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devices that amplify sound to devices that replace the function of a damaged inner ear to communication modalities including spoken language, sign language, and cued speech. The choice of interventions depends on the degree and the cause of hearing loss, accessibility, affordability and family choice. For interventions to be effective, they should be appropriate, timely, family-centered and undertaken through a coordinated interdisciplinary approach, which includes access to specialists who have the professional qualifications and specialized knowledge and skills to support and promote optimal development outcomes. Key elements for ensuring the best outcomes for children with hearing loss may include:
289:) and included the recommendation for BOA or physiologic screening of high-risk infants. At that time, the Committee did not recommend any specific device, although many programme were successfully utilizing automated ABR for newborn screening. Despite efforts and endorsements, the growth of high-risk screening in the United States was very slow. In 1984, high-risk hearing registries only included an estimated 15 percent of the nation's newborn population and likely, that less than half of those infants had their hearing assessed. Other weaknesses identified that a restricted risk register will excludes approximately 50 percent of infants with hearing impairment.
71:(ABR) testing) to screen the hearing of all newborns in a particular target region, regardless of the presence or absence of risk factors. Even among developed countries, until the 1990s, it could take years for hearing-impaired child to be diagnosed and to benefit from a health intervention and amplification. This delay still can happen in developing countries. If children are not exposed to sounds and language during their first years of life because of a hearing loss, they will have difficulty in developing spoken or signed language; cognitive development and social skills could also be affected. This
153:
loss of more than 40 decibels through review of health or education records, or both. Other international studies using different methods or criteria have reported higher estimates. In the United States, studies have shown a wide range of estimates for the number of children with hearing loss depending upon the reported age range, type, degree, frequency, laterality and method of ascertainment (e.g. audiometric testing, parental report, record review). Audiometric data of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years obtained through the
241:
the final or most recent screening were lost-to-follow-up/lost to documentation (LFU/LTD). Some of those infants may have received audiologic evaluations, but the results not reported to the EHDI programme (i.e., undocumented evaluation). By 2007, LFU/LTD among infants not passing the final or most recent screening had decreased to approximately 46% and to 35% in 2011. The LFU/LTD percent for diagnosis in 2016 was 25.4% (n = 16,522). The 2016 LFU/LTD percent for enrollment in early intervention was 19.6% (n = 1,239).
307:(R-NY) sponsored and introduced the first attempt at federal legislation with the Hearing Loss Testing Act of 1991 requiring the hearing testing of every child born in the United States at the time of birth and establishing uniform standards for such testing. Although the Committee on Energy and Commerce referred this legislation to subcommittee, Congressman Walsh continued to promote legislation throughout that decade as the co-founder and co-chair of the
29:
63:) programmes, refer to those services aimed at screening hearing of all newborns, regardless of the presence of a risk factor for hearing loss. UNHS is the first step in the EHDI program which indicates whether a newborn requires further audiological assessment to determine the presence or absence of permanent hearing loss. Newborn hearing screening uses objective testing methods (usually
194:(AABR). Children passing the test receive no further assessment. Children who fail the initial screen are usually referred for a second screening assessment either with OAE's or AABR. Children failing this second assessment will usually be sent for diagnostic assessment of their hearing. There is some variation in procedure by region and country but most follow this basic principle.
223:) screened less than 3% of all newborns for hearing loss in the U.S. at the beginning of the 1990s. Data from states and territories for the early years of EHDI (1999–2004) were collected using surveys conducted by the Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies and shared with the CDC EHDI Program. Beginning in 2005, CDC obtained data through an
351:
included in their
Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP). With growing research evidence, in 2007 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended screening of hearing loss in all newborn infants with an assigned B grade. By 2010, 43 states enacted legislative statutes or written regulatory language related to universal newborn hearing screening.
