Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

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Association was the first to confirm a cat fatality in the U.S. The association recommended that cat owners with flu symptoms avoid touching cat's eyes, nose, and mouth while sick. They recommended thoroughly washing hands after handling a sick pet as it might be possible for cats to transmit the virus to humans. This was the third confirmed case of H1N1 in a cat in the U.S.; other cases have occurred in Utah and Iowa. The first case of a dog with H1N1 was reported in December 2009. On July 22, 2011 the Norwegian Veterinary Institute reported the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks.

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adults aged 18 to 60 had 6–9%, and older adults 33%. While it has been thought that these findings suggest the partial immunity in older adults may be due to previous exposure to similar seasonal influenza viruses, a November 2009 study of a rural unvaccinated population in China found only a 0.3% cross-reactive antibody reaction to the H1N1 strain, suggesting that previous vaccinations for seasonal flu and not exposure may have resulted in the immunity found in the older U.S. population. Production may be three billion doses per year rather than the earlier estimate of five billion.

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suffered only mild effects, easing concern about a potentially dangerous development. Chile's turkey meat remained safe to eat, they said, and so far there had been no signs of a potentially dangerous mutation. Virus experts were concerned that a more dangerous and easily transmitted strain could emerge if H1N1/09 combines again with avian flu, which is far more virulent but much less contagious to humans. By October 2009, another outbreak was identified at a turkey breeder in Ontario, Canada.

76: 1274:(M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S. So far, little is known about the spread of the virus in any pig population. A preliminary analysis has also shown that several of the proteins involved in the 821: 47: 1256:

virus as new virus particles are being assembled. This new strain appears to be a result of the reassortment of two swine influenza viruses, one from North America and one from Europe. But the North American pig strain was itself the product of previous reassortments, and has carried an avian PB2 gene for at least ten years and a human PB1 gene since 1993. These genes were passed on to the new virus.

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was "derived from several viruses circulating in swine", and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. The team concluded that "despite widespread influenza surveillance in humans, the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years."

220: 884:, which killed hundreds of thousands in the United States alone, was preceded by a mild "herald" wave of cases in the spring, followed by devastating waves of illness in the autumn. As of late July 2009, U.S. health officials said the swine flu wasn't yet mutating to become more dangerous, but they were closely tracking that as the virus continued to circle the globe. 697: 867:

H5N1 are unstable so the chances of them exchanging genetic material are higher, whereas a stable (seasonal flu) virus is less likely to take on genetic material." The H5N1 virus is mostly limited to birds, but in rare cases when it infects humans it has a mortality rate of between 60% and 70%. Experts worry about the emergence of a hybrid of the more

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percent of meatpackers, but no university workers, had antibodies in their blood indicating they had been infected with swine flu. Another study, of 804 rural Iowans, found that pig farmers were 50 times more likely, and their spouses about 30 times more likely, than university workers to carry swine

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Before being transmitted to humans, a H1N1 type virus is known to have circulated in swine. In August 2007, about 25 people and 160 pigs developed flu at a county fair in Ohio. Analysis showed they were infected with the same strain—a H1N1 type containing genes of human, bird and swine origin. A 2004

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A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those older than 60, had some degree of immunity. Children showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction to the new strain,

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As of September 2009, most people infected by this flu suffered a mild illness, but the small minority hospitalized were often severely ill. Arand Kumar, an intensive care expert at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, said "this pandemic is like two diseases; either you're off work for

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According to the researchers, movement of live pigs between Eurasia and North America "seems to have facilitated the mixing of diverse swine influenza viruses, leading to the multiple reassortment events associated with the genesis of the (new H1N1) strain". They also said this new pandemic "provides

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Humans have been affected since early 2009. The November 27, 2009 worldwide update by the U.N.'s World Health Organization (WHO) states that "more than 207 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 7,820

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On December 2, 2009, the WHO announced that they had been informed of two recent clusters of patients infected with oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses. Both clusters, detected in the UK (including Wales) and in North Carolina, occurred in a single ward and involved patients whose immune systems were

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In mid-2009, the U.S. CDC noted that most infections were mild, similar to seasonal flu, and that recovery tended to be fairly quick. The number of deaths as of September 2009 was said to be a tiny fraction of the annual number of deaths from seasonal flu. However, comparisons of human fatality

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report said the transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus in households was lower than that seen in past pandemics. The U.S. CDC recommended that people should wait at least a day after their fever subsides (usually 3–4 days after the onset of symptoms) before resuming normal activities, but

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of 1.4 to 1.6 and spreads from human to human in much the same way as seasonal flu. The most common mechanisms by which it spreads are by droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected people, and also potentially touching a surface or the hand of a person contaminated with the virus and then touching

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is a process that happens if two different types of influenza virus infect a single cell and it can produce a new strain of influenza. This is because the virus genome is split between eight independent pieces of RNA, which allows pieces of RNA from different viruses to mix and form a novel type of

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Other studies concluded that the virus was likely well adapted to humans, had a clear biological advantage over seasonal flu strains and that reassortment was unlikely at that time due to its ease in replication and transmission. However, Federal health officials in the U.S. noted that the horrific

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of Oxford University's Department of Zoology, and part of the research team, claims "Our results show that this strain has been circulating among pigs, possibly among multiple continents, for many years prior to its transmission to humans." The research team who worked on this case also believed it

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were caused by infection with a swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. The viruses from the two cases were closely related genetically, resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, and contain a unique combination of gene segments that previously had not been reported among swine or human influenza viruses in

