771:
340:
833:
227:
42:
759:
795:
352:
783:
598:
851:
747:
86:
491:
61:
241:
507:
618:
998:
was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced. The genome contains approximately 20 billion base pairs and is about six times the size of the human genome, despite possessing a similar number of genes. A large proportion of the spruce genome consists of repetitive DNA
977:
The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". Old Tjikko is one of a series of genetically identical clones growing from a root system, one part of which is estimated to be 9,550 years old based
703:
have been selected as ornamentals ('Barrya', 'Capitata', 'Decumbens', 'Dumosa', 'Clanbrassiliana', 'Gregoryana', 'Inversa', 'Microsperma', 'Nidiformis', 'Ohlendorffii', 'Repens', 'Tabuliformis', 'Maxwellii', 'Virgata', 'Inversa', 'Pendula'), with a wide variety of sizes and shapes, from full-sized
680:
Seed production begins when the tree is in its fourth decade and total lifespan is up to 300 years in its natural range in Europe. Introduced Norway spruces in the
British Isles and North America have a much shorter life expectancy. As the tree ages, its crown thins out and lower branches die off.
402:
The Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the
Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just
1014:
and post-glacial evolutionary history. Genetic diversity can in particular be detected when looking at how the populations respond to climatic conditions. E.g. variations in timing and length of the annual growth period as well as differences in frost-hardiness in spring and autumn. These annual
918:
Norway spruce shoot tips have been used in traditional
Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and
369:
growing 35–55 m (115–180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over 20 m (65 ft) tall. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous. The
653:), Edinburgh and Washington, D.C., with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the central most square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War. In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the
2650:
872:
using the
Norwegian spruce. They are currently the only company to produce wood based vanillin and is claimed by the company to be preferred by their customers due to, among other reasons, its much lower carbon footprint than petrochemically synthesized vanillin.
963:, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree". The oldest individual specimen of Norway spruce discovered by tree ring dating found in 2012 in a nature reserve of Buskerud County, Norway, was found to be 532 years old.
2665:
557:. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce (
589:). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridizes extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce.
415:, but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as
636:
The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe. It is used as an ornamental tree in
770:
538:
as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the
Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent shoots.
1003:. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective.
2806:
Slanc, Petra; Doljak, Bojan; Kreft, Samo; Lunder, Mojca; Janeš, Damjan; šTrukelj, Borut (2009). "Screening of selected food and medicinal plant extracts for pancreatic lipase inhibition".
382:
are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The
691:
The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in
Indiana.
2775:
Lindberg, M.; Lundgren, L.; Gref, R.; Johansson, M. (1 May 1992). "Stilbenes and resin acids in relation to the penetration of
Heterobasidion annosum through the bark of
2537:
Nystedt, B.; Street, N.R.; Wetterbom, A.; Zuccolo, A.; Lin, Y.C.; Scofield, D.G.; Vezzi, F.; Delhomme, N.; Giacomello, S.; Alexeyenko, A.; et al. (30 May 2013).
2321:"Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs"
2319:
Vogl, S.; Picker, P.; Mihaly-Bison, J.; Fakhrudin, N.; Atanasov, A.G.; Heiss, E.H.; Wawrosch, C.; Reznicek, G.; Dirsch, V.M.; Saukel, J.; Kopp, B. (7 October 2013).
3809:
3210:
2267:
3298:
832:
3694:
3814:
2942:
2596:
Birol, I.; Raymond, A.; Jackman, S.D.; Pleasance, S.; Coope, R.; Taylor, G.A.; Yuen, M.M.; Keeling, C.I.; Brand, D.; Vandervalk, B.P.; et al. (2013).
2420:
3819:
2901:
2858:
2689:
Münzenberger, B.; Heilemann, J.; Strack, D.; Kottke, I.; Oberwinkler, F. (1990). "Phenolics of mycorrhizas and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce".
