasties 5083:Southern dynasties 5053:Northern dynasties 4819:Boodberg, Peter A. 4776:Baxter, William H. 4725:中国通史, vol. 5, 165. 4683:, pp. 2, 6–7. 3739:Jinping Commandery 3469:and its rival the 3455: 3446:Northern Wei wall 3091:Emperor Wen of Sui 3028: 3022:, Qixia District, 2988:Emperor Wu of Chen 2892: 2816: 2603: 2584:Liu Song (420–479) 2570:Emperor Wen of Sui 2519: 2489:Southern dynasties 2464:Emperor Wen of Sui 2428: 2074: 2044: 1954: 1863:Northern dynasties 1789:Emperor Min of Jin 1761:rapidly followed. 1731:Five Pecks of Rice 1386: 1196:Five Dynasties and 1188: 1123:Southern dynasties 1051: 950:Chu–Han Contention 294: 148:possibly contains 101:You can assist by 5828: 5827: 5693: 5692: 5642:Prince of Yuzhang 5595:Prince of Hailing 5468: 5467: 5111: 5110: 5011: 5010: 5002:Succeeded by 4936:978-0-674-02605-6 4915:978-0-618-13384-0 4789:978-3-11-012324-1 4566:978-1-58839-211-4 4492:, pp. 69–73. 4352:978-0-300-07404-8 4241:978-1-58839-126-1 4185:978-90-04-27185-2 4159:978-1-58839-126-1 3946:978-0-520-07124-7 3892:978-0-300-07404-8 3820:978-0-786-71219-9 3724:Buddhism in China 3714:Chinese sovereign 3620:(白題, of similar 3018:(r. 559–566 AD), 2896:Reign of Tianjian 2605:Liu Song founder 2475:Mandate of Heaven 2244:) to Lu Daoqian ( 1948:uniform, tomb of 1885:extinguished the 1618:Mahayana Buddhism 1576: 1575: 1533:Transport history 1459:Education history 1431: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1412:Republic of China 1394:People's Republic 1367:Republic of China 1346: 1345: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1175: 1174: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1039: 1038: 942:(206 BC – 220 AD) 872:Spring and Autumn 735:Liao civilization 626: 625: 618: 617: 554:Yale Romanization 465:Standard Mandarin 403: 402: 290: 289: 282: 272: 271: 257: 234: 193: 192: 185: 150:original research 131: 130: 123: 75: 16:(Redirected from 5966: 5881: 5880: 5869: 5868: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5625: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5014: 4985:Preceded by 4982: 4940: 4919: 4906:Houghton Mifflin 4894: 4875: 4858:(3/4): 230–283. 4846: 4829:(3/4): 223–253. 4805: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723:Zhongguo Tongshi 4721:魏晋南北朝的学术与信仰, in 4715: 4709: 4708: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4464: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4431: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4398: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4265: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3841: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3804: 3787: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3551: 3514:Chinese painting 3452:Yungang Grottoes 3382: 3324: 3315: 3302: 3293: 3277: 3270:), and Fan Xun ( 3269: 3216: 3205: 3161:Arthur F. Wright 2825: 2821: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2687: 2678:Reign of Yuanjia 2620: 2590:Liu Song dynasty 2556:during the late 2515:Liu Song dynasty 2360: 2348: 2302:in turn married 2297: 2278: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2162: 2146: 2113:Yungang Grottoes 2106: 2094:Emperor Wencheng 2079: 1958:Sixteen Kingdoms 1857:Liu Song dynasty 1855:and founded the 1835:Sixteen Kingdoms 1713:Sixteen Kingdoms 1606:Sixteen Kingdoms 1602:history of China 1598: 1589: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1496:Military history 1454:Economic history 1442:Related articles 1419: 1401: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1339: 1326: 1313: 1300: 1283: 1270: 1257: 1238: 1228: 1216: 1203: 1185: 1180: 1164: 1154: 1141: 1128: 1113: 1096: 1091:Sixteen Kingdoms 1074: 1064: 1048: 1043: 1032: 998: 985: 975: 965: 955: 943: 930: 917: 895: 887: 885: 881: 878: 868: 858: 846: 844: 840: 837: 822: 820: 816: 813: 799: 797: 793: 790: 775: 773: 769: 766: 716: 714: 710: 707: 651: 641:History of China 628: 614: 613: 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3002: 2996: 2881: 2875: 2873:Liang (502–557) 2828:Cangshan County 2796: 2790: 2758:Emperor Qianfei 2592: 2586: 2501: 2491: 2410: 2402:Main articles: 2400: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2338: 