412:
as a result of damage to the outer hair cells in the cochlea. Therefore, the damage or loss of some outer hair cells will likely show up on OAEs before showing up on the audiogram. Studies have shown that for some individuals with normal hearing that have been exposed to excessive sound levels, fewer, reduced, or no OAEs can be present. This could be an indication of noise-induced hearing loss before it is seen on an audiogram. In one study, a group of subjects with noise exposure was compared to a group of subjects with normal audiograms and a history of noise exposure, as well as a group of military recruits with no history of noise exposure and a normal audiogram. They found that an increase in severity of the noise-induced hearing loss resulted in OAEs with a smaller range of emissions and reduced amplitude of the emissions. The loss of emissions due to noise exposure was found to occur mostly in higher frequencies, and it was more prominent in the groups that had noise exposure in comparison to the non-exposed group. It was found that OAEs were more sensitive to identifying noise-induced cochlear damage than pure tone audiometry. In conclusion, the study identified OAEs as a method for helping with detection of the early onset of noise-induced hearing loss.
20:
392:
it suitable for diagnostic and screening applications. Many western countries now have national programmes for the universal hearing screening of newborn babies. Newborn hearing screening is state-mandated prior to hospital discharge in the United States. Periodic early childhood hearing screenings programs are also utilizing OAE technology. The Early
Childhood Hearing Outreach Initiative at the
396:(NCHAM) at Utah State University has helped hundreds of Early Head Start programs across the United States implement OAE screening and follow-up practices in those early childhood educational settings. The primary screening tool is a test for the presence of a click-evoked OAE. Otoacoustic emissions also assist in differential diagnosis of cochlear and higher level hearing losses (e.g.,
432:
identification. Devices equipped with a microphone could detect these subsonic emissions and potentially identify an individual, thereby providing access to the device, without the need of a traditional password. It is speculated, however, that colds, medication, trimming one's ear hair, or recording
411:
In conjunction with audiometric testing, OAE testing can be completed to determine changes in the responses. Studies have found that exposure to noise can cause a decline in OAE responses. OAEs are a measurement of the activity of outer hair cells in the cochlea, and noise-induced hearing loss occurs
93:
Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are sounds that are emitted from the ear without external stimulation and are measurable with sensitive microphones in the external ear canal. At least one SOAE can be detected in approximately 35–50% of the population. The sounds are frequency-stable between
391:
Otoacoustic emissions are clinically important because they are the basis of a simple, non-invasive test for cochlear hearing loss in newborn babies and in children or adults who are unable or unwilling to cooperate during conventional hearing tests. In addition, the OAEs are highly reliable making
118:
Transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs or TrOAEs) are evoked using a click (broad frequency range) or toneburst (brief duration pure tone) stimulus. The evoked response from a click covers the frequency range up to around 4 kHz, while a toneburst will elicit a response from the region that has the same
415:
It has been found that distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE's) have provided the most information for detecting hearing loss in high frequencies when compared to transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE). This is an indication that DPOAE's can help with detecting an early onset of
51:
in 1978, and otoacoustic emissions have since been shown to arise through a number of different cellular and mechanical causes within the inner ear. Studies have shown that OAEs disappear after the inner ear has been damaged, so OAEs are often used in the laboratory and the clinic as a measure of
449:
built a low-cost prototype that can reliably detect otoacoustic emissions using commodity earphones and microphones attached to a smartphone. The low-cost prototype sends two frequency tones through each of the headphone’s earbuds, detects the distortion-product OAEs generated by the cochlea and
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have been explored. Several studies suggest that in about 6% to 12% of normal-hearing persons with tinnitus and SOAEs, the SOAEs are at least partly responsible for the tinnitus. Studies have found that some subjects with tinnitus display oscillating or ringing EOAEs, and in these cases, it is
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noise-induced hearing loss. A study measuring audiometric thresholds and DPOAEs among individuals in the military showed that there was a decrease in DPOAEs after noise exposure, but did not show a shift in audiometric threshold. This supports OAEs as predicting early signs of noise damage.
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Stimulus-frequency OAEs (SFOAEs) are measured during the application of a pure-tone stimulus and are detected by the vectorial difference between the stimulus waveform and the recorded waveform (which consists of the sum of the stimulus and the
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High-end personalized headphone products (e.g., Nuraphone) are being designed to measure OAEs and determine the listener’s sensitivity to different acoustic frequencies. This is then used to personalize the audio signal for each listener.
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Marshall, Lynne; Miller, Judi A. Lapsley; Heller, Laurie M.; Wolgemuth, Keith S.; Hughes, Linda M.; Smith, Shelley D.; Kopke, Richard D. (2009-02-01). "Detecting incipient inner-ear damage from impulse noise with otoacoustic emissions".