306:, and with which it hybridizes freely. The Norway spruce has a wide distribution for it being planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main
3604:
3148:
1615:
3617:
3418:
3223:
3161:
3630:
3439:
3334:
758:
2394:
3804:
3719:
850:
386:
are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing. The tallest measured Norway spruce is 62.26 m (204 ft) tall and grows near
794:
782:
2161:
665:, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America. There are naturalized populations occurring from
217:
339:
3591:
3086:
1710:
673:, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere. Norway spruces prefer cool-summer areas and they will grow up to USDA Growing Zone 7.
3799:
3789:
1826:
1796:
1734:
523:
Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as
374:
are needle-like with blunt tips, 12–14 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section, and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous
1937:
3316:
746:
3643:
3197:
1027:
684:
In the northern US and Canada, Norway spruce is reported as invasive in some locations; however, it does not pose a problem in
658:
650:
602:
1962:
3501:
3264:
1986:
3228:
3408:
3794:
3285:
2494:
1011:
1658:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
3744:
3565:
3465:
3001:
2275:
1765:
716:
1606:
248:
Distribution map. Green: native range. Orange: introduced areas. Crosses and triangles denote isolated populations.
226:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3709:
3506:
3452:
2907:
2863:
654:
3779:
3759:
3754:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3303:
3259:
1761:
542:
Norway and
Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related
3829:
3824:
3764:
3749:
3739:
3339:
553:
Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the
Central Alps in eastern
41:
3457:
2060:
439:), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.
85:
3734:
3135:
2297:
2193:
3635:
3140:
3114:
1747:
351:
3109:
3026:
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2135:
2110:
704:
forest trees to extremely slow-growing, prostrate forms. They are occasionally traded under the obsolete
2440:
1000:
720:
319:
196:
3622:
3166:
2035:
923:
2085:
3326:
3060:
2741:
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630:
3101:
1651:
688:
and up as the seeds have a significantly reduced germination rate in areas with hot, humid summers.
597:
3393:
2010:
1584:
1163:
1015:
growth patterns are important to recognize in order to choose the proper reforestation material of
936:
404:
50:
3277:
3524:
3122:
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2880:
2831:
2714:
2475:
2398:
1907:
979:
881:
387:
80:
3516:
3444:
2218:
1871:
1010:
there is great genetic variability, which most likely reflect populations' isolation in glacial
956:
3215:
3578:
3360:
3034:
2823:
2757:
2706:
2631:
2578:
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2168:
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941:
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2558:
2465:
2340:
2332:
1916:
1579:
983:
408:
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3347:
705:
662:
585:
575:
535:
457:
412:
315:
295:
272:
3398:
2433:
1054:
are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.
3431:
2849:
2745:
2554:
649:. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of London (the
531:, but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.
3699:
3426:
2874:
2792:
2626:
2597:
2345:
2320:
1535:
841:
685:
646:
626:
451:
307:
303:
280:
276:
110:
3688:
3385:
3236:
2753:
1760:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1570:
1561:
971:
559:
213:
70:
65:
2835:
2718:
2617:
1755:
978:
on carbon dating. The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of
3583:
3529:
3039:
2437:
1099:(L.) H. Karst is the accepted name of this species. More than 150 synonyms of
1051:
1043:
967:
896:
730:'Clanbrassiliana' – 1.2 m (3.9 ft) tall by 2.4 m (7.9 ft) broad
490:
447:
3570:
3006:
3671:
3556:
3470:
3251:
3493:
3290:
3272:
3174:
2986:
1035:
908:
666:
554:
539:
443:
240:
2936:
886:
506:
2732:
Løkke, Hans (June 1990). "Picein and piceol concentrations in Norway spruce".
2336:
960:
865:
543:
436:
311:
123:
3596:
3091:
2977:
1849:
1677:
17:
3073:
1895:"Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway,
1059:
1039:
622:
379:
360:
287:
3661:
3483:
2827:
2710:
2635:
2582:
2573:
2368:
2354:
739:'Nidiformis' – 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
617:
407:
in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive
2761:
2243:
3656:
3550:
3478:
3375:
3311:
2971:
1085:
1047:
947:) for about two weeks at least, which gives the cheese a unique flavour.
