Ottoman architectural decoration

369: 1536: 771: 988: 4448: 1915: 1000: 1830: 480:. Doğan Kuban argues that this assumption is unnecessary if one considers the artistic continuity between these tiles and earlier Ottoman tiles as well as the fact that the Ottoman state had always employed craftsmen from different parts of the Islamic world. John Carswell, a professor of Islamic art, states that the tiles are the work of an independent imperial workshop based in Istanbul that worked from Iranian traditions. Godfrey Goodwin suggests that the style of tiles does not correspond to either the old "Masters of Tabriz" school or to an Iranian workshop, and therefore may represent an early phase of tilework from Iznik; an "early Iznik" style. 827: 1639: 4388: 855: 843: 654: 1084:

earlier Iznik tiles. Pottery production also continued and even increased at Kütahya, where new styles developed alongside imitations of older classical Ottoman designs. The colours of tiles in this period were mostly turquoise and dark cobalt blue, while a brownish-red, yellow, and a deep green also appearing. The background was often discoloured, colours often ran together slightly, and the patterns were again typically limited to single tiles. The earliest recorded Tekfursaray tiles are those made in 1724–1725 for the mihrab of the older Cezeri Kasım Pasha Mosque (1515) in Eyüp, Istanbul. Tekfursaray tiles are also found in the

1590: 759: 1931: 972: 1044: 1396: 709:, and Chinese "cloud" motifs. Around 1560 the colour palette of Iznik tiles also shifted slightly. With the introduction of tomato red, which was perfected in the following years, some colours like turquoise and manganese purple stopped appearing, while a new shade of green also appeared. This shift is partly evident in the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and especially in the extensive tilework in the tomb of Haseki Hürrem (1558) and the tomb of Suleiman (1566), both located behind the Süleymaniye Mosque. The highest artistic form of Iznik tiles was achieved soon after this during the reign of 743: 1885: 1709: 429: 609:) in Topkapı Palace. The tiles in this composition have been dated to various periods within the 16th century and some were probably moved here during a restoration of the pavilion in the first half of the 17th century. Nonetheless, at least some of the tiles are believed to date from the 1520s and feature large floral motifs in blue, white, and turquoise. Both the Topkapı tiles and the mosque tiles from this early-16th-century period are traditionally attributed to Iznik, but they may have been produced in Istanbul itself in ceramic workshops located at 815: 799: 1012: 593: 581: 484: 111: 867: 1028: 783: 532: 883: 1068: 321: 28: 1958:(1757–1761). The inner and lateral gates of the Nuruosmaniye are marked by unique designs: they are topped by semi-vaults which are carved with rows of various moldings and acanthus friezes that replace the traditional muqarnas. A similar design of baroque moldings are also found in the niches of the mihrabs of this era, again replacing the former muqarnas niches, while the muqarnas corbelling of minaret balconies was replaced by tiers of circular rings. 1467: 1292: 241: 1193: 1682: 1341: 517:

tiles were commissioned from the same workshop of Iranian craftsmen who produced earlier Ottoman tiles. This project is also notable as one of the few cases of extensive tile decoration applied to the exterior of a building in Ottoman architecture. This major restoration work in Jerusalem may have also played a role in Ottoman patrons developing a taste for tiles, such as those made in Iznik (which was closer to the capital).

1184:. The painters, who came from many different ethnic and religious backgrounds, were either independent artists or artisans already employed by the imperial palace, hired specifically to decorate the building. The patrons who commissioned the buildings may have laid down certain parameters or instructions for the decorators, such as requesting inscriptions that highlighted their social status or a political message. 1818: 910:, flower vases, and Chinese cloud motifs. The best tiles in the mosque, located on the back wall on the balcony level, were originally made for the Topkapı Palace in the late 16th century and were reused here. The massive undertaking of decorating such a large building strained the tile industry in Iznik and some of the tilework is repetitive and inconsistent in its quality. The much smaller 673:, rather than a voluntary decision by Sinan himself. There is no evidence that Sinan was closely involved in the production of tiles and it's likely that he merely decided where tile decoration would be placed and made sure that the craftsmen were capable. Doğan Kuban also argues that while the vivid tiles inside the mihrab of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque could have symbolized an image of 1794: 304:", suggesting that craftsmen of Iranian origin were involved. Tabriz was historically a major center of ceramic art in the Islamic world, and its artists appear to have emigrated and worked in many regions from Central Asia to Egypt. The artistic style of these tiles – and of other Ottoman art – was influenced by an "International Timurid" taste that emerged from the intense 1454:. Unlike the other styles mentioned above, it was rarely employed on a large scale in architectural decoration, being more characteristic of tilework and book illustrations. Instead, it appears on some smaller architectural elements typically seen at close quarters, such as wooden cupboards and window shutters found in the Chamber of Murad III in Topkapı Palace. 1911:, including acanthus leaves, shells, baroque moldings, and mixtilinear arch forms. This was evident first and foremost in new fountains and sebils. Although many novelties were introduced, one traditional feature that continued throughout this period were the calligraphic inscriptions placed in panels over gates, in friezes, and in other prominent locations. 1376:("Light") chapter of the Qur'an and may have symbolically imparted a celestial or heavenly connotation to Ottoman domes. Another common element of decoration in this context is the painting of circular calligraphic medallions on the pendentives or on the spandrels of arches that support the dome. These calligraphic compositions featured the various 194:, and that floral motifs predominated. Until the 16th century, these motifs remained rather formal and stylized, but from the late 17th century onward they began to change under increasing Western European influence. By the 19th century, European-style motifs were directly incorporated into Ottoman decoration and European techniques such as 624:

certain architectural features (e.g. windows) with tile panels, large-scale murals of tilework became more common. For this purpose, square tiles were also now preferred over the hexagonal tiles of the older Iranian tradition. Floral motifs were dominant, but calligraphic inscriptions were also important and were generally rendered in a

914:(1640) in Üsküdar is also covered in tilework on the inside. The most harmonious examples of tile decoration in 17th-century Ottoman architecture are the Yerevan Kiosk and Baghdad Kiosk in Topkapı Palace, built in 1635 and 1639, respectively. Both their exterior and interior walls are covered in tiles. Some of the tiles are 1864:. In addition to the common muqarnas capitals, another type of capital was sculpted with a series of flat lozenge surfaces that combined to form a transition from circular base to square top, similar to the "Turkish triangles" used as transitions between square rooms and domes. Marble surfaces were occasionally carved with 1562:(1718–1730), saw the popularization of a style featuring plentiful depictions of flowers in vases and bowls of fruit, sometimes with shading. The most vivid example of this is the so-called Fruit Room, created by Ahmet III inside Topkapı Palace in 1705, whose wooden walls are covered with such images. Derived from the 1092:(1729) near Hagia Sophia, and in some of the rooms and corridors of the Harem section in Topkapı Palace. Kütahya tiles are present in Istanbul in the Yeni Valide Mosque in Üsküdar (1708–1711), the Beylerbeyi Mosque (1777–1778), and arts of Topkapı Palace, and well as in mosques in other cities like Konya and Antalya. 669:(1561–62), whose interior and outer portico are extensively covered in Iznik tiles. The mosque is even regarded as a "museum" of Iznik tiles from this period. Judging by comparisons with Sinan's other works, the exceptional use of tilework in this mosque may have been due to a specific request by the wealthy patron, 1458:

later centuries. In the Süleymaniye Mosque – whose dome had to be repaired following its collapse in the 1766 earthquake – the original decoration was described by 16th-century writer Ramazanzade Mehmed as featuring many "sun-like disks" and medallion designs in gold and silver. (A 19th-century restoration by the

902:(or "Blue Mosque"), begun in 1609 and inaugurated in 1617, contains the richest collection of tilework of any Ottoman mosque. According to official Ottoman documents it contained as many as 20,000 tiles. The dominant colours are blue and green, while the motifs are typical of the 17th century: tulips, carnations, 174:, is evidenced by the late 15th century and characterizes the early 16th century. Iznik tiles became highly favoured during the rest of the 16th century and reached their artistic peak in the second half of the century. They featured stylized floral and vegetal motifs in blue, white, red, and green colours. The 1705:, for example, the 18th-century decoration was repainted in the 19th century by keeping the same motifs of flower vases but rendering them in shades of grey and black. Murals of naturalistic landscapes also became common from the late 18th century onward, especially in the interior decoration of palaces. 950:). By this period, blue and turquoise colours increasingly predominated, and many commissioned works limited their patterns to single tiles instead of creating larger patterns across multiple tiles. Tiles like this were imported in significant quantities to Egypt around this time, as can be seen in the 2073:

The original 16th-century decoration of the mosque was covered during later restorations by new layers of painted decoration reflecting the style of the Baroque and subsequent periods. The current appearance is the result of a 1990 restoration, when an attempt was made to restore original decoration

1899:

In the early 18th century, around the Tulip Period, diverse new floral motifs were added to the decorative repertoire of buildings. These can be found in carved reliefs, employed most prolifically on the façades of fountains and sebils, which became common types of monuments commissioned during this

1875:

Aside from these features, which were characteristic of buildings, Ottoman tombstones are notable for their very rich stone-carved ornamentation. The decoration of tombstones included vegetal and floral motifs, stone caps in the shape of headgear reflecting the social status of the deceased (usually

1140:

A moderately successful effort to revive Ottoman tile production occurred under Abdülhamid II in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, partly under the influence of the First National Architectural Movement. This period saw tiles produced for several new mosques, schools, and government buildings.

