Polymer capacitor - Knowledge (XXG)

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penetrate even the smallest pores. The size of this precursors are the limiting factor in the size of the pores in the etched aluminium anode foils or of the size of tantalum powder. The rate of polymerization must be controlled for capacitor manufacturing. Too rapid polymerization does not lead to a complete anode coverage, while too slow polymerization increases production costs. Neither the precursors nor the polymer or its residues may attack the anodes oxide chemically or mechanically. The polymer electrolyte must have high stability over a wide temperature range over long times. The polymer film is not only the counter electrode of the e-cap it also protects the dielectric even against external influences such as the direct contact of graphite in this capacitors, which are provided with a cathode contact via graphite and silver.

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substances of the polymer, forming a conductive surface layer on the dielectric during the first impregnation. During subsequent impregnation cycles, the in-situ polymerization can be time-controlled by the current flow after applying a voltage between the anode and cathode. With this method a fine and stable polypyrrole film on the dielectric oxide layer of the anode can be realized. However, both methods of in situ polymerization are complex and require multiple repetition polymerization steps that increase manufacturing costs.

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lower than for polymer capacitors having in-situ polymerized polymer layers.. Beneath to the better ESR values, higher temperature stability and lower leakage current values, however, the ease of manufacture of polymer capacitors with the pre-polymerized PEDOT:PSS dispersions, which in already only three dips of immersion have an almost complete coverage of the dielectric with a conducting polymer layer. This approach significantly has reduced production costs.

3975: 3179: 740:. Ta-caps therefore theoretically can be smaller than Al-caps with the same capacitance and rated voltage. For real tantalum electrolytic capacitors, the oxide layer thicknesses are much thicker than the rated voltage of the capacitor actually requires. This is done for safety reasons to avoid shorts coming from field crystallization. For this reason the real differences of sizes that derive from the different permittivities, are partially ineffective. 2500: 644: 111:(ESR) and high ripple current ratings. Their electrical parameters have similar temperature dependence, reliability and service life compared to solid tantalum capacitors, but have a much better temperature dependence and a considerably longer service life than aluminium electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolytes. In general polymer e-caps have a higher leakage current rating than the other solid or non-solid electrolytic capacitors. 2412: 1177: 2860: 381: 38: 927: 443:

could follow the trend of miniaturizing. The ESL challenge has led to the stacked foil versions of polymer Al e-caps. However, for lowering the ESR only the development of new, solid conductive materials, first TCNQ, after that the conductive polymers, which led to the development of the polymer electrolyte capacitors with their very low ESR values, the ESR challenge of digitization of electronic circuits could be accepted.

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capacitor cells in one case. Three parallel capacitors with an ESR of 60 mΩ each have a resulting ESR of 20 mΩ. This technology is called "multi-anode" construction and is used in very low ESR polymer tantalum capacitors. In this construction up to six individual anodes in one case are connected. This design is offered as polymer tantalum chip capacitors as well as lower expensive tantalum chip capacitors with MnO

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contact between the two polymer layers covering the dielectric and on the cathode foil. The liquid electrolyte can supply the oxygen for self-healing processes of the capacitor, which reduces the leakage current, so that values such as in conventional "wet" the electrolytic capacitor can be achieved. In addition the safety margin for the required oxide thickness for a desired rated voltage can be reduced.

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anode surface is roughened and so the oxide layer surface also is roughened. To complete a capacitor a counter electrode has to match the rough insulating oxide surface. This is accomplished by the electrolyte, which acts as the cathode (-) electrode of an electrolytic capacitor. The main difference between the polymer capacitors is the anode material and its oxide used as the dielectric:

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30 nm, small enough to penetrate the finest anode capillaries. Another variant of a PEDOT:PSS dispersion has been developed with larger pre-polymerized particles leading to a relatively thick polymer layer in order to make an enveloping protection of the capacitive cell of rectangular Ta and Al polymer capacitors against mechanical and electrical stress.

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impregnating the separator. The small distance the non-solid electrolyte conduct increases the ESR a little bit, however in fact not dramatically. Advantage of this construction is that the liquid electrolyte in operation delivers the oxygen which is necessary for self-healing of the dielectric layer in the presence of any small defects.

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difficult to achieve, because its conductivity comes by a chemical process of polymerization. However, the benefits of a solid polymer electrolyte, the significantly lower ESR of the capacitor and the low temperature dependence of the electrical parameters, in many cases justify the additional production steps as well as higher costs.

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sintering of the anode lead. This technique is called "face-down" construction. Due to the lower ESL of this face-down construction the resonance of the capacitor is shifted to higher frequencies, which take into account the faster load changes of digital circuits with ever-higher switching frequencies.

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The many different types of polymer electrolytic capacitors show differences in electrical long-term behavior, their inherent failure modes, and their self-healing mechanism. To ensure safe operation, manufacturers recommend different application rules, oriented on type behavior, see following table:

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However, polymer tantalum as well as polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors do have a life time specification. The polymer electrolyte has a small conductivity deterioration by a thermal degradation mechanism of the conductive polymer. The electrical conductivity decreases as a function of time, in

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Polymer e-caps have relatively high leakage current values. This leakage current cannot be reduced by "healing" in the sense of generating new oxide, because under normal conditions polymer electrolytes cannot deliver oxygen for forming processes. Annealing of defects in the dielectric layer only can

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in parallel with the capacitor in the series-equivalent circuit of e-caps. The main causes of DCL for solid polymer capacitors are, for example, points of electrical dielectric breakdown after soldering, unwanted conductive paths due to impurities or due to poor anodization, and for rectangular types

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The polymer electrolyte, the two different anode materials, aluminum and tantalum, together with the different designs led to multiple polymer e-cap families with different specifications. For comparison, the basic parameters of the tantalum electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte

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Polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors have ESR values that are approximately only 1/10 of the value of tantalum electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte of the same size. By a multi-anode technique in which several anode blocks are connected in parallel in one case, the ESR value

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With PEDOT:PSS dispersions produced polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitors are well suited to reach higher rated voltage values of 200 V and 250 V. In addition, the leakage current values of the polymer electrolytic capacitors, which are produced with these dispersions, are significantly

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surface continue in the structure of the oxide layer, the dielectric, the cathode must adapt precisely to the roughened structure. With a liquid, as in the conventional "wet" e-caps that is easy to achieve. In polymer e-caps in which a solid conductive polymer forms the electrolyte, this is much more

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These capacitors were used in devices for applications that required the lowest possible ESR or highest possible ripple current. One OS-CON e-cap could replace three more bulky "wet" e-caps or two Ta-caps. By 1995, the Sanyo OS-CON became the preferred decoupling capacitor for Pentium processor-based

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is characterized by a sudden rise in leakage current, within a few milliseconds, from nano-ampere magnitude to ampere magnitude in low-impedance circuits. Increasing current flow can be accelerate as an "avalanche effect" and rapidly spread through the metal/oxide. This can result in various degrees

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Dielectric absorption occurs when a capacitor that has remained charged for a long time discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would reach zero volts after discharge, real capacitors develop a small voltage from time-delayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon

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Polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors are sensitive to peak or pulse currents. Polymer Ta-e-caps which are exposed to surge, peak or pulse currents, for example, in highly inductive circuits, require a voltage derating. If possible the voltage profile should be a ramp turn-on, as this reduces the

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Typically, the ripple current value is calculated for a core temperature rise of 2 to 6 °C against ambient, depending on type and manufacturer. The ripple current can be increased at lower temperatures. Because ESR is frequency dependent and rises in low-frequency range, the ripple current must

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form an insulating oxide layer. By applying a positive voltage to the anode (+) material in an electrolytic bath an oxide barrier layer with a thickness corresponding to the applied voltage can be formed. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric in an e-cap. To increase the capacitors capacitance the

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power supply must be less than 30 mΩ, otherwise the circuit malfunctions. Similar rules are valid for capacitance and ESL. The specific capacitance could be increased over the years by higher etched anode foils respectively by smaller and finer tantalum powder grains by a factor of 10 to 15 and

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during the period of constant random failures. This is the number of failures that can be expected in one billion (10) component-hours of operation (e.g., 1000 components for 1 million hours, or 1 million components for 1000 hours which is 1 ppm/1000 hours) at the standard operating

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The voltage proof of electrolytic capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. For some applications it is important to use a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specifies a

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or forming. To achieve this, the "pellet" is submerged into a very weak solution of acid and DC voltage is applied. The total dielectric thickness is determined by the final voltage applied during the forming process. Thereafter, the oxidized sintered block is impregnated with the precursors of the

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In the early 1990s polymer Ta-caps coincided with the emergence of flat devices such as mobile phones and laptops using SMD assembly technology. The rectangular base surface achieves the maximum mounting space, which is not possible with round base surfaces. The sintered cell can be manufactured so

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The lifetime specification for polymer capacitors is specified in similar terms to non-solid Al-e-caps with a time in hours at maximum voltage and temperature, for example: 2000h/105 °C. This value can be used for an estimation of an operational life time at individual conditions by a formula

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As of 2015 the published failure rate figures for polymer tantalum as well as for polymer aluminum capacitors are in the range of 0.5 to 20 FIT. These reliability levels within the calculated lifetime are comparable with other electronic components and achieve safe operation for decades under

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Solid Ta-e-caps and "wet" Al-e-caps failure rates can be recalculated with acceleration factors standardized for industrial or military contexts. The latter is established in industry and often used for industrial applications. However, for polymer Ta-e-caps and polymer Al-e-caps no acceleration

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Billions of test unit-hours are needed to verify failure rates in the very low level range which are required today to ensure the production of large quantities of components without failures. This requires about a million units tested over a long period, which means a large staff and considerable

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Applying a lower voltage may have a positive influence on polymer electrolytic capacitors. For hybrid polymer Al-e-caps a lower applied voltage in some cases can extend the lifetime. For polymer Ta-e-caps lowering the voltage applied increases the reliability and reduces the expected failure rate.

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The standardized measuring condition for polymer Al-e-caps is an AC measuring method with 0.5 V at a frequency of 100/120 Hz and a temperature of 20 °C. For polymer Ta-e-caps a DC bias voltage of 1.1 to 1.5 V for types with a rated voltage ≤2.5 V, or 2.1 to 2.5 V for

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The current that flows through a small defect results in selective heating, which normally destroys the overlying polymer film, isolating, but not healing, the defect. In hybrid polymer capacitors liquid can flow to the defect, delivering oxygen and healing the dielectric by generating new oxides,

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The cylindrical polymer Al-e-caps are less expensive than corresponding polymer tantalum capacitors for a given CV value (capacitance × rated voltage). They are available up to a size of 10×13 mm (diameter × height) with a CV value of 3900 μF×2.5 V They can cover temperature ranges

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The disadvantage of all polymer tantalum capacitors is the higher leakage current, which is approximately by a factor of 10 higher compared to the capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte. Polymer SMD Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors are available up to a size of 7.3x4.3x4.3 mm (length ×

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The cooling method requires a very great technical effort and is unfavorable for mass production. In the electrochemical polymerization at first an auxiliary electrode layer on the dielectric has to be applied and to be connected to the anode. For this purpose, ionic dopants are added to the basic

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Two years later at the 2001 APEC Conference, Kemet introduced PEDOT polymer aluminium e-caps to the market. PEDOT polymer has a higher temperature stability, and as PEDOT:PSS solution this electrolyte could be inserted only by dipping instead of in-situ polymerization like for PPy which makes the

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This rule characterizes the change of thermic polymer reactions speed within the specified degradation limits. According to this formula the theoretical expected service life of a 2000 h/105 °C polymer capacitor, which is operated at 65 °C, can be calculated (better estimated) with

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and is divided into three areas: early failures or infant mortality failures, constant random failures and wear out failures. Failures totalized in a failure rate are short circuit, open circuit, and degradation failures (exceeding electrical parameters). For polymer Ta-e-caps the failure rate is

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and the surface of the cathode foil as thin layers. With this especially the high-ohmic parts in the small pores of the anode foil can be made low-ohmic to reduce the capacitors ESR. As electrical connection between both polymer layers serve a liquid electrolyte like in conventional wet Al-e-caps

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Hybrid polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitors combine a coating of the roughened and oxidized aluminium anode structure with a conductive polymer together with a liquid electrolyte. The liquid electrolyte is soaked in the separator (spacer) and achieves with its ion conductivity the electrical

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PEDOT:PSS dispersions are available in different variants. For capacitors with high capacitance values with high-roughened aluminium anode foils or fine-grained tantalum powders, dispersions having very small particle sizes are offered. The average size of these pre-polymerized particles is about

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The ESR and ESL characteristics of polymer electrolytic capacitors are converging to those of MLCC capacitors. Conversely, the specific capacitance of Class 2-MLCC capacitors is approaching that of tantalum chip capacitors. However, apart from this increasing comparability there are arguments in

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resistive – or evaporates. Also, hybrid polymer Al-e-caps show this self-healing mechanism. However, liquid electrolyte can flow to the faulty spot and can deliver oxygen to build up new dielectric oxide. This is the reason for relatively low leakage current values for hybrid polymer capacitors.