877:
869:
815:
811:
700:
670:
580:
391:
163:
3352:
3016:
2563:
2538:
1921:
1894:
3609:
3153:
3047:
2702:
2479:
1074:
931:
363:
153:
143:
133:
2941:- distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
613:, Norway spruces that are around 50 to 60 years old are typically used
3179:
2819:
1055:
1031:
974:
clones, is estimated to be between 14,000 and one million years old.
912:
892:
891:(Hazel-spruce) grows in the European Alps and has been recognized by
819:
733:'Inversa' – 9 m (30 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
642:
606:
462:
291:
268:
173:
2948:
2470:
2453:
2512:
3648:
3202:
3078:
1619:
823:
616:
596:
583:. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce (
375:
350:
338:
327:
97:
3065:
2539:"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"
638:
610:
570:
432:
383:
371:
366:
2952:
2662:
EUFORGEN; Technical
Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use
1555:
1553:
1551:
2930:
2454:"Genetic variation and the natural history of quaking aspen"
290:
that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any
880:
by stringed-instrument makers. One form of the tree called
1727:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
310:
in several countries around the world. It was the first
2421:"The oldest spruce in Northern Europe is 532 years old"
1754:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
895:
as intangible cultural heritage. This form was used by
868:
produces the synthetic substitute for natural vanilla
736:'Little Gem' – 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall and broad
2244:"European spruce ranges, and commentary on Picea spp"
2016:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
3540:
2961:
2602:) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data"
1893:Krutovskii, Konstantin V.; Bergmann, Fritz (1995).
442:Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the
294:, 9–17 cm long. It is very closely related to the
2397:. Umeå University. April 16, 2008. Archived from
2395:"World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden"
2194:"Sustainable Vanillin from the Forests of Norway"
1789:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
727:'Acrocona' – 4 m (13 ft) tall and broad
609:every year as a gift from Norway's capital city,
1938:"Oslo's Christmas tree gift to Trafalgar Square"
1903:Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci"
986:over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC).
911:, which was once used to prevent and even cure
2879:Note that this website has been superseded by
1585:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42318A71233492.en
2369:"La sangle d'épicéa, secret d'un goût unique"
8:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1757:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2943:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
715:). The following cultivars have gained the
2949:
2902:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2859:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2162:"A basic guide to softwoods and hardwoods"
1987:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Picea excelsa"
1081:have shown inhibitory activity on porcine
999:sequences, including long terminal repeat
239:
225:
59:
40:
31:
2625:
2572:
2562:
2469:
2344:
1920:
1678:"Picea abies (Norway spruce) description"
1583:
645:. It is also widely planted for use as a
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1616:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
2495:"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree"
1547:
828:
740:
359:Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing
3810:Trees of continental subarctic climate
2734:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
1656:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
959:says that a Norway spruce clone named
2897:(L.) H.Karst., Deut. Fl.: 325 (1881)"
461:feeds on the bark around injuries or
7:
3636:180F88C7-2220-482B-8AC8-A5F8BD2577E4
3507:8ed37459-7e70-4fcd-b1d8-9d11ef526c34
3327:b92397ce-85e8-4791-8202-ee7f38399b31
2598:"Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (
2167:. worldhardwoods.com. Archived from
1705:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
3695:IUCN Red List least concern species
1848:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1571:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
776:Picea abies 'Aleksandra Fastigiata'
516:are longer and have pointed scales.
3815:Trees of humid continental climate
2793:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb01436.x
2452:Mitton, J.B.; Grant, M.C. (1996).
1046:(the isorhapontigenin glucoside),
500:are short and have rounded scales.
25:
3820:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
2517:Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research
302:), which replaces it east of the
3458:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262609-1
849:
831:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
505:
489:
84:
1967:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1028:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
651:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree
603:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree
347:, showing the cones and leaves.