343:, to establish "statewide newborn and infant hearing screening evaluation and intervention programs and systems." Congress provided HRSA with the authority to support statewide services and the CDC with the authority to provide technical assistance for data management and applied research. In addition, the
244:
Challenges to newborn hearing screening have existed for over three decades. Newborn screening alone can miss postnatal, progressive or acquired hearing loss, there is poor identification of perinatal infections, and concerns over regulatory barriers and privacy continue to this day. Many infants are
236:
In addition to meeting the "1-3-6" targets, one of the key challenges for newborn hearing screening programmes is to reduce 'loss to follow-up' (where a child does not return for the next stage of the process). The Joint
Committee on Infant Hearing (US) has reported that this is a significant problem
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can be detected. Congenital hearing loss can be due to genetic causes, environmental exposures during pregnancy, or health complications shortly after birth. Population-based studies in Europe and North
America have identified a consistent prevalence of approximately 0.1% of children having a hearing
350:
The year 2000 Position
Statement of the JCIH provided the Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs. In 2006, the HHS Secretary's Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (SACHDNC) included newborn hearing as one of the conditions to be
273:
In their 1971 Position
Statement, the JCIH determined the results of screening programs were inconsistent and misleading and, although recognizing the urgent need for early detection, recommended discontinuing routine behavioral hearing screening of newborn infants. In 1973 the Committee recommended
253:
In 1956, Erik
Wedenberg published one of the earliest articles describing examiner use of tuning forks, percussion sounds, pitch pipes, and cowbells to screen the hearing newborn infants. The author noted, "until recently it has not been considered possible to carry out reliable auditory tests until
269:
after presentation of narrow-band (90 dB) and white noise (93 dB) stimulation. In her 1964 publication, the observers identified suspected hearing losses, although disagreements were significant for 26% of the infants. In 1969, Marion led efforts for the formation of the Joint
Committee
206:
Targeted neonatal hearing screening describes the process by which only a specific subset of a population are screened (for instance those infants in the neonatal intensive care unit or with risk factors for hearing loss). Although the U.S. Joint
Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) endorsed the goal
147:
Hearing loss in neonates is the most common congenital birth defect and sensory disorder, and can be caused by a variety of reasons. Research has placed the prevalence of significant permanent hearing loss in neonates at 1–2 per 1000 live births in the United States. With this screening, many forms
88:
In order to be most effective in minimizing developmental delays and promoting communication, education and social development, timely and appropriate interventions need to follow the early identification of hearing loss. Interventions for children with permanent congenital hearing loss ranges from
359:
maintains the
Newborn Screening Coding and Terminology Guide to promote and facilitate the use of electronic health data standards in recording and transmitting newborn screening test results. This includes EHDI standard vocabulary codes and terminologies, including Logical Observation Identifiers
240:
Now that over 95% of U.S. infants are having their hearing screened, remaining challenges include ensuring timely diagnostic evaluation for those who do not pass the screening and enrollment in early intervention for those with diagnosed hearing loss. In 2005, >60% of infants who had not passed
197:
Screening personnel vary also, in some regions
Audiologists are used, whereas technicians, nurses, or volunteers are used in other programs. In countries that have insufficient financial and human resources to implement hearing screening, community-based programs have used simple, behaviour-based
397:
asked via questionnaire for the status of the hearing screening in 196 states worldwide; data from 158 states were obtained: in 64 states there is no or less screening (38% of the world's population); in 41 states (38% of the world's population) >85% of the babies are screened. The mean living
227:
approved survey sent to EHDI programme directors. In 1999, 22 jurisdictions estimated that less than half of all infants (46.5%) were screened for hearing loss, steadily increasing to 80.1% in 2005 85.4% in 2007, and 98.0% by 2009. The number of deaf and hard of hearing babies identified early in
133:
EHDI programmes exist in many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the majority of countries making up the European Union. In order to maximize language and communication competence, literacy development, and psychosocial well-being, the U.S. Joint
79:
Newborn hearing screening has been implemented in many regions worldwide since the early 2000s as it aims to reduce the age of detection for hearing loss—meaning that diagnosed children can receive early intervention, which is more effective because the brain's ability to learn language (spoken,
138:
diagnosis no later than three months of age and 3) all infants identified as deaf or hard of hearing in one or both ears should be referred to early targeted and appropriate intervention services as soon as possible after diagnosis, but no later than six months of age. Newborn hearing screening
165:
Studies have found that early diagnosis and intervention for children with hearing loss can help them develop better communication skills. Researchers have shown children with hearing loss meeting the current early identification and intervention guidelines were more likely to have enhanced
354:
The electronic age of EHDI may have begun during the next decade. The Quality, Research, and Public Health (QRPH) Planning and Technical Committees of Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise published a series of EHDI technical documents. These profiles promote the automated collection and
215:
Universal newborn hearing screening programs aim to have high coverage rates (participation) and many aim to screen babies by one month of age, aim to complete the diagnostic process for referred babies by three months of age, and aim to begin intervention services by six months of age.
