606:) gas within 180 days by industrial composting. Indeed materials that do comply with ASTMD6400, EN13432, Australian 4746, and ISO 17088 cannot properly be described as 'compostable' because those standards require them to convert substantially to CO2 gas within 180 days. you cannot therefore make them into compost - only into CO2 gas. This contributes to Climate Change but does nothing for the soil. A leaf is generally considered to be
373:, refers to the process by which plastics that contain additives that accelerate its breakdown into smaller fragments, called microplastics, when exposed to heat, light or oxygen. This is in contrast to biodegradable or compostable plastics, which break down at the molecular or polymer level. Oxo-degradable plastics are currently banned in the EU, but still permitted in other jurisdictions such as the UK.
137:
38:
79:
294:
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support any ban on oxo-degradable plastic, and there is no evidence that microplastics from oxo-degradable plastic have ever been found in the environment. It has been used for bread bags for more than ten years by the largest bread producer in the world (Bimbo bakeries) and there have been no problems with microplastics or recycling.
239:
739:
In
December 2020, Symphony Environmental Technologies filed a lawsuit against the European Commission, arguing that the prohibition was arbitrary and unlawful. However, in January of 2024 the European Court of Justice dismissed the suit, ruling that none of the Commission's actions had been improper.
697:
same plastic items that get into the open environment as litter(13). The paper's conclusions were rejected by
Professor Ignacy Jacubowicz, who said the degradation process was not merely a fragmentation, but a change from a high molecular weight polymer to a material that can be bio-assimilated(14).
687:
The
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) was asked to study oxo-degradable plastic in December 2017. They made a Call for Evidence, and they informed the BPA on 30th October 2018 after 10 months of study, that they had not been convinced that it creates microplastics. ECHA has never provided a dossier to
662:
Stabilization is, therefore, necessary only for long-life products, and the producer of long-life products would stabilize them in the same way whether the recyclate contains oxo-degradable plastic or not. He does not need to know the proportion of oxo-degradable plastic in the feedstock. This normal
638:
They concluded that âWe have obtained congruent results from our multidisciplinary approach that clearly shows that plastics biodegrade in seawater and do so with a significantly higher efficiency than conventional plastics. The oxidation level obtained due to the d2w degradant catalyst was found to
748:
Although oxo-degradable plastics are not illegal in the US, the FTC has taken the stance that oxo-degradable plastics cannot be called "degradable" or "biodegradable" without strong scientific evidence. In 2014 the FTC advised 14 firms to either remove their oxo-degradable claims or provide reliable
735:
Effective July 2021, oxo-degradating plastics have been banned in the EU with
Directive 2019/904, also known as the Single-Use Plastics Directive. Oxo-degradable plastics were particularly targeted by this directive. The rationale behind this focus was that oxo-degradable plastics often do not break
696:
The
Biodegradable Plastics Association (BPA) claimed that the EMF report was inaccurate and pointed out that many of the organizations shown as endorsing the report aggressively promoted a rival bio-plastic technology. In contrast, many of the others whose logos appeared in the document produced the
713:
It is no longer tenable to conclude that there is 'no firm evidence either way' whether oxo-degradable is effective. I consider that recent research provides clear and compelling evidence that oxo-degradable plastic is indeed effective in facilitating very significantly speedier degradation than is
708:
of the High Court, involving the evaluation of expert evidence. He declared the scientific case favouring oxo-degradable plastic "clear and compelling". Susman examined the processes of abiotic and biotic degradation of plastics and then looked specifically at degradation in air and degradation in
376:
The specific definitions are found in CEN (European
Committee for Standardisation) Technical report CEN/TR 15351 "Oxo-degradation" is degradation identified as resulting from oxidative cleavage of macromolecules". This describes ordinary plastics which abiotically degrade by oxidation in the open
683:
in the environment are caused by the fragmentation of ordinary plastic when exposed to sunlight. These fragments are very persistent in the environment because their molecular weight is too high for microbes to consume them, and can remain so for decades. This is why oxo-degradable plastic was
646:
Landfill: Oxo-degradable plastic is not designed to be able to degrade in a landfill. If the plastic has been taken to a landfill, it has been responsibly disposed of and there is no need for it to degrade. Also, if anything biodegrades in anaerobic conditions it will generate methane, which is
620:
There is no need to refer to a standard specification unless a specific disposal route (e.g., composting), is envisaged. ASTM D6400, EN13432, and Australian 4736 are standard specifications appropriate only for the special conditions found in industrial composting.