2330:Main articles: 2328: 2291: 2272: 2232:) to Sima Fei ( 2220:royal Liu Hui ( 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2133: 2100: 2057:Western Regions 1978:Tuoba Shiyijian 1934: 1929: 1923: 1871: 1865: 1793:Five Barbarians 1715: 1695:Main articles: 1693: 1572: 1543: 1542: 1538:Women's history 1444: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1375: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1311: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1241: 1236: 1226: 1214: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1022: 996: 988: 983: 973: 964:(202 BC – 9 AD) 963: 953: 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5565: 5564: 5559: 5557:Latter Deposed 5554: 5549: 5547:Former Deposed 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4967: 4960: 4959:External links 4957: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4847: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4795: 4788: 4767: 4755:(2): 101–137. 4736: 4727: 4710: 4703: 4685: 4673: 4660: 4647: 4640: 4622: 4572: 4565: 4544: 4537: 4519: 4512: 4494: 4482: 4475: 4449: 4442: 4416: 4409: 4383: 4377:978-0812201017 4376: 4358: 4351: 4333: 4326: 4308: 4301: 4283: 4276: 4247: 4240: 4221: 4212:978-1351565219 4211: 4191: 4184: 4165: 4158: 4139: 4100: 4083: 4077:978-0231531009 4076: 4054: 4048:978-1442271661 4047: 4027: 4021:978-1538117972 4020: 4000: 3984: 3972: 3952: 3945: 3925: 3918: 3898: 3891: 3871: 3859: 3852: 3826: 3819: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3780:Middle Chinese 3771: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3532:Chinese pagoda 3439: 3436: 3428:Middle Chinese 3383:), which used 3339: 3336: 3221: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3144: 3141: 3114: 3111: 2998:Main article: 2995: 2994:Chen (557–589) 2992: 2963:. His brother 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2792:Main article: 2789: 2786: 2770:Emperor Houfei 2754: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2705:Emperor Xiaowu 2641:and, briefly, 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2533:(502–557) and 2490: 2487: 2399: 2396: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2327: 2324: 2304:Northern Liang 2256:, a member of 2196: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2132: 2129: 2029:Northern Liang 1933: 1930: 1925:Main article: 1922: 1919: 1879:Northern Liang 1877:conquered the 1864: 1861: 1735:Three Kingdoms 1701:Three Kingdoms 1692: 1689: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469:Jewish history 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1400:(1949–present) 1389: 1387: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1328: 1327: 1315: 1314: 1303: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1274: 1271: 1261: 1258: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1229: 1218: 1217: 1205: 1204: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1143: 1142: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1021: 1020: 1000: 999: 993:Three Kingdoms 987: 986: 976: 966: 956: 945: 944: 932: 931: 920: 914: 908: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 897: 896: 891:Warring States 888: 859: 848: 847: 824: 823: 801: 800: 796: 1046 BC 777: 776: 772: 1600 BC 754: 748: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 718: 717: 713: 2000 BC 694: 693: 685: 679: 678: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 669:Historiography 666: 661: 653: 652: 644: 643: 637: 636: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 608: 602: 601: 595: 594: 584: 578: 577: 570: 564: 563: 556: 550: 549: 547:Yue: Cantonese 543: 542: 532: 526: 525: 518: 512: 511: 502: 496: 495: 488: 482: 481: 474: 468: 467: 461: 460: 459:Transcriptions 452: 451: 444: 438: 437: 434: 426: 425: 422: 414: 413: 410: 409: 401: 400: 391: 382: 373: 363: 362: 353: 343: 342: 333: 332: 323: 322: 314: 305: 304: 301: 288: 287: 270: 269: 207: 205: 198: 191: 190: 145: 143: 136: 129: 128: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5971: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Medieval Asia 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5838: 5834: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5667:Western Liang 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5339:Northern Zhou 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5106: 5102: 5101:Western Liang 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:Northern Zhou 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4890:0-415-23954-0 4886: 4883:. Routledge. 