75:
separates children into two groups—those with a high index of suspicion (more likely to have permanent congenital hearing loss) and those with a low index of suspicion (less likely to have permanent congenital hearing loss). Those in the first group are referred for diagnostic testing.
319:
at Utah State University conducted the Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Project (RIHAP), which demonstrated the feasibility of using transient OAEs for universal screening. In 1994, both the JCIH and the DSHPSHWA endorsed universal newborn hearing screening. In 1996, the
296:, perhaps most remembered for his work related to abortion, tobacco, and AIDS, called for increased efforts to identify congenital hearing loss within the first year of life. In his words, "It's a tall order, yes, but if we all work together, I believe we can fill it."
173:
Investigators have reported on numerous topics including the screening and diagnostic evaluations of children with unilateral and mild bilateral hearing loss, the impact of hearing loss and comorbidities, and the long-term hearing loss risk of children born with
398:
standard in these states was 10 times higher than in countries without screening. It could show how useful a hearing screening can be: average age at diagnosis of hearing disorders was 4.6 months for screened children and 34.9 months for non-screened children.
380:
for hospital accreditation have endorsed and/or supported adoption of EHDI electronic quality measures. EHDI-PALS (Pediatric Audiology Links to Services) provides web-based link to information, resources, and services for children with hearing loss. In 2018,
134:
Committee on Infant Hearing endorses the goals that 1) all newborns should undergo hearing screening using physiologic measures prior to hospital discharge, but no later than one month of age 2) all infants whose do not pass screening should have appropriate
80:
cued, or signed) reduces as the child ages. Children born with permanent congenital hearing loss have historically performed worse educationally, had poorer language acquisition, social functioning and vocational choices than their hearing peers.
166:
vocabulary than children who did not meet EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines. Funded research projects have focused on improving EHDI process issues including improving LFU/LTD rates through at Women, Infants, and Children (
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that only infants with certain high risk factors have their hearing evaluated (five factors: family history; congenital perinatal infections; ear, nose or throat defects; low birthweight <1500 g;
1635:
Gaffney M, Eichwald J, Gaffney C, Alam S (September 2014). "Early hearing detection and intervention among infants--hearing screening and follow-up survey, United States, 2005–2006 and 2009–2010".
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of universal detection of infants with hearing loss in 1994, it modified and maintained a role for specific high risk factors described in their previous (1973, 1982 and 1990) position statements.
170:) certification screening visits. and exploring technologies that can be incorporated in electrophysiological testing to facilitate hearing loss diagnosis in newborns, without the use of sedation.
332:
316:
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Nelson HD, Bougatsos C, Nygren P (Jul 2008). "Universal newborn hearing screening: systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation".
104:
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lost to follow-up and many families face the challenge of navigating coordinated quality care through complex health to education systems involving multiple agencies.
154:
261:, affectionately referred to as the "mother of pediatric audiology", pioneered the first hospital based infant hearing screening programme in Denver, Colorado, using
592:
Johnson JS, Newport EL (June 1991). "Critical period effects on universal properties of language: the status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language".
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Vohr BR, Carty LM, Moore PE, Letourneau K (September 1998). "The Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Program: experience with statewide hearing screening (1993–1996)".
1926:
Shulman S, Besculides M, Saltzman A, Ireys H, White KR, Forsman I (August 2010). "Evaluation of the universal newborn hearing screening and intervention program".
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in state screening programmes in the United States and other jurisdictions. Measuring loss to follow-up is an important step in understanding and reducing it.