642:
See also the report from Queen Mary
University London by Rose et. al 11th February 2020(10). Para 2.6 says âBefore testing, samples of LDPE and oxoâLDPE were surfaceâweathered in seawater for 82 days, undergoing natural variations in sunlight and UV intensity.
1072:
Jakubowicz, Ignacy; Yarahmadi, Nazdaneh; Arthurson, Veronica (1 May 2011). "Kinetics of abiotic and biotic degradability of low-density polyethylene containing prodegradant additives and its effect on the growth of microbial communities".
1496:"Environmentally Degradable Plastics Based on Oxo-biodegradation of Conventional Polyolefins". Norman C. Billingham, Emo Chiellini, Andrea Corti, Radu Baciu, and David M Wiles, Paper presented in Cologne (can be obtained from Authors).
403:
Oxo-degradable plastics are intended to fragment if they get into the open environment as litter and should not be confused with plastics intended to biodegrade in the special conditions found in an industrial composting unit. These
714:
the case when that technology is not used... cannot imagine that such significantly speedier final degradation occurs later than 'within a reasonable time'; however, the expression might be defined... "fanciful and unreasonable".
473:
degradation process so that Oxo-degradable plastic will degrade in the presence of oxygen much more quickly than ordinary plastic. The plastic material has then been converted into small-chain organic chemicals, such as
666:
It is not necessary to separate oxo-degradable PE or PP from conventional PE or PP before recycling, but if so desired oxo-degradable masterbatch could be made visible to automatic sorting equipment by including a
651:
Recyclers have to assess the level of degradation of any plastic sent for recycling whether it is oxo-degradable or not. They cannot recycle ordinary plastic which has started to degrade after exposure to
634:
The Oxomar project(9) was a four-year interdisciplinary study, sponsored by the French
Government. The scientists reported that âThe goal was to evaluate the biodegradation of oxo-bio in marine waters.
1553:
Jakubowicz, Ignacy; et al. (2011). "Kinetics of abiotic and degradability of low-density polyethylene containing prodegradant additives and its effect on the growth of microbial communities".
494:, which are ubiquitous in the terrestrial and marine environments. The timescale for complete biodegradation at any time or place in the open environment is much shorter than for "conventional"
1310:
1045:
Chiellini, E.; Corti, A.; D'Antone, S.; Baciu, R. (1 November 2006). "Oxo-biodegradable carbon backbone polymers â Oxidative degradation of polyethylene under accelerated test conditions".
963:
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facilities, according to ASTM D6400 or EN13432; but it can be satisfactorily composted in an in-vessel process, and has been proved to be compostable according to ISO 14855 .
388:
By contrast oxo-degradation is degradation resulting from oxidative and cell-mediated phenomena either simultaneously or successively. This means that the plastic degrades by
510:
in the plastic, which ensures a useful service-life for the article. Once the stabilisers have been exhausted Oxo-degradation will begin. The chemical mechanism is that of
1258:
1660:
Seneviratne, Gamini; Tennakoon, N. S.; Weerasekara, M. L. M. A. W.; Nandasena, K. A. (2006). "Polyethylene biodegradation by a developed
PenicilliumâBacillus Biofilm".
315:
647:
undesirable unless the landfill has been designed to collect the gas. Oxo-degradable plastic will not become biodegradable in the absence of oxygen. Recycling:(11)
1387:
1471:
1524:
Report from CIPET (India) test on
Renatura OxoDegraded PE Film using ASTM D5338 demonstrates 38,5% Bio-mineralization of PE in 180 days 1991; 57(3): 678â685.