876:It is esteemed as a source of
1:
2618:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178
810:The Norway spruce is used in
2754:10.1016/0147-6513(90)90032-Z
2325:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2274:. 2012-06-20. Archived from
1963:"Picea abies - Plant Finder"
934:of a Norway spruce (French:
859:trunk cross section close-up
621:Young spruce group marginal
411:and intergradation with the
3805:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3720:Flora of the Czech Republic
1899:(L.) Karst., and Siberian,
1766:Harvard University Herbaria
1701:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
717:Royal Horticultural Society
3846:
2908:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2864:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1791:. Koeltz Scientific Books
1746:Taylor, Ronald J. (1993).
907:The tree is the source of
2337:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007
2300:. The Black Creek Growler
2160:Buckley, Michael (2005).
2011:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1762:Missouri Botanical Garden
922:During the production of
788:Picea abies 'Acrocona' 02
247:
238:
234:The Norway spruce range.
233:
224:
202:
195:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3800:Plants described in 1753
3790:Flora of Northern Europe
2298:"New Beer – Spruce Beer"
1650:Sullivan, Janet (1994).
764:Picea abies 'Little Gem'
343:An 1885 illustration of
1858:The Gymnosperm Database
1725:Mitchell, A.F. (1974).
1703:RHS Latin for Gardeners
864:The Norwegian company
2493:American, Scientific.
2296:Karellp (2012-06-11).
2219:"Plant-based vanillin"
1936:British Embassy Oslo.
1817:Rushforth, K. (1987).
1764:, St. Louis, MO &
1006:Within populations of
633:
614:
356:
348:
2931:Spruce Genome Project
2808:Phytotherapy Research
2441:National Park Service
1578:: e.T42318A71233492.
1208:Abies clanbrassiliana
1103:have been published.
1001:transposable elements
955:A press release from
800:Picea abies 'Virgata'
752:Picea abies 'Inversa'
721:Award of Garden Merit
663:Rocky Mountain states
620:
600:
563:), Schrenk's spruce (
534:Some botanists treat
354:
342:
3795:Least concern plants
2649:Skrøppa, T. (2003).
1428:Picea integrisquamis
1200:Abies clambrasiliana
1164:heterotypic synonyms
970:, a stand of 47,000
926:it is wrapped in a "
573:and Morinda spruce (
2746:1990EcoES..19..301L
2564:10.1038/nature12211
2555:2013Natur.497..579N
2499:Scientific American
2136:"RHS Plantfinder -
2111:"RHS Plantfinder -
2086:"RHS Plantfinder -
2061:"RHS Plantfinder -
2036:"RHS Plantfinder -
1922:10.1038/hdy.1995.67
1787:Farjon, A. (1990).
1560:Farjon, A. (2017).
1396:Picea elegantissima
1038:and its glucoside (
982:) is a Great Basin
625:twelve years after
51:Conservation status
3745:Flora of Lithuania
2881:World Flora Online
2703:10.1007/BF00239996
2423:. 27 October 2012.
2373:Vacherin Mont-d'Or
2223:www.borregaard.com
2065:'Clanbrassiliana'"
1412:Picea finedonensis
1276:Abies finedonensis
1252:Abies erythrocarpa
1216:Abies coerulescens
1187:(Loudon) Ravenscr.
1107:Homotypic synonyms
1062:are also found in
980:vegetative cloning
634:
615:
605:in 2008. Given to
388:Ribnica na Pohorju
357:
349:
267:, is a species of
3785:Flora of the Alps
3775:Flora of Slovenia
3770:Flora of Slovakia
3710:Flora of Bulgaria
3682:
3681:
3361:Open Tree of Life
2955:Taxon identifiers
2612:(12): 1492–1497.
2549:(7451): 579–584.
2268:"Die Haselfichte"
2174:on 19 August 2019
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1431:(Carrière) Chiov.
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1158:
1150:
1138:
1134:Pinus pyramidalis
1130:
1122:
1083:pancreatic lipase
899:for instruments.