1797:
Houston KT, Behl DD, White KR, Forsman I (August 2010). "Federal privacy regulations and the provision of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention programs".
719:"Supplement to the JCIH 2007 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Intervention After Confirmation That a Child Is Deaf or Hard of Hearing"
340:
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concluded that the evidence was insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms and assigned an "I Statement" grade for newborn hearing screening.
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336:
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communication exchange of EHDI data between clinical and public health information systems (results, demographics, care plans, quality measures). The
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Consensus statement initiated the concept of "1-3-6" as the monthly milestones for screening, diagnosis and intervention. Between 1993 and 1996, the
637:"From Screening to Early Identification and Intervention: Discovering Predictors to Successful Outcomes for Children With Significant Hearing Loss"
2285:
White KR, Forsman I, Eichwald J, Munoz K (April 2010). "The evolution of early hearing detection and intervention programs in the United States".
1883:
Russ SA, Hanna D, DesGeorges J, Forsman I (August 2010). "Improving follow-up to newborn hearing screening: a learning-collaborative experience".
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Seeliger EL, Martin RA, Gromoske AN, Harris, AB (2016). "WIC Participation as a Risk Factor for Loss to Follow-Up in the Wisconsin EHDI System".
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1279:
Cone B, Norrix L (2015). "Measuring the Advantage of Kalman-Weighted Averaging for Auditory Brainstem Response Hearing Evaluation in Infants".
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All US states participate in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programmes. The birth of EHDI may be attributed to passage of the
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at NIH provided the authority to continue a programme of research and development on the efficacy of new screening techniques and technology.
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identified 3% to 5% of adolescents with hearing loss of 25 decibels or more and 15% to 20% with hearing losses of greater than 15 decibels.
1840:
Russ SA, Dougherty D, Jagadish P (August 2010). "Accelerating evidence into practice for the benefit of children with early hearing loss".
508:
Downs MP, Yoshinaga-Itano C (February 1999). "The efficacy of early identification and intervention for children with hearing impairment".
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life in the U.S. has steadily increased from 855 in the year 2000, 2,634 in 2005 and most recently reported 6,337 in calendar year 2016.
717:
Muse C, Harrison J, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Grimes A, Brookhouser PE, Epstein S, Buchman C, Mehl A, Vohr B, Moeller MP, Martin P (Apr 2013).
308:
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Lanzieri TM, Leung J, Caviness AC, Chung W, Flores M, Blum P, Bialek SR, Miller JA, Vinson SS, Turcich MR, Voigt RG (April 2017).
970:
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on Infant Hearing (JCIH) to provide multi-disciplinary leadership and guidance in all areas of newborn and infant hearing issues.
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employs objective assessment methods, either with automated (ABR) or (OAE), or both for initial and/or rescreening procedures.
1088:
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Neville H, Bavelier D (2002). "Human brain plasticity: evidence from sensory deprivation and altered language experience".
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900:"Organisation of newborn hearing screening programmes in the European Union: widely implemented, differently performed"
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Mahoney TM, Eichwald JG (May 1987). "The ups and "downs" of high-risk hearing screening: The Utah statewide program".
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385:(HL7) approved the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Implementation Guide as a Normative Standard.
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1681:"Year 2007 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs"
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Often a two-stage process occurs in the actual screening of the hearing. Children are screened with either
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2410:"HL7 Version 2.6 Implementation Guide: Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Results Release 1"
1316:"Hearing Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation of Children With Unilateral and Mild Bilateral Hearing Loss"
898:
Levêque, Alain; Tognola, Gabriella; Lagasse, Raphaël; Senterre, Christelle; Vos, Bénédicte (2016-06-01).
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1365:"Impact of Co-Occurring Birth Defects on the Timing of Newborn Hearing Screening and Diagnosis"
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which included language from Walsh's proposed legislation and authorized the Secretary of the
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Resources on Newborn Hearing Screening by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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Chapman DA, Stampfel CC, Bodurtha JN, Dodson KM, Pandya A, Lynch KB, Kirby RS (Dec 2011).