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Hybrid polymer capacitors are available only in the cylindrical style construction thus corresponds to the above-described cylindrical polymer Al-e-caps leaded in the radial (single-ended) design or with a base plate in the SMD version (V-chip). The difference is that the polymer only covers the

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Rectangular polymer Al-caps have one or more layered aluminium anode foils and a conductive polymer electrolyte. The layered anode foils are at one side contacted with each other, this block is anodically oxidized to achieve the dielectric, and the block is impregnated with the precursors of the

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at high temperature (typically 1200 to 1800 °C) which produces a mechanically strong anode pellet. During sintering, the powder takes on a sponge-like structure, with all the particles interconnected into a monolithic spatial lattice. This structure is of predictable mechanical strength and

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Polymer electrolytic capacitors, tantalum as well as aluminum polymer capacitors are polarized capacitors and generally requires the anode electrode voltage to be positive relative to the cathode voltage. Nevertheless, they can withstand for short instants a type dependent reverse voltage for a

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Cylindrical polymer Al-e-caps are made of two aluminum foils, an etched and formed anode and a cathode foil that are mechanically separated by a separator and wound together. The winding is impregnated with the polymer precursors to achieve the polymerized conducting polymer to form cathode the

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They are intended for larger capacitance values compared to rectangular polymer capacitors. Due to their design, they may vary in height on a given surface mounting area so that larger capacitance values can be achieved by a taller case without increasing the mounting surface. This is primarily

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The problem with the polymerization of PPy was the rate of polymerization. When pyrrole is mixed with the desired oxidizing agents at room temperature, the polymerization reaction begins immediately. Thus polypyrrole begins to form, before the chemical solution can get into the anode pores. The

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A polymer electrolyte must be able to penetrate the anode's finest pores to form a complete, homogeneous layer, because only anode oxide sections covered by the electrolyte contribute to the capacitance. For this the precursors of the polymer has to consist of very small base materials that can

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with the trade name "OS-CON", in the true sense of the term "polymer" were not "polymer capacitors". TCNQ electrolytic capacitors are mentioned here to point out the danger of confusion with 'real' polymer capacitors, which are sold nowadays under the same trade name OS-CON. The original OS-CON

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per volt. On the other hand, the breakdown voltage of these oxide layers is quite high. Using etched or sintered anodes, with their much higher surface area compared to a smooth surface of the same size or volume, e-caps can achieve a high volumetric capacitance. The latest developments in high

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Polymer Al-e-caps exhibit the same self-healing mechanism as polymer Ta-e-caps. After application of a voltage at weakened spots in the oxide, a localised higher leakage current path is formed. This leads to a local heating of the polymer; whereby the polymer either oxidises and becomes highly

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In polymer Ta-e-caps combustion is not a risk. Field crystallization may occur, however. In this case, the polymer layer is selectively heated and burned away by the increasing leakage current so that the faulty point is isolated. Since the polymer material does not provide oxygen, the leakage

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Impedance and ESR are also dependent on design and materials of the capacitors. Cylindrical Al-e-caps with the same capacitance as rectangular Al-e-caps have higher inductance than rectangular Al-e-caps with layered electrodes and therefore they have a lower resonant frequency. This effect is

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Hybrid polymer Al-e-caps are relatively insensitive to high and short- term transient voltages higher than surge voltage, if the frequency and the energy content of the transients are low. This ability depends on rated voltage and component size. Low energy transient voltages lead to a voltage

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Comparing mechanical comparable polymer Al-chip-e-caps and polymer Ta-chip-e-caps shows that the different permittivities of aluminium oxide and tantalum pentoxide have little impact on the specific capacity due to different safety margins in oxide layers. Polymer Ta-e-caps use an oxide layer

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Another simple constructive measure changes the parasitic inductance of the capacitor, the ESL. Since the length of the leads inside the capacitor case has a large amount of the total ESL the inductance of the capacitor can be reduced by reducing the length of the internal leads by asymmetric

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Lowering ESR and ESL remains a major research and development objective for all polymer capacitors. Some constructive measures can have also a major impact on the electrical parameters of capacitors. Smaller ESR values can be achieved for example by parallel connection of several conventional

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Polymer electrolytic capacitors are also available in a hybrid construction. The hybrid polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitors combine a solid polymer electrolyte with a liquid electrolyte. These types are characterized by low ESR values but have low leakage currents and are insensitive to

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The difficult methods of in situ polymerization of PEDOT in the anodes of the capacitors initially were at first the same as with polypyrrole. This changed with the development of pre-polymerized dispersions of PEDOT in which the capacitor anodes simple could be dipped and then dried at room

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Around the turn of the millennium hybrid polymer capacitors were developed, which have in addition to the solid polymer electrolyte a liquid electrolyte connecting the polymer layers covering the dielectric layer on the anode and the cathode foil. The non-solid electrolyte provide oxygen for

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The electrical characteristics of capacitors are harmonized by the international generic specification IEC 60384-1. In this standard, the electrical characteristics of capacitors are described by an idealized series-equivalent circuit with electrical components which model all ohmic losses,

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Electrical properties of polymer capacitors can best be compared, using consistent capacitance, rated voltage and dimensions. The values for the ESR and the ripple current are the most important parameters for the use of for polymer capacitors in electronic equipment. The leakage current is

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The extremely thin oxide film of a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, the dielectric layer, must be formed as an amorphous structure. Changing the amorphous structure into a crystallized structure increases conductivity, reportedly by 1,000 times, and also increases the oxide volume.

3097: 6058:"Al-Polymer-e-caps, series TPC, 330 μF, 6,3 V, 7,3x4,3x1,9 mm, ESR=40 mΩ, rippel current=1900 mA is comparable with Kemet, Ta-Polymer-e-cap, series T545, 330 μF, 6,3 V, 7,3x4,3x2,0 mm, ESR=45 mΩ, rippel current=2000 mA". Pansonic. 3652:

Polymer capacitors, tantalum as well as aluminum, are reliable at the same high level as other electronic components with very low failure rates. However, all tantalum electrolytic capacitors, including polymer tantalum, have a unique failure mode called "field crystallization".

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capacitors with TCNQ electrolyte sold by the former manufacturer Sanyo has been discontinued with the integration of Sanyo capacitor businesses by Panasonic 2010. Panasonic keep the trade name OS-CON but change the TCNQ electrolyte into a conductive polymer electrolyte (PPy).

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The layered anode foils in the rectangular shaped polymer Al-chip-e-caps are electrically parallel connected single capacitors. Thus, the ESR and ESL values are connected in parallel reducing ESR and ESL correspondingly, and allowing them to operate at higher frequencies.

3289:" depend on operational conditions including temperature, voltage applied, and various environmental factors such as humidity, shocks or vibrations and of the capacitance value of the capacitor. Failure rates are an increasing function of temperature and applied voltage. 203:

During the 1970s, the increasing digitization of electronic circuits came with decreasing operating voltages, and increasing switching frequencies and ripple current loads. This had consequences for power supplies and their electrolytic capacitors. Capacitors with lower

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An advantage of the polymer e-caps over non-solid Al-e-caps is low temperature dependence and almost linear curve of the ESR over the specified temperature range. This applies both to polymer tantalum, polymer aluminum, as well as for hybrid polymer aluminum e-caps.

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This higher leakage of current disadvantage of solid polymer Al-e-caps is avoided by hybrid Al-e-caps. Their liquid electrolyte provides the oxygen that is necessary for the reforming of oxide defects, so that the hybrids achieve the same values as wet Al-e-caps.

976:(PSS) and dissolved in water. The complete polymer layer on the dielectric is then composed of pre-polymerized particles from the dispersion. These dispersions are known as PEDOT: PSS, trade names Baytron P® and Clevios™, protecting PEDOT's valuable properties. 2392:, which summarizes all resistive losses of the capacitor. At 100 kHz the impedance and the ESR have nearly the same value for polymer e-caps with capacitance values in the μF range. With frequencies above the resonance the impedance increases again due to 1347:

Unlike "wet" Al-e-caps, the cases of polymer Al capacitors do not have a vent (notch) in the bottom of the case, since a short circuit does not form gas, which would increase pressure in the case. Therefore, a predetermined breaking point is not required.

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In the "face-down" construction of tantalum chip capacitors, the internal current path is constructively reduced, which reduce the parasitic impedance (ESL) with the result, that the resonance shifts to higher frequencies. Simply said, the capacitor gets

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The ripple current for polymer e-caps is specified as a maximum effective (RMS) value at 100 kHz at upper rated temperature. Non-sinusoidal ripple currents have to be analyzed and separated into their individual single frequencies by means of

392:, lower supply voltages and higher supply currents. Capacitors for this applications needed lower ESR values, which at that time with Al-e-caps could only be realized with larger case sizes or by replacement with much more expensive solid Ta-caps. 2067:

The capacitance value of polymer electrolytic capacitors depends on measuring frequency and temperature. Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolytes show a broader aberration over frequency and temperature ranges than polymer capacitors.

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of destruction ranging from rather small, burned areas on the oxide to zigzag burned streaks covering large areas of the pellet or complete oxidation of the metal. If the current source is unlimited a field crystallization may cause a capacitor

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Field crystallization is the major reason for degradation and catastrophic failures of solid tantalum capacitors. More than 90% of the today's rare failures Ta-e-caps are caused by shorts or increased leakage current due to this failure mode.

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After application of a voltage at weakened spots in the oxide of the capacitor a localized higher leakage current is formed, which leads to a local heating of the polymer, whereby the polymer either oxidized and becomes highly resistive or

1332: 3461:, load life or useful life of electrolytic capacitors is a special characteristic of non-solid electrolytic capacitors, whose liquid electrolyte can evaporate over the time leading to wear-out failures. Solid tantalum capacitors with MnO 3102:

Leakage current in solid polymer e-caps generally drops very fast but then remain on the reached level. The value depends on the voltage applied, temperature, measuring time and influence of moisture caused by case sealing conditions.

965:/m. Its heat resistance allows polymer capacitors to be manufactured that withstand the higher temperatures required for lead-free soldering. Additional this capacitors have better ESR values as polymer e-caps with PPy electrolyte. 1299:

polymer electrode, electrically connected to the cathode foil. The winding then is built into an aluminum case and sealed with a rubber sealing. For the SMD version (Vertical chip= V-chip) the case is provided with a bottom plate.