713:illegitimate name
566:Picea schrenkiana
398:Range and ecology
355:Young female cone
252:
251:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3837:
3780:Flora of Ukraine
3760:Flora of Romania
3755:Flora of Moldova
3730:Flora of Germany
3725:Flora of Estonia
3715:Flora of Croatia
3705:Flora of Belarus
3675:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
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3560:
3559:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3383:Panartic Flora:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3291:NHMSYS0000461247
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2950:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2820:10.1002/ptr.2718
2803:
2797:
2796:
2781:Forest Pathology
2772:
2766:
2765:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2664:. Archived from
2659:
2655:- Norway spruce"
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2449:
2443:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2401:on 20 April 2008
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2242:Paul Hostetter.
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:Monumental trees
1868:
1862:
1861:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1768:, Cambridge, MA.
1743:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1618:. Archived from
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1557:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1491:(Alstr.) Beissn.
1490:
1478:
1476:Picea velebitica
1470:
1468:Picea subarctica
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1420:Picea gregoryana
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1388:Picea cranstonii
1382:
1374:
1366:
1364:Abies subarctica
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1296:Abies gregoryana
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1156:
1148:
1136:
1128:
1120:
984:bristlecone pine
945:
930:" made from the
924:Mont d'Or cheese
890:
853:
835:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
509:
493:
320:specific epithet
316:genome sequenced
243:
229:
208:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3830:Trees of Russia
3825:Trees of Europe
3765:Flora of Serbia
3750:Flora of Poland
3740:Flora of Latvia
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3348:Observation.org
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3249:MichiganFlora:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2957:
2933:at Congenie.org
2927:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2868:
2866:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2574:1854/LU-4110028
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2471:10.2307/1312652
2451:
2450:
2446:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1816:
1803:
1786:
1773:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1527:
1520:Pinus viminalis
1488:Picea viminalis
1436:Picea maxwellii
1383:(Brügger) Stein
1380:Picea alpestris
1372:Abies viminalis
1332:Abies medioxima
1320:Abies lemoniana
1184:Abies carpatica
1176:Abies alpestris
1094:
1072:
1025:
992:
957:Umeå University
953:
939:
905:
884:
860:
854:
845:
836:
808:
801:
798:
789:
786:
777:
774:
765:
762:
753:
750:
706:scientific name
697:
595:
586:Picea alpestris
576:Picea smithiana
569:) from central
536:Siberian spruce
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
510:
502:
501:
498:P. obovata
494:
485:
484:
478:P. obovata
471:
458:Cydia duplicana
435:are considered
413:Siberian spruce
400:
337:
296:Siberian spruce
265:European spruce
220:
210:
204:
191:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3843:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Flora of Italy
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:wfo-0000482030
3521:
3511:
3498:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2998:
2983:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2925:External links
2923:
2921:
2920:
2884:
2875:The Plant List
2854:(L.) H. Karst"
2841:
2814:(6): 874–877.
2798:
2767:
2740:(3): 301–309.
2724:
2697:(1): 142–148.
2681:
2641:
2606:Bioinformatics
2588:
2529:
2504:
2485:
2444:
2426:
2412:
2386:
2360:
2331:(3): 750–771.
2311:
2288:
2272:Waldwissen.net
2259:
2234:
2210:
2185:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2077:
2052:
2027:
2002:
1978:
1954:
1928:
1915:(5): 464–480.
1885:
1863:
1831:
1801:
1771:
1738:
1718:
1712:978-1845337315
1711:
1693:
1669:
1635:
1608:BSBI List 2007
1598:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:Pinus resinosa
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1496:Picea vulgaris
1493:
1485:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1452:Picea remontii
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1284:Abies gigantea
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1093:
1090:
1071:
1068:
1024:
1021:
994:The genome of
991:
988:
952:
949:
904:
901:
862:
861:
855:
848:
846:
837:
830:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
792:
790:
787:
780:
778:
775:
768:
766:
763:
756:
754:
751:
744:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
696:
693:
678:
677:
647:Christmas tree
623:windthrow area
594:
591:
511:
504:
503:
495:
488:
487:
486:
475:
474:
473:
472:
470:
467:
452:Cydia illutana
399:
396:
336:
333:
308:Christmas tree
304:Ural Mountains
281:Eastern Europe
250:
249:
245:
244:
236:
235:
231:
230:
222:
221:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Norway spruce
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3842:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2787:(2): 95–106.
