918:
of its use with creating a 'safe' pregnancy as well as the ability to see and determine features like the sex of the fetus affect the way in which pregnancy is experienced and conceptualised. This "technocratic takeover" of pregnancy is not limited to western or developed nations but also affects conceptualisations and experiences in developing nations and is an example of the increasing medicalisation of pregnancy, a phenomenon that has social as well as technological ramifications. Ethnographic research concerned with the use of ultrasound technology in monitoring pregnancy can show us how it has changed the embodied experience of expecting mothers around the globe.
421:
909:, which had been viewed at least 2 million times and had many likes, showed the 14-week-old fetus clapping repeatedly to the song, sung by the parents, "If You're Happy And You Know It". It was later revealed that the video – while not a fake – had been somewhat edited to show more fetal claps than likely occurred. It is not unprecedented for fetuses of that age to make momentary movements that could be repeated once or twice beyond the initial movement, according to experts, but to repeat such a movement more than that – especially purposefully – would not likely be feasible at that point.
922:
Gynecology
Hospital; each "had an average of 6.6 scans during her pregnancy", much higher than five years prior when "a pregnant woman might or might not have had a single scan during her pregnancy" in Vietnam. Gammeltoft explains that "many Asian countries" see "the foetus as an ambiguous being" unlike in Western medicine where it is common to think of the foetus as "materially stable". Therefore, although women, particularly in Asian countries, "express intense uncertainties regarding the safety and credibility of this technology", it is overused for its "immediate reassurance".
860:
563:
331:
347:
724:. A short cervix preterm is associated with a higher risk for premature delivery: At 24 weeks' gestation, a cervix length of less than 25 mm defines a risk group for spontaneous preterm birth. Further, the shorter the cervix, the greater the risk. Cervical measurement on ultrasound also has been helpful to use ultrasonography in patients with preterm contractions, as those whose cervical length exceeds 30 mm are unlikely to deliver within the next week.
359:
179:). Performing an ultrasound at this early stage of pregnancy can more accurately confirm the timing of the pregnancy, and can also assess for multiple fetuses and major congenital abnormalities at an earlier stage. Research shows that routine obstetric ultrasound before 24 weeks' gestational age can significantly reduce the risk of failing to recognize multiple gestations and can improve pregnancy dating to reduce the risk of
40:
200:
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713:
551:
775:", "anomaly scan," or "level 2 ultrasound"). Some resources indicate that there are clear reasons for this and that such scans are also clearly beneficial because ultrasound enables clear clinical advantages for assessing the developing fetus in terms of morphology, bone shape, skeletal features, fetal heart function, volume evaluation, fetal lung maturity, and general fetus well being.
841:, and perinatal mortality. One randomized controlled trial, however, came to the result of a higher perinatal death rate of normally formed infants born after 24 weeks exposed to Doppler ultrasonography (RR 3.95, 95% CI 1.32–11.77), but this was not a primary outcome of the study, and has been speculated to be due to chance rather than a harmful effect of Doppler itself.
788:
1981:
used with the following guidelines: use spectral
Doppler only briefly (eg, 4-5 heart beats), and keep the thermal index (TIS for soft tissues in the first trimester and TIB for bones in second and third trimesters) as low as possible, preferably below 1 in accordance with the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.
589:. Sometimes a woman may be uncertain of the date of her last menstrual period, or there may be reason to suspect ovulation occurred significantly earlier or later than the fourteenth day of her cycle. Ultrasound scans offer an alternative method of estimating gestational age. The most accurate measurement for dating is the
605:, the crown-heel length (head to heel), and other fetal parameters. Dating is more accurate when done earlier in the pregnancy; if a later scan gives a different estimate of gestational age, the estimated age is not normally changed but rather it is assumed the fetus is not growing at the expected rate.
917:
The increasingly widespread use of ultrasound technology in monitoring pregnancy has had a great impact on the way in which women and societies at large conceptualise and experience pregnancy and childbirth. The pervasive spread of obstetric ultrasound technology around the world and the conflation
1980:
When attempting to obtain fetal heart rate with a diagnostic ultrasound system, the AIUM recommends using M-mode at first because the time-averaged acoustic intensity delivered to the fetus is lower with M-mode than with spectral
Doppler. If this is unsuccessful, spectral Doppler ultrasound may be
921:
Recent studies have stressed the importance of framing "reproductive health matters cross-culturally", particularly when understanding the "new phenomenon" of "the proliferation of ultrasound imaging" in developing countries. In 2004, Tine
Gammeltoft interviewed 400 women in Hanoi's Obstetrics and
814:
have followed children up to ages 8–9, with no significant differences in vision, hearing, school performance, dyslexia, or speech and neurologic development by exposure to ultrasound. In one randomized trial, the children with greater exposure to ultrasound had a reduction in perinatal mortality,
778:
Second-trimester ultrasound screening for aneuploidies is based on looking for soft markers and some predefined structural abnormalities. Soft markers are variations from normal anatomy, which are more common in aneuploid fetuses compared to euploid ones. These markers are often not clinically
312:
630:
The sex of the fetus may be discerned by ultrasound as early as 11 weeks' gestation. The accuracy is relatively imprecise when attempted early. After 13 weeks' gestation, a high accuracy of between 99% and 100% is possible if the fetus does not display intersex external characteristics.