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Jeng-Kuei Chang, Chia-Mei Lin, Chi-Min Liao, Chih-Hsiung Chen, Wen-Ta Tsai, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004. Effect of Heat-Treatment on Characteristics of Anodized Aluminum Oxide Formed in Ammonium Adipate Solution

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Because the forming voltage defines the oxide thickness, the desired voltage tolerance can be easily produced. Therefore, the volume of a capacitor is defined by the product of capacitance and voltage, the so-called "CV product".

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and a circuit resistance of 0.1 Ω/V. This is the failure percentage that can be expected in 1000 hours of operation at much more demanding operational conditions compared with the "FIT" model. The failure rates "λ" and

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The detrimental effects of the liquid electrolyte on ESR and temperature characteristics are relatively low. By using appropriate organic electrolytes and a good sealing of the capacitors a long service life can be achieved.

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Polymer e-cap oxide layers are formed for safety reasons at a higher voltage than the rated voltage, called a surge voltage. Therefore, it is allowed to apply a surge voltage for short times and a limited number of cycles.

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In 1988 the first polymer electrolyte e-cap, "APYCAP" with PPy polymer electrolyte, was launched by the Japanese manufacturer Nitsuko. The product was not successful, in part because it was not available in SMD versions.

2281:. Polymer electrolytic capacitors, aluminum as well as tantalum polymer capacitors can not withstand transients or peak voltages higher than surge voltage. Transients for this type of e-caps may destroy the components. 2075:

The capacitance value measured at the frequency of 1 kHz is about 10% less than the 100/120 Hz value. Therefore, the capacitance values of polymer e-caps are not directly comparable and differ from those of

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limited number of cycles. A reverse voltage higher than the type-dependent threshold level applied for a long time to the polymer electrolyte capacitor leads to short-circuit and to destruction of the capacitor.

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The polypyrrole electrolyte has two fundamental disadvantages. It is toxic in the production of capacitors and becomes unstable at the higher soldering temperatures required for soldering with lead-free solders.

104:) chip style. Polymer Al-e-caps and hybrid polymer Al-e-caps are available in rectangular surface-mounted device (SMD) chip style, in cylindrical SMDs (V-chips) style or as radial leaded versions (single-ended). 1360:

Cross-sectional view of the capacitive cell of a hybrid polymer aluminum capacitor, polymer electrolyte in the pores of the aluminum foils and liquid electrolyte as the electrical connection between the polymer

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The specified limits for polymer capacitor degradation failures are much closer than for non-solid Al-e-caps. That means, the life time behavior of polymer e-caps are much more stable than for wet Al-e-caps.

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In polymer Ta-e-caps the heat generated by the ripple current influences the reliability of the capacitors. Exceeding the limit can result in catastrophic failures with short circuits and burning components.

2519:(RMS) value of a superimposed AC current of any frequency and any waveform of the current curve for continuous operation within the specified temperature range. It arises mainly in power supplies (including 663:

Every e-cap in principle forms a "plate capacitor" whose capacitance is an increasing function of the electrode area A, the permittivity ε of the dielectric material and the thickness of the dielectric (d).

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production faster and cheaper. Its AO-Cap series included SMD capacitors with stacked anode in "D" size with heights from 1.0 to 4.0 mm, in competition to the Panasonic SP-Caps using PPy at that time.

809:. In this reaction monomers are continuously attached to a growing polymer strand. Usually polymers are electrically insulators, at best, semiconductors. For use as an electrolyte in e-caps, electrical 4134:

favor of or against certain types of capacitors. Many capacitor manufacturers compose these crucial arguments of their technologies against the competition in presentations and articles, f. e.:

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The tests and requirements to be met by polymer tantalum and polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors for use in electronic equipment for approval as standardized types are set out in the following

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To minimize the likelihood of a polarized electrolytic being incorrectly inserted into a circuit, polarity has to be very clearly indicated on the case, see the section on "Polarity marking" below.

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These rectangular polymer Al-chip-e-caps are available in the "D"-case with dimensions of 7.3x4.3 mm and heights of between 2 and 4 mm. They provide a competitive alternative to Ta-caps.

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can be reduced again. The advantage of the multi-anode technology in addition to the very low ESR values is the lower inductance ESL, whereby the capacitors are suitable for higher frequencies.

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electrolyte have no wear-out mechanism so that the constant failure rate least up to the point all capacitors have failed. They do not have a lifetime specification like non-solid Al-e-caps.

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Cylindrical polymer aluminium capacitors based on the technique of wound aluminium electrolytic capacitors with liquid electrolytes. They are available only with aluminium as anode material.

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width × height) with a capacity of 1000 μF at 2.5 V. They cover temperature ranges from −55 °C to +125 °C and are available in rated voltage values from 2.5 to 63 V.

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Sangeeth, C.S. Suchand; Jaiswal, Manu; Menon, Reghu (2009). "Correlation of morphology and charge transport in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–Polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT–PSS) films".

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Ta-e-caps, Al/TCNQ and tantalum polymer e-caps. The curve of a ceramic Class 2 MLCC capacitor, with still lower Z and ESR values is also shown, but whose capacitance is voltage-dependent.

894:). Water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and other polar solvents may be used for the synthesis of PPy. As a solid conducting polymer electrolyte It reaches conductivities up to 100 1128: 2260:

The surge voltage indicates the maximum peak voltage value that may be applied during their application for a limited number of cycles. The surge voltage is standardized in IEC 60384-1.

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to provide a good connection to the conducting polymer. This layers achieves the cathode connection of the capacitor. The capacitive cell then generally is molded by a synthetic resin.

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to provide a good connection to the conducting polymer. This layers achieves the cathode connection of the capacitor. The capacitive cell then is generally molded by a synthetic resin.

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launched a hybrid polymer e-cap to replace a polymer type at lower price and with lower leakage current. As of 2016 hybrid polymer capacitors are available from multiple manufacturers.

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Vitoratos, E.; Sakkopoulos, S.; Dalas, E.; Paliatsas, N.; Karageorgopoulos, D.; Petraki, F.; Kennou, S.; Choulis, S.A. (February 2009). "Thermal degradation mechanisms of PEDOT:PSS".

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conditions. This failure rate model implicitly assumes that failures are random. Individual components fail at random times but at a predictable rate. The reciprocal value of FIT is

2602: 1205:

Polymer tantalum chip capacitors with these new design enhancements, that both the ESR and the ESL decreased reaching properties, approaching ever closer to those of MLCC capacitors.

4954: 2263:

For polymer Al-e-caps the surge voltage is 1.15 times the rated voltage. For polymer Ta-e-caps the surge voltage can be 1.3 times the rated voltage, rounded off to the nearest volt.

2607:

This internally generated heat, additional to the ambient temperature and other external heat sources, leads to a higher capacitor body temperature with a temperature difference of

5360: 2289:

An unambiguous and general specification of tolerable transients or peak voltages is not possible. In every case transients arise, the application must be individually assessed.

2213:". The category voltage is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range T 1060:

Cylindrical styles with a wound cell in a metal case are available as SMDs (V-chips) or as radial leaded versions (single-ended) for polymer or hybrid polymer aluminum capacitors

253:

IBM personal computers. The Sanyo OS-CON e-cap product line was sold in 2010 to Panasonic. Panasonic then replaced the TCNQ salt with a conducting polymer under the same brand.

829:. That means, the conductivity of conducting polymers, which is nearly comparable with metallic conductors, only starts when the polymers are doped oxidatively or reductively. 3197:

and can be described qualitatively and quantitatively, but is not directly measurable. The reliability of electrolytic capacitors is empirically determined by identifying the

2479:

Impedance and ESR, as shown in the curves, heavily depend on the used electrolyte. The curves show the progressively lower impedance and ESR values of "wet" Al-e-caps and MnO

403:) has a sudden power demand, the supply voltage drops by ESL, ESR and capacitance charge loss. Because in case of a sudden current demand the voltage of the power line drops: 5743: 717:

etched or sintered anodes increases the capacitance value, depending on the rated voltage, by a factor of up to 200 for Al-e-caps or Ta-e-caps compared with smooth anodes.

3214:

financing. The tested failure rates are often complemented with feedback from the field from large users (field failure rate), which mostly lowers failure rate estimates

1214:

polymer to achieve the polymer electrolyte, the counter electrode. Like for polymer tantalum capacitors this polymerized block now is successively dipped into conducting

1140: 2897: 2851:

Hybrid polymer Al-e-caps have no restrictions on current surge, peak or pulse currents. However, the summarized currents must not exceed the specified ripple current.

6859: 6827: 1243: 5575: 5077:

Groenendaal, L.; Jonas, F.; Freitag, D.; Pielartzik, H.; Reynolds, J. R. (2000). "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future".

2695:. The temperature of the capacitor, which is the net balance between heat produced and distributed, must not exceed the capacitor's maximum specified temperature. 422:

Given a supply voltage of 3 V, with a tolerance of 10% (300 mV) and supply current of a maximum of 10 A, a sudden power demand drops the voltage by

287:

In 1991 Panasonic launched its polymer Al-e-cap series "SP-Cap", These e-caps used PPy polymer electrolyte and reached ESR values that were directly comparable to

2439: 2917: 2459: 6974: 5992: 6617: 6409: 4987:

J. Both, "Electrolytic Capacitors from the Postwar Period to the Present", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol.32, Issue:2, pp.8-26, March–April 2016,

5255: 122:

of integrated electronic circuits as buffer, bypass and decoupling capacitors, especially in devices with flat or compact design. Thus they compete with

30:

This article is about polymer electrolytic capacitors with conducting polymer electrolytes. For capacitors with polymer film insulating dielectrics, see

6034: 4806: 2836:

The heat generated by the ripple current also influences the lifetime of aluminum and tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid polymer electrolytes.

5136: 4071: 3477: 6281: 5320: 2709: 6901: 3935: 3928: 3129:, depending on the manufacturer and series. Thus the value of the leakage current for polymer capacitors is higher than for "wet" Al-e-caps and MnO 945:

is a conducting polymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or EDOT monomer. PEDOT is polarized by the oxidation of EDOT with catalytic amounts of

5614: 5162: 5003: 810: 753: 466:

Basic principle of anodic oxidation (forming), in which, by applying a voltage with a current source, an oxide layer is formed on a metallic anode

185: 5705:

U. Merker, K. Reuter, K. Wussow, S. Kirchmeyer, and U. Tracht, "PEDT as conductive polymer cathode in electrolytic capacitors". CARTS Europe 2002

3921: 2403:

Typical impedance characteristics over the frequency for 100 μF e-caps with different electrolytes compared with a 100 μF class-2 MLCC

4353: 1005:

Based on the used anode metal and the combination of a polymer electrolyte together with a liquid electrolyte, there are three different types:

6131: 2491:

amplified by multi-anode construction, in which individual inductances are reduced by their parallel connection and the "face-down" technique.

1094:

The powder is compressed around a tantalum wire, the anode connection, to form a "pellet". This pellet/wire combination is subsequently vacuum

1071:

that the finished component has a desired height, typically the height of other components. Typical heights range from about 0.8 to 4 mm.

3723:

Long-term electrical behavior, failure modes, self-healing mechanism, and application rules of the different types of electrolytic capacitors

1032:

Cylindrical style with a wound cell in a metal case, available as cylindrical SMDs (V-chips) style or as radial leaded versions (single-ended)

365:

to the ground by bypassing the power supply lines, as backup capacitors to mitigate the drop in line voltage during sudden power demand or as

5672: 5624: 3635:

For hybrid polymer Al-e-caps the 20-degree rule does not apply. The expected life of these polymer hybrid e-caps can be calculated using the

3505: 5342:

Th. F. Strange, T. R. Marshall, Very high volt oxide formation of aluminum for electrolytic capacitors, US Patent 6299752 B1, 9. Okt. 2001,

3185:

with times of "early failures", "random failures", and "wear-out failures". The time of random failures is the time of constant failure rate

3107:

be carried out through local overheating and polymer evaporation. The leakage current values for polymer electrolyte capacitors are between

1180:

The multi-anode construction has several sintered tantalum anodes which are connected in parallel, whereby both ESR and ESL will be reduced.