408:
use an entirely different technology, but confusion is caused by the fact that they are so often referred to in discussions of oxo-degradable plastic.
613:
Oxo-degradable plastic conforms to the American Standard (ASTM D6954) and a British Standard (BS8472), which specify procedures to test degradability,
416:"Biodegradable plastic" is a term that causes confusion and should not be used, because it could apply to two completely different types of plastic.
1228:
868:"The performance and environmental impact of pro-oxidant additive containing plastics in the open unmanaged environmentâa review of the evidence"
684:
invented, for single-use plastics The plastic falls apart because the molecular chains have been dismantled and it is no longer a plastic.
1483:
617:, and non-toxicity, and with which a properly designed and manufactured OXO product must comply. These standards contain pass/fail criteria.
424:" or "compostable plastics", are tested in accordance with ASTM D6400 or EN13432 as to their ability to biodegrade under conditions found in
1706:
Taylor, Lynn J.; Tobias, John W. (1977). "Accelerated Photo-Oxidation of Polyethylene (I). Screening of Degradation-Sensitizing Additives".
958:
545:. Oxo-degradable plastic, if discarded in the environment, will degrade to oxygenated low-molecular-weight chains (typically MW 5â10,000
1729:
Taylor, Lynn J.; Tobias, John W. (1981). "Accelerated Photo-Oxidation of Polyethylene (II). Further Evaluation of Selected Additives".
1502:
Chiellini, Emo; Cortia, Andrea; Swift, Graham (2003). "Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes".
705:
357:
339:
275:
220:
118:
65:
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According to an EU report, the oxo-degradable plastics do not biodegrade on a landfill nor should they be regarded as compostable.
526:
which drive the degradation process. Access to oxygen is essential and OXO-degradable plastics will not degrade if buried deep in
700:
The evidence for and against oxo-degradable plastic was also reviewed in November 2018 by Peter Susman QC, a deputy judge of the
571:
The statements about biodegradation of oxo-degradable plastics were considered in the 2016 Eunomia Report for the EU Commission.
257:
154:
51:
1262:
400:, who then recycle it back into nature by cell-mediated phenomena. These plastics are marketed as "oxo-(bio)degradable."
201:
1472:
https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Reply-to-Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-from-Prof-Ignacy-Jakubowicz-21-8-17.pdf
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down completely but instead fragment into microplastics, which persist in the environment and contribute to pollution.
180:
1477:
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1336:
1435:
1181:"Biodegradation of oxidized high-density polyethylene and oxo-degradable plastic using microalgae Dunaliella salina"
1179:
Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto; Khoironi, Adian; Dianratri, Inggar; Huda, Khoirul; Suherman, Suherman; Muhammad, Fuad (2022).
724:
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Koutny, Marek; Sancelme, Martine; Dabin, Catherine; Pichon, Nicolas; Delort, Anne-Marie; Lemaire, Jacques (2006).
147:
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Xochitl, Q. P.; MarĂa Del Consuelo, H. B.; MarĂa Del Consuelo, M. S.; Rosa MarĂa, E. V.; Alethia, V. M. (2021).
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environment within 180 days, when tested in accordance with ASTM D6954. Oxo-degradation has been studied at the
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813:
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will accelerate the process, but neither they nor moisture are necessary. Such plastic is not designed to be
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Accord T51-808, as to their ability to degrade and then biodegrade in the open environment. The prodegradant
1889:
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Since 2017 there has been a move towards regulating or banning the use of oxo-degradable plastics, when the
169:
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1484:
https://www.symphonyenvironmental.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bpa-responds-to-european-commission-2.pdf
774:
Abdelmoez, Wael; Dahab, Islam; Ragab, Esraa M.; Abdelsalam, Omnia A.; Mustafa, Ahmad (18 February 2021).
701:
592:
515:
425:
1830:
Zheng, Ying; Yanful, Ernest K.; Bassi, Amarjeet S. (2005). "A Review of Plastic Waste Biodegradation".
1675:
Sipinen, Alan J.; Rutherford, Denise R. (1993). "A Study of the Oxidative Degradation of Polyolefins".