736:
sonographic scans are performed to detect developmental defects before birth. This includes checking the status of the limbs and vital organs, as well as (sometimes) specific tests for abnormalities. Some abnormalities detected by ultrasound can be addressed by medical treatment
317:
316:
313:
890:. Wright and Meyerdirk left the university to form Physionic Engineering Inc., which launched the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner in 1963. This was the start of the most popular design in the history of ultrasound scanners.
318:
893:
Obstetric ultrasound has played a significant role in the development of diagnostic ultrasound technology in general. Much of the technological advances in diagnostic ultrasound technology are due to the drive to create better obstetric ultrasound equipment.
1669:
Leitich, Harald; Brunbauer, Mathias; Kaider, Alexandra; Egarter, Christian; Husslein, Peter (1999). "Cervical length and dilatation of the internal cervical os detected by vaginal ultrasonography as markers for preterm delivery: A systematic review".
793:
792:
789:
315:
44:
Obstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. The bright white circle center-right is the head, which faces to the left. Features include the forehead at 10 o'clock, the left ear toward the center at 7 o'clock and the right hand covering the eyes at
794:
420:
402:
460:
445:
791:
836:
examinations has a thermal index (TI) of about five times that of regular (B-mode) ultrasound examinations. Several randomized controlled trials have reported no association between
Doppler exposure and birth weight,
623:
300:
images provide greater detail for prenatal diagnosis than the older 2D ultrasound technology. While 3D is popular with parents desiring a prenatal photograph as a keepsake, both 2D and 3D are discouraged by the
878:
In 1962, David
Robinson, George Kossoff, George Radovanovich, and Dr William Garrett were the first in the world to identify a number of foetal anatomical structures from high frequency sound wave imaging.
148:
391:
is usually seen on transvaginal ultrasound by the time the embryo measures 5 mm, but may not be visible until the embryo reaches 19 mm, around 7 weeks' gestational age. Coincidentally, most
1016:
Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Bilardo, CM; Chalouhi, GE; Ghi, T; Kagan, KO; Lau, TK; Papageorghiou, AT; Raine-Fenning, NJ; Stirnemann, J; Suresh, S; Tabor, A; Timor-Tritsch, IE; Toi, A; Yeo, G (2013).
144:
care in many countries, as it can provide a variety of information about the health of the mother, the timing and progress of the pregnancy, and the health and development of the embryo or fetus.
608:
The abdominal circumference of the fetus may also be measured. This gives an estimate of the weight and size of the fetus and is important when doing serial ultrasounds to monitor fetal growth.
459:
401:
2044:
305:
for non-medical use, but there are no definitive studies linking ultrasound to any adverse medical effects. The following 3D ultrasound images were taken at different stages of pregnancy:
444:
882:
In 1962, after about two years of work, Joseph Holmes, William Wright, and Ralph
Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner. Their work had been supported by
314:
967:
Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Berghella, V; Bilardo, C; Hernandez-Andrade, E; Johnsen, SL; Kalache, K; Leung, K.-Y.; Malinger, G; Munoz, H; Prefumo, F; Toi, A; Lee, W (2010).
395:
also happen by 7 weeks' gestation. The rate of miscarriage, especially threatened miscarriage, drops significantly after normal heartbeat is detected, and after 13 weeks.
3241:
790:
282:
which detects the heartbeat of the fetus. Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels for signs of abnormalities.
2162:
4273:
3957:
2847:
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1963:
848:
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2816:
163:) in order to confirm pregnancy dating, to measure the fetus so that growth abnormalities can be recognized quickly later in pregnancy, and to assess for
4427:
3402:
1455:
851:
recommends spectral
Doppler only if M-mode sonography is unsuccessful, and even then only briefly, due to the acoustic intensity delivered to the fetus.
844:
The FDA discourages its use for non-medical purposes such as fetal keepsake videos and photos, even though it is the same technology used in hospitals.
330:
1628:
Iams, Jay D.; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Meis, Paul J.; Mercer, Brian M.; Moawad, Atef; Das, Anita; Thom, Elizabeth; McNellis, Donald; et al. (1996).
3699:
2070:
4535:
1787:
2048:
1955:
4065:
64:
3629:
4070:
3012:
2942:
1891:
1465:
871:
was one of the pioneers of medical use of ultrasound. His article "Investigation of
Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound" was published in
3234:
2517:
898:
pioneering work on the development of
Coherent Image Formation helped shape the development of diagnostic ultrasound equipment as a whole.
593:
of the fetus, which can be done between 7 and 13 weeks of gestation. After 13 weeks of gestation, the fetal age may be estimated using the
4623:
3911:
3116:
2284:
1783:"Prefrontal Space Ratio—A Novel Ultrasound Marker in the Second Trimester Screening for Trisomy 21: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
883:
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4342:
4082:
3991:
2982:
2251:
2136:
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3921:
3017:
2882:
1907:
1238:
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1706:
175:
have obstetric ultrasounds between 11 weeks' and 13 weeks 6 days' gestational age in countries with resources to perform them (the
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3121:
2821:
2346:
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3173:
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827:
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is usually determined by the date of the woman's last menstrual period, and assuming ovulation occurred on day fourteen of the
1365:
Cunningham, F; Leveno, KJ; Bloom, SL; Spong, CY; Dashe, JS; Hoffman, BL; Casey BM, BM; Sheffield, JS (2013). "Fetal Imaging".