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is unsafe for consumption. The CDC began referring to it as "novel influenza A (H1N1)"; "A/H1N1" is sometimes used. The CDC stopped using the nomenclature "novel H1N1" and updated various web pages to reflect the change to "2009 H1N1 Flu". In the Netherlands it was originally called "pig flu" but,

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In late August 2009, the government of Chile discovered that the human H1N1/09 virus had jumped, unmutated, to birds, "opening a new chapter in the global epidemic". Top flu and animal-health experts with the WHO and the CDC were monitoring the situation closely. They said the infected turkeys had

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The genetic divergence of the virus in samples from different cases has been analysed by an international collaboration who found that the virus jumped to humans in 2008, probably after June, and not later than the end of November. The research also indicated the virus had been latent in pigs for

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as A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009(H1N1). This was later shown to be nearly identical to A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), the strain from California sequenced and published by the CDC on 27 April. Samples from Mexico, Nova Scotia and Ontario had the same sequence, ruling out genetic explanations for the

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On April 24, 2009, the U.S. CDC determined that seven samples from suspected cases in Mexico matched the strain that had infected patients in Texas and California with no known linkages to animals or one another; the strain appeared to be spreading from human to human. The CDC determined that the

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and pandemic vaccines. A similar mutation had been detected in H1N1 viruses circulating in several other countries, including China and the United States, in severe as well as in some mild cases. "Although further investigation is under way, no evidence currently suggests that these mutations are

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On November 20, 2013, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health released a statement saying they had discovered a potentially significant mutation in the H1N1 influenza strain that could be responsible for causing the severest symptoms among those infected. In the statement they said "The mutation

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over the coming months. Guan Yi, a leading virologist from the University of Hong Kong, for instance, described the new H1N1 influenza virus as "very unstable", meaning it could mix and swap genetic material (reassortment) when exposed to other viruses. During an interview he said, "Both H1N1 and

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noted that historically, pandemic viruses have evolved between seasons, and the current strain may become more severe or transmissible in the coming months. They therefore stressed the importance of international cooperation to engage in proper surveillance to help monitor changes in the virus's

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From April 2009 to November 2009, 3,900 people died of the H1N1 pandemic virus in the U.S. This is sometimes compared to the 36,000 people per year who die from the "common flu", mostly in winter, although this number is an estimate. The death rate of H1N1 in the U.S. was calculated as less than

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in Mexico", now believe it "most likely emerged in pigs in Asia, but then traveled to North America in a human". They emphasized that there was no way to prove their hypothesis but said there is no evidence this new virus, which combines Eurasian and North American genes, has never circulated in

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has shown that, unlike seasonal flu, H1N1/09 can infect cells deep in the lungs. Seasonal flu can infect only cells with receptor type a2-6 which are typically located in the nose and throat but H1N1/09 can also infect cells with receptor type a2-3. This may explain why some patients experience

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amino acid residues found in the earlier 1918 strain and the 2009 H1N1 strain. This may have played a role in individuals who had been infected with the 1918 strain and its early descendants in showing stronger specific immunity to the 2009 H1N1 virus. This finding provided insight into future

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exhibiting flu symptoms was confirmed to have contracted the H1N1 virus from its owner in Oregon. In November 2009, a case of novel H1N1 was confirmed in a household cat. Although the earliest cat fatality from the H1N1 virus in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania, the Oregon Veterinary Medical

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Most cases were mild, although those who had to be hospitalized were often severely ill. In the fall of 2009, between 15-33% of those hospitalized with H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere were taken to the ICU. One clinician remarked that the pandemic was "like two diseases" because of the stark

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Dr. Henry Niman at FluTrackers has described the homologies of the genes as PB2 Avian North America, PB1 Human circa 1993, PA Swine Eurasia and/or North America, HA Swine North America, NP Swine Eurasia and/or North America, NA Swine Eurasia, MP Swine Eurasia, NS Swine Eurasia and/or North

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North American pigs, "while there is tantalizing evidence that a closely related 'sister virus' has circulated in Asia". However, a subsequent report by researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 2016 found that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated in central Mexico.

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Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, Regnery H, Lim W, Hall H, Perdue M, Swayne D, Bender C, Huang J, Hemphill M, Rowe T, Shaw M, Xu X, Fukuda K, Cox N (16 January 1998). "Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness".

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in which it was suggested that the virus may be the product of three strains from three continents that swapped genes in a lab or a vaccine-making plant, and subsequently "escaped". The study followed debate among researchers in May 2009, when the authors asked the

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Asian-lineage HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) A/H5N1 strain (media labeled "bird flu") with more human-transmissible influenza A strains such as this novel 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 strain (media labeled "swine flu"), especially since the H5N1 strain is

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As of October 2009, research done by Taubenberger showed that the evolution of A (H1N1) is relatively slow since the structure of the 2009 H1N1 virus is similar to the strain of H1N1 implicated in the 1918 flu pandemic. A study from Hokkaido University found a

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Analysis of the genetic divergence of the virus in samples from different cases indicated that the virus jumped to humans in 2008, probably after June, and not later than the end of November, likely around September 2008. A report by researchers at the

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Wendy Barclay to suggest that the virus was unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people. Other leading researchers indicated that all segments of the virus were in fact swine in origin, despite it being a multiple reassortment. The first complete

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and in the media. South Korea and Israel briefly considered calling it the "Mexican virus". Later the South Korean press used "SI", short for "swine influenza". Taiwan suggested the names "H1N1 flu" or "new flu", which most local media adopted. The

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in 2009 and the virus strain that caused it were called by many names. In July 2009, WHO experts named the virus "pandemic H1N1/09 virus" to distinguish it from both various seasonal H1N1 virus strains and the 1918 flu pandemic H1N1 strain.