1152: 709:

Capacitance is proportional to the product of the area of one plate multiplied by the permittivity and divided by the dielectric thickness.

4961: 3092:{\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {Leak} }=0{.}01\,\mathrm {{A} \over {V\cdot F}} \cdot U_{\mathrm {R} }\cdot C_{\mathrm {R} }+3\,\mathrm {\mu A} } 6932: 2353:. Regarding the IEC 60384-1 standard, the impedance values of polymer electrolytic capacitors are measured and specified at 100 kHz. 1274:

thickness that corresponds to approximately four times the rated voltage, while the polymer Al-e-caps have about twice the rated voltage.

1029:

Rectangular SMD chip, usually molded with a plastic case, available with sintered tantalum anode or with stacked aluminium anode foils and

5367: 1338:

Cylindrical polymer aluminum capacitors with wound cell in cylindrical metal case, in radial leaded (single-ended) and SMD style (V-chip)

5090: 2201:

is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range T

227:)) is a chain molecule of almost perfect one-dimensional structure that has a 10-fold better conductivity along the chains than does MnO 219:

A breakthrough came in 1973, with the discovery by A. Heeger and F. Wudl of an organic conductor, the charge-transfer salt TCNQ. TCNQ (

5195: 4933: 1111:

polymer, to achieve the polymer electrolyte, the counter electrode. This polymerized pellet now is successively dipped into conducting

242:

The first Al-e-caps to use the charge transfer salt TTF-TCNQ as a solid organic electrolyte was the OS-CON series offered in 1983 from

6257: 4395: 3193:

of a component is a property that indicates how reliably this component performs its function in a time interval. It is subject to a

388:

The change to digital electronic equipment led to the development of switching power supplies with higher frequencies and "on-board"

6440: 5562: 5518: 5289: 188:

and a higher ripple current load than earlier types Al-e-caps with liquid electrolyte. Additionally, unlike standard Al-e-caps, the

6541: 5034:

Vernitskaya, Tat'Yana V.; Efimov, Oleg N. (1997). "Polypyrrole: a conducting polymer; its synthesis, properties and applications".

5014: 4644: 377:, the ESR, and the inductance ESL important electrical characteristics for the functionality of these capacitors in the circuits. 6353: 5877: 4289: 1308: 934: 314: 220: 6719: 4622: 1543:

significant, because it is higher than that of e-caps with non-polymer electrolytes. The respective values of Ta-e-caps with MnO

529:

The properties of the aluminium oxide layer compared with tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer are given in the following table:

6292: 4891: 3636: 1016: 506: 84: 5451: 291:(MLCCs). They were still less expensive than tantalum capacitors and with their flat design useful in compact devices such as 1344:

from -55 °C to +125 °C and are available in nominal voltage values from 2.5 to 200 V respectively 250 V.

1261:

Rectangular polymer aluminum chip capacitor. The external appearance has no indication of the used internally anode material.

5644:

Machida, S.; Miyata, S.; Techagumpuch, A. (1989-09-01). "Chemical synthesis of highly electrically conductive polypyrrole".

1379:

decreasing the leakage current. Hybrid polymer Al-e-caps have a much lower leakage current than standard polymer Al-e-caps.

3639:. For above conditions e-caps with a liquid electrolyte can expect a life time of 32,000 hours or approximately 3.7 years. 6091:"Series PLG, 3900 μF/2,5 V, 10x12,7 mm, ESR=8 mΩ, ripple current=7 A (105 °C, 100 kHz)" 2523:) after rectifying an AC voltage and flows as charge and discharge current through the decoupling or smoothing capacitor. 2114: 2109: 2100: 954: 6682: 6472:"IEC/EN 61709, Electric components. Reliability. Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion" 3469:

agreement with a granular metal type structure, in which aging is due to the shrinking of the conductive polymer grains.

5969: 2632: 2386: 2034: 2021: 670: 209: 205: 189: 108: 306:

introduced its SMD polymer Ta-e-caps called "NeoCap". In 1997 Sanyo followed with the "POSCAP" polymer tantalum chips.

172:

in the early 1950s, as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement the newly invented

6204: 5219: 1356: 6485: 3159:

For polymer tantalum as well as aluminum electrolytic capacitors no figures for dielectric absorption are available.

6660: 5999: 4686: 7010: 6628: 6186: 4768: 3255: 2520: 389: 384:

For a sudden power demand of a subsequent circuit, the supply voltage drops by ESL, ESR and capacitance charge loss

6416: 3664: 2945:(DCL) is a unique characteristic for electrolytic capacitors other conventional capacitors do not have. It is the 5285:

J.L. Stevens, A.C. Geiculescu, T.F. Strange, Dielectric Aluminum Oxides: Nano-Structural Features and Composites

4705: 2949:

current that flows when a DC voltage of correct polarity is applied. This current is represented by the resistor

6902:"Specialty Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor (SP-AL), Comparison with Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor(MLCC)" 4452: 2399: 782: 373:

to reduce switching noises. In these applications, in addition to the size, are the capacitance, the impedance

101: 6565: 5262: 2550: 2072:

types with a rated voltage of >2.5 V, may be applied during the measurement to avoid reverse voltage.

470:

Electrolytic capacitors use a chemical feature of some special metals, earlier called "valve metals", that by

5856:"Voltage Proof on the Highest Level, Polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors with 200 V dielectric strength" 4813: 4565: 2978:

together with an added figure, measured after 2 or 5 minutes, for example a formula for non-solid Al-e-caps:

2345:

at a particular frequency. In the data sheets of polymer electrolyte capacitors only the impedance magnitude

2063:

Typical capacitance capacitor as a function of temperature for a polymer Al-e-cap and two non-solid Al-e-caps

6884: 4905:

Wudl, F. (1984). "From organic metals to superconductors: managing conduction electrons in organic solids".

4527: 4075: 3293:

factors had been published as of 2016. An example of a recalculation from a tantalum capacitor failure rate

3218: 3190: 3173: 2504: 2274: 2103:. These values are specified with a capacitance tolerance in accordance with IEC 60062 preventing overlaps. 1106:

layer is then formed over all the tantalum particle surfaces of the anode by the electrochemical process of

898:/m. Polypyrrole was the first conductive polymer used in polymer Al-e-caps as well as in polymer Ta-e-caps. 6240: 5305: 234: 45: 6524: 5318: 4079: 3701:

current can not accelerate. However, the faulty area no longer contributes to the capacitors capacitance.

3217:

For historical reasons the failure rate units of Ta-e-caps and Al-e-caps are different. For Al-e-caps the

2314: 2310: 2059: 1326:

Cross-sectional view of the capacitive cell of a wound polymer aluminum capacitor with polymer electrolyte

1287: 861: 822: 773: 452: 302:

Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with PPy polymer electrolyte cathode followed three years later. In 1993

143: 62: 6908: 2193:

Referring to IEC 60384-1, the allowed operating voltage for polymer e-caps is called the "rated voltage U

1189:

electrolyte. Multi-anode polymer tantalum capacitors have ESR values on the single-digit milliohm range.

533:

Characteristics of the different oxide layers in aluminium, tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors

313:

at the "1999 Carts" conference. This capacitor used the newly developed organic conductive polymer PEDT (

6168: 5482: 3153: 3146: 2942: 2338: 2047: 973: 958: 246:. These were wound, cylindrical capacitors with 10x increased electrolyte conductivity compared with MnO 6661:"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Failure Modes in Capacitors When Tested Under a Time-Varying Stress" 5630: 195: 6241:"Thermal and Electrical Breakdown Versus Reliability of Ta2O5 Under Both – Bipolar Biasing Conditions" 5613:

Elschner, A.; Kirchmeyer, St.; Lövenich, W.; Merker, U.; Reuter, K.; Starck, H.C. (November 2, 2010).

3472:

The time of the capacitors functionality (useful life, load life, service life) is tested with a time

1551:

Comparison of the main electrical parameters of different e-cap families for types with the same size

6853:"The Battle for Maximum Volumetric Efficiency – Part 2: Advancements in Solid Electrolyte Capacitors" 5043: 4350: 4067: 3674: 2320: 1048:

Rectangular SMD chips are available with sintered tantalum anode or with stacked aluminum anode foils

351: 6138: 2091:(μF). The capacitance value specified in manufacturers data sheets is called the rated capacitance C 330: 7005: 5409: 5391: 5220:"Understanding Polymer & Hybrid Capacitors [Whitepaper] – Panasonic Industrial Devices" 4027:

Polymer electrolytic capacitors, given sufficient space, have coded imprinted markings to indicate

2331: 887: 362: 359: 6205:"Condition Monitoring of Electrolytic Capacitors for Power Electronics Applications, Dissertation" 2964:

Datasheet leakage current specification is given by multiplication of the rated capacitance value

867: 5803: 5777: 5059: 4869: 4773: 4741: 3194: 2692: 2334: 1084: 1080: 1010: 902:

polymerization rate can be controlled by cryogenic cooling or by electrochemical polymerization.

491: 483: 396: 257: 224: 177: 157: 77: 66: 4992: 4471: 3974: 280:

is better than that of TCNQ by a factor of 100 to 500, and close to the conductivity of metals.

115:

transients, however they have a temperature-dependent service life similar to non-solid e-caps.

6939: 6090: 5855: 5435:"A Study of Field Crystallization in Tantalum Capacitors and its effect on DCL and Reliability" 5408:

Horacek, I.; Zednicek, T.; Zednicek, S.; Karnik, T.; Petrzilek, J.; Jacisko, P.; Gregorova, P.

4117:

Surface mount fixed aluminium electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte

3934: 3927: 3480:

with rated voltage at the upper category temperature. Test conditions for passing the test are

3178: 1995: 6821:"The Battle for Maximum Volumetric Efficiency – Part 1:When Techniques Compete, Customers Win" 6063: 6028:"Facedown Termination for Higher C/V – Lower ESL Conductive-Polymer SMT Capacitors CARTS Asia" 5795: 5686: 5620: 5558: 5514: 5109: 4988: 4763: 4111:

Surface mount fixed tantalum electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte

3473: 2866: 2684: 2404: 2081: 950: 946: 814: 802: 310: 288: 169: 161: 131: 94: 41:

Rectangular shaped polymer aluminium (black) and tantalum (brown) electrolytic chip capacitors

4414: 4162:

Worldwide operating manufacturers of polymer electrolytic capacitors and their type spectrum

3210:

also influenced by the circuit series resistor, which is not required for polymer Al-e-caps.

961:

state, non toxic, stable up to temperatures of 280 °C and a conductivity up to 500

6596: 6390: 6382: 5831: 5787: 5653: 5452:"Panasonic Announces that it Makes SANYO its Wholly-owned Subsidiary through Share Exchange" 5434: 5327: 5086: 5051: 4996: 4914: 4861: 3920: 3231: 2700: 2516: 2499: 2266:

The surge voltage applied to polymer capacitors may influence the capacitor's failure rate.