1631:
1236:
1765:
1684:
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1465:
1459:
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992:"Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review"
659:) it does not matter whether it contains oxo-degradable plastic, because biodegradation is desirable.
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57:
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The standards for industrial composting, ASTM D6400 and EN13432, require the plastic to convert to
565:
507:
479:
1807:
Wiles, David M.; Scott, Gerald (2006). "Polyolefins with controlled environmental degradability".
1855:
1616:
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1027:
968:
1362:"FTC Staff Warns Plastic Waste Bag Marketers That Their "Oxodegradable" Claims May Be Deceptive"
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1261:(Press release). Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association (OPA). 6 November 2011. Archived from
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Oxo-degradable are still permitted in the UK, although Scotland and Wales are studying a ban.
499:
470:
1754:"Biodegradation of Degradable Plastic Polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyces Species"
1530:
Jakubowicz, Ignacy (2003). "Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE)".
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541:(PP) plastics will typically fragment quite quickly, but will then take decades to become
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laboratory in Spain, where on 25 July 2017 they noted 88.9% biodegradation in 121 days.
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1543:
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1883:
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Ungtae Lee, Anthony L. Polmetto III; Fratzke, Alfred; Bailey Jr, Theodore B. (1991).
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1 Scott, Gerald âDegradable Polymers, Principles and Applicationsâ ISBN 1-4020-0790-6
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but it is greatly accelerated by the presence of metal-catalysts, which promote the
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https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/QM-published-report-11.2.20-1.pdf
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511:
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https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Final-report-OXOMAR-10032021.pdf
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published a statement supported by more than 150 organizations calling for a ban.
1015:
17:
1478:
https://www.biodeg.org/uk-judge-find-the-case-for-oxo-degradable-plastic-proven/
841:
610:, but it will not pass the ASTM composting standards, due to the 180-day limit.
588:
554:
421:
136:
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1719:
814:"Biobased, biodegradable and degradable plastics (as a solution for littering)"
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1632:"Acquired biodegradability of polyethylenes containing pro-oxidant additives"
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891:
799:
1430:
https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Swift-evidence-to-BEIS.pdf
1229:"OPA responds to MacArthur report | Symphony Environmental Technologies Plc"
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450:
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1311:"Symphony contests EU oxo-degradable plastics ban in ÂŁ82m-claim court case"
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491:
490:. The remaining chemicals are no longer plastic and are biodegradable by
393:
883:
1696:
495:
947:
Eyheraguibel, B., et al (2017). Characterization of oxidized oligomers
866:
Sciscione, Fabiola; Hailes, Helen C.; Miodownik, Mark (10 May 2023).
791:
580:
498:, which in normal environments are very slow to biodegrade and cause
475:
429:
776:"Bioâ and oxoâdegradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges"
923:
704:, who had over 25 years of experience in adjudicating cases in the
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https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/emf-report-1.pdf
1460:
https://www.biodeg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/emf-report-1.pdf
462:
397:
1578:"Biodegradation of polyethylene films with prooxidant additives"
670:
Oxo-degradable masterbatch is used in PE and PP, but NOT in PET.
561:
458:
454:
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If the recyclate is to be used to make short-life products (eg
487:
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130:
72:
31:
1259:"UK Judge find the case for oxo-biodegradable plastic proven"
437:
Oxo-degradable plasticsâwhich are made from polymers such as
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until its molecular weight is low enough to be accessible to
557:, etc.), temperature, and other factors in the environment.
1576:
Koutny, Marek; Lemaire, Jaques; Delort, Anne-Marie (2006).
420:
Vegetable-based plastics, which are also loosely known as "
1112:"Degradation of Plastics in Simulated Landfill Conditions"
663:
stabilization would neutralize any oxo-degradable residue.