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a few days or you go to hospital, often to the intensive-care unit (ICU). There's no middle ground." In the southern hemisphere 15 to 33% of hospitalized cases went to the ICU in July and August 2009. Unlike H5N1 avian flu and

3392: 937:(Tamiflu). This was not totally unexpected as 99.6% of the seasonal H1N1 flu strains tested have developed resistance to amantadine and rimantadine. As of August 2009 no circulating flu had yet shown any resistance to 607:

reaction to the then-new strain, while adults aged 18 to 64 had 6–9%, and older adults 34%. Much reporting of early analysis repeated that the strain contained genes from five different flu viruses: North American

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strain contained genes from four different flu viruses—North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe—"an unusually

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of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans. This suggests the virus is unlikely to cause severe infections similar to those caused by the 1918 pandemic flu virus or the

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figures with seasonal influenza are prone to underestimate impact of the pandemic, and the pandemic H1N1/09 virus was in fact the dominant strain of influenza causing illness in the 2009/10 flu season.

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In early June 2009, using computational methods developed over the previous ten years, an international team of researchers attempted to reconstruct the origins and timescale of the 2009 flu pandemic.

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Pigs are susceptible to influenza viruses that can also infect both humans and birds, so they may act as a "mixing vessel" in which reassortment can occur between flu viruses of several species.

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strain was deposited in public databases on April 27, 2009, by scientists from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Scientists in Winnipeg later completed the full

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Dias A, Bouvier D, Crépin T, McCarthy AA, Hart DJ, Baudin F, Cusack S, Ruigrok RW (16 April 2009). "The cap-snatching endonuclease of influenza virus polymerase resides in the PA subunit".

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said the virus must be closely monitored in the southern hemisphere, as it could mix with ordinary seasonal influenza and change in unpredictable ways. Experts writing in the July issue of

490: 735:(WHO) to consider the hypothesis. After reviewing the initial paper, WHO and other organizations concluded the pandemic strain was a naturally-occurring virus and not laboratory-derived. 4189:

The GISAID database is publicly accessible and all its data may be accessed by anyone who can positively identify him or herself. Some discussion of sequence homologies can be found at

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Chen, Honglin; Wang, Yong; Liu, Wei; Zhang, Jinxia; Dong, Baiqing; Fan, Xiaohui; de Jong, Menno D.; Farrar, Jeremy; Riley, Steven; Smith, Gavin J. D.; Guan, Yi (November 2009).

4635: 1859: 5835: 2871:"Fitness of pandemic H1N1 and seasonal influenza A viruses during co-infection: evidence of competitive advantage of pandemic H1N1 influenza versus seasonal influenza" 2140: 558: 784:

virus is also able to infect cells deep in the lungs with receptor type a2-3 but cannot infect cells with receptor type a2-6 making it less contagious than H1N1/09.)

3231: 5143: 2158: 612:, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis showed that several of the 2869:

Perez, Daniel; Sorrell, Erin; Angel, Matthew; Ye, Jianqiang; Hickman, Danielle; Pena, Lindomar; Ramirez-Nieto, Gloria; Kimble, Brian; Araya, Yonas. (2009-08-27).

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deaths". The WHO has also tracked more than 622,482 laboratory-confirmed cases of H1N1. The symptoms of this virus are identical to that of seasonal influenza.

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the United States or elsewhere. After the emergence of the novel virus in the spring of 2009, it spread quickly across the United States, Mexico and the world.

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by the public media due to the prevailing belief that it originated in pigs. The virus is believed to have originated around September 2008 in central Mexico.

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Cauchemez, Simon; Donnelly, Christl A.; Reed, Carrie; Ghani, Azra C.; Fraser, Christophe; Kent, Charlotte K.; Finelli, Lyn; Ferguson, Neil M. (2009-12-31).

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mix of genetic sequences". A CDC investigative team arrived in Mexico City on April 25, 2009 to work with Mexican counterparts to study the virus.

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Estimates of deaths caused by the swine flu have grown to nearly 4,000 since April . . . Swine flu has sickened about 22 million Americans since April

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Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, Ma SK, Cheung CL, Raghwani J, Bhatt S, Peiris JS, Guan Y, Rambaut A (11 June 2009).

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designated by the World Health Organization. While H1N1/09 was the primary strain of flu seen that year, it was not unusually contagious or lethal.

5018: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4965: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4893: 4888: 4880: 2551: 1840: 1266:). A preliminary analysis found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the 6077: 4331: 912:

The World Health Organization said the mutation did not appear to be widespread in Norway and the virus in its mutated form remained sensitive to

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reported that U.S. federal agriculture officials believed that, "contrary to the popular assumption that the new swine flu pandemic arose on

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severely compromised or suppressed. Transmission of resistant virus from one patient to another is suspected in both outbreaks.

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one's eyes, nose or mouth. In 2009, the WHO reported that H1N1/09 seemed to be more contagious than seasonal flu. However, a

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several months prior to the outbreak, suggesting a need to increase agricultural surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.

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Hilleman M (19 August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control".

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could be affecting the virus' ability to go deeper into the respiratory system, thus causing more serious illness".

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Fitzgerald DA (September 2009). "Human swine influenza A : practical advice for clinicians early in the pandemic".