366: 355: 269: 6280:

Ripple Current Confusion, Edward Chen, Mike Prevallet, John Prymak, KEMET Electronics Corp

6264: 5715: 4546: 1176: 6956: 6076: 5776:(7). Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India: 072101. 5324: 5293: 5122: 4778: 4648: 4357: 4312: 4293: 643: 370: 265: 6447: 5304:

T. Kárník, AVX, NIOBIUM OXIDE FOR CAPACITOR MANUFACTURING, METAL 2008, 13. –15. 5. 2008,

5286: 4490: 2418: 647:

A dielectric material is placed between two conducting plates (electrodes), each of area

6645: 6548: 5791: 5047: 4641: 2411: 2217:. The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture at right. 1083:

in which the electrolyte is a conductive polymer instead of manganese dioxide, see also

926: 380: 37: 6322: 4755: 4603: 3202: 2946: 2902: 2859: 2444: 2324: 2077: 962: 895: 818: 806: 514: 400: 261: 212:(ESL) for bypass and decoupling capacitors used in power supply lines were needed. see 123: 31: 6291:

Nippon-Chemi-Con, Lifetime Estimation of Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitors

5881: 4433: 4286: 2526:

Ripple currents generates heat inside the capacitor body. This dissipation power loss

2037:

which is the effective self-inductance of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESL".

1237:

Layer structure of a polymer aluminum capacitor with graphit/silver cathode connection

1134:

Layer structure of a polymer tantalum capacitor with graphit/silver cathode connection

6999: 6740: 5928: 5657: 5063: 4248: 3679: 3280:" is specified with the unit "n % failures per 1000 hours" at 85 °C, U = U 3206: 3182: 2342: 2278: 841: 826: 5902: 5807: 5055: 4873: 5458: 4749: 3458: 3454: 3222: 3198: 1196: 347: 238:

OS-CON capacitors with solid TCNQ electrolyte had a typical lilac insulation sleeve

151: 127: 119: 6885:"AN-1099 Application Note, Capacitor Selection Guidelines for Analog Devices, Inc" 6304: 6222: 4837:

Taylor, R. L.; Haring, H. E. (November 1956). "A metal semi-conductor capacitor".

5687:"Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Electrolytic Capacitors "PZ-CAP" Introduction" 5552: 4123:

Fixed aluminium electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte

3438:= (0.001/1000 h) × 0.1 × 0.1 × 1 = 0.00001/1000 h = 1•10/h = 1 FIT 2503:

The high ripple current across the smoothing capacitor C1 in a power supply with

871:

Pyrrole can be polymerized electrochemically to control the rate of polymerizion.

6386: 6336: 6258:"Introduction Aluminum Capacitors, Revision: 10-Sep-13 1 Document Number: 28356" 5822: 4085:

The definition of the characteristics and the procedure of the test methods for

2286: 2024:

which summarizes all ohmic losses of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESR"

1087:

Tantalum capacitors are manufactured from a powder of relatively pure elemental

875: 857: 837: 749: 273: 147: 69: 6108: 5948: 4865: 4735: 2818:{\displaystyle I_{R}={\sqrt {{i_{1}}^{2}+{i_{2}}^{2}+{i_{3}}^{2}+{i_{n}}^{2}}}} 2209:"temperature derated voltage" for a higher temperature, the "category voltage U 1025:

These three different types or families, are produced in two different styles,

462: 107:

Polymer electrolytic capacitors are characterized by particularly low internal

6689: 6337:"Application Notes, AC Ripple Current, Calculations Solid Tantalum Capacitors" 5343: 4852:

McLean, D. A.; Power, F. S. (1956). "Tantalum Solid Electrolytic Capacitors".

4731: 4331: 3627:= temperature (°C) of the e-cap case or ambient temperature near the capacitor 2688: 2220:

Applying a higher voltage than specified may destroy electrolytic capacitors.

2119: 1103: 296: 173: 6169:"Effect of Surge Current Testing on Reliability of Solid Tantalum Capacitors" 5977:. 20th Capacitor and Resistor Technology Symposium. Kemet – via Newark. 5000: 4509: 2507:

causes significant internal heat generation corresponding to the capacitor's

1226:

Basic construction of a polymer aluminum capacitor with layered anode stripes

6394: 4086: 2839:

Ripple current heat affects the lifetimes of all three polymer e-cap types.

2357: 2170: 1107: 1095: 879: 474: 471: 5799: 5091:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200004)12:7<481::AID-ADMA481>3.0.CO;2-C

2162:

The actual measured capacitance value must be within the tolerance limits.

1397:

Comparison of benchmark values of the different polymer capacitor families

1099:

density, but is also highly porous, producing a large anode surface area.

309:

A new conductive polymer for tantalum polymer capacitors was presented by

6187:"Physical and Electrical Characterization of Aluminum Polymer Capacitors" 1215: 1112: 1088: 793:

Electrolytic capacitors with TCNQ electrolyte are not available anymore.

510: 487: 5616:

PEDOT Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polymer

5529: 5256:"Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitors, Application Note Rev. 03" 4918: 4070:

and related technologies standardization follows the rules given by the

2087:

The basic unit of a polymer electrolytic capacitor's capacitance is the

852: 6601: 6584: 6569: 5929:"Magnesium Vapour Reduced Tantalum Powders with Very High Capacitances" 4210: 3575:{\displaystyle L_{x}=L_{\text{Spec}}\cdot 10^{\frac {T_{0}-T_{A}}{20}}} 3304:

therefore only can be given by comparing standard capacitors. Example:

2611:

against the ambient. This heat has to be distributed as thermal losses

883: 757: 724:

Comparing the dielectric constants of tantalum and aluminium oxides, Ta

100:

Polymer Ta-e-caps are available in rectangular surface-mounted device (

6109:"Technical Information, Reliability Management of Tantalum Capacitors" 5331: 231:, and has a 100-fold better conductivity than non-solid electrolytes. 17: 5835: 3225: 2863:

general leakage behavior of electrolytic capacitors: leakage current

2099:. It is given according to IEC 60063 in values corresponding to the 1590: 1219: 1116: 970: 292: 126:, but offer higher capacitance values than MLCC, and they display no 4667: 1249:

Basic cross-section of a rectangular polymer aluminum chip capacitor

1146:

Basic cross-section of a rectangular polymer tantalum chip capacitor

813:

polymers are employed. The conductivity of a polymer is obtained by

6780: 5673:"Conductive Polymer Aluminum for Electrolytic Capacitor Technology" 4584: 6720:"Voltage Derating Rules for Solid Tantalum and Niobium Capacitors" 5840: 5782: 4267: 3983: 2858: 2410: 2398: 2327: 2169: 2088: 2058: 1994: 1355: 1195: 1175: 969:

temperature. For this purpose, the PEDOT chemicals is added with

938: 866: 851: 786: 761: 713: 642: 461: 379: 318: 277: 243: 233: 194: 44: 36: 5993:"New Low Profile Low ESL Multi-Anode "Mirror" Tantalum Capacitor" 4376: 4097:

IEC/EN 60384-1 – Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment

756:. The electrolyte forms the counter electrode, of the e-cap, the 346:

The predominant application of all electrolytic capacitors is in

6756:"Welcome to the IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission" 6741:"Advanced capacitors ensure long-term control-circuit stability" 3339:

The following acceleration factors from MIL-HDBK 217F are used:

2961:, due to moisture paths or cathode conductors (carbon, silver). 2004:

capacitive and inductive parameters of electrolytic capacitors:

942: 918: 5361:"Keep your distance – Voltage Proof of Electrolytic Capacitors" 5015:"About the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000, Advanced Information" 3490:

increase of ESR, impedance or loss factor less than factor of 2

2537:

and is the squared value of the effective (RMS) ripple current

1876:

W×L×H for rectangular style (chip), D×L for cylindrical style.

439: 329:

self-healing purposes to reduce the leakage current. In 2001,

303: 6513:. International Electrotechnical Commission or Beuth Verlag. 6026:

Chen, E.; Lai, K.; Prymak, J.; Prevallet, M. (October 2005).

5903:"Tantalum capacitor powder product information – H.C. Starck" 4229: 2703:

and summarized by squared addition to calculate a RMS value.

350:. They are used in input and output smoothing capacitors, as 49:

Cylindrical (wound) polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitors

6239:

Vasina, P.; Zednicek, T.; Sita, Z.; Sikula, J.; Pavelka, J.

3982: 3973: 3605:= specified life time (useful life, load life, service life) 3249:) at standard operating conditions 40 °C and 0.5 U 1999:

Series-equivalent circuit model of an electrolytic capacitor

1303:

Design principles of cylindrical polymer aluminum capacitors

6486:"MIL-HDBK-217 F NOTICE-2 RELIABILITY PREDICTION ELECTRONIC" 6305:"Thermal Management of Surface Mounted Tantalum Capacitors" 5181:"Basic chemical and physical properties, Präsentation 2003" 5104:"APYCAP Series, Function Polymer Capacitor". Nitsuko. 1988. 3643:

Failure modes, self-healing mechanism and application rules

509:

use a high purity and electrochemically etched (roughened)

6794: 6510: 6471: 5410:"High CV Tantalum Capacitors – Challenges and Limitations" 2396:

of the capacitor, turning the capacitor into an inductor.

395:

The reason how the ESR influences the functionality of an

5180: 3686:

Ta-e-caps a self-healing process take place oxidizing MnO

2084:, whose capacitance is measured at 1 kHz or higher. 1975:

no voltage dependent capacitance (except type 1 ceramics)

1079:

Polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors are essentially

272:

in 1975. The conductivity of conductive polymers such as

3682:. However, if the current source is limited in solid MnO 6223:"Reverse Voltage Behavior of Solid Tantalum Capacitors" 5392:"Specifications for Etched Foil for Anode, Low Voltage" 4807:"Hybrid Construction, Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors" 2315:

Electrolytic capacitor#ESR and dissipation factor tan δ

1366:

surface of the roughened structure of the dielectric Al

6566:"NIC Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime" 6542:"Estimating of Lifetime Fujitsu Media Devices Limited" 5880:. Beryl Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Archived from 5483:"Electronic Components – Panasonic Industrial Devices" 5137:"Electronic Components – Panasonic Industrial Devices" 4892:"Capacitor Impedance Needs For Future Microprocessors" 781:

Electrolytic capacitors with the charge transfer salt

354:

to circulate the harmonic current in a short loop, as

256:

The next step in ESR reduction was the development of

6979:

with conductive Polymer in Solid Tantalum Capacitors"

6755: 4934:"Investigation of charge transfer complexes:TCNQ-TTF" 3508: 2987: 2905: 2869: 2712: 2635: 2553: 2447: 2421: 673: 299:

they competed with tantalum chip capacitors as well.

