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premises, bringing with them an additional two men. Walter
Dickson fired a warning shot, and retired to bed. Within minutes, the Dickson's dogs were barking in alarm. The gate to the homestead had been broken down. Frederick and Walter approached the men, Frederick addressing them in Arabic. One of the men shot Frederick, and Walter and Frederick retreated into the home, barricading the entrance. The men pried the door up from the bottom, breaking in, beat Walter Dickson into submission, and began to plunder the home. Frederick Steinbeck, suffering of his gunshot wounds, remained immobile, and shortly died from his wounds. Mrs. Mary Steinbeck - Walter Dickson's daughter - caught hold of her father as the men tried to drag her away. They beat her into submission with their guns and four men took her out into the yard, raping her in turn. Mrs. Sarah Dickson was taken into another room and raped. It was near daylight before the men departed. Also present in the home were Mary Steinbeck's two children and 11-year-old Caroline Dickson, daughter of Walter and Sarah Dickson.
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287:. The American Christians were joined by German colonists as well. Two of the families - the American Dicksons and the Prussian Steinbecks - were related by marriage. After Clorinda Minor's death, some of the community abandoned the colony. The colonists were continually harassed by the Bedouin and Arab population and suffered from outbreaks of malaria.
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The trial was held in Beirut, but soon halted due to uncertainty over the guilt of some of the arrested men. After an inquiry in Jaffa, three of them were released and others arrested. In
September 1858, four men were found guilty of murder in the second degree and sentenced to life imprisonment. The
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For the next month, J. Warren Gorham shuttled between
Ottoman authorities, trying to attain justice for the Dickson family, and ensure the criminals were caught and prosecuted; performed general damage control to the perception of American strength and influence in the region; and attempted to ensure
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January 11, 1858, at about 10:00pm, the Dickson homestead was approached by three men, searching for a stray cow. Walter Dickson and his son-in-law, Frederick Steinbeck, informed the men that the cow was not on their property. Within an hour, the men had returned demanding to be let onto the
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and recorded that even threats of use of a "squadron" were employed to convince the local authorities to take action. He had also urged that an
American warship be dispatched to the coast. After two and a half months, five men were arrested, the U.S. demanding their execution.
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about the incident, recruiting him in pressuring the local authorities in Jaffa to seek justice against the perpetrators. Copycat attacks upon
Americans elsewhere in Ottoman Syria were reported shortly after the incident.
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visited the Levant in 1857. While he was there, he spent time at the
Dickson homestead. Melville used the experience of the Dicksons as the model for a character's death in
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417:"1858 Senate Report Regarding the "Outrage at Jaffa" in Which the American Dickson Agricultural Colony Was Brutally Attacked"
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To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century
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553:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University. pp. 133–134.
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Mary Dickson was the great aunt of famous American novelist,
580:"Dreamland: Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century"
447:"John Steinbeck's Roots in Nineteenth-Century Palestine"
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1858 Senate Report Regarding the "Outrage at Jaffa"
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696:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
361:Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land
304:After learning of the attack, American Consul
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