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sequences for every viral gene were made available through the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (

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among birds in countries like China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt. (See the suite of H5N1 articles for details.)

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The name A(H1N1)pdm09 later came into widespread use, sometimes qualified as A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm, etc.

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Dias, A.; Bouvier, D.; Crepin, T.; McCarthy, A.A.; Hart, D.J.; Baudin, F.; Cusack, S.; Ruigrok, R.W.H. (2009).

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leading to an unusual increase in the number of H1N1 infections or a greater number of severe or fatal cases."

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to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity. Children showed no

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in 2016 found that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico.

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behavior, which will aid in both "vaccine targeting" and interpreting illness patterns in the fall of 2009.

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0.02% from November 2009 figures from the CDC, and has been explicitly calculated as 0.026% in England.

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Igarashi M, Ito K, Yoshida R, Tomabechi D, Kida H, et al. (1 January 2010). Belshaw R (ed.).

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An average of about 36,000 people per year in the United States die from influenza-related causes

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This article is about the virus which caused the 2009 flu pandemic. For the outbreak itself, see

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Some authorities objected to calling the flu outbreak "swine flu". U.S. Agriculture Secretary

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first completed the sequencing of Mexican samples of the virus, publishing the result to

3957: 3702: 3050: 2998: 1942: 5646: 5253: 3524: 3343:"Fatal pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza a virus infection in a pennsylvania domestic cat" 3202: 3017: 2982: 2897: 2789: 2762: 2720: 2687: 2614: 2587: 2583: 2483: 2458: 2211: 2185:"Household Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in the United States" 2184: 2117: 2090: 2063: 2035: 2008: 1890: 1703: 1668: 1271: 1145: 1125: 1105: 4081: 3983: 3818: 3793: 1925:"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic" 1646: 1563: 6066: 5939: 5802: 3809: 3359: 3342: 2527: 2512: 1827: 1637: 1454: 1323: 1267: 1165: 893: 851: 793: 709: 705: 665:(WHO) declared its first ever "public health emergency of international concern", or 616:

of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading

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further evidence of the role of domestic pigs in the ecosystem of influenza A".

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http://www.vetinst.no/layout/set/print/Nyheter/Influensavirus-hos-oppdrettsmink

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The virulence of swine flu virus is mild and the mortality rates are very low.

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it has been found that they can continue to shed virus for several more days.

617: 470: 352: 322: 17: 3614: 3594: 3166: 2887: 2711: 2059:"Scientist Repeats Swine Flu Lab-Escape Claim in Published Study - Bloomberg" 1694: 716:

show as red coils inside the particle and bound to ribonucleoproteins (RNPs).

5964: 5959: 5739: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5214: 5118: 2947: 2933: 2025: 1746: 1727: 1606:(Press release). Cape Town. Agence France Press. May 6, 2009. Archived from 1500: 1275: 1038:

The pdm09 in the above nomenclature refers to Pandemic Disease Mexico 2009.

938: 900:

monitoring of the H1N1 virus and its evolution within the human population.

868: 357: 342: 290: 229: 211: 100: 62: 4089: 4054: 3718: 3622: 3368: 3026: 2906: 2870: 2798: 2729: 2703: 2623: 2492: 2323: 2280: 2220: 2126: 2107: 2044: 1960: 1755: 1712: 1571: 4363: 3918: 3854: 3827: 3753: 2202: 1373:"Update: Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infections—Worldwide, May 6, 2009" 862:

Other experts in 2009 were also concerned that the new virus strain could

6029: 3875: 2780: 2688:"Serologic Survey of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Guangxi Province, China" 1232: 670: 630: 626: 604: 415: 3710: 2761:

Lipsitch M, Riley S, Cauchemez S, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM (July 9, 2009).

2744:"AFP: WHO cuts swine flu vaccine production estimate, 24 September 2009" 2474: 1951: 1924: 701: 5874: 3567:"What's in a name? Governments debate 'swine flu' versus 'Mexican' flu" 1291: 896: 613: 565:

difference between mild and severe cases, with few falling in between.

3842: 3741: 2605: 5744: 2763:"Managing and Reducing Uncertainty in an Emerging Influenza Pandemic" 1728:"As Swine Flu Circles Globe, Scientists Grapple With Basic Questions" 1263: 987: 960:

flu antibodies. Pigs are also known to have been infected by humans.

863: 713: 622: 6006: 2007:

Gibbs, Adrian J.; Armstrong, John S.; Downie, Jean C. (2011-07-18).

1773:"2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico, researchers discover" 1686: 4329:

Graphical Image of the viral makeup of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus

4045: 4028: 3070:"Update on oseltamivir resistance to influenza H1N1 (2009) viruses" 2586:; Paul D Rutter; Benjamin M Ellis; et al. (10 December 2009). 596:(CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting 5944: 3503:"South Korea changed the name from "swine flu" to "Mexican virus"" 3413:

http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2009/12/28/news/national/457558.txt

2089:

Coburn, Brian J; Wagner, Bradley G; Blower, Sally (22 June 2009).

1014:

expressed concerns that this would lead to the misconception that

850:

On May 22, 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General

819: 695: 666: 574: 536: 87: 1826:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1767: 1765: 955:

study found that in Iowa, 20 percent of swine veterinarians and 3

1259: 1015: 1000: 797: 789: 6010: 5187: 4367: 3484: 2429: 1516:"PRO/AH/EDR> Influenza A (H1N1) "swine flu": worldwide (04)" 4184: 2457:

Childs RA, Palma AS, Wharton S, et al. (September 2009).