223:

or N-n-butyl isoquinolinium in combination with TTF (

213: 6618:"How Far Can We Go with High CV Tantalum Capacitors" 3966:

Polarity marking for polymer electrolytic capacitors

732:

has permittivity approximately 3-fold higher than Al

192:(ESR) of Ta-caps is stable in varying temperatures. 6795:"Beuth Verlag – Normen und Fachliteratur seit 1924" 5530:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5196:"Performance Improvements with Polymer (Ta and Al)" 4089:for use in electronic equipment are set out in the 1929:

damageable by transients and higher voltages spikes

1085:

tantalum capacitor#Materials, production and styles

118:Polymer electrolytic capacitors are mainly used in 6525:"Technical Guide, Calculation Formula of Lifetime" 6102: 6100: 4056:For very small capacitors no marking is possible. 3574: 3091: 2911: 2891: 2817: 2673:{\displaystyle P_{th}=\Delta T\cdot A\cdot \beta } 2672: 2596: 2453: 2433: 1908:no evaporation of electrolyte, longer service life 1879:Calculated for a 100 μF, 10 V capacitor. 1123:Basic construction of a polymer tantalum capacitor 699:{\displaystyle C=\varepsilon \cdot {\frac {A}{d}}} 698: 90:Hybrid polymer capacitor (Hybrid polymer Al-e-cap) 6754:IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission. 5830:(PhD thesis). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 2055:Rated capacitance, standard values and tolerances 6585:"Failure Mechanism of Solid Tantalum Capacitors" 5551:Clayden, J., Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2000). 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 4144:Al-Polymer e-caps against "wet" e-caps: NCC, NIC 3396:= acceleration factor for the series resistance 1873:Manufacturer, series, capacitance/rated voltage. 6938:. Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Archived from 6713: 6711: 6709: 6354:"Ripple Current Capabilities, Technical Update" 4147:Ta-Polymer e-caps against standard solid Ta-MnO 4059:The code of the markings vary by manufacturer. 3632:about 200,000 hours or approximately 20 years. 1021:Hybrid polymer aluminium electrolytic capacitor 752:in an electrolytic capacitor is its electrical 5029: 5027: 6616:Pozdeev-Freeman, Y. (January–February 2005). 6162: 6160: 6158: 5963: 5961: 5261:. Nippon Chemi-Con. July 2009. Archived from 1314:Winding of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor 748:The most important electrical property of an 8: 6368: 6366: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5619:. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. 4141:MLCC against Polymer and "wet" e-caps:Murata 2385:), the impedance will be determined by only 1941:less expensive than polymer aluminum e-caps 1547:electrolyte and wet Al-e-caps are included. 712:The dielectric thickness is in the range of 6646:"Failure Rates of Tantalum Chip Capacitors" 6583:Goudswaard, B.; Driesens, F. J. J. (1976). 6323:"Ripple Rating of Tantalum Chip Capacitors" 6021: 6019: 5824:On the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS thin films 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 4894:. Orlando, FL: Intel Corporation CARTS USA. 2848:peak current experienced by the capacitor. 2683:This heat is distributed to the ambient by 1905:lower temperature depending characteristics 1158:Rectangular polymer tantalum chip capacitor 6957:"Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors" 5986: 5984: 5738: 5736: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5163:"Replacing MnO2 with Polymers, 1999 CARTS" 3721: 3321:shall be recalculated into a failure rate 785:TCNQ as electrolyte, formerly produced by 6734: 6732: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6600: 5781: 5701: 5699: 4138:Al-Polymer e-caps against MLCC: Panasonic 4072:International Electrotechnical Commission 3559: 3546: 3539: 3526: 3513: 3507: 3487:reduction of capacitance by less than 20% 3081: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3015: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2957:bypassing of dielectric due to excess MnO 2904: 2874: 2868: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2640: 2634: 2576: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2446: 2420: 2360:, in which the both reactive resistances 1911:no burning or exploding in case of shorts 1037:Styles of polymer electrolytic capacitors 686: 672: 6125: 6123: 6121: 5871: 5869: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 4885: 4883: 4159: 4052:year and month (or week) of manufacture; 3663: 3177: 2597:{\displaystyle P_{L}=I_{R}^{2}\cdot ESR} 2498: 2240:as well as higher category temperature T 2232:The relation between rated temperature T 2105: 1549: 1395: 1294:Cylindrical polymer aluminium capacitors 925: 917: 878:(PPy) is a conducting polymer formed by 772: 531: 434:= (0.3 V)/(10 A) = 30 mΩ. 6589:ElectroComponent Science and Technology 5849: 5847: 4983: 4981: 4789: 4181: 4166: 4049:climatic category or rated temperature; 3862:by oxidation or electrolyte evaporation 3795:by oxidation or electrolyte evaporation 3726: 3376:= temperature acceleration factor, for 3221:prediction is generally expressed in a 1978:no microphonic (except type 1 ceramics) 1959:limited service life due to evaporation 1301: 1224: 1121: 1035: 949:. The re-oxidation of iron is given by 6072: 6061: 5991:Zedníček, T.; Marek, L.; Zedníček, S. 5968:Erik K. Reed; Jim C. Marshall (2000). 5744:"Clevios Solid Electrolyte Capacitors" 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5118: 5107: 6263:. Vishay BCcomponents. Archived from 6174:. Perot Systems Code 562. NASA GSFCE. 5949:"Basic Tantalum Capacitor Technology" 4812:. NIC Components Corp. Archived from 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 3823:by oxidization of the electrolyte MnO 3314:= 0.1%/1000 h at 85 °C and 3205:. Reliability normally is shown as a 7: 6132:"Surge in Solid Tantalum Capacitors" 5770:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 3673:Field crystallization followed by a 2971:with the value of the rated voltage 2919:for different kinds of electrolytes 2843:Current surge, peak or pulse current 2349:is specified, and simply written as 2330:of the voltage to the current in an 6851:Hahn, R.; Randall, M.; Paulson, J. 6819:Hahn, R.; Randall, M.; Paulson, J. 6410:"An Exploration of Leakage Current" 6192:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 5971:Stable, Low-ESR Tantalum Capacitors 5878:"250 V Polymer capacitor series CB" 5821:Nardes, A. M. (December 18, 2007). 3349:= voltage acceleration factor, for 2924: non solid, high water content 1847:Hybrid polymer aluminum capacitors 1538:Comparison of electrical parameters 199:Conductivities of some electrolytes 6210:. Georgia Institute of Technology. 5854:Albertsen, A. (October 17, 2014). 3085: 3068: 3053: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2652: 2248:is given in the picture at right. 2046:, the resistance representing the 2011:, the capacitance of the capacitor 1981:higher capacitance values possible 1383:Comparison of the polymer families 1352:Hybrid polymer aluminum capacitors 1172:New designs – lowering ESR and ESL 760:. The roughened structures of the 399:is simple. If the circuit (e.g. a 72:. There are four different types: 25: 5366:. Jianghai Europe. Archived from 4078:, non-governmental international 4031:manufacturer's name or trademark; 3616:= upper category temperature (°C) 3276:For Ta-e-caps the failure rate "F 3156:, "soakage" or "battery action". 2829:be reduced at lower frequencies. 1769:ethylene glycol/forax-electrolyte 1209:Polymer aluminium chip capacitors 507:aluminium electrolytic capacitors 184:electrolytes had 10 times better 6167:Teverovsky, A. (17 March 2008). 5576:"Elektrisch leitfähige Polymere" 4748: 4734: 4034:manufacturer's type designation; 3933: 3926: 3919: 3484:no short circuit or open circuit 2311:Electrolytic capacitor#Impedance 2174:Relation between rated voltage U 1902:higher ripple current capability 1331: 1319: 1307: 1254: 1242: 1230: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1075:Polymer tantalum chip capacitors 1053: 1041: 1017:aluminium electrolytic capacitor 935:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) 914:Polythiopene PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS 886:. A suitable oxidizing agent is 769:Conducting salt TCNQ electrolyte 484:tantalum electrolytic capacitors 447:Electrolytic capacitors – basics 342:Role of ESR, ESL and capacitance 315:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) 221:7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane 214:Role of ESR, ESL and capacitance 168:) electrolytes were invented by 158:Tantalum electrolytic capacitors 85:aluminium electrolytic capacitor 5056:10.1070/rc1997v066n05abeh000261 4955:"OS-CON Technical Book Ver. 15" 4890:Mosley, Larry E. (2006-04-03). 4007:Cylindrical polymer capacitors 3993:Rectangular polymer capacitors, 3141:Dielectric absorption (soakage) 2155: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2108: 1849:polymer + non-solid electrolyte 1689:multianode, polymer electrolyte 1011:tantalum electrolytic capacitor 930:Structural formula of PEDOT:PSS 95:niobium electrolytic capacitors 78:tantalum electrolytic capacitor 4043:tolerance on rated capacitance 3912:Electrolytic capacitor symbols 3874:Deterioration of conductivity, 3851:Deterioration of conductivity, 3783:Deterioration of conductivity, 2244:and derated category voltage U 2228:Rated and category temperature 1947:impassible against transients 1791:"Wet" aluminum capacitors, SMD 1767:"Wet" aluminum capacitors, SMD 817:which permit free movement of 180:. The first Ta-e-caps with MnO 130:effect (such as class 2 and 3 59:polymer electrolytic capacitor 1: 5792:10.1088/0953-8984/21/7/072101 4960:. Sanyo. 2007. Archived from 4907:Accounts of Chemical Research 3995:tantalum as well as aluminum, 3819:Thermally induced insulating 3403:, at the same value it is = 1 2618:over the capacitor's surface 2441:as a function of temperature 836:Polymer e-caps employ either 438:This means that the ESR in a 289:ceramic multilayer capacitors 109:equivalent series resistances 5658:10.1016/0379-6779(89)90798-4 3842:Series resistance 3 Ω/V 3821:of faults in the dielectric 3476:endurance test according to 2521:switched-mode power supplies 2387:equivalent series resistance 2035:equivalent series inductance 2022:equivalent series resistance 1887:Advantages and disadvantages 1819:Polymer aluminum capacitors 1715:Polymer aluminum capacitors 1687:Polymer tantalum capacitors 1663:Polymer tantalum capacitors 210:equivalent series inductance 190:equivalent series resistance 27:Solid conductive electrolyte 6739:Faltus, R. (July 2, 2012). 6627:. Vishay: 6. Archived from 6387:10.1016/j.orgel.2008.10.008 3860:Dielectric fault isolation 3793:Dielectric fault isolation 3594:= life time to be estimated 3201:in production accompanying 2622:and the thermal resistance 2145:capacitance tolerance ±10% 2142:capacitance tolerance ±20% 2139:capacitance tolerance ±20% 1739:Polymer aluminum capacitors 922:Structural formula of PEDOT 825:. As charge carriers serve 653:, and with a separation of 7027: 5557:, Oxford University Press 4866:10.1109/JRPROC.1956.275141 4769:SAL electrolytic capacitor 4156:Manufacturers and products 3865:Voltage derating 20 % 3171: 3168:Reliability (failure rate) 3144: 2515:A "ripple current" is the 2186:and category temperature T 2166:Rated and category voltage 2148: 2137: 2124: 1986:Electrical characteristics 1278:Cylindrical (radial) style 953:. Advantages of PEDOT are 777:Structural formula of TCNQ 450: 29: 6984:. Kemet Electronics Corp. 6962:. Murata FAQ. April 2010. 6683:"DC Leakage Failure Mode" 6441:"Failure Rate Estimation" 4175: 4170: 4167: 4129:Technological competition 3499:called "20-degree-rule": 1991:Series-equivalent circuit 1971:against MLCCs (ceramic): 1472: 1435: 801:Polymers are formed by a 603: 600: 486:use high purity sintered 150:were invented in 1896 by 6688:. Vishay. Archived from 6666:. MEI Technologies, Inc. 6185:Liu, D.; Sampson, M. J. 5927:Haas, H.; Starck, H. C. 5511:Introduction to Polymers 5179:Jonas, F.; Starck, H.C. 5001:10.1109/MEI.2016.7414227 4941:Freie Universität Berlin 4103:sectional specifications 3871:Hybrid polymer Al-e-caps 3730:electrolytic capacitors 3163:Reliability and lifetime 2930: non solid, organic 2892:{\displaystyle I_{leak}} 2461:for polymer capacitors ( 2285:limitation similar to a 2095:or nominal capacitance C 1953:hybrid polymer Al-e-caps 1935:hybrid polymer Al-e-caps 1575:100 kHz, 20 °C 1388:Comparison of benchmarks 1290:without a height limit. 783:tetracyanoquinodimethane 490:powder as an anode with 146:(Al-e-caps) with liquid 6933:"TA/AL Cap Replacement" 6858:. Kemet. Archived from 6826:. Kemet. Archived from 6718:Gill, J.; Zednicek, T. 6595:(3). Philips: 171–179. 6033:. Kemet. Archived from 4604:Sun Electronic (Suncon) 4009:have a polarity marking 3997:have a polarity marking 3174:Reliability engineering 2505:half-wave rectification 2468:) and "wet" Al-e-caps ( 2356:In the special case of 2182:and rated temperature T 1919:against wet Al-e-caps: 1895:against wet Al-e-caps: 1793:water-based electrolyte 815:conjugated double bonds 321:(trade name Baytron®). 