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2671:on 2016-10-22
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:Quaking Aspen
2430:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2278:on 2017-01-19
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2140:'Nidiformis'"
2139:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2115:'Little Gem'"
2114:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:0-7470-2801-X
1824:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:3-87429-298-3
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:0-00-212035-6
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1652:"Picea abies"
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1625:on 2015-06-26
1621:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:Pinus excelsa
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1444:Picea montana
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1404:Picea excelsa
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1367:(Schur) Nyman
1365:
1362:
1357:
1356:Abies parvula
1354:
1349:
1348:Abies montana
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:Abies inverta
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1268:Abies extrema
1266:
1261:
1260:Abies excelsa
1258:
1255:(Purk.) Nyman
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:Abies eremita
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:Abies elegans
1230:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1192:Abies cinerea
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1182:
1177:
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1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
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1147:
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1104:
1102:
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1091:
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1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1064:P. abies
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
989:
987:
985:
981:
975:
973:
972:quaking aspen
969:
964:
962:
958:
950:
948:
946:
943:
938:
937:Épicéa commun
933:
929:
925:
920:
916:
914:
910:
902:
900:
898:
894:
888:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
858:
852:
847:
844:cross section
843:
840:
834:
829:
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825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
796:
791:
784:
779:
772:
767:
760:
755:
748:
743:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Picea excelsa
707:
702:
694:
692:
689:
687:
682:
676:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Pacific Coast
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
628:
624:
619:
612:
608:
604:
599:
592:
590:
588:
587:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:
562:
561:
560:Picea obovata
556:
551:
549:
548:P. abies
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
515:
514:P. abies
508:
499:
492:
483:
479:
468:
466:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
431:, if the two
430:
426:
425:P. abies
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:hybridization
406:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
365:
362:
353:
346:
345:P. abies
341:
334:
332:
331:, Fir tree".
330:
329:
325:means "like
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Picea obovata
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Norway spruce
258:
257:
246:
242:
237:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
188:P. abies
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
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135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Norway Spruce
3541:
2962:
2937:
2911:. Retrieved
2900:
2894:
2887:
2873:– via
2867:. Retrieved
2857:
2851:
2844:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2673:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2661:
2652:
2644:
2609:
2605:
2600:Picea glauca
2599:
2591:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2498:
2488:
2464:(1): 25–31.
2461:
2457:
2447:
2438:Bryce Canyon
2429:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2304:30 September
2302:. Retrieved
2291:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2271:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2248:Lutherie.net
2247:
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2200:. 2021-03-31
2197:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2137:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2112:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2087:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2062:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2037:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1991:www.itis.gov
1990:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1818:
1788:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1682:Conifers.org
1681:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1627:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1607:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1575:
1569:
1563:
1519:
1512:Pinus sativa
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
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1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1340:Abies minuta
1339:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1263:(Lam.) Poir.
1259:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:Abies conica
1223:
1215:
1207:
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1105:
1100:
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1095:
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1073:
1063:
1052:ferulic acid
1044:isorhapontin
1026:
1016:
1007:
1005:
995:
993:
976:
965:
954:
935:
927:
921:
919:infections.