3841:

Ng, A.K.L.; Zhang, H.; Tan, K.; Wang, J.; Shaw, P.C. (2008).

633:

sequencing of viruses from Mexico and Canada on May 6, 2009.

5183: 4009:. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) 1059: 57:

of the pandemic H1N1/09 influenza virus photographed at the

3843:"Crystal structure of Influenza A Virus H5N1 nucleoprotein" 3124:"2008–2009 Influenza Season Week 32 ending August 15, 2009" 3099:"2008–2009 Influenza Season Week 39 ending October 3, 2009" 1443: 1441: 929:

As of December 2010, the WHO reported 314 samples of

3593:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009).

2338:"Swine flu may have infected more than 100,000 Americans" 2508:"Don't be fooled: Swine flu still poses a deadly threat" 3595:"Update on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines" 3265:

Rest Easy. When It Comes to Swine Flu, Your Pet Is Safe

2395:"Comparing deaths from pandemic and seasonal influenza" 1450:"Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic" 3232:"H1N1 in turkeys poses 'minimal' human risk: official" 1891:"In New Theory, Swine Flu Started in Asia, Not Mexico" 1633:"Swine flu: Can science save us from the second wave?" 1350:"The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A" 4105:"Swine flu genes from pigs only, not humans or birds" 4007:"New swine flu virus supports 'mixing vessel' theory" 3051:

http://www.abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory?id=9138409

2816:"New virus "very unstable", more changes seen-expert" 1545:"Possible origin of current influenza A H1N1 viruses" 2962:"Pandemic payoff from 1918: a weaker H1N1 flu today" 2929:"CDC expert says flu outbreak is dying down—for now" 2834:"Avian influenza disease emergency situation update" 6019: 5978: 5925: 5900: 5862: 5855: 5821: 5768: 5757: 5720: 5645: 5636: 5616: 5607: 5550: 5514: 5505: 5485: 5457: 5448: 5303: 5267: 5221: 5094: 5027: 4964: 4879: 4691: 4501: 4423: 4414: 2159:"WHO: H1N1 flu more contagious than seasonal virus" 1860:"World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic" 2639:"Some immunity to novel H1N1 flu found in seniors" 2552:"CDC's swine flu toll: 4,000 dead, 22 million ill" 1404:"Some immunity to novel H1N1 flu found in seniors" 1028:proposed the name "North American influenza". The 61:Influenza Laboratory. The viruses are 80–120 3669:"La fiche d'identité d'un virus inédit - Planète" 3045: 3043: 2948:"CDC says no sign yet that swine flu is mutating" 2643:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2255:"Unraveling the mystery of swine influenza virus" 1992:"New flu has been around for years in pigs—study" 27:Virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic 4287:"Canadian lab completes sequencing of flu virus" 4171:"Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database" 4145:"Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic" 3958:"CDC says too late to contain U.S. flu outbreak" 2528:"Seasonal influenza—flu symptoms & severity" 1626: 1624: 1348:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 559:public health emergency of international concern 3249:"Ferret gets swine flu from its owner, a first" 3187:https://www.cdc.gov/flu/swine/pdf/brochure.pdf 5199: 4379: 999:The initial outbreak of a novel swine-origin 512: 8: 3234:. CBC News. October 20, 2009. Archived from 1669:"The turbulent history of the A(H1N1) virus" 1600:"H1N1 virus genome: 'This is a world first'" 1501:"Swine flu name change? Flu genes spell pig" 4300:Galloway Gloria; Walton Dawn (6 May 2009). 3540:"The naming of swine flu, a curious matter" 941:(Relenza), the other available anti-viral. 724:In November 2009, a study was published in 6007: 5859: 5765: 5642: 5613: 5511: 5454: 5206: 5192: 5184: 4420: 4386: 4372: 4364: 4245:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3937:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3649:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3489:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3132:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3103:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2434:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2426:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1918: 1916: 1813:"2009 H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus)—CDC" 1432:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1383:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1367: 1365: 1363: 933:tested worldwide have shown resistance to 651:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 594:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 519: 505: 207: 45: 36: 4044: 3980:"U.S., Mexico battle deadly flu outbreak" 3817: 3521:"Renamed swine flu certain to hit Taiwan" 3358: 3016: 3006: 2896: 2886: 2788: 2719: 2613: 2482: 2270: 2236:"Swine flu might be even more contagious" 2210: 2116: 2106: 2034: 2024: 1950: 1745: 1726:Cohen Jon; Enserink Martin (1 May 2009). 1702: 3199:"Situation updates—Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" 3153:"Pigs Often Infect Farmers, Meatpackers" 2141:"UK HPA public information on swine flu" 1229:"The identity card of a composite virus" 1045: 557:The H1N1 pandemic of 2009 was the first 4350:EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 4122:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (30 April 2009). 2506:MacKenzie, Debora (12 September 2009). 1538: 1536: 1340: 1295:greater severity of the Mexican cases. 589:provided no protection. A study at the 210: 4260:"What scientists know about swine flu" 3314:Parker-Pope, Tara (November 5, 2009). 1889:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (23 June 2009). 1482:"What scientists know about swine flu" 5996:US influenza statistics by flu season 4302:"Canadian, Mexican flu strains match" 4240:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3456:"US looks to change 'swine flu' name" 3216:"Chile confirms swine flu in turkeys" 2810: 2808: 1427:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1378:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 828:to receive the H1N1 vaccine from the 7: 4354:Microscopic image of the H1N1 virus 4027:Thacker E, Janke B (February 2008). 3792:Biswas SK, Nayak DP (October 1996). 2960:Christine Soares (October 9, 2009). 2234:Smith, Michael (16 September 2009). 1032:adopted the term "novel flu virus". 1026:World Organization for Animal Health 4359:Microscopic image of the H1N1 virus 4348:European Commission – Public Health 4222:A/California/04/2009 10M 2009-04-01 4214:A/California/06/2009 41F 2009-04-16 4210:A/California/07/2009 54M 2009-04-09 3632:from the original on June 29, 2011. 3430:Norske Veterinærinstituttet. 2011. 3287:Murray, Louise (November 5, 2009). 2768:The New England Journal of Medicine 2445:Most flu continues to be 2009 H1N1. 1801:from the original on 26 April 2009. 1462:from the original on April 29, 2009 1286:Late on May 6, 2009, Canada's 856:The New England Journal of Medicine 830:Galveston County Health Department. 806:acute respiratory distress syndrome 5991:2017–2018 United States flu season 4218:A/California/05/2009 9F 2009-03-30 4198:A/California/09/2009 7M 2009-04-15 3982:. Associated Press. Archived from 3390:"H1N1-infected cat dies in Oregon" 2558:. 13 November 2009. Archived from 1901:from the original on 7 August 2009 1667:Check, Hayden Erica (5 May 2009). 1019:later called "Mexican flu" by the 824:2,500 people line up in a mall in 792:which provoke a runaway body-wide 780:severe respiratory symptoms. (The 25: 5730:Live attenuated influenza vaccine 4196:. The first strains released are 3978:Mark Stevenson (April 25, 2009). 2841:Food and Agriculture Organization 2637:Schnirring, Lisa (May 21, 2009). 1819:from the original on 2 July 2019. 1604:Independent Online (South Africa) 1448:MacKenzie, Debora (27 May 2009). 4325:from Influenza Research Database 3810:10.1128/JVI.70.10.6716-6722.1996 3565:Pilkington, Ed (28 April 2009). 3538:Bradsher Keith (28 April 2009). 3432:Influensavirus hos oppdrettsmink 3360:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01390.x 3032: 2927:Steve Sternberg (May 26, 2009). 2912: 2430:"2009 H1N1 Flu:Situation Update" 2343:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1821: 1631:MacKenzie, Debora (9 May 2009). 1288:National Microbiology Laboratory 448:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak 218: 74: 55:Transmission electron micrograph 3781:. National Library of Medicine. 3742:"Influenza polymerase fragment" 3462:. 29 April 2009. Archived from 3341:Campagnolo ER (February 2011). 