921:

While the craftsmen at Iznik were still capable of producing rich and colourful tiles throughout the 17th century, there was an overall decline in quality. This was a result of a decline in imperial commissions, as fewer major building projects were sponsored by ruling elites during this period. The

547:

The city of Iznik had been a center of pottery production under the Ottomans since the 15th century, but until the mid-16th century it was mainly concerned with producing pottery vessels. There is little evidence of large-scale tile manufacture in Iznik before this time. In the late 15th century, in

516:

tiles, colourful underglaze tiles, and mosaic blue-and-white tilework. The tiles seem to have been fabricated locally rather than at centers like Iznik, despite the absence of a sophisticated ceramic production center in the region. The identification of Abdallah of Tabriz may also indicate that the

1116:

After the Patrona Halil rebellion in 1730, which deposed Ahmet III and executed his grand vizier, the Tekfursaray kilns were left without a patron and quickly ceased to function. The shortage of quality tiles in the 18th century also caused Iznik tiles from older buildings to be reused and moved to

1518:

Traditional Ottoman motifs maintained a certain formality, with individual elements generally quite stylized. Starting in the second half of the 17th century, this formality loosened and painted decoration underwent a gradual shift in style that can be attributed to European influence. Among other

1310:

In the early 16th century, the range of decorative motifs in Ottoman art expanded, as attested in other mediums of Ottoman art such as tiles and manuscript decoration. Only a few fragments of painted ornament have survived in architecture from this era, but a similar trend most likely occurred in

1095:

The Kütahya and Tekfursary kilns notably produced a number of tiles and groups of tiles that were painted with illustrations of the Great Mosque of Mecca. These appear in multiple buildings the 18th century, but some examples of this appeared even earlier in Iznik tiles from the late 17th century.

724:

As noted by Arthur Lane in his seminal study of Iznik tiles published in 1957, the effect of Iznik tilework, when successfully employed in Ottoman domed interiors, results in a feeling of lightness and harmony, where the intricate details of the tiles themselves do not overwhelm the onlooker. Tile

637:

This was around the same time that Mimar Sinan, chief court architect, was also reaching the pinnacle of his career. Iznik ceramics and classical Ottoman architecture thus reached their greatest heights of achievement around the same time, during the reign of Suleiman and his immediate successors.

189:

Painted decoration is a highly visible feature of Ottoman interiors, especially in domes and on upper walls. However, buildings were frequently repainted during later restorations and, as a result, relatively little of the original painted decoration in mosques and palaces has been preserved up to

1112:

also appear in other specimens of the time. Examples of these pictorial tile paintings can be seen in the collections of several museums as well as inside some mosques (e.g. the Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque) and in several rooms at Topkapı Palace, such as the tiles adorning the mihrab of the prayer

623:

Ceramic art from Iznik reached its apogee in the second half of the 16th century, particularly with the advent of the "tomato red" colour in its compositions. At the same time, Iznik grew into its role as a major center of tile production rather than just dishware. Rather than merely highlighting

1809:

In the early Ottoman period, an exception to this paucity of traditional stone carving is the Green Mosque in Bursa, which features skilled carving of marble surfaces into vegetal arabesque and calligraphic motifs. This was generally not repeated in subsequent Ottoman monuments, with the partial

1457:

Unfortunately, much of the painted decoration from the classical era of Mimar Sinan in the 16th century has been lost. The present-day painted decoration inside the domes of many mosques of the era, including the Süleymaniye in Istanbul and the Selimiye in Edirne, dates from restorations in much

1120:

Kütahya nonetheless did continue to produce decorative tiles up to the 19th century, though the quality deteriorated in the late 18th century. Some of the potters in the city were Armenian Christians and some of the tiles were commissioned for Armenian churches. Christian tile decoration of this

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motifs. A large portion of the tiles are cut into hexagonal and triangular shapes that were then fitted together to form murals. Some of the tiles are further enhanced with arabesque motifs applied in gilt gold glazing over these colours. Inscriptions in the mosque record that the decoration was

1784:

covered in ornamentation. Lastly, as the classical Ottoman style took form, large solid walls that were common in more traditional structures were superseded by highly articulated structures with many elements joined as part of a more complex whole. This likely made the decoration of large wall

1779:

Compared to the Anatolian Seljuk architecture that came before it, Ottoman architecture treated stone carving as a less important decorative medium. This may be because the artisans responsible for stone carving under the Seljuks and Beyliks were concentrated in central and eastern Anatolia, as

1523:

was introduced to what had previously been areas of flat colour. The shape of flower motifs also changed and they were depicted with more petals. This is evident not only in new buildings but also in older buildings whose decoration was redone after this period. In some of the latter cases, the

1149:

Painting was an essential part of the decoration of Ottoman buildings and it covered interior walls, ceilings, and the inside of domes. However, it has been relatively neglected in studies of Ottoman architecture, probably in part because very little original Ottoman painted decoration has been

1083:

and his grand vizier attempted to revive the tile industry by establishing a new workshop between 1719 and 1724 at Tekfursaray in Istanbul, where a previous workshop had existed in the early 16th century. Production continued here for a while but the tiles from this period are not comparable to

1328:

style and added new motifs, most notably large serrated leaves. It was less formal and geometrically rigid, allowing these motifs to be combined and arranged in a wide variety of ways to fill any space. One of the finest examples of this style surviving from the 16th century is found in the

620:: a motif in which a variety of flowers are attached to gracefully curving stems with serrated leaves. This continued to reflect earlier influences of the "International Timurid" style, but it also demonstrates the development of an increasingly distinct Ottoman artistic style at this time. 1117:

new ones on multiple occasions. For example, when repairs were being done at Topkapı Palace in 1738 old tiles had to be removed from the Edirne Palace and shipped to Istanbul instead. Ultimately, tilework decoration in Ottoman architecture lost its significance during the 18th century.

511:

mosaic decoration. Inscriptions in the tiles give the date 1545–46, but work probably continued until the end of Suleiman's reign (1566). The name of one of the craftsmen is recorded as Abdallah of Tabriz. The tilework includes many different styles and techniques, including

1697:, ribbons, flower bouquets, and baskets of roses. Decoration could now be painted to appear three-dimensional, adding a new visual effect even when otherwise traditional motifs were used. This style is found in many mosques and palaces built or restored in the 19th century. 725:

decoration in the provinces was typically of lesser quality to that found in the main imperial centers of patronage. However some wealthy local patrons probably imported tiles from Istanbul, which explains the high-quality tilework in some distant monuments such as the

1569:

This new style remained popular until the end of the century. It is often seen on wooden doors and other wooden fixtures from this period. Examples of these are found in other parts of Topkapı Palace as well as on the wooden screen of the upper gallery in the

1246:

in Edirne, which still dates back to its construction circa 1436. The ornamentation inside the southeastern (qibla) iwan depicts natural landscapes with stylized flowers and trees that appear to reflect the same artistic styles used in book illustrations and

934:

instead of Iznik. Kütahya, unlike Iznik, had not become solely reliant on imperial commissions and as a result it weathered the changes more successfully. Many of its artisans were Armenians who continued to produce tiles for churches and other buildings.

717:(1574), the tomb of Selim II (1576), the small Takkeci İbrahim Ağa Mosque (1592), the tomb of Murad III (1595), and in some parts of the Topkapı Palace. The tilework panels in the Chamber of Murad III (1578) in Topkapı Palace and in the mihrab area of the 680:

The tilework in the Rüstem Pasha Mosque also marks the beginning of the artistic peak of Iznik tile art from the 1560s onward. Blue colours predominate, but the important "tomato red" colour began to make an appearance. The repertoire of motifs includes

1731:

technique was also imported into the empire and can be found both in Istanbul and beyond. Although some minor details of earlier paintwork were suggestive of this technique (e.g. in the Ayazma Mosque), its effective use only began during the reign of

344:

blue on a white background, with touches of turquoise. This technique is found on the tiles that cover the muqarnas hood of the mihrab and in the mural of hexagonal tiles along the lower walls of the prayer hall. The motifs on these tiles include

368: 770: 460:, and yellow. Chinese motifs such as dragons and clouds also appear for the first time on similar tiles in Selim I's tomb, built behind his mosque in 1523. A more extravagant example of this type of tilework can be found inside the tomb of 316:

argues that the decoration of the Green Mosque complex was more generally a product of collaboration between craftsmen of different regions, as this was the practice in Anatolian Islamic art and architecture during the preceding centuries.

43:, built in the late 15th century. The tomb contains relatively well-preserved examples of painted decoration from this era (upper walls), as well as single-colour hexagonal tiles (possibly dated to 1429) that are typical of early tilework. 394:

The evidence from this tilework in Bursa and Edirne indicates the existence of a group or a school of craftsmen, the "Masters of Tabriz", who worked for imperial workshops in the first half of the 15th century and were familiar with both

1853:(or "stalactite") carving, which is used in all of these aforementioned elements. Since the Seljuk era, muqarnas semi-vaults had been a typical feature of entrance portals and mihrabs, and this tradition continued in Ottoman mosques. 1876:

for men), and, most consistently of all, inscriptions in graceful calligraphy. The level of tombstone ornamentation increased after the late 17th century and followed the stylistic changes that occurred afterwards in architecture.

1670:(1748–1755), one of the most important monuments of the period, has been repainted in this manner; however, a recent restoration has uncovered some of the original paintwork in its dome, which is now visible. Recent restoration of 638:

Sinan generally used tile decoration in a fairly restrained manner and seems to have preferred focusing on the architecture as a whole rather than on overwhelming decoration. For example, Sinan's most celebrated works, the

1359:-like composition at the center of the dome that was filled with a calligraphic rendition of Qur'anic verses. The motif of the central medallion radiated outward to cover the rest of the dome, with the details filled by 1371:

motifs. This type of dome decoration is well known from the 16th century onward but it probably had appeared earlier in the 15th century as well. The verses written in the central medallion were often selected from the

1422:

scrollwork over a red background. The painted decoration is enhanced with pieces of rock crystal set into the dome that were likely meant to emulate stars. This latter detail is something also found inside the dome of

971: 1486:(circa 1554). Like many of the other preserved examples, the original paintwork visible today is found on the wooden ceilings under the mosque's galleries. The paint is combined with some low-relief plasterwork and 1043: 897:

In the early 17th century, some features of 16th-century Iznik tiles began to fade, such as the use of embossed tomato red. At the same time, some motifs became more rigidly geometric and stylized. The enormous

1263:

in Bursa, dating from the late 15th century. There the motifs are more abstract and predominantly feature stylized vases of flowers, alongside calligraphic compositions, all rendered in highly vivid colours.