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303:, prolonged mechanical ventilation, syndromic stigmata) for a total of ten. Congressman
1505:"Newborn and infant hearing screening: Current issues and guiding principles for action"
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Hunter LL, Meinzen-Derr J, Wiley S, Horvath CL, Kothari R, Wexelblatt S (July 2016).
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1414:"Long-term outcomes of children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease"
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2099:"Actions – H.R.2089 – 102nd Congress (1991–1992): Hearing Loss Testing Act of 1991"
1955:
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578:
286:
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American Academy Of Pediatrics, Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (October 2007).
2082:
Northern JL, Downs MP (2002). "Chapter 1: Hearing and Hearing Loss in Children".
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1728:"Improved newborn hearing screening follow-up results in more infants identified"
1205:"Influence of the WIC Program on Loss to Follow-up for Newborn Hearing Screening"
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1691:(4). American Academy Of Pediatrics Joint Committee on Infant Hearing: 898–921.
300:
167:
115:
94:
1557:"Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies"
422:"Newborn hearing screening in developing countries: needs & new directions"
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questionnaires to identify infants with hearing loss but with limited success.
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1982:
860:
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2055:"Early identification of hearing impairment in infants and young children".
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Ross DS, Holstrum WJ, Gaffney M, Green D, Oyler RF, Gravel JS (Mar 2008).
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2435:"A Survey on the Global Status of Newborn and Infant Hearing Screening"
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Katrin Neumann, Harald A. Euler, Shelley Chadha, Karl R. White (2020).
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1156:"Early Hearing Detection and Vocabulary of Children With Hearing Loss"
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early intervention/identification of deaf or hard-of-hearing infants
2004:
816:
1603:"Identifying infants with hearing loss – United States, 1999–2007"
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Policy of routinely testing the hearing of babies soon after birth
2369:"Electronic Clinical Quality Measure (eCQM) Standards Landscape"
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1089:"Published Literature on Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Children"
1037:
Wrightson AS (May 2007). "Universal newborn hearing screening".
345:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
265:(BOA). Several independent observers recorded eye-blink and/or
395:
International Newborn and Infant Hearing Screening (NIHS) Group
2497:"European Consensus Statement on Neonatal Hearing Screening".
2260:
1780:"Identification audiometry for neonates: a preliminary report"
680:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 138. pp. 177–88.
1461:"Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 1994 position statement".
2389:
1668:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 2018.
1601:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (March 2010).
2547:
European Consensus Statement on Neonatal Hearing Screening
767:
Childhood hearing loss: strategies for prevention and care
2376:
HE Quality, Research and Public Health (QRPH) White Paper
1969:
Wedenberg E (1956). "Auditory tests on newborn infants".
678:
Plasticity in the Adult Brain: From Genes to Neurotherapy
155:
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
2265:
American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1621:– via U.S. Centers for Disease Control Prevention.
839:
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
2536:
Fact Sheet/ Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools,
2439:
The Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
1154:
Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Wiggin M, Chung W (2017).
950:
973:. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)
317:
National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management
1537:
U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration
1254:
Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
835:"National Framework for Neonatal Hearing Screening"
817:"NHS Newborn Hearing Screening Programme Home Page"
38:
21:
1094:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
861:"Australasian Newborn Hearing Screening Committee"
487:"Principles and practice of screening for disease"
1065:"Hearing Loss at Birth (Congenital Hearing Loss)"
299:In 1990, the JCIH added three more risk factors (
281:In 1982, two additional risk factors were added (
2345:"Newborn Screening Coding and Terminology Guide"
1732:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
545:"Linguistic ability and early language exposure"
121:development of nonverbal communication, such as
2086:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 4.
1630:
1628:
1581:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
881:"Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programme"
803:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
33:A newborn infant undergoes a hearing screening.
254:the child has attained the age of 6–7 years."
8:
2477:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2261:"Early Hearing Detection & Intervention"
1069:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
462:"NIH Fact Sheets: Newborn Hearing Screening"
374:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
341:Health Resources and Services Administration
110:therapy to develop spoken language, such as
107:, such as FM/radio systems and loop systems;
2378:. IHE International, Inc. 6 February 2018.