4347:
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237:
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Ultrasound may also detect fetal organ anomaly. Usually scans for this type of detection are done around 18 to 23 weeks of
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3926:
3801:
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2962:
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2371:
1585:
Odeh, Marwan; Grinin, Vitali; Kais, Mohamad; Ophir, Ella; Bornstein, Jacob (2009). "Sonographic Fetal Sex Determination".
887:
1931:
1265:
383:
can be reliably seen on transvaginal ultrasound by 5 weeks' gestational age (approximately 3 weeks after ovulation). The
346:
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617:
164:
71:
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2351:
2318:
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1287:
Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (2013-10-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.).
833:
823:
562:
121:
248:. Fortunately, gestational sac, yolk sac and embryo are surrounded by hyperechoic (brighter) body tissues.
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2902:
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2679:
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2642:
2462:
936:
1967:
2209:
Gammeltoft, Tine (2007). "Sonography and Sociality: Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging in Urban Vietnam".
4579:
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3007:
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2788:
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2686:
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2383:
2361:
387:
should be seen by the time the gestational sac measures 25 mm, about five and a half weeks. The
1993:
Donald, I; MacVicar, J; Brown, TG (1958). "Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound".
4525:
4403:
4226:
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3425:
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3111:
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1219:
1047:
998:
895:
807:
526:
Location and appearance of the placenta, including site of umbilical cord insertion when possible
278:
184:
902:
4352:
4317:
4312:
4253:
4001:
3850:
3624:
3616:
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2452:
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2010:
1887:
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1846:
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1602:
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1507:
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1425:
1380:
1316:
1308:
1211:
1170:
1096:
1039:
990:
826:, but still higher than the 30–80 milliwatts per square cm range of the Statison V veterinary
590:
541:
Evaluation of the maternal uterus, tubes, ovaries, and surrounding structures when appropriate
451:
388:
59:
554:
Biparietal diameter is taken as the maximal transverse diameter of in a visualization of the
4290:
4179:
4038:
3810:
3762:
3509:
3448:
3279:
3047:
2659:
2532:
2527:
2421:
2218:
2002:
1836:
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1721:
1679:
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1549:
1497:
1415:
1300:
1201:
1086:
1078:
1029:
980:
712:
555:
802:
Current evidence indicates that diagnostic ultrasound is safe for the unborn child, unlike
17:
4388:
3840:
3806:
3779:
3774:
3708:
3518:
3478:
3096:
2811:
2706:
2575:
2467:
2356:
2305:
1756:
721:
586:
567:
517:
Fetal number, including number of amnionic sacs and chorionic sacs for multiple gestations
488:
Fetal number, including number of amnionic sacs and chorionic sacs for multiple gestations
427:
380:
180:
172:
1914:
1242:
1502:
1485:
1420:
1403:
969:"Practice guidelines for performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan"
39:
4530:
3662:
3634:
3334:
3324:
3269:
3142:
3057:
2763:
2711:
2409:
1190:"A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics"
1091:
1066:
168:
2006:
1683:
244:
In normal state, each body tissue type, such as liver, spleen or kidney, has a unique
199:
4617:
4162:
4131:
4119:
4114:
3872:
3767:
3541:
3490:
3468:
3372:
3152:
3042:
2831:
2806:
2558:
2399:
2313:
1614:
1266:"The Grin Before They Bear It; Peek-a-Boo: Prenatal Portraits for the Ultrasound Set"
931:
761:
598:
297:
291:
272:. Transvaginal scans usually provide clearer pictures during early pregnancy and in
2246:
1866:
1741:
1571:
1437:
1223:
1002:
815:
and was attributed to the increased detection of anomalies in the ultrasound group.
720:
Obstetric sonography is useful in the assessment of the cervix in women at risk for
128:, in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing
4545:
4398:
4393:
4300:
4124:
4109:
4043:
3657:
3312:
3188:
2768:
2721:
2669:
2627:
1519:
1082:
838:
772:
550:
392:
384:
245:
240:– Ultrasound is performed across the abdominal wall or through the abdominal cavity
171:(twins, etc). Additionally, the ISUOG recommends that pregnant patients who desire
160:
764:
exhibit this defect, 5% of fetuses flagged by the test do not have Down syndrome.
1598:
1051:
1018:"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan"
745:
care, though indications of other abnormalities can lead to a decision regarding
77:
4468:
4023:
3855:
3845:
3825:
3815:
3757:
3752:
3721:
3556:
3382:
3377:
3307:
3178:
2773:
2731:
2649:
2119:"Ultrasound Appears To Show Fetus Clapping To 'If You're Happy And You Know It'"
1705:
Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002).
1646:
1629:
875:
in 1958. Donald was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow.