1462:

repainted the dome in vaguely Baroque style and this decoration has been preserved today.) Only calligraphic inscriptions, which were often faithfully restored, have tended to be preserved to some extent.

476:(1555), once again in the lunettes above the windows of the courtyard. Many scholars traditionally attribute these Ottoman tiles to craftsmen that Selim I brought back from Tabriz after his victory at the 260:

in Iznik (late 14th century), whose minaret incorporates glazed tiles forming patterns in the brickwork (although the current tiles are modern restorations). This technique was inherited from the earlier

650:(1568–1572), which is known for its extensive high-quality tile decoration, still concentrates and focuses this decoration onto the wall surrounding the mihrab instead of on the whole mosque interior. 946:

neighbourhood, completed in 1663, is a late example of lavish Iznik tile decoration in an imperial mosque. The finest tiles in the complex are reserved for the sultan's private gallery and lounge (the

987: 826: 713:, who succeeded his father Suleiman, and continued until the end of the century. Some of the most exceptional tilework examples from this period can be found in the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque, the 1535: 399:

and underglaze techniques. As the Ottoman imperial court moved from Bursa to Edirne, they too moved with it. However, their work does not clearly appear anywhere after this period. Later on, the

721:(1583) in Üsküdar also show a trend of using colours in more abstract ways, such as the adding of red spots on flower petals of different colours, which is a detail particular to Ottoman art. 1355:

The most monumental painted compositions were employed in and around the domes and semi-domes of Ottoman buildings. For much of the Ottoman era, domes were typically decorated with a circular

1841:

Nonetheless, high-quality stone carving was still used to enrich the details of buildings throughout the Ottoman period, particularly for entrance portals, minaret balconies, niches, column

854: 842: 758: 999: 1502:

in Üsküdar (circa 1583), which features a geometric pattern of polygons filled with floral motifs. Some traces of original painting can also be seen on the ceiling of the vestibule of the

1482:

However, some examples of preserved paintwork from the 16th century can still be found here and there. In addition to the examples mentioned above, one important instance is found in the

1133:

in Tophane, Istanbul, and the Surp Astvazazin Church in Ankara, among others. Some of the tiles were exported further abroad and examples of them have been found in Jerusalem, Cairo, and

1654:

architectural style in the 1740s also brought new motifs of European origin or influence. For example, traditional Ottoman medallion designs could now be replaced with European-style

1666:

motifs. Many other Ottoman Baroque mosques have since been repainted and much of the original composition or character of their painted decoration has been lost. The interior of the

417:, but not much is known about them. Another unique example of tile decoration in Istanbul around the same period is found on the Tomb of Mahmud Pasha, built in 1473 as part of the 814: 798: 4425: 1967: 1311:

this medium as well. New elements included a Chinese-inspired "cloud" motif, which took a form of curving or scrolling cloud ribbons, also apparent on contemporary tilework.

1177:

onto the plaster first, using paper pierced with pin holes in the shape of the motifs, over which coal dust was rubbed to leave outlines on the walls that were then painted.

4647: 4447: 361:– although the evidence for Chinese porcelain reaching Edirne at this time is unclear. Tilework panels with similar techniques and motifs are found in the courtyard of the 1208:

Early examples indicate that Ottoman decoration developed a preference for floriate motifs. One such motif that was popular throughout the history of Ottoman art is the

866: 742: 283:

in Bursa (early 15th century). The tiles of the Green Mosque complex generally have a deep green ground mixed with combinations of blue, white, and yellow forming

4467: 4377: 1780:

opposed to western Anatolia, where early Ottoman architecture developed. The Ottomans also did not continue the Seljuk tradition of constructing monumental stone

1238:

and in neighboring Islamic cultures, as attested by a few surviving examples from the 15th century. One of the most important examples is the partially-preserved

1130: 4542: 1942:

The Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1748–1755) helped to establish a new style of column capital for this era: shaped like an inverse bell, either plain or covered with

1212:

style, which consists of scrolling, spiraling, and/or intertwining stems with stylized leaves. This style was already in use in Anatolia in Seljuk art and in

1693:

By the end of the 18th century, styles of painted decoration were changing again, further influenced by Europe. The new repertoire of motifs came to include

1027: 4868: 634:, tiles were not well-suited to curved surfaces and as a result they were not used to decorate domes, which were decorated with painted motifs instead. 782: 4642: 1011: 4652: 1950:

at its upper corners. The design of mosque portals also changed. The central gate to the courtyard of the Nuruosmaniye is topped by a semi-circular

1157:, was applied on a variety of mediums including plaster, wood, leather or cloth, and stone. For plaster decoration, there were generally two types: 552:

which adapted and incorporated Chinese motifs in its decoration. Some of these blue-and-white ceramics appear in tile form in the decoration in the

5047: 1907:

With the advent of the Ottoman Baroque in the 18th century, Ottoman stone carving borrowed motifs directly from the relief ornamentation in French

1662:

in Istanbul (1744–1745). Here, the vaulted ceiling is painted with a central cartouche and a field of pink and yellow ovals surrounded by European

613:. Even if they come from Tekfursaray, their style is related to the style of ceramics being made in Iznik around the same time. This includes the 1503: 1490:, and the predominant colours are red and gold against a blue ground. The design features a central medallion similar to those sometimes used in 882: 805: 647: 1914: 930:

records that the number of tile workshops in Iznik during this time dropped from 900 to only 9. Some of the production continued in the city of

5052: 4602: 4597: 1100:

and the surrounding colonnades of the mosque in a more abstract style. Later examples in the 18th century, influenced by European art, employ

5042: 4430: 4319: 4298: 3659: 1418:. A well-preserved example of the latter is found in the dome of the Chamber of Murad III in Topkapı Palace (circa 1578), consisting of gold 5305: 5368: 5037: 1638: 79:

at the time. Over the course of the next few centuries, a distinctive Ottoman repertoire of motifs evolved, mostly floral motifs, such as

1829: 586:

Tiles on the exterior of the Circumcision Room in Topkapı Palace (early 16th century, with tiles from later period in the lower middle)

300:

and decoration and brought this artistic experience back with him later. Other inscriptions record the tilemakers as being "Masters of

4370: 1589: 5103: 4935: 4587: 1524:

traditional designs were retained during restoration but they were updated to include shading. An example of this can be seen in the

1348:(16th century), with central medallion design featuring calligraphy and vegetal motifs, along with four calligraphic roundels on the 918:

tiles of a much earlier period, reused from elsewhere, but most are blue-and-white tiles that imitate early 16th-century Iznik work.

418: 5455: 5057: 4277: 4248: 4199: 4178: 4159: 4138: 4119: 4060: 2957: 507:

ordered by Sultan Suleiman. During the refurbishment, the exterior of the building was covered in tilework which replaced the older

1618: 4387: 653: 4903: 4758: 4240: 1764: 1930: 4492: 4462: 1904:

style previously used for painted decoration. Some traditional techniques like muqarnas and openwork also continued to appear.

1658:. A rare example of painted decoration from this time that still survives in its original state can be found in library of the 340:

in Edirne, completed in 1435. However, this mosque also contains the first examples of a new technique and style of tiles with

1330: 4763: 4487: 4410: 4218: 4098: 204: 4637: 1659: 1216:. The earliest Ottoman example may be the partly-preserved painted decoration that can still be seen around a window in the 207:(16th–17th centuries), three-dimensional muqarnas or "stalactite" decoration was the most prominent motif used in entrance 5450: 4477: 4363: 1525: 1235: 1085: 1072: 610: 190:

the present day. Surviving examples show that painted designs were related to those of other mediums, including tiles and

64: 499:

An important case of Ottoman tile decoration outside the imperial capitals around this time was the refurbishment of the

425:. The work still reflects a traditional style of Anatolian or Persian tile decoration similar to older Timurid examples. 5075: 4969: 4863: 4808: 4420: 1923: 1743:), when specialists in this type of painting were most likely hired for the purpose. An example from this period is the 1395: 548:

the 1470s or 1480s, the Iznik industry had grown in prominence and patronage and began producing a new "blue-and-white"

413:

tilework. The builders were likely of Iranian origin, as historical documents indicate the presence of tilecutters from

4687: 1574:, which was likely added in the 18th century. The style was also popular beyond the capital and can be found as far as 428: 4878: 4838: 4753: 4703: 4667: 4612: 4532: 3649: 1834: 5363: 4893: 1755:

architecture mixed with rows of Islamic-style mihrabs that replicate the design of the mosque's actual mihrab below.

605:

The most extraordinary tile panels from this period are a series of panels on the exterior of Circumcision Pavilion (

362: 1708: 203:

Compared to earlier Seljuk decoration, stone carving occupied a more subtle role in Ottoman architecture. Until the

5419: 5257: 4577: 4567: 4405: 1674:(1775–1780) has also managed to recover some of the original paintwork under layers of later repainting, revealing 1566:

style, they have a greater naturalism and are evidently influenced by Western European techniques of illustration.

1475: 565: 540: 422: 272: 468:(1548). Further examples can be found in a few religious structures designed by Sinan in this period, such as the 421:

complex. Its exterior is covered in a mosaic of turquoise and indigo tiles inset into the sandstone walls to form

5252: 5007: 4748: 4708: 4592: 4482: 4415: 1893: 1768: 357:-like motifs, along with the focus on blue and white colours, most likely reflect an influence from contemporary 1275:

and leaves shown in varying stages of budding and blooming. This style had its origins further east in China or

1169:. The first refers to paint being applied directly to plaster, while the second referred to applying paint onto 182:. In the early 18th century, a revival of tile art was attempted through the establishment of a new workshop at 1884: 1617:

styles did not disappear yet and continued to be used during this period. The two religious complexes built by

1356: 592: 580: 492: 110: 5424: 5414: 5282: 1539:

Painted wood decoration in the Fruit Room of Topkapı Palace (1705), depicting fruit bowls and vases of flowers

103:

script, were also a mainstay. From the 18th century onward, this repertoire became increasingly influenced by

4089:

Bağcı, Serpil (2002). "Painted Decoration in Ottoman Architecture". In Inalcık, Halil; Renda, Günsel (eds.).