917:
906:
897:Stradivarius
875:
863:
856:
838:
809:
708:
698:
690:
683:
679:
655:Northeastern
635:
584:
574:
564:
558:
552:
547:
533:
528:
524:
522:
513:
497:
481:
477:
456:
450:
448:tortrix moth
444:caterpillars
441:
428:
424:
420:
416:
401:
358:
344:
326:
322:
318:. The Latin
314:to have its
299:
285:
264:
260:
255:
254:
253:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
124:Gymnospermae
117:
104:
29:
3542:Pinus abies
3432:kew-2562738
3419:picea-abies
3399:Picea abies
3376:Picea_abies
3317:Picea~abies
3273:NatureServe
3175:iNaturalist
3128:Picea abies
2993:Picea abies
2987:Wikispecies
2963:Picea abies
2938:Picea abies
2895:Picea abies
2852:Picea abies
2777:Picea abies
2653:Picea abies
2379:11 December
2375:(in French)
2138:Picea abies
2113:Picea abies
2088:Picea abies
2063:Picea abies
2040:'Acrocona'"
2038:Picea abies
1897:Picea abies
1874:Picea abies
1852:Picea abies
1750:Picea abies
1662:18 November
1591:12 November
1564:Picea abies
1538:Norway pine
1460:Picea rubra
1407:(Lam.) Link
1168:Picea abies
1154:Abies abies
1142:Pinus abies
1126:Abies picea
1118:Pinus abies
1111:Picea abies
1101:Picea abies
1097:Picea abies
1079:Picea abies
1036:piceatannol
1017:Picea abies
1008:Picea abies
996:Picea abies
940: [
909:spruce beer
885: [
882:Haselfichte
857:Picea abies
839:Picea abies
826:production.
667:Connecticut
593:Cultivation
555:Switzerland
540:Genetically
525:Picea abies
482:Picea abies
378:lines. The
335:Description
256:Picea abies
206:Picea abies
3689:Categories
3514:WisFlora:
3427:Plant List
3024:Calflora:
2945:(EUFORGEN)
2675:2016-10-21
2513:"Old List"
2458:BioScience
2282:2017-01-08
2253:2017-01-08
2228:2024-03-10
2204:2024-03-10
2090:'Inversa'"
1996:2019-07-10
1972:2024-03-10
1901:P. obovata
1729:. Collins
1687:2017-01-08
1629:2014-10-17
1543:References
1157:(L.) Druce
961:Old Tjikko
866:Borregaard
631:Vogelsberg
544:subspecies
455:, whereas
437:subspecies
405:70° N
380:seed cones
364:coniferous
312:gymnosperm
288:branchlets
271:native to
130:Division:
3557:Q17358067
3141:200005295
3115:200005295
2522:16 August
2178:1 October
1463:A. Dietr.
1211:P. Lawson
1060:astringin
1040:astringin
1023:Chemistry
966:However,
951:Longevity
701:cultivars
695:Cultivars
579:) in the
529:acuminata
512:Cones of
496:Cones of
476:Cones of
403:north of
361:evergreen
218:H. Karst.
182:Species:
144:Pinopsida
134:Pinophyta
94:Kingdom:
3669:VASCAN:
3662:24900768
3657:Tropicos
3649:262746-1
3551:Wikidata
3502:VicFlora
3491:VASCAN:
3484:24900164
3479:Tropicos
3373:PalDat:
3312:NSWFlora
3278:2.139637
3216:10200408
3203:262609-1
3014:BioLib:
2972:Wikidata
2913:14 March
2869:14 March
2836:22562789
2828:19107742
2719:43504838
2711:24197010
2636:23698863
2583:23698360
2355:23770053
2145:25 April
2120:25 April
2095:25 April
2070:25 April
2045:25 April
2020:25 April
1908:Heredity
1876:records"
1819:Conifers
1530:See also
1483:Kümmerle
1479:Simonk.
1375:Wahlenb.
1335:C.Lawson
1299:H. Low.
1291:Carrière
1239:J.Knight
1227:Lavallée
1203:Lavallée
1146:vulgaris
1092:Synonyms
1086:in vitro
1075:Extracts
1070:Research
1048:catechin
990:Genetics
878:tonewood
870:Vanillin
816:softwood
812:forestry
699:Several
671:Michigan
581:Himalaya
469:Taxonomy
392:Slovenia
376:stomatal
273:Northern
164:Pinaceae
160:Family:
71:IUCN 3.1
3610:5284631
3260:MoBotPF
3154:5284884
3066:1061648
3048:Ecocrop
2978:Q145992
2762:2364913
2742:Bibcode
2627:3673215
2551:Bibcode
2480:1312652
2436:by the
2346:3791396
1947:28 June
1821:. Helm
1455:Beissn.