803:
757:
176:
2098:"A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology"
4104:
3867:
3862:
3830:
3594:
3536:
3500:
3255:
3183:
2701:
2623:
2502:
2297:
2222:
1554:
1537:
1273:
868:
475:
In the first trimester, a standard ultrasound examination typically includes:
450:
Embryo at 5 weeks and 1 day of gestational age (at top left) with discernible
257:
152:
2097:
1850:
1801:
1782:
1312:
497:
Evaluation of the maternal uterus, tubes, ovaries, and surrounding structures
94:
90:
4431:
4367:
3820:
3387:
3251:
2293:
1881:
1288:
742:
733:
188:
141:
125:
2262:
2230:
2027:
2014:
1858:
1733:
1691:
1606:
1563:
1511:
1429:
1320:
1215:
1174:
1100:
1043:
994:
1655:
1304:
1289:"Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester"
465:
Embryo at 5 weeks and 5 days of gestational age with discernible heartbeat
4454:
3062:
2778:
1630:"The Length of the Cervix and the Risk of spontaneous Premature Delivery"
746:
494:
Assessment of embryonic/fetal anatomy appropriate for the first trimester
431:
1725:
513:
In the second trimester, a standard ultrasound exam typically includes:
219:
Echogenic – giving rise to reflections (echoes) of ultrasound waves
103:
4483:
3886:
3473:
2585:
906:
822:(FDA) of 180 milliwatts per square cm is well under the levels used in
273:
261:
85:
1034:
1017:
4478:
3091:
2553:
2548:
2137:"Ultrasound Shows Baby Clapping To 'If You're Happy And You Know It'"
1206:
1189:
985:
968:
738:
435:
408:
269:
208:
204:
137:
129:
1841:
1824:
2163:"Viral Ultrasound Video of Clapping Fetus is Not Fake, Mom Insists"
4505:
3716:
3677:
3157:
3137:
2801:
2570:
942:
858:
798:
3D rendering of the fetal spine in a scan at 19 weeks of pregnancy
786:
711:
621:
602:
561:
549:
198:
133:
2071:"Bill Garrett: Obstetrics practitioner helped develop ultrasound"
1823:
Houston, Laura E.; Odibo, Anthony O.; Macones, George A. (2009).
626:
Sonogram of male fetus, with scrotum and penis in center of image
500:
Evaluation of the fetal nuchal fold, with consideration of fetal
1757:"The Clinical Advantages of 3D and 4D Ultrasound - Dr N Layyous"
1137:
571:
149:
International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
3681:
3223:
2266:
1707:"Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features"
622:
1486:"First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound"
566:
Biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the head) by
863:
Polaroid photograph of an obstetric ultrasound taken in 1985
752:
Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the
485:
Measurement of fetal length (known as the crown-rump length)
1714:
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
1188:
Sheiner E, Hackmon R, Shoham-Vardi I, et al. (2007).
901:
In March and April 2015, a post by a pregnant woman named
1781:
Zare Mehrjardi, Mohammad; Keshavarz, Elham (2017-04-16).
779:
significant and do not cause adverse pregnancy outcomes.
438:(measuring 3 mm as the distance between the + signs)
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
1538:"Fetal gender screening by ultrasound at 11 to 13 weeks"
1536:
Hsiao, C.H.; Wang, H.C.; Hsieh, C.F.; Hsu, J.J. (2008).
1336:"Anxious Patients Often Want Very Early Ultrasound Exam"
228:
Isoechoic – the same echogenicity as another tissue
222:
Hyperechoic – more echogenic (brighter) than normal
1484:
Efrat, Z.; Akinfenwa, O. O.; Nicolaides, K. H. (1999).
256:
Traditional obstetric sonograms are done by placing a
597:(the transverse diameter of the head, across the two
225:
Hypoechoic – less echogenic (darker) than normal
1067:"Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy"
151:(ISUOG) recommends that pregnant women have routine
4572:
4544:
4500:
4449:
4426:
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4381:
4298:
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4140:
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4016:
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3648:
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3288:
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3201:
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3035:
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2787:
2756:
2749:
2616:
2541:
2510:
2501:
2435:
2392:
2337:
2304:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1239:"FDA Cautions Against Ultrasound 'Keepsake' Images"
634:The following is accuracy data from two hospitals:
84:
70:
58:
50:
32:
1956:"Statement on Measurement of the Fetal Heart Rate"
1449:
1447:
690:The accuracy of fetal sex discernment depends on:
1531:
1529:
1479:
1477:
1460:(2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 129.
523:Fetal position relative to the uterus and cervix
1825:"The safety of obstetrical ultrasound a review"
1138:"Why and when is Ultrasound used in Pregnancy?"
1360:
1358:
1356:
1161:Dimitrova V, Markov D, Dimitrov R (2007). "".
3693:
3235:
2278:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1913:. Statison Medical, Inc. 1997. Archived from
1672:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1542:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
601:), the head circumference, the length of the
8:
1964:American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
1065:Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C (2015).
849:American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
646:Taipei City Hospital & Li Shin Hospital
482:Identification of the embryo and/or yolk sac
324:3D Ultrasound of fetal movements at 12 weeks
234:– Ultrasound is performed through the vagina
155:ultrasounds between 18 weeks' and 22 weeks'
140:(womb). The procedure is a standard part of
2252:AIUM statement on prudent use of Ultrasound
2247:RadiologyInfo: Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging
1402:Snijders, RJ.; Nicolaides, KH. (Jan 1994).
1142:Obstetric Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide
818:The 1985 maximum power allowed by the U.S.
268:is done with a probe placed in the woman's
27:Use of medical ultrasonography in pregnancy
4423:
4305:
4295:
3891:
3735:
3726:
3700:
3686:
3678:
3514:
3505:
3403:Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
3292:
3242:
3228:
3220:
3081:
2753:
2507:
2285:
2271:
2263:
1404:"Fetal biometry at 14-40 weeks' gestation"
1367:Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition
1116:"What do hyperechoic and hypoechoic mean?"
479:Gestational sac size, location, and number
38:
2259:Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology link
1840:
1800:
1645:
1553:
1501:
1419:
1205:
1090:
1033:
984:
4536:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1788:Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
1114:Zwingenberger, Allison (10 April 2007).