4940: 4925: 4898: 4858: 4833: 4783: 4768: 4309: 4051:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; A. Ottoman Empire".

1547:

began to appear. It primarily depicted flowers, a traditional Ottoman motif, but with an increased level of

1507: 1483: 1442:

style – developed by the successor of Şahkulu, Kara Memi – consists of depictions of garden flowers such as

1296: 1243: 1201: 1180:

The motifs of this decoration were typically similar to the motifs used in other contemporary arts, such as

1101: 833: 643: 473: 337: 325: 5194: 3418: 3416: 1900:

century. The motifs include flowers, fruits, garlands, and rosettes, as well as designs developed from the

5315: 4798: 4773: 1943: 1842: 666: 658: 557: 441: 257: 216: 191: 115: 5108: 4997: 4728: 1217: 5300: 5277: 4974: 4964: 4873: 4823: 4743: 4723: 4657: 4572: 1781: 1671: 1643: 1551:

not previously seen in Ottoman art. This trend continued into the 18th century. The reign of Ahmet III (

1377: 1122: 1089: 690: 553: 469: 208: 5348: 4818: 4662: 4557: 1424: 789: 639: 531: 483: 938:

Tile manufacture declined further in the second half of the century. Nonetheless, the interior of the

5460: 5388: 5267: 5262: 5214: 5199: 5093: 5002: 4803: 4793: 4778: 4677: 4552: 4391: 4228: 2040: 1846: 1760: 1713: 1181: 1054: 939: 297: 224: 212: 178:

industry declined by the end of the 17th century, with production of lower-quality tiles shifting to

76: 48: 1763:(built 1843–1856), mixing both European and neo-Islamic motifs. A later example can be found in the 5022: 4930: 4718: 4627: 4617: 4311:

The Architects of Ottoman Constantinople: The Balyan Family and the History of Ottoman Architecture

1919: 1908: 1802: 1667: 1594: 1571: 1299:

in Istanbul, circa 1554. This mixes a number of design elements including a central medallion, and

1109: 1067: 978: 899: 726: 714: 569: 477: 276: 245: 186:

in Istanbul, but ultimately the industry faded after this and tile decoration lost its importance.

143: 94: 5229: 5032: 1632: 5378: 5219: 4888: 4843: 4738: 4682: 4672: 4522: 4254: 2488: 2217: 1655: 1499: 889: 718: 445: 1727: 1718: 572:

and floral decoration in cobalt blue, white, olive green, turquoise, and pale manganese purple.

320: 196: 63:. Beginning in the 14th century, early Ottoman decoration was largely a continuation of earlier 27: 5358: 5343: 5272: 5189: 5156: 5146: 4853: 4848: 4632: 4622: 4537: 4517: 4315: 4294: 4273: 4244: 4214: 4195: 4174: 4155: 4134: 4115: 4094: 4056: 3655: 2953: 2480: 1982: 1744: 1686: 1466: 1345: 1291: 1248: 923: 706: 631: 508: 465: 461: 433: 404: 381: 107:

and architecture and went as far as directly borrowing techniques and styles from the latter.

2461:"From International Timurid to Ottoman: A Change of Taste in Sixteenth-Century Ceramic Tiles" 2198:"From International Timurid to Ottoman: A Change of Taste in Sixteenth-Century Ceramic Tiles" 598:

Details of blue-and-white tiles (early 16th century) on the exterior of the Circumcision Room

5383: 5333: 5310: 5131: 4828: 4813: 4713: 4607: 4547: 4267: 4109: 2947: 2472: 2209: 1972: 1889: 1459: 1385: 1260: 1150:

preserved to the present day, as much of it was redone or replaced in more recent periods.

1018: 927: 911: 686: 500: 488: 414: 358: 346: 262: 36: 5247: 1510:

in Manisa preserves original paintwork on its galleries, its mihrab, and its stone minbar.

1333:(circa 1581), where it is painted on oil cloth stretched over the lower part of the wooden 1267:

Another floriate style that appeared in Ottoman decoration from the 15th century onward is

240: 132:

Ottoman tiles attained a prominent role in decoration. Starting in the early 15th century,

5429: 5393: 4733: 4209:Öney, Gönül (2002). "Ottoman Tiles and Pottery". In Inalcık, Halil; Renda, Günsel (eds.). 1752: 1651: 1579: 1192: 1104:

in depicting the mosque and they sometimes depict the entire city of Mecca. Depictions of

1034: 951: 296:

after the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. In Samarkand, he was exposed to

5373: 5353: 5151: 4992: 1733: 670: 288:

completed in 1424 by Nakkaş Ali, a craftsman native to Bursa who had been transported to

4189: 2033:

The style is most likely named after Anatolia, which was known previously to Muslims as

1681: 1340: 122:

at the beginning of their richest artistic phase, while in the center is a stone-carved

5224: 5141: 5126: 4472: 4233: 4149: 1548: 1529: 1252: 677:, tile decoration in Ottoman mosques did not generally have deeper symbolic meanings. 313: 309: 17: 3294: 1954:

motif, and a simplified version of this motif also appears on the central gate of the

1431:

of large supporting arches below the domes, as well as other supporting elements like

1255:

further east. Painted decoration of a similar style is also found in the Mausoleum of

5444: 5118: 5098: 5017: 4883: 4582: 4527: 2035: 1955: 1935: 1702: 1213: 749: 730: 526: 171: 104: 60: 1817: 1543:

Around the same time (in the second half of the 17th century), a new style known as

1471: 1407:

Other types of motifs were also used to cover the inside of domes, such as bands of

943: 5209: 4984: 4788: 4562: 1583: 1559: 1491: 256:

Some of the earliest known tile decoration in Ottoman architecture is found in the

223:

balconies. Starting in the 18th century, motifs influenced by or borrowed from the

155: 154:(circa 1424). Various examples of tilework from this century seem to show possible 138:

tiles in vivid colours were widely used in various buildings, using mostly vegetal

4213:. Vol. 2. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. pp. 698–735. 4093:. Vol. 2. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. pp. 737–759. 4288: 1601:(circa 1726), showing continued use of more traditional Ottoman floral decoration 1320:

style (also mentioned above for tile decoration) was developed by Ottoman artist

5398: 5239: 1977: 1631:

technique. They appear to be similar to the art of contemporary Ottoman painter

1622: 1598: 1498:-style elements. Another example is the painted wood under the galleries of the 1280: 698: 536: 457: 400: 377: 354: 305: 267: 183: 167: 159: 134: 119: 72: 5204: 5184: 5161: 5067: 4959: 4269:

Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul

1825:

vault and inscription panels at the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul (1550–1557)

1793: 1447: 1415: 1349: 1321: 1256: 931: 409: 386: 341: 280: 179: 147: 118:(1561–2), showing typical 16th-century decoration. The walls are covered with 32: 4337: 3864: 2484: 1767:(1871), whose overall decorative scheme mixes European, Ottoman, and Islamic 1399:

Painted dome of the Chamber of Murad III in Topkapı Palace, circa 1578, with

5338: 5166: 5136: 5012: 4355: 2061: 1798: 1698: 1663: 1316: 1300: 1276: 1174: 1154: 1080: 959: 776:

Tiles in the outer portico of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Istanbul (circa 1561)

702: 614: 504: 289: 284: 139: 89: 4258: 1922:

in Istanbul (1748–1755), where traditional muqarnas has been replaced with

1234:

Early Ottoman decorative motifs remained similar to those found in earlier

646:(1568–1574), feature tile decoration restricted to certain areas. Even the 1532:, a 16th-century mosque whose interior was repainted in the 19th century. 1173:

decoration sculpted beforehand. The design of the ornamentation was often

365:, another building commissioned by Murad II in Edirne, completed in 1437. 5292: 5027: 4950: 1951: 1857: 1850: 1822: 1451: 1428: 1381: 873: 710: 549: 350: 175: 163: 124: 68: 440:

Another stage in Ottoman tiles is evident in the surviving tiles of the

4917: 2492: 2460: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2221: 2197: 1872:

style, but this was mostly limited to certain surfaces around mihrabs.

1865: 1694: 1520: 1487: 1272: 903: 626: 449: 220: 99: 1470:

Painted wooden ceiling under the gallery of the Atik Valide Mosque in

5325: 5176: 5085: 4502: 1947: 1861: 1811: 1675: 1575: 1432: 1373: 1170: 1134: 1105: 764:

Tiles in the mihrab of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Istanbul (circa 1561)

674: 329: 301: 2476: 2213: 993:

Detail of tiles in the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, Istanbul (circa 1617)

820:

Detail of tiles in the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Istanbul (1572)

1929: 1913: 1883: 1828: 1816: 1792: 1707: 1680: 1637: 1588: 1534: 1465: 1443: 1394: 1339: 1334: 1290: 1239: 1221: 1197: 1191: 1141:

These workshops eventually closed down after the First World War.

1126: 1097: 1066: 955: 682: 652: 561: 530: 482: 427: 367: 319: 293: 249: 239: 151: 109: 56: 40: 26: 1494:, around which are scrolling vegetal motifs, Chinese clouds, and 1435:, were also covered in a variety of painted interlacing motifs. 907: 694: 373: 52: 4359: 3425:, pp. 107 (see also descriptions of individual monuments). 2893: 2891: 977:

Tiles (with painted decoration above) on the back wall of the

4191:

The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire

1625:(1726), both feature examples of these motifs applied in the 1079:

Tile production in Iznik came to an end in the 18th century.