55:
Broadly speaking, there are two types of otoacoustic emissions: spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), which occur without external stimulation, and evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which require an evoking
664:
Kujawa, SG; Fallon, M; Bobbin, RP (May 1995). "Time-varying alterations in the f2-f1 DPOAE response to continuous primary stimulation. I: Response characterization and contribution of the olivocochlear efferents".
546:
Kujawa, SG; Fallon, M; Skellett, RA; Bobbin, RP (August 1996). "Time-varying alterations in the f2-f1 DPOAE response to continuous primary stimulation. II. Influence of local calcium-dependent mechanisms".
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500 Hz and 4,500 Hz and have unstable volumes between -30 dB SPL and +10 dB SPL. The majority of those with SOAEs are unaware of them, however 1–9% perceive a SOAE as an annoying
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Eiserman W.; Hartel D.; Shisler L.; Buhrmann J.; White K.; Foust T. (2008). "Using otoacoustic emissions to screen for hearing loss in early childhood care settings".
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hypothesized that the oscillating EOAEs and tinnitus are related to a common underlying pathology rather than the emissions being the source of the tinnitus.
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Eiserman, W., & Shisler, L. (2010). Identifying
Hearing Loss in Young Children: Technology Replaces the Bell. Zero to Three Journal, 30, No.5, 24-28.
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Chan, Justin; Ali, Nada; Najafi, Ali; Meehan, Anna; Mancl, Lisa R.; Gallagher, Emily; Bly, Randall; Gollakota, Shyamnath (2022-10-31).
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Eiserman, W., Shisler, L., & Foust, T. (2008). Hearing screening in Early
Childcare Settings. The ASHA Leader. November 4, 2008.
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are the elements that enhance cochlear sensitivity and frequency selectivity and hence act as the energy sources for amplification.
1615:
590:
Chang, Kay W.; Norton, Susan (1 September 1997). "Efferently mediated changes in the quadratic distortion product (f2−f1)".
323:(the "cubic" distortion tone, most commonly used for hearing screening), because they produce the most robust emission, and
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710:"Comparing the optimal signal conditions for recording cubic and quadratic distortion product otoacoustic emissions"
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767:"Short term test-retest reliability of contralateral inhibition of distortion product otoacoustic emissions"
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512:
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Kemp, D. T. (1 January 1978). "Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system".
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increases, leading to the production of sound. Several lines of evidence suggest that, in mammals,
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recorded via the microphone. Such low-cost technologies may help larger efforts to achieve
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Henderson, Don; Prasher, Deepak; Kopke, Richard; Salvi, Richard; Hamernik, Roger (2001).
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Norton, SJ; et al. (1990), "Tinnitus and otoacoustic emissions: is there a link?",
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627:"An estimate of the prevalence of tinnitus caused by spontaneous otoacoustic emissions"
264:) mathematically related to the primary frequencies, with the two most prominent being
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Evoked otoacoustic emissions are currently evoked using three different methodologies.
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and playing back a signal to the microphone could subvert the identification process.
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1170:"An off-the-shelf otoacoustic-emission probe for hearing screening via a smartphone"
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with particular intensity (usually either 65–55 dB SPL or 65 for both) and ratio (
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in 1948, its existence was first demonstrated experimentally by
British physicist
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Distortion-product OAEs (DPOAEs) are evoked using a pair of primary tones
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Assessment of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) in an adult
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OAEs are considered to be related to the amplification function of the
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983:
Noise
Induced Hearing Loss: Basic Mechanisms, Prevention and Control
1145:"Nura Headphones: Using OAEs to Customize the Listening Experience"
1008:"Otoacoustic emissions, their origin in cochlear function, and use"
36:
18:
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The evoked responses from these stimuli occur at frequencies (
72:. In the absence of external stimulation, the activity of the
1306:
Otoacoustic
Emissions: Principles, Procedures, and Protocols
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921:
919:
835:
International
Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
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led research into utilizing otoacoustic emissions for
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G.A. Manley, R.R. Fay, and A.N. Popper (eds., 2008).
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National Center for
Hearing Assessment and Management
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The relationships between otoacoustic emissions and
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43:. Having been predicted by Austrian astrophysicist
1301:(Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol. 30).
476:, a composer who used this phenomenon in her music
371:
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256:
222:
168:
141:
765:Kalaiah M, Lasrado A, Pinto N, Shastri U (2018).
1058:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
714:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
592:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
505:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
985:. London: Noise Research Network Publications.
875:
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223:{\displaystyle f_{1}{\mbox{ }}:{\mbox{ }}f_{2}}
1290:M.S. Robinette and T.J. Glattke (eds., 2007).