1439:Beissn.
1423:Beissn.
1415:Beissn.
1399:Beissn.
1391:Beissn.
1311:R. Sm.
1219:K. Koch
1179:Brügger
1144:subsp.
1137:Salisb.
1012:refugia
932:cambium
903:As food
643:gardens
446:of the
429:fennica
427:subsp.
421:fennica
286:It has
277:Central
170:Genus:
154:Pinales
150:Order:
140:Class:
98:Plantae
69: (
3597:150671
3571:205591
3440:PLANTS
3386:130201
3366:517943
3324:NZOR:
3265:284987
3229:183289
3102:picabi
3099:FEIS:
3092:150670
3007:171470
2904:(WCSP)
2834:
2826:
2760:
2717:
2709:
2691:Planta
2634:
2624:
2581:
2543:Nature
2478:
2405:26 May
2353:
2343:
1942:GOV.UK
1825:
1795:
1733:
1709:
1523:Alstr.
1359:Knight
1327:Gordon
1323:Booth
1315:Gordon
1303:Gordon
1279:Gordon
1271:Th.Fr.
1247:K.Koch
1195:Borkh.
1056:Piceol
1032:picein
928:sangle
913:scurvy
893:UNESCO
822:, and
820:timber
686:Zone 6
661:, and
627:Kyrill
607:London
463:canker
372:leaves
292:spruce
269:spruce
259:, the
3700:Picea
3672:22109
3631:IFPNI
3623:28407
3592:EUNIS
3584:4HZZX
3471:12899
3416:PPE:
3406:PFI:
3335:NZPCN
3242:42318
3211:IRMNG
3187:IPA:
3180:63567
3167:28264
3123:FoAO2
3087:EUNIS
3079:PIEAB
3040:4HPZF
2832:S2CID
2715:S2CID
2669:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2476:JSTOR
2198:Zanos
2172:(PDF)
2165:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
1623:(xls)
1612:(xls)
1471:Schur
1447:Schur
1351:Nyman
1343:Poir.
1170:are:
1162:Some
1129:Mill.
1113:are:
1077:from
968:Pando
944:]
889:]
842:trunk
824:paper
814:for (
639:parks
527:var.
417:Picea
384:seeds
328:Abies
323:abies
175:Picea
118:Clade
105:Clade
3644:IPNI
3618:GRIN
3605:GBIF
3566:APNI
3517:4492
3494:7169
3453:POWO
3445:PIAB
3394:PfaF
3353:7181
3340:4778
3304:3329
3299:NCBI
3252:1919
3237:IUCN
3224:ITIS
3198:IPNI
3190:3386
3162:GRIN
3149:GBIF
3074:EPPO
3053:8571
3027:9443
3017:2371
3002:APNI
2915:2014
2871:2014
2824:PMID
2758:PMID
2707:PMID
2632:PMID
2579:PMID
2524:2013
2407:2013
2381:2022
2351:PMID
2306:2012
2180:2017
2147:2018
2122:2018
2097:2018
2072:2018
2047:2018
2022:2018
1949:2015
1823:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1664:2009
1593:2021
1576:2017
1515:Lam.
1507:Lam.
1499:Link
1287:Sm.
1235:Sm.
1149:Voss
1058:and
1050:and
806:Uses
711:(an
641:and
611:Oslo
601:The
571:Asia
480:and
433:taxa
423:(or
367:tree
279:and
3579:CoL
3525:WFO
3466:RHS
3409:147
3286:NBN
3136:FoC
3110:FNA
3061:EoL
3035:CoL
2816:doi
2789:doi
2779:".
2750:doi
2699:doi
2695:182
2622:PMC
2614:doi
2569:hdl
2559:doi
2547:497
2466:doi
2341:PMC
2333:doi
2329:149
1917:doi
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