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4704:9780190937560 4700: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4641:9781000283143 4637: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4538:9781442258600 4534: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4513:9780774823685 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4327:9781135790950 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4302:9780674265417 4298: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564:Liang dynasty 3561: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412:Brahmi script 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392:Ancient China 3388: 3386: 3385:metered rhyme 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3352:, Xing Fang, 3351: 3345: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3265: 3262:, Xing Shao ( 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3204: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Yangtze River 3150: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044:Northern Zhou 3041: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2983:Xiao Yuanming 2980: 2975: 2974:Western Liang 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953:Wang Sengbian 2948: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2879:Liang dynasty 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:Dengxian tomb 2800: 2795: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698:Wuqi Incident 2695: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539:Six Dynasties 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2499:Six Dynasties 2496: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2448:Northern Zhou 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Northern Zhou 2414: 2409: 2408:Northern Zhou 2405: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2359: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2310:'s daughter. 2309: 2306:Xiongnu King 2305: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2239: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1932:Rise to power 1931: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1907:Northern Zhou 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727:Yellow Turban 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:heavy cavalry 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Six Dynasties 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:Naval history 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484:Music history 1482: 1480: 1479:Media history 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1464:Legal history 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1418:1949–present) 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1233:Southern Song 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223:Northern Song 1220: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 990: 989: 982: 981: 977: 972: 971: 967: 962: 961: 957: 952: 951: 947: 946: 940: 939: 935: 934: 927: 926: 922: 921: 918: 911: 905: 904: 892: 889: 884: 476 BC 873: 870: 869: 865: 864: 860: 857:(1046–771 BC) 855: 854: 850: 849: 843: 256 BC 832: 831: 827: 826: 808: 807: 803: 802: 785: 784: 780: 779: 761: 760: 756: 755: 751: 745: 744: 737: 736: 731: 730: 725: 724: 720: 719: 702: 701: 697: 696: 692: 691: 687: 686: 682: 676: 675: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 655: 654: 650: 646: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629: 621: 609: 607: 603: 600: 596: 590: 585: 583: 579: 571: 569: 565: 557: 555: 551: 548: 544: 538: 533: 531: 527: 519: 517: 513: 507:Nan pei ch'ao 503: 501: 497: 489: 487: 483: 475: 473: 469: 466: 462: 457: 453: 445: 443: 439: 432: 427: 420: 415: 411: 406: 395: 394:Western Liang 392: 386: 383: 377: 374: 368: 367:Northern Zhou 365: 364: 357: 354: 348: 345: 344: 338: 334: 328: 324: 318: 310: 306: 298: 292: 284: 281: 266: 255: 251: 240: 232: 225: 221: 215: 213: 208:This article 206: 202: 197: 196: 187: 184: 176: 166: 162: 158: 152: 151: 146:This article 144: 135: 134: 125: 122: 114: 104: 98: 96: 91:This article 89: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5774:N. Dynasties 5770:S. Dynasties 5414:N. Dynasties 5410:S. Dynasties 5157:Northern Wei 5059:Northern Wei 5043: 4993: 4951: 4944: 4925: 4900: 4880: 4855: 4851: 4826: 4822: 4798: 4779: 4770: 4765:pp. 107–108. 