964:
Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education
1454:
https://www.biodeg.org/subjects-of-interest/recycling-2/
1874:
1424:
https://www.biodeg.org/subjects-of-interest/composting/
320:
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be of crucial importance in the degradation process.â
560:
Biodegradation of up to 92.74% has been observed in a
506:
Degradation is initially prevented by the presence of
842:"Directive - 2019/904 - EN - SUP Directive - EUR-Lex"
709:
seawater. He concluded, in a 15-page report(15) that
99:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
579:Oxo-degradable plastic degrades in the presence of
161:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
549:) within 12â18 months, depending on the material (
445:(PP), contain a prodegradant catalystâusually a
1337:"Symphony loses EU case on degradable plastic"
8:
1677:Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1185:Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability
1162:"BPA Comments on European Union Legislation"
412:Background, Characteristics, and Performance
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1787:
1777:
1204:
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899:
385:except over a very long period of time.
358:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:Learn how and when to remove this message
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
959:"Marine Debris Biodegradation Time Line"
95:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1233:Symphony Environmental Technologies Plc
766:
1758:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
990:Yooeun CHAE & Youn-Joo AN (2018).
924:"ASTM D6400 â Test for Compostability"
1875:Oxo Biodegradable Plastics Federation
1821:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.010
1651:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.007
1567:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.031
1089:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.031
1059:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.022
486:, and low molecular mass hydrocarbon
7:
836:
834:
457:, and are tested in accordance with
159:adding citations to reliable sources
1555:Polymer Degradation & Stability
1731:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1708:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1235:. 13 November 2017. Archived from
780:Polymers for Advanced Technologies
706:technology and construction branch
25:
1832:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
1809:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1639:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1605:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.060
1532:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1504:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1335:Smulian, Mark (5 February 2024).
1076:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1047:Polymer Degradation and Stability
47:This article has multiple issues.
1309:Qureshi, Waqas (28 March 2023).
1289:www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
928:Biodegradable Products Institute
292:
237:
135:
77:
36:
957:Mote Marine Laboratory (1993).
146:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1779:10.1128/AEM.57.3.678-685.1991
1544:10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00380-4
1516:10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00105-8
1206:10.1080/26395940.2022.2128884
1016:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.008
818:British Plastics Federation
1911:
1743:10.1002/app.1981.070260908
1720:10.1002/app.1977.070210510
872:Royal Society Open Science
725:Ellen MacArthur Foundation
252:for tone, POV, and balance
1844:10.1080/07388550500346359
630:In the marine environment
1366:Federal Trade Commission
575:Standards applicability
377:environment and create
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301:This article includes
1388:"B - Key information"
1129:10.3390/polym13071014
749:scientific evidence.
711:
702:High Court of England
593:industrial composting
426:industrial composting
461:D6954 or BS8472, or
406:compostable plastics
381:, but do not become
155:improve this article
88:factual accuracy is
1770:1991ApEnM..57..678L
1689:1993JEPD....1..193S
1597:2006Chmsp..64.1243K
1265:on 24 November 2018
1197:2022EnvPB..34..469H
1008:2018EPoll.240..387C
884:10.1098/rsos.230089
553:, resin thickness,
508:polymer stabilizers
27:Degradation process
1697:10.1007/bf01458027
1419:4 Intertek 2.12.21
1239:on 7 February 2018
971:on 5 November 2011
309:properly formatted
256:You can assist by
1368:. 21 October 2014
1053:(11): 2739â2747.
996:Environ Pollution
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786:(5): 1981â1996.
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1449:10 Ibid fn8
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933:10 February
692:Controversy
589:compostable
583:. Heat and
432:facilities.
422:bioplastics
109:August 2018
1884:Categories
1243:6 February
761:References
719:Regulation
258:editing it
181:newspapers
52:improve it
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1097:0141-3910
892:2054-5703
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652:sunlight.
537:(PE) and
516:homolysis
467:catalyzes
451:manganese
390:oxidation
266:July 2023
97:talk page
58:talk page
1895:Plastics
1860:12337066
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591:in open
585:UV light
566:Eurofins
528:landfill
496:plastics
492:bacteria
480:alcohols
394:bacteria
90:disputed
1766:Bibcode
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1490:Sources
1458:12 See
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316:improve
314:Please
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