760:"). Although 91% of fetuses affected by
636:
574:and the green area representing the 90%
1490:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1457:Ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
1241:. FDA Consumer Magazine. Archived from
1071:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
959:
397:
307:
2257:The Global Library of Women's Medicine
1587:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
643:King's College Hospital Medical School
570:, with the blue line representing the
215:Below are useful terms on ultrasound:
187:. There is no difference, however, in
29:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
264:of the pregnant woman. One variant,
7:
2045:"History of Sonography in Australia"
191:death or poor outcomes for infants.
3117:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1966:. November 17, 2011. Archived from
1503:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13050305.x
1421:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04010034.x
99:
4343:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
943:Global Library of Women's Medicine
905:(née Cardinal) and her husband to
25:
3250:Tests and procedures relating to
1886:. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience.
1237:Rados C (January–February 2004).
411:seen at approximately 5 weeks of
4598:
4597:
3122:Postpartum physiological changes
2822:Postpartum physiological changes
2347:Assisted reproductive technology
697:Precision of sonographic machine
491:Embryonic/fetal cardiac activity
458:
443:
419:
400:
357:
345:
329:
310:
4100:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3532:Artificial rupture of membranes
3174:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1634:New England Journal of Medicine
1334:Boschert, Sherry (2001-06-15).
1293:New England Journal of Medicine
4348:Radioactive iodine uptake test
2817:Maternal physiological changes
2211:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1908:"Statison V Operations Manual"
1083:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3
426:Artificially colored, showing
407:Contents in the cavity of the
238:Transabdominal ultrasonography
1:
4328:Radionuclide ventriculography
3802:Lower gastrointestinal series
3794:Upper gastrointestinal series
2372:partner-assisted reproduction
2007:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91905-6
1684:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70407-2
708:Ultrasonography of the cervix
336:75-mm fetus (about 14 weeks'
203:Obstetric ultrasonography in
4519:Optical coherence tomography
4441:Myocardial perfusion imaging
4029:Dental panoramic radiography
3421:Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
3398:Fetal scalp stimulation test
1936:Food and Drug Administration
1599:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318193299b
1383:. A.D.A.M., Inc. 21 Nov 2010
820:Food and Drug Administration
812:Randomized controlled trials
546:Dating and growth monitoring
232:Transvaginal ultrasonography
2608:Traditional birth attendant
1880:Freitas, Robert A. (1999).
1647:10.1056/NEJM199602293340904
1264:Kempley R (9 August 2003).
949:Gynecologic ultrasonography
884:U.S. Public Health Services
732:In most countries, routine
716:Fetus at 14 weeks (profile)
18:Obstetrical ultrasonography
4655:
4624:Diagnostic medical imaging
4323:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3798:Small-bowel follow-through
2840:Brain health and pollution
2028:Ian Donald's paper in the
756:thickness ("NT-test", or "
615:
532:Gestational age assessment
509:Second and third trimester
289:
4593:
4564:Dynamic angiothermography
4308:
4232:Abdominal ultrasonography
3738:
3640:Resuscitative hysterotomy
3527:Assisted vaginal delivery
3484:External cephalic version
3393:Fetal scalp blood testing
3368:Chorionic villus sampling
3340:Vibroacoustic stimulation
3303:Obstetric ultrasonography
3053:Chorionic villus sampling
2405:Obstetric ultrasonography
2329:Pre-conception counseling
2223:10.1525/maq.2007.21.2.133
2075:The Sydney Morning Herald
1555:10.1080/00016340701571905
1408:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
1194:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
1022:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
973:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
700:Expertise of the operator
114:Obstetric ultrasonography
100:
37:
33:Obstetric ultrasonography
4634:Prenatal sex discernment
4554:Non-contact thermography
4333:Radionuclide angiography
4185:Doppler echocardiography
2943:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1802:10.1177/8756479317702619
618:Prenatal sex discernment
266:transvaginal sonography,
165:congenital malformations
4629:Medical ultrasonography
4338:Radioisotope renography
3603:Manual placenta removal
3330:Contraction stress test
3325:Fetal movement counting
3013:Motor vehicle emissions
2874:Concomitant conditions
2848:environmental toxicants
2591:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2352:artificial insemination
2319:Natural family planning
1932:"Fetal Keepsake Videos"
1454:Merz, Eberhard (2005).
834:Doppler ultrasonography
538:Fetal anatomical survey
535:Fetal weight estimation
122:medical ultrasonography
4639:Tests during pregnancy
4373:Gastric emptying study
3431:Fetal fibronectin test
3107:Postpartum confinement
2367:in vitro fertilisation
1163:Akush Ginekol (Sofiia)
888:University of Colorado
864:
824:therapeutic ultrasound
799:
717:
627:
579:
559:
520:Fetal cardiac activity
212:
4034:X-ray motion analysis
3917:X-ray microtomography
3836:Hysterosalpingography
3743:Pneumoencephalography
3580:Wood's screw maneuver
3102:Postpartum depression
2983:Pruritic folliculitis
2727:Unassisted childbirth
1305:10.1056/NEJMra1302417
937:Doppler fetal monitor
862:
797:
728:Abnormality screening
715:
625:
612:Fetal sex discernment
565:
553:
529:Amniotic fluid volume
202:
4559:Contact thermography
4269:Emergency ultrasound
4207:Transcranial Doppler
3958:Abdominal and pelvis
3595:Third stage of labor
3413:Kleihauer–Betke test
3350:Amniotic fluid index
3209:Gravidity and parity
3189:Congenital disorders
3148:Lactation consultant
3018:Pre-existing disease
2697:Childbirth positions
2687:Rupture of membranes
2384:Unintended pregnancy
2362:fertility medication
2096:Woo, Joseph (2002).