4752: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4694: 4688: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4592: 4588: 4575: 4555: 4547: 4528: 4522: 4503: 4497: 4485: 4460: 4452: 4427: 4419: 4394: 4386: 4367: 4361: 4342: 4336: 4317: 4311: 4292: 4286: 4261: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4201: 4194: 4174: 4168: 4148: 4142: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4093: 4086: 4067: 4057: 4037: 4030: 4010: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3975: 3962: 3955: 3935: 3928: 3908: 3901: 3881: 3874: 3862: 3837: 3829: 3809: 3802: 3774: 3767:naming taboo 3753: 3574:Hephthalites 3567: 3560:Song dynasty 3529: 3525:Zongmingguan 3522: 3491: 3456: 3416:phonological 3400:sound shifts 3389: 3372: 3369:Tang dynasty 3362: 3347: 3332:Tang dynasty 3321: 3299: 3236:Confucianism 3234: 3186: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3146: 3143:Demographics 3135: 3131: 3116: 3072: 3056: 3029: 3020:Chen Dynasty 3009: 3000:Chen dynasty 2979:Xiao Fangzhi 2949: 2924:Chen Qingzhi 2917: 2913: 2900:sinicization 2893: 2887:Portrait of 2859:Xiao Baojuan 2851:Xiao Zhaowen 2844: 2826:, in modern 2817: 2774:Emperor Shun 2766: 2762:Emperor Ming 2755: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2702: 2690: 2666:Emperor Shao 2663: 2659: 2655:Emperor Gong 2604: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2549: 2547: 2520: 2508: 2507:The eastern 2483: 2479:Tang dynasty 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2429: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2312: 2300:Sima Jinlong 2281:Book of Zhou 2206: 2199:Sima Jinlong 2134: 2131:Sinicization 2117: 2107:, an ethnic 2075: 2067:Northern Wei 2052: 2045: 2018: 1960:period, the 1955: 1950:Sima Jinlong 1942:Northern Wei 1927:Northern Wei 1915: 1899:Western Weis 1891:Northern Wei 1887:Chen dynasty 1875:Northern Wei 1872: 1832: 1809: 1778: 1763: 1737:. Of these, 1719:China proper 1716: 1685:Tao Hongjing 1649:sinicization 1646: 1634:China proper 1597:Nán běi cháo 1595: 1579: 1577: 1474:LGBT history 1410: 1392: 1365: 1332: 1319: 1306: 1276: 1263: 1250: 1231: 1221: 1209: 1198:Ten Kingdoms 1194: 1147: 1134: 1121:Northern and 1120: 1119: 1089: 1067: 1057: 1025: 1015: 1009: 1003: 997:(220–280 AD) 991: 978: 968: 958: 954:(206–202 BC) 948: 936: 929:(221–207 BC) 923: 894:(475–221 BC) 867:(771–256 BC) 863:Eastern Zhou 861: 853:Western Zhou 851: 828: 804: 781: 757: 733: 727: 721: 698: 688: 612:Lâm-pak-tiâu 599:Southern Min 522:Nán běi cháo 478:Nán běi cháo 472:Hanyu Pinyin 309:Northern Wei 291: 276: 263:January 2024 260: 237:{{ 230: 223: 214:from Chinese 209: 179: 173:January 2024 170: 147: 117: 111:January 2024 108: 95:copy editing 93:may require 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 5883:Middle Ages 5766:16 Kingdoms 5572:Southern Qi 5406:16 Kingdoms 5296:Northern Qi 5268:Western Wei 5250:Eastern Wei 5093:Southern Qi 5071:Northern Qi 5067:Eastern Wei 5063:Western Wei 5005:Sui dynasty 4988:Jin dynasty 3622:Hephthalite 3420:Xie Lingyun 3404:Han dynasty 3358:Wen Zisheng 3328:Sui dynasty 3248:Zhuge Liang 3240:Jin dynasty 3107:Zhang Lihua 3095:Chen Shubao 3087:Sui dynasty 3079:Yuchi Jiong 3048:Northern Qi 2957:Chen Baxian 2847:Xiao Zhaoye 2794:Southern Qi 2778:Shen Youzhi 2674:Emperor Wen 2631:expeditions 2558:Han dynasty 2529:(479–502), 2527:Southern Qi 2525:(420–479), 2481:(618–907). 