2240:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1107:"Trends in hearing loss among adolescents"
641:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
337:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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543:Mayberry RI, Lock E, Kazmi H (May 2002).
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219:U.S. jurisdictional programs (states and
1663:"Summary of 2016 National CDC EHDI Data"
57:early hearing detection and intervention
2532:Newborn Hearing Screening by the UK NHS
2236:"Information About EHDI State Programs"
1577:"Information About EHDI State Programs"
407:
333:Department of Health and Human Services
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1726:Alam S, Gaffney M, Eichwald J (2014).
426:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
18:
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1607:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1533:"Recommended Uniform Screening Panel"
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366:Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine
7:
415:
413:
411:
49:Universal neonatal hearing screening
22:Universal neonatal hearing screening
2005:"Joint Committee on Infant Hearing"
951:"Joint Committee on Infant Hearing"
885:New Zealand National Screening Unit
769:. World Health Organization. 2016.
368:— Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). The
309:Congressional Hearing Health Caucus
510:Pediatric Clinics of North America
466:U.S. National Institutes of Health
14:
2349:U.S. National Library of Medicine
904:European Journal of Public Health
357:U.S. National Library of Medicine
322:US Preventive Services Task Force
285:and birth asphyxia including low
263:Behavioral Observation Audiometry
143:Rates of congenital hearing loss
1381:10.1044/1059-0889(2011/10-0049)
225:Office of Management and Budget
2097:Walsh, James T. (1991-05-06).
1778:Downs MP, Sterritt GM (1964).
485:Wilson JMG; Jungner G (1968).
1:
2542:National Institutes of Health
2299:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.12.009
2171:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70268-9
1281:American Journal of Audiology
1105:Barrett TS, White KR (2017).
686:10.1016/S0079-6123(02)38078-6
522:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70082-1
329:Children's Health Act of 2000
313:National Institutes of Health
2124:British Journal of Audiology
1784:Journal of Auditory Research
1744:10.1097/PHH.0b013e31829d7b57
606:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90054-8
105:hearing assistive technology
1510:. World Health Organization
971:"Newborn Hearing Screening"
489:. World Health Organization
192:auditory brainstem response
69:auditory brainstem response
67:(OAE) testing or automated
2589:
821:UK National Health Service
635:Yoshinaga-Itano C (2003).
202:Targeted hearing screening
118:and auditory-oral therapy;
2538:Newborn Hearing Screening
2159:The Journal of Pediatrics
2136:10.3109/03005369309077906
1983:10.3109/00016485609120155
1039:American Family Physician
93:hearing devices, such as
26:
2287:Seminars in Perinatology
1332:10.1177/1084713807306241
1293:10.1044/2015_AJA-14-0021
1016:10.1001/jama.286.16.2000
292:In 1989 Surgeon General
2057:NIH Consensus Statement
1940:10.1542/peds.2010-0354F
1897:10.1542/peds.2010-0354K
1854:10.1542/peds.2010-0354E
1811:10.1542/peds.2010-0354G
1418:Journal of Perinatology
150:congenital hearing loss
112:auditory-verbal therapy
2206:10.1542/peds.2007-1422
2042:10.1055/s-0028-1091366
1971:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
1697:10.1542/peds.2007-2333
1469:(1): 152–6. Jan 1995.
1221:10.1542/peds.2015-4301
1172:10.1542/peds.2016-2964
1124:10.1542/peds.2017-0619
736:10.1542/peds.2013-0008
370:National Quality Forum
127:American Sign Language
1475:10.1542/peds.95.1.152
917:10.1093/eurpub/ckw020
654:10.1093/deafed/8.1.11
335:, acting through the
188:otoacoustic emissions
182:Screening methodology
420:McPherson B (2012).
393:In 2014 to 2019 the
283:bacterial meningitis
97:, and middle ear or
65:otoacoustic emission
55:), which is part of
2084:Hearing in children
2030:Seminars in Hearing
1934:(Suppl 1): S19–27.