144:electrolytic capacitors 57:, or more accurately a 6511:"IEC 60384-24/-25/-26" 4687:Würth Elektronik eiSos 4080:standards organization 3987: 3978: 3902:Additional information 3878:capacitance decreases, 3758:capacitance decreases, 3670: 3576: 3449:Lifetime, service life 3186: 3093: 2938: 2913: 2899:as a function of time 2893: 2819: 2674: 2598: 2512: 2476: 2455: 2435: 2408: 2197:". The rated voltage U 2190: 2178:and category voltage U 2064: 2000: 1926:higher leakage current 1362: 1288:printed circuit boards 1202: 1181: 1066:Rectangular chip style 931: 923: 872: 864: 862:p-Toluenesulfonic acid 856:Structural formula of 778: 700: 660: 513:foil as an anode with 467: 453:Electrolytic capacitor 385: 239: 200: 63:electrolytic capacitor 50: 42: 6446:. NIC. Archived from 6415:. AVX. Archived from 6221:Bishop, I.; Gill, J. 6137:. AVX. Archived from 5998:. AVX. Archived from 5716:"Conductive Polymers" 5513:, Chapman & Hall 5194:Prymak, John (2001). 4854:Proc. Inst. Radio Eng 4091:Generic specification 4068:Electronic components 3986: 3977: 3890:by applying a voltage 3876:drying out over time, 3856:Field crystallization 3840:Voltage derating 50% 3837:if current is limited 3815:Field crystallization 3770:by applying a voltage 3756:Drying out over time, 3735:electrical behavior 3667: 3648:Field crystallization 3577: 3181: 3154:dielectric relaxation 3147:Dielectric absorption 3094: 2914: 2894: 2862: 2820: 2675: 2599: 2502: 2456: 2436: 2415:Typical curve of the 2414: 2402: 2374:have the same value ( 2173: 2062: 1998: 1944:lower leakage current 1635:-tantalum capacitors 1603:-tantalum capacitors 1514:polymer and non-solid 1359: 1199: 1179: 974:polystyrene sulfonate 929: 921: 870: 855: 776: 701: 646: 577:Tantalum pentoxide Ta 502:) as a dielectric and 465: 383: 352:decoupling capacitors 237: 198: 65:(e-cap) with a solid 48: 40: 5509:Young, R. J. (1987) 4249:CDE Cornell Dubilier 4204:Radial, SMD, Axial 4178:Aluminum capacitors 4173:Tantalum capacitors 3893:Lifetime calculation 3798:Lifetime calculation 3773:Lifetime calculation 3675:dielectric breakdown 3506: 3478:IEC 60384-24/-25/-26 3300:into a failure rate 3152:that is also called 2985: 2936: solid, polymer 2903: 2867: 2710: 2633: 2551: 2445: 2419: 1587:Max. leakage current 955:optical transparency 671: 6375:Organic Electronics 6203:Imam, A.M. (2007). 5748:heraeus-clevios.com 5048:1997RuCRv..66..443V 5020:. October 10, 2000. 4919:10.1021/ar00102a005 4839:J. Electrochem. Soc 4164: 3828:into insulating MnO 3724: 3445:normal conditions. 2581: 2434:{\displaystyle ESR} 2341:both magnitude and 2337:, and expresses as 2236:and rated voltage U 1821:polymer electrolyte 1741:polymer electrolyte 1717:polymer electrolyte 1665:polymer electrolyte 1580:Max. ripple current 1552: 1534:(As of April 2015) 1398: 1081:tantalum capacitors 888:iron (III) chloride 797:Polymer electrolyte 534: 525:) as the dielectric 258:conducting polymers 6602:10.1155/APEC.3.171 5323:2021-02-25 at the 5292:2014-12-29 at the 5079:Advanced Materials 4774:Tantalum capacitor 4742:Electronics portal 4647:2016-03-04 at the 4356:2013-12-12 at the 4292:2014-10-11 at the 4160: 4040:rated capacitance; 4023:Imprinted markings 3988: 3979: 3722: 3690:into insulating Mn 3671: 3572: 3325:at 40 °C and 3195:stochastic process 3187: 3089: 2943:DC leakage current 2939: 2909: 2889: 2815: 2693:thermal conduction 2670: 2594: 2567: 2513: 2477: 2451: 2431: 2409: 2277:are fast and high 2191: 2134:33-39-47-56-68-82 2129:10-15-22-33-47-68 2082:ceramic capacitors 2065: 2001: 1883:(As of June 2015) 1550: 1396: 1363: 1203: 1182: 988:Hybrid electrolyte 932: 924: 882:polymerization of 873: 865: 779: 696: 661: 604:Aluminium oxide Al 532: 492:tantalum pentoxide 468: 397:integrated circuit 386: 337:Application basics 240: 225:Tetrathiafulvalene 201: 178:Tantalum capacitor 132:ceramic capacitors 87:(Polymer Al-e-cap) 80:(Polymer Ta-e-cap) 67:conductive polymer 51: 43: 7011:Electronic design 6071:Missing or empty 5671:Oshima, Masashi. 5633:on March 4, 2016. 5626:978-1-4200-6911-2 5554:Organic chemistry 5332:10.1149/1.1646140 5117:Missing or empty 4764:Niobium capacitor 4722: 4721: 4020: 4019: 3958: 3957: 3899: 3898: 3888:New oxide formed 3848:Polymer Ta-e-caps 3780:Polymer Al-e-caps 3768:New oxide formed 3714:Application rules 3569: 3529: 3230:, with the unit 3042: 2912:{\displaystyle t} 2813: 2685:thermal radiation 2454:{\displaystyle T} 2405:ceramic capacitor 2305:Impedance and ESR 2270:Transient Voltage 2160: 2159: 2132:10-12-15-18-22-27 1915:Disadvantages of 1899:lower ESR values. 1870: 1869: 1866:10 (0.01CV) 1838:200 (0.2CV) 1810:10 (0.01CV) 1786:10 (0.01CV) 1758:40 (0.04CV) 1734:40 (0.04CV) 1706:100 (0.1CV) 1682:100 (0.1CV) 1658:10 (0.01CV) 1626:10 (0.01CV) 1532: 1531: 1439:Manganese dioxide 1393:are also listed. 951:Sodium persulfate 947:iron(III) sulfate 803:chemical reaction 694: 641: 640: 356:bypass capacitors 317:), also known as 170:Bell Laboratories 162:manganese dioxide 55:polymer capacitor 16:(Redirected from 7018: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6973:Prymak, John D. 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6913: 6907:. Archived from 6906: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6832: 6825: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6622: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6568:. Archived from 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6547:. Archived from 6546: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6395:20.500.14279/837 6370: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6127: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5851: 5842: 5839: 5836:10.6100/IR631615 5829: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5785: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5646:Synthetic Metals 5641: 5635: 5634: 5629:. Archived from 5610: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5572: 5566: 5549: 5543: 5527: 5521: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5457:. Archived from 5456: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5430: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5356: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5005: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4724:As of July 2016 4434:Nippon Chemi-Con 4268:Chinsan, (Elite) 4165: 4121:IEC/EN 60384-26— 4115:IEC/EN 60384-25— 4109:IEC/EN 60384-24— 4011:at the cathode ( 3970: 3969: 3961:Polarity marking 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3907:Capacitor symbol 3895:10 °C rule 3800:20 °C rule 3775:10 °C rule 3725: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3380:= 40 °C is 3098: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2701:Fourier analysis 2679: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2648: 2647: 2626:to the ambient. 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2580: 2575: 2563: 2562: 2517:root mean square 2474: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2156:letter code "K" 2153:letter code "M" 2150:letter code "M" 2106: 2050:of the capacitor 1951:Disadvantage of 1720:Panasonic, SP-UE 1553: 1519:(SMD and radial) 1498:(SMD and radial) 1451:105/125/150/175 1399: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1057: 1045: 1001:Types and styles 844:(PEDOT or PEDT) 705: 703: 702: 697: 695: 687: 535: 458:Anodic oxidation 367:filter capacitor 270:Hideki Shirakawa 21: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7015: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883:Morita, Glenn. 6882: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6671: 6663: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6408:Franklin, R.W. 6407: 6406: 6402: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6321:Franklin, R.W. 6320: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6119: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5627: 5612: 5611: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5550: 5546: 5536:IUPAC Gold Book 5528: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5325:Wayback Machine 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5294:Wayback Machine 5284: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5116: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5036:Russ. Chem. Rev 5033: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4779:Capacitor types 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4649:Wayback Machine 4358:Wayback Machine 4294:Wayback Machine 4201: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4158: 4150: 4131: 4065: 4063:Standardization 4025: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3909: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753:"Wet" AL-e-caps 3747: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3716: 3707: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3650: 3645: 3624: 3613: 3602: 3591: 3555: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3464: 3451: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3374: 3365: 3358: 3347: 3334: 3319: 3312: 3307:A failure rate 3298: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3252: 3203:endurance tests 3176: 3170: 3165: 3149: 3143: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3062: 3047: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2901: 2900: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2855:Leakage current 2845: 2796: 2794: 2774: 2772: 2752: 2750: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2616: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2531: 2497: 2482: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2443: 2442: 2417: 2416: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2307: 2295: 2293:Reverse voltage 2272: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2133: 2098: 2094: 2078:film capacitors 2057: 2048:leakage current 2045: 2032: 2019: 1993: 1988: 1889: 1853: 1848: 1825: 1820: 1797: 1792: 1773: 1768: 1745: 1740: 1721: 1716: 1693: 1688: 1669: 1664: 1645: 1640: 1637:Multianode, MnO 1636: 1634: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1546: 1540: 1518: 1513: 1497: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1402:Anode material 1390: 1385: 1373: 1369: 1354: 1339: 1336: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1312: 1296: 1280: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1211: 1188: 1174: 1159: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1135: 1132: 1077: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1003: 990: 916: 893: 850: 848:Polypyrrole PPy 819:charge carriers 799: 771: 746: 739: 735: 731: 727: 669: 668: 611: 607: 584: 580: 568: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 547: 539: 524: 520: 515:aluminium oxide 501: 497: 460: 455: 449: 390:DC/DC converter 371:low-pass filter 344: 339: 266:Alan MacDiarmid 249: 230: 183: 167: 140: 124:MLCC capacitors 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7024: 7022: 7014: 7013: 7008: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6992:External links 6990: 6988: 6987: 6976: 6975:"Replacing MnO 6965: 6948: 6945:on 2013-12-24. 6924: 6893: 6875: 6843: 6811: 6786: 6781:"IEC Webstore" 6772: 6746: 6728: 6705: 6669: 6651: 6637: 6634:on 2016-01-24. 6608: 6575: 6572:on 2013-09-15. 6557: 6554:on 2013-12-24. 6533: 6516: 6502: 6477: 6463: 6432: 6400: 6362: 6359:. KEMET. 2004. 6345: 6328: 6313: 6303:Salisbury, I. 6295: 6284: 6273: 6270:on 2016-01-26. 6249: 6231: 6213: 6195: 6177: 6154: 6117: 6107:Reynolds, Ch. 6096: 6082: 6050: 6015: 5980: 5957: 5934: 5919: 5894: 5865: 5843: 5813: 5760: 5732: 5707: 5695: 5678: 5663: 5652:(3): 311–318. 5636: 5625: 5592: 5580:chemgapedia.de 5567: 5544: 5540:Polymerization 5522: 5502: 5474: 5443: 5418: 5400: 5383: 5359:Albertsen, A. 5346: 5335: 5309: 5297: 5278: 5236: 5204: 5186: 5171: 5161:Prymak, John. 5153: 5128: 5096: 5085:(7): 481–494. 5069: 5042:(5): 443–457. 5023: 5006: 4977: 4946: 4924: 4913:(6): 227–232. 4897: 4879: 4860:(7): 872–878. 