3128:Flu Activity & Surveillance 2950:Associated Press, July 23, 2009 2843:. July 25, 2008. Archived from 2253:Wang TT, Palese P (June 2009). 2190:New England Journal of Medicine 1858:Chan, Margaret (11 June 2009). 1543:Zhang H, Chen L (August 2009). 757:New England Journal of Medicine 6078:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 4206:A/Texas/04/2009 16M 2009-04-14 4202:A/Texas/05/2009 16M 2009-04-15 4103:Keim Brandon (28 April 2009). 2369:Lisberg, Adam (June 7, 2009). 1975:. 11 June 2009. Archived from 1499:Seth Borenstein (2009-05-01). 644:Mount Sinai School of Medicine 550:. This strain is often called 541:influenza A virus subtype H1N1 1: 5788:Russian flu (1889–1890) 4258:Emma Wilkinson (1 May 2009). 4143:Watts Susan (25 April 2009). 4082:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2 3603:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2346:. 17 May 2009. Archived from 1775:. Science Daily. 27 June 2016 1647:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61215-X 1564:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70181-1 1480:Emma Wilkinson (2009-05-02). 546:that was responsible for the 4285:Kirkey Sharon (6 May 2009). 4173:. CIDRAP News. 25 June 2009. 3911:10.1126/science.279.5349.393 3274:U.S. News & World Report 3008:10.1371/journal.pone.0008553 2692:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2067:. 2010-12-02. Archived from 1969:"Swine flu origins revealed" 3485:"2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu)" 3316:"The cat who got swine flu" 1314:2009 flu pandemic in Mexico 700:Structure of the influenza 303:Seasonal flu vaccine brands 6099: 5563:Transmission and infection 5159: 4005:Roos Robert (2007-12-20). 3347:Zoonoses and Public Health 2316:10.1016/j.prrv.2009.06.005 2272:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.032 834: 438:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 29: 5843:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) 5783:Influenza pandemic (1557) 5778:Influenza pandemic (1510) 5157: 4401: 4323:Gene sequence information 3878:. Uniprot.org. 2006-01-24 3671:. Le Monde.fr. 2009-04-30 3289:"Can pets get swine flu?" 3077:World Health Organization 2391:World Health Organization 1864:World Health Organization 1224: 1058: 1048: 1021:National Health Institute 837:2009 flu pandemic vaccine 733:World Health Organization 663:World Health Organization 577:is a novel strain of the 69: 53: 44: 39: 6083:Infraspecific virus taxa 5885:2007 Australian outbreak 4344:EU response to influenza 3960:. Reuters. 24 April 2009 3079:(WHO). December 15, 2010 2888:10.1371/currents.RRN1011 1514:Rabadan R (2009-04-28). 1204:Non-structural proteins 775:Research carried out at 6073:2009 swine flu pandemic 5672:Neuraminidase inhibitor 4395:2009 swine flu pandemic 4289:. Canwest News Service. 2875:PLOS Currents Influenza 2593:British Medical Journal 2026:10.1186/1743-422X-6-207 1747:10.1126/science.324_572 1050:Genetic origins of the 796:, H1N1/09 destroys the 777:Imperial College London 649:On April 17, 2009, the 548:2009 swine flu pandemic 453:2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak 40:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 32:2009 swine flu pandemic 6021:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 5986:Influenza-like illness 5655:Adamantane derivatives 5174:Influenza-like illness 4716:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3775:"Swiss-Prot: 81929174" 3056:June 29, 2011, at the 2704:10.3201/eid1511.090868 2108:10.1186/1741-7015-7-30 1212:Nuclear Export Protein 1064: 931:2009 pandemic H1N1 flu 846:Evolutionary potential 832: 717: 533:pandemic H1N1/09 virus 491:Vaccine reformulations 486:Influenza-like illness 433:2007 Australian equine 200:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 5836:1989–1990 UK outbreak 5798:Asian flu (1957-1958) 2376:Daily News (New York) 2203:10.1056/nejmoa0905498 1866:(WHO). Archived from 1841:"WHO—Swine influenza" 1063: 823: 699: 581:, for which existing 569:Viral characteristics 378:1889-1890 Russian flu 5803:Hong Kong flu (1968) 5595:Pandemic preparation 4673:United Arab Emirates 3645:"2009 H1N1 Pandemic" 3445:, posted 22.07.2011. 3411:rep am.com articles 3238:on October 22, 2009. 2850:on September 9, 2008 2781:10.1056/NEJMp0904380 2750:on February 6, 2010. 2405:on December 23, 2009 2393:(22 December 2009). 1973:University of Oxford 1356:on January 13, 2010. 1281:H5N1 avian influenza 1052:2009 swine flu virus 71:Virus classification 5139:2009 A/H1N1 vaccine 4944:Trinidad and Tobago 4039:(Suppl 1): S19–24. 3855:10.2210/pdb2q06/pdb 3754:10.2210/pdb2w69/pdb 3711:10.1038/nature07745 3703:2009Natur.458..914D 3277:. November 4, 2009. 3158:The Washington Post 2999:2010PLoSO...5.8553I 2967:Scientific American 2475:10.1038/nbt0909-797 2304:Paediatr Respir Rev 1952:10.1038/nature08182 1943:2009Natur.459.1122S 1030:European Commission 986:In October 2009, a 661:In late April, the 655:Southern California 476:Influenza evolution 388:1957-1958 Asian flu 174:Alphainfluenzavirus 5793:Spanish flu (1918) 5712:Baloxavir marboxil 5537:West Bengal (2008) 5472:1977 (Russian flu) 5467:1918 (Spanish flu) 5149:Tamiflu resistance 5104:Influenza pandemic 4914:Dominican Republic 4334:2010-03-07 at the 4306:The Globe and Mail 4129:The New York Times 4076:(25–26): 3068–87. 3643:CDC (2019-06-11). 3545:The New York Times 3441:2011-10-06 at the 3418:2011-09-28 at the 3395:2010-10-17 at the 3321:The New York Times 3294:The New York Times 2562:on 30 January 2013 1895:The New York Times 1870:on 22 October 2009 1065: 833: 718: 678:The New York Times 676:On June 23, 2009, 481:Influenza research 393:1968 Hong Kong flu 328:Baloxavir marboxil 6060: 6059: 6013:Taxon identifiers 6004: 6003: 5921: 5920: 5851: 5850: 5831:Fujian flu (H3N2) 5753: 5752: 5632: 5631: 5603: 5602: 5558:Genetic structure 5501: 5500: 5305:Influenza A virus 5244:Genome sequencing 5181: 5180: 5144:Actions with pigs 5090: 5089: 4404:Outbreak timeline 4185:"GISAID Platform" 3986:on April 27, 2009 3905:(5349): 393–396. 3847:Protein Data Bank 3746:Protein Data Bank 3466:on April 29, 2009 3221:, August 21, 2009 3105:(CDC). 2009-10-09 2698:(11): 1849–1850. 2606:10.1136/bmj.b5213 2197:(27): 2619–2627. 1937:(7250): 1122–25. 1610:on August 2, 2012 1319:COVID-19 pandemic 1309:2009 flu pandemic 1241: 1240: 1237: 1137:1993 H3N2 strain 890:sequence homology 882:1918 flu epidemic 826:Texas City, Texas 529: 528: 206: 205: 187:Influenza A virus 16:(Redirected from 6090: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6008: 5935:Acute bronchitis 5860: 5813:Swine flu (2009) 5808:1977 Russian flu 5766: 5702: 5643: 5614: 5512: 5477:2009 (Swine flu) 5455: 5275:Orthomyxoviridae 5208: 5201: 5194: 5185: 5062:Papua New Guinea 4421: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4342:Health-EU portal 4310: 4309: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4247:. 22 April 2009. 4231: 4225: 4195: 4194:. 26 April 2009. 4192:"FluTracker.com" 4188: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939:. 