568:(1551) also contains panels of well-executed tiles featuring 3733: 3731: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2308: 2306: 2269: 2267: 1689:(circa 1866), showing further European influence of this era 1005:

Tiled interior of the Baghdad Kiosk in Topkapı Palace (1639)

926:

in the early 17th century also had a significant impact, as

51:

takes on several forms, the most prominent of which include

3583: 3581: 2730: 2728: 2726: 1849:. One of the main decorative techniques in this medium was 1785:

surfaces a much less important element of building design.

860:

Detail of tiles in the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne (circa 1574)

848:

Detail of tiles in the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne (circa 1574)

403:

in Istanbul, completed in 1472 for Mehmed II's New Palace (

71:

as well as other predominant styles of decoration found in

3276: 3274: 3043: 3041: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2018:

is named after the trowel used for sculpting plaster, the

1075:(1734), including a depiction of the Great Mosque of Mecca 4290:

Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

3457: 3455: 2745: 2743: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2359: 2357: 1856:

High-quality stonework was also evident in the geometric

3926: 3924: 3899: 3897: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3556: 3554: 2866: 2864: 336:

The same kind of tilework is found in the mihrab of the

142:

motifs, of which the most dramatic early example is the

4173:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. 3403: 3401: 3399: 3338: 3336: 3249: 3247: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3183: 3181: 3096: 3094: 3092: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 958:, which was renovated in 1652 by Ibrahim Agha, a local 661:(circa 1561), with early use of the "tomato red" colour 324:

Blue and white tilework with Chinese influences at the

4053:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2074:

that was partially uncovered beneath the later layers.

1747:, built in the 1850s, where the painted dome features 448:(1520–22). In these mosques the windows are topped by 737:

Iznik tilework in the second half of the 16th century

2952:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. 116. 5407: 5324: 5291: 5238: 5175: 5117: 5084: 5066: 4983: 4949: 4916: 4696: 4510: 4501: 4455: 4398: 1586:contains wooden panels painted in the same manner. 1411:motifs radiating from the center or other types of 4232: 1295:A painted wooden ceiling under the gallery of the 4041:, pp. 144–145, 176, 178, 191–193 and others. 3032: 2392: 2375: 384:(1472), with Iranian-style tilework based on the 3654:. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. p. 164. 2006:is named after the brush used for painting, the 1403:scrollwork radiating from the center of the dome 4426:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries 1968:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries 2949:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 1593:Painted wood ceiling under the gallery of the 1388:. For monumental calligraphic inscriptions, a 407:), is notably decorated with Iranian-inspired 4371: 4293:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 4108:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1626: 1164: 1158: 8: 4111:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 3488:, p. 235 (for the Süleymaniye Mosque). 3151:, See descriptions of individual monuments. 3139:, See descriptions of individual monuments. 3127:, See descriptions of individual monuments. 1063:Tekfursaray, Kütahya, and late period tiles 472:(1539). The latest example of it is in the 97:inscriptions, most characteristically in a 4648:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece) 4507: 4378: 4364: 4356: 4287:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). 2823: 2672: 2605: 2581: 2517: 2446: 2336: 2246: 1621:in Istanbul (1720) and in his hometown of 1314:In the second quarter of the century, the 1121:period often depicted saints, angels, the 954:(otherwise known as the "Blue Mosque") in 872:Tile panel at the entrance to the Tomb of 170:and often attributed to an early stage of 4133:(Second ed.). British Museum Press. 3545: 3533: 3509: 3497: 3473: 3422: 3378: 3354: 3148: 2684: 1220:in Iznik, which is dated to the reign of 4869:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz) 3280: 3020: 2981: 2933: 2897: 2835: 2782: 2749: 2660: 2648: 2629: 2617: 2593: 2564: 2552: 2505: 2415: 2312: 2285: 2273: 2234: 2176: 2140: 2083:Named after Edirne, where it originated. 2039:or the "land of Rome", referring to the 1946:or other carved details, and often with 1805:at the Green Mosque in Bursa (1412–1424) 162:. A distinctive style of blue-and-white 3990: 3826: 3814: 3790: 3778: 3521: 3485: 3461: 3434: 3265: 3136: 2427: 2363: 2324: 2297: 2152: 2096: 1994: 964: 735: 456:tiles with motifs in green, turquoise, 4643:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı) 4038: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3978: 3966: 3766: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3618: 3587: 1888:Floral motifs carved in marble on the 1716:in Istanbul (1843–1856), painted with 4653:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga) 4431:First national architectural movement 3954: 3942: 3930: 3915: 3903: 3888: 3850: 3838: 3802: 3754: 3737: 3635: 3606: 3572: 3560: 3446: 3407: 3390: 3366: 3342: 3327: 3315: 3295:"İstanbul Şehzade Camii Restorasyonu" 3253: 3238: 3226: 3199: 3187: 3172: 3160: 3124: 3112: 3100: 2921: 2882: 2870: 2806: 2794: 2770: 2734: 2717: 2705: 2540: 2348: 2258: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2164: 2128: 2103: 1506:and under some of its galleries. The 1129:scenes. Examples can be found at the 353:-like flowers on spiral stems. These 7: 5369:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 4779:Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque) 4543:Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque 4194:(Revised ed.). Reaktion Books. 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3008: 2909: 1701:was also used in some cases. In the 1678:motifs in shades of green and pink. 5053:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum) 4598:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı) 1892:in Istanbul (1732), typical of the 1860:in stone balustrades and in marble 1712:Dome of the Ceremonial Hall in the 665:The major exception to this is the 5048:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli) 5043:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne) 1685:19th-century paintwork inside the 1558:), which include the years of the 1271:, which consists in large part of 306:artistic patronage of the Timurids 25: 5058:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai 4151:A History of Ottoman Architecture 4759:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka) 4603:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar) 4446: 4438:Ottoman architectural decoration 4386: 4241:University of Pennsylvania Press 2946:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). 1765:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 1380:or the names of figures such as 1042: 1026: 1010: 998: 986: 970: 881: 865: 853: 841: 832:Tilework near the mihrab in the 825: 813: 797: 781: 769: 757: 741: 591: 579: 265:. Glazed tile decoration in the 5306:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 3648:Yoltar-Yildirim, Ayşin (2009). 1868:motifs in relief, including in 1738: 1553: 1226: 966:Iznik tiles in the 17th century 5038:Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai 4764:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo) 4411:Classical Ottoman architecture 4272:. Princeton University Press. 4239:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 3701:, pp. 141, 195, 198, 260. 1392:script was generally favored. 1283:from the 13th century onward. 1251:, particularly those from the 1: 4235:Islamic Gardens and Landscape 3033:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 2393:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 2376:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 2249:, pp. 142–144, 232, 234. 1934:Baroque-style capital in the 1926:moldings and acanthus friezes 1642:Baroque paintwork inside the 1306:motifs, and "Chinese clouds". 1236:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 158:influence and connections to 5104:Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge 5076:Complex of Sultan Bayezid II 4970:Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa 4936:Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa 4864:Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) 4683:Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar) 4678:Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü) 4421:Ottoman Baroque architecture 4082:Turkish Art and Architecture 2060:, the name by which Eastern 556:(1522) in Manisa and in the 432:Cuerda seca tilework in the 271:technique was used in other 4668:Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque 4055:. Oxford University Press. 2064: and China were known. 1835:Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul 1504:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque 1113:room of the Black Eunuchs. 1053:(sultan's pavilion) at the 806:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque 648:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque 491:in Jerusalem, added during 5477: 5258:Etfal Hospital Clock Tower 4904:Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque 4568:Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque 4444: 4406:Early Ottoman architecture 4188:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) . 1578:, where the palace of the 1324:. It was derived from the 1096:Earlier examples show the 1086:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque 1049:The tiled interior of the 566:Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque 541:Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque 524: 5008:Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai 4809:İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque 4749:Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque 4593:Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque 4416:Tulip Period architecture 4314:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4148:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). 4114:. Yale University Press. 3115:, pp. 737 and after. 2459:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1990). 2196:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1990). 1789:Early and classic periods 1287:16th-century developments 1073:Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Mosque 1071:Tekfursaray tiles in the 940:"New Mosque" or Yeni Cami 5456:Ornaments (architecture) 4960:Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe) 4834:Muradiye Mosque (Edirne) 4829:Muradiye Complex (Bursa) 4308:Wharton, Alyson (2015). 4080:Aslanapa, Oktay (1971). 3969:, pp. 66, 140, 193. 3863:Mülâyim, Selçuk (2020). 3793:, pp. 129, 132–133. 2885:, pp. 433–435, 447. 1833:Muqarnas capital in the 1378:epithets of God in Islam 657:Details of tiles at the 5420:Mihrişah Sultan Complex 4769:Fethiye Mosque (Athens) 4342:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 4154:. Thames & Hudson. 4129:Carswell, John (2006). 3869:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 3651:Ottoman Decorative Arts 1918:Entrance portal at the 1821:Entrance portal with a 1582:(an Ottoman vassal) in 1484:Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque 1297:Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque 1182:manuscript illumination 1131:Krikor Lusaroviç Church 1057:, Istanbul (circa 1663) 981:, Istanbul (circa 1617) 912:Çinili ("Tiled") Mosque 804:Tile decoration in the 487:Tile decoration on the 474:Kara Ahmet Pasha Mosque 464:in the cemetery of the 423:geometric star patterns 273:early Ottoman monuments 244:Tile decoration in the 18:Ottoman tile decoration 5316:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 5253:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 4774:Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque 4688:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 4468:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4336:Doğanay, Aziz (2012). 4266:Rüstem, Ünver (2019). 3293:Erçağ, Beyhan (1991). 2824:Blair & Bloom 1995 2673:Blair & Bloom 1995 2663:, pp. 73, 74, 78. 2606:Blair & Bloom 1995 2582:Blair & Bloom 1995 2518:Blair & Bloom 1995 2447:Blair & Bloom 1995 2337:Blair & Bloom 1995 2247:Blair & Bloom 1995 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1939: 1938:, Istanbul (1757–1761) 1927: 1896: 1838: 1826: 1806: 1722: 1690: 1647: 1627: 1602: 1540: 1479: 1404: 1352: 1331:Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque 1307: 1242:decoration inside the 1205: 1200:decoration inside the 1165: 1159: 1076: 1037:in Cairo, Egypt (1652) 662: 544: 496: 437: 434:tomb of Şehzade Mehmed 391: 333: 275:, particularly in the 253: 236:Early Ottoman tilework 129: 44: 5425:Nilüfer Hatun Imareti 5301:Fountain of Ahmed III 5278:Nusretiye Clock Tower 4975:Tomb of Turhan Sultan 4965:Tomb of Abdul Hamid I 4874:Sulayman Pasha Mosque 4784:Green Mosque of İznik 4744:Esmahan Sultan Mosque 4456:Other regional styles 4229:Ruggles, D. Fairchild 4169:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 3299:Vakıf Haftası Dergisi 2327:, pp. 62–63, 98. 1933: 1917: 1887: 1832: 1820: 1796: 1759:is also found in the 1711: 1684: 1660:Hacı Beşir Ağa Mosque 1641: 1605:The more traditional 1592: 1538: 1478:framing floral motifs 1469: 1398: 1343: 1294: 1204:in Edirne, circa 1436 1195: 1070: 979:Sultan Ahmed I Mosque 836:, Edirne (circa 1574) 790:Mausoleum of Suleiman 748:Tiles in the Tomb of 656: 534: 521:Classical Iznik tiles 486: 470:Haseki Hürrem Complex 444:(1463–70) and in the 431: 371: 323: 243: 192:manuscript decoration 113: 30: 5451:Ottoman architecture 5215:Hatice Sultan Palace 4941:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 4899:Veled-i Yaniç Mosque 4844:Old Mosque of Edirne 4804:Ibrahim Pasha Mosque 4578:Hırka-i Şerif Mosque 4573:Haseki Sultan Mosque 4392:Ottoman architecture 4211:Ottoman Civilization 4171:Ottoman Architecture 4091:Ottoman Civilization 3853:, pp. 447, 449. 3689:, pp. 107, 109. 3575:, pp. 751, 755. 