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976:
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928:Robinette, Martin; Glattke, Theodore (2007).
8:
1292:Otoacoustic Emissions: Clinical Applications
930:Otoacoustic Emissions: Clinical Applications
437:Measuring otoacoustic emissions on earphones
379:(the "quadratic" distortion tone, or simple
932:. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.
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1299:Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions
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1149:Hearing Health & Technology Matters
1108:Ear noise can be used as identification
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957:. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning.
7:
643:10.1001/archotol.1990.01870040040010
452:universal neonatal hearing screening
1304:S. Dhar and J.W. Hall, III (2011).
1124:Your Ear Noise as Computer Password
316:{\displaystyle f_{dp}=2f_{1}-f_{2}}
1106:Telegraph.co.uk, April 25, 2009, "
708:Bian, L; Chen, S (December 2008).
372:{\displaystyle f_{dp}=f_{2}-f_{1}}
39:that is generated from within the
14:
955:Handbook of Otoacoustic Emissions
1233:Goodman, Shawn S. (2022-10-31).
894:10.1097/00003446-199004000-00011
771:Journal of Audiology and Otology
631:Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
1616:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
1235:"Affordable hearing screening"
424:In 2009, Stephen Beeby of the
98:. It has been suggested that "
1:
1602:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
1239:Nature Biomedical Engineering
1174:Nature Biomedical Engineering
561:10.1016/s0378-5955(96)80016-5
1598:Medial vestibulospinal tract
847:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.12.006
679:10.1016/0378-5955(95)00041-2
445:In 2022, researchers at the
1636:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
464:Auditory brainstem response
119:frequency as the pure tone.
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1567:Lateral vestibular nucleus
1251:10.1038/s41551-022-00959-2
1186:10.1038/s41551-022-00947-6
1563:Medial vestibular nucleus
1294:, third edition (Thieme).
1122:Online, April 29, 2009, "
1006:Kemp, D. T (2002-10-01).
953:Hall, III, James (2000).
426:University of Southampton
1478:Medial geniculate nuclei
1012:British Medical Bulletin
447:University of Washington
16:Sound from the inner ear
1496:Primary auditory cortex
1446:Superior olivary nuclei
102:" phenomena are SOAEs.
64:Mechanism of occurrence
784:10.7874/jao.2018.00038
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257:{\displaystyle f_{dp}}
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1594:Vestibulospinal tract
625:Penner M. J. (1990).
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169:{\displaystyle f_{2}}
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142:{\displaystyle f_{1}}
22:
1581:Flocculonodular lobe
1379:Otoacoustic emission
1308:(Plural Publishing).
1025:10.1093/bmb/63.1.223
480:Pure tone audiometry
420:Biometric importance
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29:otoacoustic emission
1143:HHTM (2017-10-24).
1070:2009ASAJ..125..995M
726:2008ASAJ..124.3739B
604:1997ASAJ..102.1719C
517:1978ASAJ...64.1386K
469:Entoptic phenomenon
454:across the world.
398:auditory neuropathy
387:Clinical importance
1492:Acoustic radiation
1464:Inferior colliculi
1129:2009-05-03 at the
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74:cochlear amplifier
52:inner ear health.
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1629:Vestibular cortex
1559:Vestibular nuclei
1523:Vestibular system
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1460:Lateral lemniscus
1384:Tullio phenomenon
1245:(11): 1199–1200.
1180:(11): 1203–1213.
1078:10.1121/1.3050304
939:978-1-58890-411-9
734:10.1121/1.3001706
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1545:Vestibular nerve
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511:(5): 1386–1391.
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598:(3): 1719.
89:Spontaneous
45:Thomas Gold
1655:Categories
1576:cerebellum
1408:Hair cells
1154:2022-10-31
491:References
49:David Kemp
1661:Acoustics
1540:inner ear
1403:inner ear
1275:253246312
1259:2157-846X
1220:253246239
1194:2157-846X
1086:0001-4966
1034:0007-1420
430:biometric
357:−
301:−
41:inner ear
1624:cerebrum
1611:thalamus
1487:cerebrum
1473:thalamus
1455:midbrain
1434:Anterior
1267:36316370
1212:36316369
1127:Archived
1094:19206875
1042:12324396
910:45416116
882:Ear Hear
855:18276019
811:52048509
803:30126264
752:19206801
458:See also
405:tinnitus
96:tinnitus
58:stimulus
1666:Hearing
1532:Pathway
1516:General
1509:Balance
1394:Pathway
1362:General
1355:Hearing
1348:hearing
1344:balance
1203:9717525
1066:Bibcode
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