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Archived from 1345: 1236: 1225: 1046: 958: 945:Species affected 804:, often causing 727:Virology Journal 625:sequence of the 521: 514: 507: 443:2008 West Bengal 398:1977 Russian flu 383:1918 Spanish flu 222: 208: 162:Orthomyxoviridae 79: 78: 49: 37: 21: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5974: 5917: 5896: 5847: 5817: 5762: 5760: 5749: 5716: 5700: 5647:Antiviral drugs 5628: 5599: 5585:Human mortality 5578:clinical trials 5546: 5497: 5481: 5444: 5308: 5306: 5299: 5263: 5217: 5212: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5153: 5114:Swine influenza 5086: 5067:Solomon Islands 5023: 4960: 4875: 4687: 4497: 4410: 4408:Pandemic tables 4397: 4392: 4336:Wayback Machine 4319: 4314: 4313: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4190: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3804:(10): 6716–22. 3791: 3790: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3697:(7240): 914–8. 3688: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3609:(39): 1100–01. 3597: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3443:Wayback Machine 3429: 3425: 3420:Wayback Machine 3410: 3406: 3402:, Nov. 19, 2009 3400:Veterinary News 3397:Wayback Machine 3388: 3384: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3262: 3258: 3254:, Oct. 20, 2009 3247: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3210: 3205:on May 2, 2009. 3197: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3058:Wayback Machine 3048: 3041: 3031: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2822:. May 12, 2009. 2814: 2813: 2806: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2565: 2563: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2463:Nat. Biotechnol 2456: 2455: 2451: 2438: 2436: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1997:, June 11, 2009 1990: 1986: 1967: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1822: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1740:(5927): 572–3. 1725: 1724: 1720: 1687:10.1038/459014a 1666: 1665: 1661: 1653:on May 9, 2009. 1630: 1629: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1329:Swine influenza 1305: 1276:pathophysiology 1227: 1209: 1054: 1044: 997: 956: 947: 927: 906: 848: 839: 818: 794:immune response 766: 752: 741: 639: 610:swine influenza 579:influenza virus 571: 525: 496: 495: 466: 458: 457: 428:2006 H5N1 India 418: 408: 407: 373: 363: 362: 318: 308: 307: 298:Live attenuated 281: 271: 270: 232: 212:Influenza (flu) 202: 190: 150:Articulavirales 138:Insthoviricetes 126:Negarnaviricota 73: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6041: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5979:Related topics 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5701:(experimental) 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5542:2020s outbreak 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Croatia (2005) 5518: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5254:Superinfection 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5222:General topics 5219: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4871:United Kingdom 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4326: 4318: 4317:External links 4315: 4312: 4311: 4292: 4277: 4265: 4250: 4226: 4176: 4162: 4150: 4135: 4114: 4095: 4060: 4046:10.1086/524988 4019: 3997: 3970: 3949: 3924: 3888: 3867: 3833: 3784: 3779:entrez Protein 3766: 3732: 3681: 3660: 3635: 3585: 3557: 3530: 3525:The China Post 3512: 3505:(in Chinese). 3494: 3476: 3447: 3423: 3404: 3382: 3333: 3306: 3279: 3256: 3241: 3223: 3208: 3190: 3185:CDC Swine Flu 3178: 3161:. 2009-04-25. 3144: 3115: 3090: 3061: 3039: 2973: 2952: 2940: 2919: 2861: 2825: 2804: 2753: 2735: 2678: 2654: 2629: 2575: 2543: 2519: 2498: 2449: 2416: 2382: 2361: 2350:on 19 May 2009 2329: 2294: 2245: 2226: 2175: 2150: 2147:on 2009-12-14. 2132: 2081: 2064:Bloomberg News 2050: 1999: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1979:on 2009-06-16. 1912: 1881: 1850: 1847:on 6 May 2014. 1832: 1815:. 2019-06-11. 1804: 1786: 1761: 1718: 1681:(7243): 14–5. 1659: 1620: 1591: 1532: 1506: 1491: 1472: 1437: 1413: 1410:. 21 May 2009. 1395: 1359: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1272:matrix protein 1239: 1238: 1222: 1221: 1220:North America 1218: 1215: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1182:Matrix protein 1179: 1175: 1174: 1173:North America 1171: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1157:North America 1155: 1152: 1146:RNA polymerase 1143: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1126:RNA polymerase 1123: 1119: 1118: 1117:North America 1115: 1112: 1106:RNA polymerase 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1081:North America 1079: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1040: 996: 993: 984: 983: 975: 974: 966: 965: 952: 951: 946: 943: 926: 923: 905: 902: 847: 844: 835:Main article: 817: 814: 765: 762: 750: 740: 739:Contagiousness 737: 638: 635: 602:cross-reactive 570: 567: 527: 526: 524: 523: 516: 509: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 423:1976 swine flu 419: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 403:2009 swine flu 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 374: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 295: 294: 293: 282: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 264:A/H1N1 subtype 256: 251: 246: 245: 244: 242:A/H5N1 subtype 233: 228: 227: 224: 223: 215: 214: 204: 203: 198: 196: 192: 191: 184: 182: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 158: 154: 153: 146: 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 122: 118: 117: 110: 106: 105: 98: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 67: 66: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 24: 18:Novel H1N1 flu 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6095: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Bronchiolitis 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5927:Complications 5924: 5914: 5913:Fujian (H5N1) 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5759:Pandemics and 5756: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:Social impact 5588: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5568:Global spread 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4966:South America 4963: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949:United States 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4881:North America 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3682: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3353:(7): 500–07. 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3252:The Oregonian 3250: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775:(2): 112–15. 2774: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2513:New Scientist 2509: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469:(9): 797–99. 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423:For example, 2420: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310:(3): 154–58. 2309: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2265:(6): 983–85. 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2165:on 2010-01-12 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2071:on 2010-12-02 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:public domain 1818: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641:(2707): 4–5. 1640: 1639: 1638:New 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