1136:Woo, Joseph (2006).
896:Acuson Corporation's
276:women. Also used is
185:post-dates pregnancy
169:multiple pregnancies
4526:Confocal microscopy
4404:Indium-111 WBC scan
4227:Echoencephalography
3963:Virtual colonoscopy
3650:Postpartum bleeding
3630:On maternal request
3567:Dystocia management
3547:Obstetrical forceps
3426:Lamellar body count
3345:Biophysical profile
3275:Leopold's maneuvers
3112:Sex after pregnancy
2919:Endocrine diseases
2865:Prenatal depression
2737:Placental expulsion
2655:Uterine contraction
2638:cervical effacement
2379:Fertility awareness
2100:. ob-ultrasound.net
1970:on January 21, 2023
1726:10.1109/4233.992160
1276:on 2 November 2012.
913:Society and culture
867:Scottish physician
754:nuchal translucency
686:Influencing factors
595:biparietal diameter
576:prediction interval
502:nuchal translucency
118:prenatal ultrasound
54:Prenatal Ultrasound
4514:Optical tomography
4363:Dacryoscintigraphy
4358:Immunoscintigraphy
3997:Whole body imaging
3748:Dental radiography
3585:Zavanelli maneuver
3575:McRoberts maneuver
2888:Hypercoagulability
2717:Natural childbirth
2566:Postterm pregnancy
2324:Male contraceptive
2077:. 10 December 2015
1960:Sound Waves Weekly
1829:Prenatal Diagnosis
1342:. FindArticles.com
865:
808:ionizing radiation
800:
718:
628:
580:
560:
279:Doppler sonography
213:
4611:
4610:
4573:Target conditions
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4412:
4411:
4353:Bone scintigraphy
4318:Scintimammography
4313:Cholescintigraphy
4158:contrast-enhanced
4052:
4051:
4012:
4011:
4002:Full-body CT scan
3902:General operation
3881:
3880:
3851:Angiocardiography
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3617:Caesarean section
3611:
3610:
3552:Vacuum extraction
3457:
3456:
3318:Crown-rump length
3217:
3216:
3202:Obstetric history
3197:
3196:
3158:Confinement nanny
3071:
3070:
2938:Acute fatty liver
2745:
2744:
2633:cervical dilation
2001:(7032): 1188–95.
1893:978-1-57059-645-2
1835:(13): 1204–1212.
1755:Layyous, Najeeb.
1467:978-1-58890-147-7
1299:(15): 1443–1451.
1035:10.1002/uog.12342
795:
683:
682:
591:crown-rump length
364:Fetus at 20 weeks
352:Fetus at 17 weeks
319:
111:
110:
86:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
4646:
4601:
4600:
4424:
4306:
4296:
4180:Echocardiography
4039:Hounsfield scale
3892:
3811:Cholecystography
3736:
3727:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3515:
3510:Vaginal delivery
3506:
3449:Cardiotocography
3293:
3280:Prenatal testing
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3082:
3048:Cardiotocography
2754:
2660:Vaginal delivery
2533:Nesting instinct
2508:
2493:Rudimentary horn
2422:Prenatal testing
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2235:
2234:
2206:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2165:. Archived from
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2125:. 30 March 2015.
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2047:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1844:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1505:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1272:. Archived from
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1207:10.1002/uog.3933
1185:
1179:
1178:
1165:(in Bulgarian).
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1013:
1007:
1006:
988:
986:10.1002/uog.8831
964:
796:
637:
556:horizontal plane
462:
447:
423:
404:
361:
349:
333:
321:
320:
120:, is the use of
104:edit on Wikidata
80:
42:
30:
21:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4589:
4568:
4540:
4488:
4474:PET mammography
4445:
4408:
4394:Gallium-67 scan
4389:Octreotide scan
4377:
4285:
4136:
4048:
4008:
3931:
3912:High-resolution
3877:
3841:Skeletal survey
3807:Cholangiography
3720:
3711:
3709:Medical imaging
3706:
3676:
3667:
3644:
3607:
3589:
3561:
3495:
3479:Podalic version
3453:
3437:
3356:
3284:
3258:
3248:
3218:
3213:
3193:
3162:
3126:
3097:Postpartum care
3067:
3031:
2934:Liver diseases
2928:Thyroid disease
2826:
2812:Gestational age
2783:
2741:
2707:Labor induction
2612:
2603:Perinatal nurse
2576:Birth attendant
2537:
2497:
2431:
2427:Medical imaging
2388:
2357:fertility fraud
2333:
2300:
2291:
2243:
2238:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2143:. 28 March 2015
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:Huffington Post
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2026:
2022:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:on 27 May 2008.
1917:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1842:10.1002/pd.2392
1822:
1821:
1810:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1761:www.layyous.com
1754:
1753:
1749:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1270:Washington Post
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1118:. DVM Journals.
1113:
1112:
1108:
1077:(7): CD007058.