4844: 4829: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4756:Science portal 4745: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4099: 4098: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4004: 3999:at the anode ( 3990: 3989: 3980: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3738:Failure modes 3736: 3731: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3637:10-degree rule 3629: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3462: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3345: 3332: 3317: 3310: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3250: 3172:Main article: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3145:Main article: 3142: 3139: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3099: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2974: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2908: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2856: 2853: 2844: 2841: 2826: 2825: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2681: 2680: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2540: 2529: 2496: 2495:Ripple current 2493: 2480: 2450: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2306: 2303: 2294: 2291: 2279:voltage spikes 2271: 2268: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2096: 2092: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2017: 2012: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1963:Advantages of 1961: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1933:Advantages of 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923:more expensive 1917:polymer e-caps 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1893:polymer e-caps 1891:Advantages of 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852:Panasonic, ZA 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824:Panasonic, SVP 1822: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1582:85/105 °C 1578: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1292: 1279: 1276: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1210: 1207: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1124: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1002: 999: 989: 986: 937:, abbreviated 915: 912: 891: 849: 846: 827:electron holes 807:polymerization 798: 795: 770: 767: 745: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 707: 706: 693: 690: 685: 682: 679: 676: 639: 638: 635: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 602: 598: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 578: 575: 571: 570: 561: 554: 549: 544: 541: 527: 526: 522: 518: 503: 499: 495: 459: 456: 451:Main article: 448: 445: 436: 435: 417: 416: 401:microprocessor 348:power supplies 343: 340: 338: 335: 262:Alan J. Heeger 247: 228: 181: 165: 152:Charles Pollak 139: 136: 120:power supplies 98: 97: 91: 88: 81: 32:film capacitor 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7023: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6991: 6980: 6969: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6941: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6914:on 2016-03-04 6910: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6886: 6879: 6876: 6865:on 2017-08-11 6861: 6854: 6847: 6844: 6833:on 2016-03-04 6829: 6822: 6815: 6812: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6695:on 2018-11-26 6691: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6609: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6491: 6490:everyspec.com 6487: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6453:on 2016-03-04 6449: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6422:on 2020-07-25 6418: 6411: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6274: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6242: 6235: 6232: 6224: 6217: 6214: 6206: 6199: 6196: 6188: 6181: 6178: 6170: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6144:on 2015-01-09 6140: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6078: 6065: 6054: 6051: 6040:on 2015-07-06 6036: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6005:on 2017-05-10 6001: 5994: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5884:on 2017-05-10 5883: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5860:powerguru.org 5857: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5761: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5565:pp. 1450–1466 5564: 5563:0-19-850346-6 5560: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5519:0-412-22170-5 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5491: 5490:panasonic.com 5484: 5478: 5475: 5464:on 2016-09-10 5460: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5436: 5433:Zednicek, T. 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5401: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5373:on 2013-01-08 5369: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5268:on 2016-10-17 5264: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5225: 5224:panasonic.com 5221: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5164: 5157: 5154: 5142: 5141:panasonic.com 5138: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5111: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4967:on 2014-12-14 4963: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4819:on 2020-03-12 4815: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4168:Manufacturer 4163: 4155: 4151:e-caps: Kemet 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046:rated voltage 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3951: 3946: 3942:Electrolytic 3941: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3880:ESR increases 3873: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3853:ESR increases 3850: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3785:ESR increases 3782: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3760:ESR increases 3755: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3681: 3680:short circuit 3676: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207:bathtub curve 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3183:Bathtub curve 3180: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3104: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3009: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2906: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2536: 2533:is caused by 2532: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2448: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:AC resistance 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2252:Surge Voltage 2251: 2249: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2206: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1556:E-cap family 1555: 1554: 1548: 1537: 1535: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1065: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 987: 985: 981: 977: 975: 972: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 928: 920: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 897: 889: 885: 881: 877: 869: 863: 860:, doped with 859: 854: 847: 845: 843: 842:polythiophene 839: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 796: 794: 791: 788: 784: 775: 768: 766: 763: 759: 755: 751: 743: 741: 722: 718: 715: 710: 691: 688: 683: 680: 677: 674: 667: 666: 665: 658: 657: 652: 651: 645: 636: 633: 630: 627: 626: 622: 619: 616: 613: 599: 595: 592: 589: 586: 576: 573: 572: 562: 555: 553:permittivity 550: 545: 542: 537: 536: 530: 516: 512: 508: 504: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480: 479: 476: 473: 464: 457: 454: 446: 444: 441: 433: 429: 425: 424: 423: 420: 419:For example: 414: 410: 406: 405: 404: 402: 398: 393: 391: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 341: 336: 334: 332: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 285: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 245: 236: 232: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 197: 193: 191: 187: 179: 175: 171: 163: 159: 155: 153: 149: 145: 137: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 112: 110: 105: 103: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 74: 73: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 47: 39: 33: 19: 6968: 6951: 6940:the original 6927: 6916:. Retrieved 6909:the original 6896: 6878: 6867:. Retrieved 6860:the original 6846: 6835:. Retrieved 6828:the original 6814: 6802:. Retrieved 6798: 6789: 6775: 6763:. Retrieved 6759: 6749: 6697:. Retrieved 6690:the original 6654: 6640: 6629:the original 6624: 6611: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6570:the original 6560: 6549:the original 6536: 6519: 6505: 6493:. Retrieved 6489: 6480: 6466: 6455:. Retrieved 6448:the original 6435: 6424:. Retrieved 6417:the original 6403: 6381:(1): 61–66. 6378: 6374: 6348: 6331: 6316: 6298: 6287: 6276: 6265:the original 6252: 6234: 6216: 6198: 6180: 6146:. Retrieved 6139:the original 6085: 6053: 6042:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6007:. Retrieved 6000:the original 5970: 5922: 5910:. Retrieved 5907:hcstarck.com 5906: 5897: 5886:. Retrieved 5882:the original 5859: 5823: 5816: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5747: 5723:. Retrieved 5719: 5710: 5681: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5631:the original 5615: 5583:. Retrieved 5579: 5570: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5510: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5477: 5466:. Retrieved 5459:the original 5446: 5403: 5386: 5375:. Retrieved 5368:the original 5338: 5312: 5300: 5281: 5270:. Retrieved 5263:the original 5227:. Retrieved 5223: 5189: 5174: 5156: 5144:. Retrieved 5140: 5131: 5099: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5039: 5035: 5009: 4969:. Retrieved 4962:the original 4949: 4940: 4927: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4821:. Retrieved 4814:the original 4723: 4203: 4183:rectangular 4161: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4084: 4066: 4058: 4055: 4026: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3965: 3964: 3952:Electrolytic 3947:Electrolytic 3911: 3910: 3885:determinable 3790:determinable 3765:determinable 3746:Application 3741:Self-healing 3717: 3708: 3705:Self-healing 3699: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3586: 3497: 3493: 3474:accelerating 3471: 3467: 3459:service life 3452: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3223:failure rate 3216: 3212: 3199:failure rate 3188: 3158: 3150: 3135: 3119: 3108: 3105: 3101: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2950: 2940: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2697: 2682: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2514: 2508: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2393: 2389: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2318: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2283: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2231: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2192: 2161: 2086: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2040: 2027: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1934: 1932: 1916: 1914: 1892: 1890: 1882: 1641:-Electrolyte 1609:-electrolyte 1558:electrolyte 1541: 1533: 1517:cylindrical 1507:105/125/135 1462:0.47...3,300 1411:Capacitance 1405:Electrolyte 1391: 1377: 1364: 1346: 1342: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1212: 1204: 1191: 1183: 1166: 1162: 1101: 1093: 1078: 1069: 1024: 1004: 995: 991: 982: 978: 967: 933: 908: 904: 900: 874: 835: 831: 800: 792: 780: 754:conductivity 747: 744:Electrolytes 723: 719: 711: 708: 662: 655: 654: 649: 648: 528: 469: 437: 431: 427: 421: 418: 412: 408: 394: 387: 374: 345: 327: 323: 308: 301: 286: 282: 255: 251: 241: 218: 202: 186:conductivity 156: 148:electrolytes 141: 117: 113: 106: 99: 58: 54: 52: 6530:. Nichicon. 6093:. Nichicon. 5862:. Jianghai. 5720:montana.edu 4642:Teapo/Luxon 4197:SMD, V-Chip 4188:rectangular 3669:evaporates. 3407:It follows 3353:= 0,5 3329:= 0,5 3219:reliability 3191:reliability 3133:Ta-e-caps. 3120:0.04 C 2287:zener diode 1749:7.3×4.3×4.3 1744:Kemet, A700 1725:7.3×4.3×4.2 1697:7.3×4.3×4.0 1692:Kemet, T530 1673:7.3×4.3×4.0 1668:Kemet, T543 1649:7.3×4.3×4.0 1644:Kemet, T510 1617:7.3×4.3×4.0 1612:Kemet, T494 1564:Dimensions 1522:6.8...1,000 1501:3.3...3,900 1496:cylindrical 1479:rectangular 1459:rectangular 1445:0.1...1,500 1442:rectangular 1429:temperature 1286:useful for 1108:anodization 876:Polypyrrole 858:polypyrrole 838:polypyrrole 823:doped state 750:electrolyte 637:1.25...1.0 631:11.6...14.2 628:crystalline 543:Dielectric 297:cell phones 274:polypyrrole 160:with solid 128:microphonic 70:electrolyte 7006:Capacitors 7000:Categories 6918:2015-09-01 6869:2015-09-01 6837:2015-09-01 6804:22 October 6765:22 October 6699:2015-09-01 6495:22 October 6457:2015-09-01 6426:2015-09-01 6228:. AVX Ltd. 6148:2016-07-17 6073:|url= 6044:2015-09-01 6009:2016-07-17 5912:22 October 5888:2016-07-17 5876:Zhaoqing. 5753:22 October 5725:22 October 5692:. Rubycon. 5675:. Rubycon. 5585:22 October 5495:22 October 5468:2015-09-01 5377:2015-09-01 5272:2015-09-01 5229:22 October 5183:. Baytron. 5146:22 October 5119:|url= 4971:2015-09-01 4841:. 103 611. 4823:2015-09-01 4785:References 4087:capacitors 4076:non-profit 3954:capacitor 3788:No unique 3743:mechanism 3733:Long-term 3109:0.2 C 2689:convection 2309:See also: 2275:Transients 2120:E12 series 2089:microfarad 1965:polymer Ta 1796:NIC, NAZJ, 1772:NIC, NACY, 1104:dielectric 959:conducting 811:conductive 714:nanometers 634:800...1000 548:structure 358:to shunt 208:and lower 174:transistor 142:Aluminium 6342:. Vishay. 6130:Gill, J. 5947:Gill, J. 5783:1009.4328 5064:250889925 4993:0883-7554 4491:Panasonic 4200:cylindric 4193:cylindric 4074:(IEC), a 3949:capacitor 3944:capacitor 3883:No unique 3809:Ta-e-caps 3763:No unique 3553:− 3533:⋅ 3455:life time 3316:U= U 3083:μ 3060:⋅ 3045:⋅ 3036:⋅ 2668:β 2665:⋅ 2659:⋅ 2653:Δ 2583:⋅ 2358:resonance 2321:impedance 2126:10-22-47 2115:E6 series 2110:E3 series 1969:Al-e-caps 1525:6.3...125 1504:2.0...200 1482:2.2...560 1465:2.5...125 1427:operation 1218:and then 1115:and then 880:oxidative 840:(PPy) or 684:⋅ 681:ε 614:amorphous 587:amorphous 567:thickness 556:Breakdown 540:material 511:aluminium 475:oxidation 276:(PPy) or 6799:beuth.de 6659:Liu, D. 6064:cite web 5808:20613342 5800:21817315 5321:Archived 5290:Archived 5201:. 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