3449:, pp. 290, 311. 3437:, pp. 235, 265. 2430:, pp. 130, 211. 2378:, pp. 235, 262. 2106:, pp. 129, 441. 2041:Eastern Roman Empire 1644:Tomb of Abdülhamid I 1425:Süleyman's mausoleum 1344:Painted dome of the 1196:Partially preserved 1017:Tiled mihrab of the 298:Timurid architecture 105:Western European art 49:Ottoman architecture 4799:Hüdavendigar Mosque 4719:Behram Pasha Mosque 4628:Piyale Pasha Mosque 4618:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 4588:Mahmut Pasha Mosque 4029:, pp. 139–140. 3957:, pp. 517–518. 3918:, pp. 509–514. 3829:, p. 123, 134. 3805:, pp. 758–759. 3740:, pp. 756–758. 3609:, pp. 755–756. 3524:, pp. 245–246. 3500:, pp. 383–384. 3393:, pp. 751–755. 3369:, pp. 748–751. 3357:, pp. 104–106. 3330:, pp. 747–748. 3268:, pp. 59, 167. 3241:, pp. 739–743. 3202:, pp. 743–744. 3163:, pp. 737–738. 2924:, pp. 446–447. 2900:, pp. 107–108. 2838:, pp. 106–107. 2797:, pp. 443–445. 2737:, pp. 442–443. 2720:, pp. 441–442. 2608:, pp. 237–238. 2395:, pp. 186–187. 2351:, pp. 190–191. 2339:, pp. 214–215. 1920:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 1909:Rococo architecture 1672:Abdülhamid I's Tomb 1668:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 1619:Damat Ibrahim Pasha 1595:Damat Ibrahim Pasha 1572:Piyale Pasha Mosque 1474:, circa 1583, with 1279:and it appeared in 1218:Kirgizlar Mausoleum 1033:Iznik tiles in the 900:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 727:Behram Pasha Mosque 715:Piyale Pasha Mosque 667:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 659:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 558:Çoban Mustafa Pasha 478:Battle of Chaldiran 419:Mahmud Pasha Mosque 312:across the region. 308:, who controlled a 279:and the associated 116:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 5379:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 5364:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 5283:Yıldız Clock Tower 5220:Ishak Pasha Palace 4894:Üç Şerefeli Mosque 4889:Tzistarakis Mosque 4879:Suleymaniye Mosque 4839:Murat Pasha Mosque 4824:Kasım Pasha Mosque 4819:Karađoz Bey Mosque 4739:Emir Sultan Mosque 4724:Bursa Grand Mosque 4673:Yavuz Selim Mosque 4663:Süleymaniye Mosque 4658:Sultanahmet Mosque 4613:Murat Pasha Mosque 4558:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 4523:Atik Valide Mosque 3086:, p. 732-733. 3050:, p. 729-731. 2261:, pp. 98–107. 2224:– via JSTOR. 1940: 1928: 1897: 1894:Tulip Period style 1839: 1827: 1807: 1751:imagery depicting 1723: 1691: 1650:The advent of the 1648: 1603: 1541: 1526:Sinan Pasha Mosque 1500:Atik Valide Mosque 1480: 1405: 1353: 1308: 1206: 1153:Paint, as well as 1145:Painted decoration 1090:Ahmed III Fountain 1077: 890:Atik Valide Mosque 876:in Istanbul (1576) 719:Atik Valide Mosque 663: 642:(1550–57) and the 640:Süleymaniye Mosque 554:Hafsa Hatun Mosque 545: 543:in Istanbul (1551) 497: 438: 436:in Istanbul (1548) 392: 363:Üç Şerefeli Mosque 334: 254: 130: 45: 5438: 5437: 5389:Süleymaniye Hamam 5359:Davud Pasha Hamam 5273:Jaffa Clock Tower 5268:İzmit Clock Tower 5263:İzmir Clock Tower 5200:Dolmabahçe Palace 5190:Beylerbeyi Palace 5157:Yedikule Fortress 5147:Kilitbahir Castle 5094:Arslanagić Bridge 4926:Büyük Aga Medrese 4912: 4911: 4854:Osman Shah Mosque 4849:Orhan Gazi Mosque 4794:Haji Özbek Mosque 4553:Dolmabahçe Mosque 4538:Beylerbeyi Mosque 4533:Bayezid II Mosque 4518:Altunizade Mosque 4399:Historical stages 4321:978-0-85773-813-4 4300:978-0-85773-005-3 3661:978-975-17-3446-4 3621:, pp. 35–36. 3590:, pp. 36–37. 2785:, pp. 75–76. 2596:, pp. 56–59. 2567:, pp. 56–60. 2508:, pp. 28–34. 2315:, pp. 25–27. 2300:, pp. 97–98. 2288:, pp. 24–25. 2276:, pp. 20–21. 2179:, pp. 15–16. 2155:, pp. 60–61. 1983:Ottoman miniature 1714:Dolmabahçe Palace 1687:Altunizade Mosque 1427:in Istanbul. The 1335:muezzin's gallery 892:, Istanbul (1583) 808:, Istanbul (1572) 792:, Istanbul (1566) 752:, Istanbul (1558) 632:Byzantine mosaics 560:Mosque (1523) in 359:Chinese porcelain 200:were introduced. 16:(Redirected from 5468: 5334:Bayezid II Hamam 5311:Tophane Fountain 5109:Uzunköprü Bridge 5023:Khan As'ad Pasha 4998:Büyük Valide Han 4931:Caferağa Medrese 4814:Juma-Jami Mosque 4754:Ferhadija Mosque 4729:Çapanoğlu Mosque 4714:Bayezid I Mosque 4704:Ali Pasha Mosque 4608:Muradiye Complex 4508: 4450: 4390: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4325: 4304: 4283: 4262: 4238: 4224: 4205: 4184: 4165: 4144: 4125: 4104: 4085: 4067: 4066: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2985: 2979: 2964: 2963: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2193: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2107: 2101: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1973:Islamic ornament 1890:Tophane Fountain 1761:Dolmabaçe Palace 1742: 1741: 1839–1861 1740: 1630: 1557: 1556: 1703–1730 1555: 1476:geometric design 1460:Fossati brothers 1386:Rashidun Caliphs 1261:Muradiye complex 1230: 1229: 1324–1360 1228: 1168: 1162: 1110:Prophet's Mosque 1046: 1030: 1014: 1002: 990: 974: 885: 869: 857: 845: 829: 817: 801: 785: 773: 761: 745: 595: 583: 501:Dome of the Rock 489:Dome of the Rock 225:European Baroque 205:classical period 166:, influenced by 59:decoration, and 37:Muradiye Complex 21: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430:Imaret (Kavala) 5415:Köprülü Library 5408:other monuments 5403: 5394:Tahtakale Hamam 5349:Cağaloğlu Hamam 5320: 5287: 5234: 5171: 5113: 5080: 5062: 4979: 4945: 4908: 4859:Selimiye Mosque 4734:Dzhumaya Mosque 4709:Bajrakli Mosque 4692: 4638:Selimiye Mosque 4497: 4451: 4442: 4394: 4384: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4332: 4330:Further reading 4322: 4307: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4265: 4251: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4128: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4088: 4084:. Praeger Publ. 4079: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 2988: 2980: 2967: 2960: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2756: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2477:10.2307/1523126 2458: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2399: 2391: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2214:10.2307/1523126 2195: 2194: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2051: 2047: 2032: 2028: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1964: 1882: 1791: 1777: 1753:neo-Renaissance 1737: 1652:Ottoman Baroque 1552: 1516: 1508:Muradiye Mosque 1289: 1244:Murad II Mosque 1225: 1202:Murad II Mosque 1190: 1147: 1088:(1734), on the 1065: 1058: 1047: 1038: 1035:Aqsunqur Mosque 1031: 1022: 1015: 1006: 1003: 994: 991: 982: 975: 952:Aqsunqur Mosque 893: 886: 877: 870: 861: 858: 849: 846: 837: 834:Selimiye Mosque 830: 821: 818: 809: 802: 793: 786: 777: 774: 765: 762: 753: 746: 644:Selimiye Mosque 630:script. Unlike 603: 602: 601: 600: 599: 596: 588: 587: 584: 535:Blue-and-white 529: 523: 338:Murad II Mosque 326:Murad II Mosque 238: 233: 231:Tile decoration 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5225:Topkapi Palace 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Çırağan Palace 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Castle of Kars 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Ajyad Fortress 5123: 5121: 5119:Fortifications 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Büyük Yeni Han 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4633:Şehzade Mosque 4630: 4625: 4623:Ortaköy Mosque 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4263: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4206: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4166: 4160: 4145: 4139: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4086: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4017:, p. 194. 4007: 4005:, p. 139. 3995: 3993:, p. 388. 3983: 3981:, p. 146. 3971: 3959: 3947: 3945:, p. 517. 3935: 3933:, p. 509. 3920: 3908: 3906:, p. 449. 3893: 3891:, p. 450. 3881: 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 237. 3831: 3819: 3817:, p. 132. 3807: 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 123. 3771: 3769:, p. 250. 3759: 3757:, p. 758. 3742: 3727: 3725:, p. 228. 3715: 3713:, p. 141. 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3660: 3640: 3638:, p. 756. 3623: 3611: 3592: 3577: 3565: 3563:, p. 755. 3550: 3548:, p. 263. 3546:Necipoğlu 2011 3538: 3536:, p. 341. 3534:Necipoğlu 2011 3526: 3514: 3512:, p. 290. 3510:Necipoğlu 2011 3502: 3498:Necipoğlu 2011 3490: 3478: 3476:, p. 216. 3474:Necipoğlu 2011 3466: 3464:, p. 235. 3451: 3439: 3427: 3423:Necipoğlu 2011 3412: 3410:, p. 747. 3395: 3383: 3381:, p. 220. 3379:Necipoğlu 2011 3371: 3359: 3355:Necipoğlu 2011 3347: 3345:, p. 751. 3332: 3320: 3318:, p. 748. 3308: 3285: 3283:, p. 332. 3270: 3258: 3256:, p. 742. 3243: 3231: 3229:, p. 744. 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 743. 3177: 3175:, p. 739. 3165: 3153: 3149:Necipoğlu 2011 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3103:, p. 737. 3088: 3076: 3074:, p. 731. 3064: 3062:, p. 732. 3052: 3037: 3035:, p. 371. 3025: 3023:, p. 115. 3013: 3011:, p. 729. 2986: 2984:, p. 114. 2965: 2958: 2938: 2936:, p. 107. 2926: 2914: 2912:, p. 725. 2902: 2887: 2875: 2873:, p. 447. 2840: 2828: 2826:, p. 229. 2811: 2809:, p. 446. 2799: 2787: 2775: 2773:, p. 445. 2754: 2739: 2722: 2710: 2708:, p. 443. 2689: 2687:, p. 106. 2685:Necipoğlu 2011 2677: 2675:, p. 224. 2665: 2653: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2584:, p. 237. 2569: 2557: 2545: 2543:, p. 442. 2522: 2520:, p. 234. 2510: 2498: 2451: 2449:, p. 220. 2432: 2420: 2397: 2380: 2368: 2366:, p. 110. 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2131:, p. 441. 2108: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2076: 2066: 2045: 2026: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1881: 1878: 1790: 1787: 1776: 1773: 1745:Ortaköy Mosque 1515: 1512: 1346:Şehzade Mosque 1288: 1285: 1253:Timurid Empire 1189: 1186: 1146: 1143: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1004: 997: 995: 992: 985: 983: 976: 969: 967: 924:Celali revolts 895: 894: 887: 880: 878: 871: 864: 862: 859: 852: 850: 847: 840: 838: 831: 824: 822: 819: 812: 810: 803: 796: 794: 787: 780: 778: 775: 768: 766: 763: 756: 754: 747: 740: 738: 597: 590: 589: 585: 578: 577: 576: 575: 574: 522: 519: 466:Şehzade Mosque 462:Şehzade Mehmed 446:Selim I Mosque 405:Topkapı Palace 382:Topkapı Palace 237: 234: 232: 229: 172:Iznik tilework 168:Chinese motifs 114:Mihrab of the 47:Decoration in 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5473: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Ömeriye Baths 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5230:Yıldız Palace 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Anadoluhisarı 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099:Mostar Bridge 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Khan al-Umdan 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4985:Caravanserais 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884:Tombul Mosque 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583:Laleli Mosque 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548:Çinili Mosque 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528:Ayazma Mosque 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4279:9780691181875 4275: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4250:9780812240252 4246: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4201:9781861892539 4197: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4180:9781851496044 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4161:0-500-27429-0 4157: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4140:9780714124414 4136: 4132: 4131:Iznik Pottery 4127: 4123: 4121:9780300064650 4117: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062:9780195309911 4058: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281:Aslanapa 1971 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021:Carswell 2006 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:Carswell 2006 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959:9789004096264 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2934:Carswell 2006 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898:Carswell 2006 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836:Carswell 2006 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783:Carswell 2006 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2752:, p. 74. 