1064:
1063:
1059:
1015:
1014:
1010:
966:
965:
961:
957:
928:
915:
857:
806:, which employ
787:
785:
769:gestational age
730:
722:premature birth
710:
694:Gestational age
688:
640:Gestational Age
620:
614:
587:menstrual cycle
583:Gestational age
568:gestational age
548:
511:
473:
471:First trimester
466:
463:
454:
448:
439:
428:gestational sac
424:
415:
413:gestational age
405:
381:gestational sac
377:
375:Early pregnancy
372:
365:
362:
353:
350:
341:
338:gestational age
334:
325:
322:
311:
294:
288:
254:
197:
181:labor induction
173:genetic testing
157:gestational age
107:
76:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4531:Endomicroscopy
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4508:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3804:
3791:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3663:B-Lynch suture
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:EXIT procedure
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:Lung maturity
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3335:Nonstress test
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Pregnancy test
3266:
3264:
3263:Maternal tests
3260:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Health visitor
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:Nonstress test
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:Skin diseases
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Amniotic fluid
2760:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Multiple birth
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Bradley method
2514:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2410:Pregnancy test
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2241:External links
2239:
2237:
2236:
2194:
2179:
2154:
2128:
2110:
2088:
2062:
2051:on 17 May 2021
2036:
2020:
1985:
1947:
1923:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1808:
1795:(4): 269–277.
1773:
1747:
1697:
1678:(6): 1465–72.
1661:
1620:
1577:
1525:
1473:
1466:
1443:
1394:
1372:
1369:. McGraw-Hill.
1352:
1326:
1279:
1256:
1245:on 13 May 2009
1229:
1180:
1153:
1121:
1106:
1057:
1028:(1): 102–113.
1008:
979:(1): 116–126.
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
924:
914:
911:
856:
853:
784:
781:
729:
726:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
613:
610:
599:parietal bones
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
457:
455:
449:
442:
440:
425:
418:
416:
406:
399:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
356:
354:
351:
344:
342:
335:
328:
326:
323:
309:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
253:
250:
242:
241:
235:
229:
226:
223:
220:
196:
193:
109:
108:
101:
98:
97:
88:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Intravascular
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4132:Synthetic MRI
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:Electron beam
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3873:Orbital x-ray
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:Bronchography
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Symphysiotomy
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3491:Amnioinfusion
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Fetal surgery
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:Interventions
3460:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Amniocentesis
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Monthly nurse
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Amniocentesis
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Vaginal flora
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:Substance use
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Fundal height
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:Preterm birth
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Hypnobirthing
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:3D ultrasound
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Birth control
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:(2): 133–53.
2216:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2169:on 2015-04-13
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2142:
2141:inquisitr.com
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2034:by Joseph Woo
2033:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1640:(9): 567–72.
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1382:
1381:"Miscarriage"
1376:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
960:
954:
950:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:3D ultrasound
930:
929:
925:
923:
919:
912:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
891:
889:
885:
880:
876:
874:
870:
861:
854:
852:
850:
845:
842:
840:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
783:Safety issues
782:
780:
776:
774:
771:(called the "
770:
765:
763:
762:Down syndrome
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
735:
727:
725:
723:
714:
707:
703:Fetal posture
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
691:
685:
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
624:
619:
611:
609:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
573:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
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298:3D ultrasound
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286:3D ultrasound
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4580:Acute stroke
4546:Thermography
4301:scintigraphy
4291:Radionuclide
4279:pre-hospital
4221:
4125:Tractography
4044:Radiodensity
3946:calcium scan
3907:Quantitative
3658:Hysterectomy
3313:Anomaly scan
3302:
2883:Hypertension
2870:Immunization
2853:in pregnancy
2769:Amniotic sac
2722:Silent birth
2665:Presentation
2628:Bishop score
2598:Obstetrician
2488:Interstitial
2415:home testing
2404:
2214:
2210:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
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2102:. Retrieved
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2079:. Retrieved
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2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
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1994:
1988:
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1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1959:
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1939:. Retrieved
1926:
1915:the original
1902:
1883:Nanomedicine
1882:
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1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1720:(1): 38–45.
1717:
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1385:. Retrieved
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1339:
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1274:the original
1269:
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1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1232:
1200:(3): 326–8.
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1169:(2): 31–40.
1166:
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1145:. Retrieved
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839:Apgar scores
832:
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777:
773:anatomy scan
766:
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731:
719:
689:
633:
629:
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581:
558:of the head.
512:
474:
393:miscarriages
378:
370:Medical uses
295:
277:
265:
255:
246:echogenicity
243:
214:
161:anatomy scan
146:
117:
113:
112:
4469:Cardiac PET
4242:renal tract
4217:Gynecologic
4149:Techniques
4120:restriction
4095:Angiography
4078:Neurography
4024:Fluoroscopy
3970:Angiography
3951:angiography
3895:Techniques:
3856:Aortography
3846:Angiography
3826:Cystography
3816:Mammography
3758:Myelography
3753:Sialography
3722:radiography
3557:Odon device
3378:Triple test
3308:Nuchal scan
3289:Fetal tests
3179:Apgar score
2963:Hepatitis C
2949:Infections
2789:Development
2774:Endometrium
2732:Water birth
2650:Bloody show
2581:Men's roles
2511:Preparation
2463:Heterotopic
1548:(1): 8–13.