2471:Chen Shubao 2436:Northern Qi 2404:Northern Qi 2336:Western Wei 2332:Eastern Wei 2320:Mogao Caves 2308:Juqu Mujian 2292: [ 2289:Sima Chuzhi 2273: [ 2258:Southern Qi 2254:Xiao Baoyin 2101: [ 1903:Northern Qi 1883:Sui dynasty 1681:Zu Chongzhi 1677:cartography 1673:mathematics 1642:Sui dynasty 1638:Emperor Wen 1521:Discoveries 1516:Cartography 1511:Archaeology 1449:Art history 1338:(1644–1912) 1325:(1368–1644) 1312:(1271–1368) 1282:(1115–1234) 1269:(1038–1227) 1265:Western Xia 1237:(1127–1279) 1069:Eastern Jin 1059:Western Jin 984:(25–220 AD) 980:Eastern Han 960:Western Han 839: 1046 819: 1046 815: 1250 792: 1600 768: 2070 709: 8500 690:Paleolithic 681:Prehistoric 492:ㄋㄢˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ 376:Northern Qi 356:Eastern Wei 347:Western Wei 327:Southern Qi 252:section on 224:"languages" 212:translation 5893:Categories 5758:3 Kingdoms 5398:3 Kingdoms 5220:Xiaozhuang 4904:. Boston: 4749:Asia Major 4681:Lewis 2009 4595:: III–83. 4490:Lewis 2009 4476:0521497817 4443:0521497817 4410:0521497817 4277:0521497817 3980:Lee (2014) 3919:1588391264 3867:Lewis 2009 3853:0521497817 3794:References 3784:Five Bonds 3734:Yan Zhitui 3594:Langkasuka 3506:Wang Xizhi 3438:Other arts 3424:four tones 3338:Literature 3284:Neo-Daoism 3193:Philosophy 3067:Wu Mingche 2670:Xu Xianzhi 2651:Emperor An 1970:Former Qin 1816:Huai River 1743:Eastern Wu 1721:under the 1691:Background 1626:Han people 1526:Inventions 1256:(916–1125) 1227:(960–1127) 1215:(960–1279) 882: – c. 880: 770 841: – c. 817: – c. 806:Late Shang 794: – c. 770: – c. 711: – c. 500:Wade–Giles 157:improve it 103:editing it 57:improve it 5685:Xiao Cong 5046:(420–589) 4609:1423-0526 3610:Kabadiyan 3602:Karghalik 3510:Gu Kaizhi 3496:, son of 3426:of early 3113:Diplomacy 3099:Gao Jiong 3075:Yang Jian 2967:based in 2945:Xiao Gang 2940:Xiao Tong 2936:Xiao Dong 2709:Guangling 2694:Tan Daoji 2643:Guanzhong 2627:Huan Xuan 2577:Lady Xian 2440:Yuwen Jue 2425:limestone 2388:Yuwen Tai 2270:Xiao Zong 2260:royalty. 2014:Pingcheng 2006:Later Yan 1982:Tuoba Gui 1952:, 484 CE. 1669:astronomy 1202:(907–979) 1163:(690–705) 1153:(618–907) 1140:(581–618) 1127:(420–589) 1095:(304–439) 1073:(317–420) 1063:(266–316) 1031:(266–420) 974:(9–23 AD) 700:Neolithic 664:Dynasties 161:verifying 63:talk page 5680:Xiao Kui 5675:Xiao Cha 5537:Liu Shao 5514:Liu Song 5502:Emperors 5314:Xiaozhao 5258:Xiaojing 5205:Xiaoming 5185:Wencheng 5170:Mingyuan 5145:Emperors 5089:Liu Song 4999:420–589 4973:Archived 4778:(1992). 4761:41645549 4734:Zou, 168 3693:See also 3628:) (且末). 3614:Kumedhan 3608:, 周古柯), 3518:Painting 3502:Tao Qian 3459:Buddhism 3432:Shen Yue 3408:Sanskrit 3373:pian wen 3354:Wei Shou 3323:Qīng tán 3260:Fan Zhen 3256:Wang Dao 3181:Language 3136:Song Shu 3123:Goguryeo 3040:Wang Lin 2990:in 557. 2932:Hou Jing 2928:Yuan Hao 2908:Shouyang 2863:Xiao Yan 2832:Shandong 2808:Dengxian 2647:prophecy 2635:Shandong 2598:Liu Yu, 2523:Liu Song 2432:Gao Yang 2423:made of 2392:Chang'an 2380:Gao Huan 2372:Liu Zhen 2315:Dunhuang 2218:Liu Song 2049:Shanshan 2021:Liu Song 1998:Cui Hong 1990:Mingyuan 1940:Army of 1824:Jiankang 1812:Sima Rui 1805:Chang'an 1772:and the 1766:Sima Yan 1729:and the 1608:and the 1489:Timeline 1416:(Taiwan, 1396:of China 910:Imperial 659:Timeline 633:a series 631:Part of 568:Jyutping 486:Bopomofo 317:Liu Song 250:WP:PNTCU 5859:History 5833:Portals 5637:Jianwen 5504:of the 5347:Xiaomin 5319:Wucheng 5304:Wenxuan 5195:Xiaowen 5190:Xianwen 5147:of the 4872:2717776 4843:2717776 4617:1522695 4469:, 184. 4134:2718246 3616:(胡蜜丹), 3612:(呵跋檀), 3606:Yarkand 3598:Dengzhi 3498:Cao Cao 3494:Cao Zhi 3475:Huiyuan 3396:Shijing 3377:Chinese 3310:Chinese 3301:Xuánxué 3288:Chinese 3280:hermits 3272:Chinese 3264:Chinese 3250:in the 3244:Cao Cao 3228:Xinzhou 3176:Culture 3132:Wei Shu 3127:Tuyuhun 3052:Yueyang 3024:Nanjing 2969:Sichuan 2965:Xiao Ji 2682:Chinese 2615:Chinese 2554:Cao Cao 2419:Daoist 2268:'s son 2149:Luoyang 2124:Xianbei 2098:Wang Yu 2090:Zong Ai 2082:Cui Hao 2042:Museum. 2040:Luoyang 2002:Cui Hao 1956:In the 1946:Xianbei 1911:Xianbei 1895:Eastern 1844:tuntian 1828:Nanjing 1801:Luoyang 1755:Sima Yi 1747:Shu Han 1739:Cao Wei 1657:stirrup 1640:of the 1630:Yangtze 1584:Chinese 1160:Wu Zhou 750:Ancient 729:Yangtze 442:Chinese 398:555–587 389:557–589 380:550–577 371:557–581 360:534–550 351:535–557 340:502–557 330:479–502 320:420–479 312:386–535 155:Please 5798:W. 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