2751: 2750:Carswell 2006 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661:Carswell 2006 2657: 2654: 2651:, p. 75. 2650: 2649:Carswell 2006 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2632:, p. 56. 2631: 2630:Carswell 2006 2626: 2623: 2620:, p. 59. 2619: 2618:Carswell 2006 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2594:Carswell 2006 2590: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565:Carswell 2006 2561: 2558: 2555:, p. 70. 2554: 2553:Carswell 2006 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506:Carswell 2006 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418:, p. 73. 2417: 2416:Carswell 2006 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313:Carswell 2006 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286:Carswell 2006 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274:Carswell 2006 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2237:, p. 16. 2236: 2235:Carswell 2006 2231: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:Carswell 2006 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2143:, p. 14. 2142: 2141:Carswell 2006 2137: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2080: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1956:Laleli Mosque 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1936:Laleli Mosque 1932: 1925: 1924:baroque-style 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1880:Later periods 1879: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1810:exception of 1804: 1800: 1797:Stone-carved 1795: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1775:Stone carving 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Trompe-l'oeil 1754: 1750: 1749:trompe-l'oeil 1746: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1703:Ayazma Mosque 1700: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1514:Later periods 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Ushak carpets 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Byzantine art 1211: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1074: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019:Çinili Mosque 1013: 1008: 1001: 996: 989: 984: 980: 973: 968: 965: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 933: 929: 928:Evliya Çelebi 925: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 888:Tiles in the 884: 879: 875: 868: 863: 856: 851: 844: 839: 835: 828: 823: 816: 811: 807: 800: 795: 791: 788:TIles in the 784: 779: 772: 767: 760: 755: 751: 744: 739: 736: 734: 732: 729:(1572–73) in 728: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 676: 672: 668: 660: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 635: 633: 629: 628: 621: 619: 617: 612: 608: 594: 582: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 542: 538: 533: 528: 527:Iznik pottery 520: 518: 515: 510: 506: 502: 494: 490: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 435: 430: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 389: 388: 383: 379: 375: 370: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 339: 331: 327: 322: 318: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269: 264: 263:Seljuk period 259: 251: 247: 242: 235: 230: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 198: 193: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136: 127: 126: 121: 117: 112: 108: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65:Seljuk styles 62: 61:stone carving 58: 54: 50: 42: 38: 34: 29: 19: 5374:Király Baths 5354:Čifte Hammam 5240:Clock towers 5210:Grand Serail 5152:Rumelihisarı 4789:Hadum Mosque 4697:Other cities 4563:Fatih Mosque 4437: 4435: 4346:. Retrieved 4344:(in Turkish) 4341: 4310: 4289: 4268: 4234: 4210: 4190: 4170: 4150: 4130: 4110: 4090: 4081: 4074:Bibliography 4052: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3991:Goodwin 1971 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3911: 3884: 3873:. Retrieved 3871:(in Turkish) 3868: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3827:Wharton 2015 3822: 3815:Wharton 2015 3810: 3798: 3791:Wharton 2015 3786: 3779:Wharton 2015 3774: 3762: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3650: 3643: 3614: 3568: 3541: 3529: 3522:Goodwin 1971 3517: 3505: 3493: 3486:Goodwin 1971 3481: 3469: 3462:Goodwin 1971 3442: 3435:Goodwin 1971 3430: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3323: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3266:Goodwin 1971 3261: 3234: 3195: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3137:Goodwin 1971 3132: 3120: 3108: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3028: 3016: 2948: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2878: 2831: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2713: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2560: 2548: 2513: 2501: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2428:Goodwin 1971 2423: 2371: 2364:Goodwin 1971 2344: 2332: 2325:Goodwin 1971 2320: 2298:Goodwin 1971 2293: 2281: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2205: 2201: 2172: 2160: 2153:Goodwin 1971 2148: 2136: 2099: 2079: 2069: 2057: 2053: 2052:Named after 2048: 2034: 2029: 1997: 1941: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1874: 1869: 1855: 1840: 1808: 1778: 1756: 1748: 1734:Abdülmecid I 1728:trompe-l'œil 1726: 1725:Lastly, the 1724: 1719:trompe-l'œil 1717: 1692: 1649: 1633:Ali Üsküdari 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1584:Bakhchisaray 1580:Crimean khan 1568: 1563: 1560:Tulip Period 1544: 1542: 1517: 1495: 1481: 1456: 1439: 1437: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1389: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1268: 1266: 1233: 1209: 1207: 1188:Early trends 1179: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1119: 1115: 1094: 1078: 1051:Hünkâr Kasrı 1050: 948:Hünkâr Kasrı 947: 937: 920: 915: 896: 723: 699:pomegranates 679: 671:Rüstem Pasha 664: 636: 625: 622: 615: 607:Sünnet Odası 606: 604: 570:calligraphic 546: 513: 498: 453: 452:filled with 442:Fatih Mosque 439: 408: 396: 393: 385: 335: 332:(circa 1435) 310:large empire 277:Green Mosque 266: 258:Green Mosque 255: 246:Green Mosque 219:, and under 202: 197:trompe-l'œil 195: 188: 144:Green Mosque 133: 131: 123: 98: 95:Calligraphic 88: 84: 80: 77:architecture 55:decoration, 46: 31:The Tomb of 5461:Ottoman art 5399:Rudas Baths 5344:Büyük Hamam 4436:(See also: 4259:j.ctt3fhhqz 4039:Rüstem 2019 4027:Rüstem 2019 4015:Rüstem 2019 4003:Rüstem 2019 3979:Rüstem 2019 3967:Rüstem 2019 3767:Rüstem 2019 3723:Rüstem 2019 3711:Rüstem 2019 3699:Rüstem 2019 3687:Rüstem 2019 3675:Rüstem 2019 3619:Rüstem 2019 3588:Rüstem 2019 2208:: 136–170. 1978:Turkish art 1837:(1501–1506) 1803:calligraphy 1646:(1775–1780) 1635:(d. 1763). 1350:pendentives 1281:Islamic art 1123:Virgin Mary 1102:perspective 962:commander. 916:cuerda seca 611:Tekfursaray 537:Iznik tiles 514:cuerda seca 458:cobalt blue 454:cuerda seca 401:Tiled Kiosk 397:cuerda seca 378:Tiled Kiosk 355:chinoiserie 314:Doğan Kuban 268:cuerda seca 227:took over. 184:Tekfursaray 160:Timurid art 135:cuerda seca 120:Iznik tiles 73:Islamic art 5445:Categories 5248:Büyük Saat 5205:Eski Saray 5185:Azm Palace 5162:Kalemegdan 5033:Kürkçü Han 4348:2024-06-22 4338:"Tezyinat" 4220:9751730732 4100:9751730732 3955:Kuban 2010 3943:Kuban 2010 3931:Kuban 2010 3916:Kuban 2010 3904:Kuban 2010 3889:Kuban 2010 3875:2024-06-18 3865:"Mukarnas" 3851:Kuban 2010 3839:Kuban 2010 3803:Bağcı 2002 3755:Bağcı 2002 3738:Bağcı 2002 3636:Bağcı 2002 3607:Bağcı 2002 3573:Bağcı 2002 3561:Bağcı 2002 3447:Kuban 2010 3408:Bağcı 2002 3391:Bağcı 2002 3367:Bağcı 2002 3343:Bağcı 2002 3328:Bağcı 2002 3316:Bağcı 2002 3305:: 213–228. 3254:Bağcı 2002 3239:Bağcı 2002 3227:Bağcı 2002 3200:Bağcı 2002 3188:Bağcı 2002 3173:Bağcı 2002 3161:Bağcı 2002 3125:Kuban 2010 3113:Bağcı 2002 3101:Bağcı 2002 2922:Kuban 2010 2883:Kuban 2010 2871:Kuban 2010 2807:Kuban 2010 2795:Kuban 2010 2771:Kuban 2010 2735:Kuban 2010 2718:Kuban 2010 2706:Kuban 2010 2541:Kuban 2010 2349:Kuban 2010 2259:Kuban 2010 2165:Kuban 2010 2129:Kuban 2010 2104:Kuban 2010 2091:References 1769:revivalist 1656:cartouches 1597:Mosque in 1564:Edirnekārī 1549:naturalism 1545:Edirnekārī 1448:carnations 1416:scrollwork 1257:Cem Sultan 1249:miniatures 1055:New Mosque 731:Diyarbakir 691:carnations 525:See also: 342:underglaze 281:Green Tomb 215:, columns 148:Green Tomb 5339:Bey Hamam 5293:Fountains 5167:Yeni-Kale 5137:Depedogen 5068:Hospitals 5013:Kapan Han 4993:Büyük Han 4483:Palestine 3084:Öney 2002 3072:Öney 2002 3060:Öney 2002 3048:Öney 2002 3009:Öney 2002 2910:Öney 2002 2485:0732-2992 2062:Turkestan 1799:arabesque 1699:Grisaille 1664:strapwork 1452:hyacinths 1357:medallion 1277:Turkestan 1175:stenciled 1155:gold leaf 1081:Ahmet III 960:Janissary 906:, roses, 904:cypresses 707:narcissus 703:artichoke 687:hyacinths 505:Jerusalem 390:technique 372:Entrance 290:Samarkand 285:arabesque 140:arabesque 5028:Koza Han 4918:Madrasas 4511:Istanbul 4231:(2008). 2465:Muqarnas 2202:Muqarnas 2015:malakâri 2012:, while 2003:Kalemişi 1962:See also 1952:sunburst 1858:openwork 1851:muqarnas 1847:moldings 1843:capitals 1823:muqarnas 1771:motifs. 1695:garlands 1628:malakâri 1623:Nevşehir 1599:Nevşehir 1530:Beşiktaş 1519:trends, 1433:consoles 1429:intrados 1384:and the 1382:Muhammad 1166:malakâri 1160:kalemişi 1127:biblical 1108:and the 874:Selim II 750:Roxelana 711:Selim II 705:leaves, 675:Paradise 550:fritware 495:'s reign 493:Suleiman 450:lunettes 415:Khorasan 351:camellia 217:capitals 164:fritware 125:muqarnas 93:styles. 69:Anatolia 5326:Hammams 5177:Palaces 5086:Bridges 4953:(tombs) 4503:Mosques 4493:Tunisia 4463:Algeria 2493:1523126 2471:: 137. 2222:1523126 1948:volutes 1944:fluting 1866:tracery 1862:minbars 1812:mihrabs 1782:portals 1521:shading 1488:gilding 1472:Üsküdar 1390:thuluth 1322:Şahkulu 1273:peonies 1259:in the 944:Eminönü 942:in the 932:Kütahya 627:thuluth 539:in the 509:Umayyad 410:banna'i 387:banna'i 376:of the 347:lotuses 221:minaret 209:portals 180:Kütahya 156:Iranian 100:thuluth 57:painted 35:in the 4951:Türbes 4488:Serbia 4473:Cyprus 4318: 4297: 4276: 4257: 4247: 4217: 4198: 4177: 4158: 4137: 4118: 4097: 4059: 3658: 2956: 2491: 2483: 2220: 1902:hatayî 1845:, and 1676:Rococo 1613:, and 1611:hatayî 1576:Crimea 1450:, and 1444:tulips 1440:şukûfe 1374:an-Nur 1365:hatayî 1326:hatayî 1304:-style 1269:hatayî 1171:relief 1135:Venice 1125:, and 1106:Medina 1021:(1640) 683:tulips 564:. The 330:Edirne 302:Tabriz 252:(1424) 213:niches 87:, and 85:hatayî 4478:Egypt 4255:JSTOR 2489:JSTOR 2218:JSTOR 2058:Hitay 2054:Hatay 2009:kalem 1989:Notes 1367:, or 1240:mural 1222:Orhan 1198:mural 1098:Kaaba 956:Cairo 908:vines 695:roses 618:style 562:Gebze 294:Timur 250:Bursa 176:Iznik 152:Bursa 128:hood. 41:Bursa 4316:ISBN 4295:ISBN 4274:ISBN 4245:ISBN 4215:ISBN 4196:ISBN 4175:ISBN 4156:ISBN 4135:ISBN 4116:ISBN 4095:ISBN 4057:ISBN 3656:ISBN 2954:ISBN 2481:ISSN 2021:mala 1870:rumî 1801:and 1607:rumî 1438:The 1420:rumî 1413:rumî 1409:rumî 1401:rumî 1361:rumî 1210:rumî 1163:and 374:iwan 349:and 146:and 81:rumî 75:and 53:tile 2473:doi 2210:doi 2056:or 2036:Rum 1615:saz 1528:in 1496:saz 1369:saz 1317:saz 1302:saz 1231:). 1137:. 616:saz 503:in 380:at 328:in 292:by 248:in 150:in 90:saz 67:in 39:in 33:Cem 5447:: 4440:) 4340:. 4253:. 4243:. 3923:^ 3896:^ 3867:. 3745:^ 3730:^ 3626:^ 3595:^ 3580:^ 3553:^ 3454:^ 3415:^ 3398:^ 3335:^ 3301:. 3297:. 3273:^ 3246:^ 3207:^ 3180:^ 3091:^ 3040:^ 2989:^ 2968:^ 2890:^ 2843:^ 2814:^ 2757:^ 2742:^ 2725:^ 2692:^ 2637:^ 2572:^ 2525:^ 2487:. 2479:. 2467:. 2463:. 2435:^ 2400:^ 2383:^ 2356:^ 2305:^ 2266:^ 2216:. 2204:. 2200:. 2184:^ 2111:^ 1814:. 1739:r. 1609:, 1554:r. 1446:, 1363:, 1337:. 1227:r. 733:. 701:, 697:, 693:, 689:, 685:, 211:, 83:, 4379:e 4372:t 4365:v 4351:. 4324:. 4303:. 4282:. 4261:. 4223:. 4204:. 4183:. 4164:. 4143:. 4124:. 4103:. 4065:. 3878:. 3677:. 3664:. 3303:8 2962:. 2495:. 2475:: 2469:7 2212:: 2206:7 2167:. 2043:. 2024:. 1736:( 1224:( 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Ottoman architectural decoration

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