1387:28 February
1340:OB/GYN News
1249:28 February
804:radiographs
758:Nuchal Scan
195:Terminology
177:nuchal scan
51:Other names
4618:Categories
4382:Full body:
4168:endoscopic
4142:Ultrasound
4071:functional
3868:Lymphogram
3863:Venography
3831:Arthrogram
3537:Episiotomy
3256:childbirth
3184:Child care
3077:Postpartum
3036:Procedures
2988:Dermatoses
2844:Nutrition
2702:Home birth
2624:Pelvimetry
2503:Childbirth
2483:Unintended
2339:Conception
2298:childbirth
2173:2015-04-04
2104:2007-08-26
1941:2011-05-21
1346:2007-05-27
1147:2007-05-27
955:References
903:Jen Martin
873:The Lancet
869:Ian Donald
616:See also:
504:assessment
258:transducer
4585:Pregnancy
4464:Brain PET
4432:gamma ray
4368:DMSA scan
4222:Obstetric
4115:diffusion
4110:Sequences
4088:perfusion
3980:Pulmonary
3927:Cone beam
3821:Pyelogram
3519:Induction
3388:Fetoscopy
3383:Quad test
3252:pregnancy
2692:Caesarean
2458:Abdominal
2294:Pregnancy
2081:17 August
2055:17 August
1851:0197-3851
1615:205898633
1313:0028-4793
743:perinatal
734:pregnancy
452:heartbeat
389:heartbeat
189:perinatal
153:obstetric
126:pregnancy
4603:Category
4455:positron
3975:Coronary
3625:Elective
3501:Delivery
3408:Apt test
3361:Sampling
3085:Maternal
3063:Abortion
3008:Bleeding
2958:COVID-19
2923:Diabetes
2908:Cannabis
2858:prenatal
2779:Placenta
2750:Prenatal
2680:shoulder
2675:cephalic
2643:position
2617:Delivery
2478:Postterm
2443:Cervical
2306:Planning
2231:17601081
2147:21 March
2015:13550965
1867:26980283
1859:19899071
1766:21 March
1742:14662967
1734:11936595
1692:10601930
1607:19099612
1572:22374986
1564:17851807
1512:10380292
1438:19399509
1430:12797224
1321:24106937
1224:41853089
1216:17265534
1175:17469450
1101:26171896
1044:23280739
1003:10676445
995:20842655
926:See also
886:and the
830:device.
747:abortion
739:in utero
673:13 weeks
662:12 weeks
651:11 weeks
432:yolk sac
142:prenatal
60:ICD-9-CM
4502:Optical
4484:PET-MRI
4264:Carotid
4259:Scrotal
4153:doppler
4083:Cardiac
3992:Thyroid
3936:Targets
3887:CT scan
3474:Fetendo
3296:Imaging
2994:Others
2968:Malaria
2913:Opioids
2903:Alcohol
2898:Smoking
2757:Anatomy
2586:Midwife
2554:Newborn
2473:Ovarian
2453:Ectopic
2448:Cryptic
2393:Testing
2032:in 1958
1974:May 11,
1656:8569824
1520:5364077
1092:4084925
907:YouTube
855:History
296:Modern
262:abdomen
260:on the
136:in the
78:D016216
4479:PET-CT
4254:Breast
4249:Rectal
4173:duplex
4105:Breast
3942:Heart
3167:Infant
3092:Lochia
2878:Anemia
2797:Embryo
2670:breech
2549:Mother
2528:Lamaze
2229:
2030:Lancet
2013:
1995:Lancet
1890:
1865:
1857:
1849:
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741:or by
679:98.3%
657:71.9%
436:embryo
409:uterus
385:embryo
270:vagina
211:, 2016
209:Russia
205:Moscow
138:uterus
130:embryo
4506:Laser
4428:SPECT
4237:renal
4066:Brain
4017:Other
3717:X-ray
3442:Other
3138:Doula
3131:Roles
3023:Sleep
2998:Drugs
2978:Lupus
2802:Fetus
2571:Doula
2542:Roles
2468:Molar
2436:Types
1918:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1863:S2CID
1738:S2CID
1710:(PDF)
1611:S2CID
1568:S2CID
1516:S2CID
1434:S2CID
1220:S2CID
1052:13593
1048:S2CID
999:S2CID
828:LIPUS
665:98.7%
654:70.3%
603:femur
274:obese
252:Types
159:(the
134:fetus
116:, or
102:[
95:3-05d
91:3-032
65:88.78
45:9:00.
4274:FAST
3987:Head
3254:and
2832:Care
2296:and
2227:PMID
2149:2018
2083:2018
2057:2018
2011:PMID
1976:2017
1888:ISBN
1855:PMID
1847:ISSN
1768:2018
1730:PMID
1688:PMID
1652:PMID
1603:PMID
1560:PMID
1508:PMID
1462:ISBN
1426:PMID
1389:2012
1317:PMID
1309:ISSN
1251:2012
1212:PMID
1171:PMID
1097:PMID
1075:2015
1040:PMID
991:PMID
847:The
676:100%
668:92%
572:mean
434:and
183:for
167:and
147:The
72:MeSH
4451:PET
4419:ECT
4417:3D/
4299:2D/
4200:ICE
4195:TEE
4190:TTE
4058:MRI
3789:DXR
3785:DXA
3780:KUB
3775:AXR
3763:CXR
2953:HIV
2219:doi
2003:doi
1837:doi
1797:doi
1722:doi
1680:doi
1676:181
1642:doi
1638:334
1595:doi
1550:doi
1498:doi
1416:doi
1301:doi
1297:369
1202:doi
1087:PMC
1079:doi
1030:doi
981:doi
303:FDA
132:or
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