1891:(Suppl 1): S59–69.
1805:(Suppl 1): S28–33.
389:Situation worldwide
301:ototoxic medication
190:(OAE) or automated
2451:10.26077/a221-cc28
1848:(Suppl 1): S7–18.
1430:10.1038/jp.2017.41
729:(4): e1324–e1349.
276:hyperbilirubinemia
2414:HL7 International
2325:IHE International
2063:(1): 1–24. 1993.
360:Names and Codes (
267:startle responses
99:cochlear implants
46:
45:
2580:
2514:
2505:(2): 119. 1999.
2483:
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2250:
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2226:
2225:
2200:(1): e266–e276.
2189:
2183:
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2154:
2148:
2147:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:www.congress.gov
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2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1995:
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1966:
1960:
1959:
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1755:
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1637:MMWR Supplements
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1305:
1304:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1215:(1): e20154301.
1200:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1166:(2): e20162964.
1151:
1145:
1144:
1126:
1117:(6): e20170619.
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1079:
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1075:
1061:
1055:
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1009:
989:
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714:
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673:
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632:
626:
625:
589:
583:
582:
564:
540:
534:
533:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
482:
476:
475:
473:
472:
458:
452:
451:
441:
417:
378:Joint Commission
311:. In 1993, the
161:Research studies
31:
19:
2588:
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2492:
2490:Further reading
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1007:10.1.1.599.9440
1000:(16): 2000–10.
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799:"EHDI Programs"
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562:10.1038/417038a
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294:C. Everett Koop
251:
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184:
176:cytomegalovirus
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2520:External links
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2036:(2): 155–163.
2020:
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305:James T. Walsh
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1320:Trends Amplif
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805:. 2017-11-14.
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784:9789241510325
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600:(3): 215–58.
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123:sign language
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2473:cite journal
2462:. Retrieved
2445:(2): 63–84.
2442:
2438:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2404:
2393:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2293:(2): 170–9.
2290:
2286:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2267:. 2016-07-26
2264:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2242:. 2017-11-14
2239:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2165:(3): 353–7.
2162:
2158:
2152:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1999:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1738:(2): 220–3.
1735:
1731:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1613:(8): 220–3.
1610:
1606:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1583:. 2017-11-14
1580:
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1512:. Retrieved
1499:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1326:(1): 27–34.
1323:
1319:
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1253:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1163:
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1149:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1032:
997:
993:
987:
975:. Retrieved
965:
954:. Retrieved
907:
903:
893:
884:
875:
864:. Retrieved
855:
843:. Retrieved
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
775:10665/204632
766:
761:
726:
722:
712:
677:
671:
647:(1): 11–30.
644:
640:
630:
597:
593:
587:
555:(6884): 38.
552:
548:
538:
516:(1): 79–87.
513:
509:
503:
491:. Retrieved
480:
469:. Retrieved
465:
456:
432:(2): 152–3.
429:
425:
394:
392:
353:
349:
326:
298:
291:
287:Apgar scores
280:
272:
259:Marion Downs
256:
252:
243:
239:
235:
218:
214:
205:
196:
185:
172:
164:
146:
132:
95:hearing aids
87:
78:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
2568:Neonatology
1643:(2): 20–6.
1369:Am J Audiol
221:territories
116:cued speech
2557:Categories
2464:2020-02-03
2419:2019-03-01
2395:2019-03-01
2354:2019-03-01
2330:2019-03-01
2321:"Profiles"
2271:2019-03-01
2246:2019-03-01
2194:Pediatrics
2108:2019-03-01
1928:Pediatrics
1885:Pediatrics
1842:Pediatrics
1799:Pediatrics
1685:Pediatrics
1587:2019-03-05
1562:2019-03-01
1542:2019-03-01
1463:Pediatrics
1209:Pediatrics
1160:Pediatrics
1111:Pediatrics
1074:2019-03-04
956:2019-03-01
866:2023-01-30
845:31 January
723:Pediatrics
471:2019-03-01
402:References
376:, and the
232:Challenges
136:audiologic
125:(see also
2573:Audiology
2499:Audiology
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