182:, which determine the distance from the satellite to a target surface by measuring the satellite-to-surface round-trip time of a radar pulse. The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water. Due to the differing depths of the ocean, an approximation is made. This enables data to be taken precisely due to the uniform surface level. The satellite's altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid. It is calculated using the orbital parameters of the satellite and various positioning instruments. However, the ellipsoid is not an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field, so the measurements must be referenced to a surface that represents the water flow, in this case the geoid. The transformations between geometric heights (ellipsoid) and orthometric heights (geoid) are performed from a geoidal model. The sea surface height is then the difference between the satellite's altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid and the altimeter range. The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface. The travel time of the pulses ascending to the oceans surface and back provides data of the sea surface height. In the image below you can see the measurement system using by the satellite
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441:. Only being one minute apart from each other the satellites observed the same area of the ocean. The reason for the close proximity in observation was for cross-calibration. This was meant to calculate any bias in the two altimeters. This multiple month observation proved that there was no bias in the data and both collections of data were consistent.
169:
science this data can also be used to provide understanding of weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations. Observations made about the data are used to study the oceans tides, circulation, and the amount of heat the ocean contains. These observations can help predict
98:
resulting from these forces differ from the mean by less than ±1 m (3 ft) at the global scale. Other influences include changing interannual patterns of temperature, salinity, waves, tides and winds. Ocean surface topography can be measured with high accuracy and precision at regional to
30:
TOPEX/Poseidon was the first space mission that allowed scientists to map ocean topography with sufficient accuracy to study the large-scale current systems of the world's ocean. Although this image was constructed from only 10 days of TOPEX/Poseidon data (October 3 to
October 12, 1992), it reveals
432:
mean and record the fluctuations. Also detecting the slow change of upper ocean circulation on decadal time scales, every ten years. Studying the transportation of heat and carbon in the ocean and examining the main components that fuel deep water tides. The satellites data collection also helps
448:
has been proposed to make the first global survey of the topography of all of Earth's surface water—the ocean, lakes and rivers. This study is aimed to provide a comprehensive view of Earth's freshwater bodies from space and more much detailed measurements of the ocean surface than ever before.
810:
Lambin, Juliette; Morrow, Rosemary; Fu, Lee-Lueng; Willis, Josh K.; Bonekamp, Hans; Lillibridge, John; Perbos, Jacqueline; Zaouche, Gérard; Vaze, Parag; Bannoura, Walid; Parisot, François; Thouvenot, Eric; Coutin-Faye, Sophie; Lindstrom, Eric; Mignogno, Mike (16 August 2010). "The OSTM/Jason-2
384:
crossing the oceans over a period of months, then they will be modeled over a long period of time due to the precise altimetric observations. It aims to contribute to observations of the mesoscale ocean variability, affecting the whole oceans. This activity is especially intense near western
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around the globe in order to better understand its interaction with the time varying components and the involved mechanisms for initializing ocean models. To monitor the low frequency ocean variability and observe the season cycles and inter-annual variations like
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The long-term objectives of the Jason satellite series are to provide global descriptions of the seasonal and yearly changes of the circulation and heat storage in the ocean. This includes the study of short-term climatic changes such as
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data. Improvement of tide modeling by observing more long period components such as coastal interactions, internal waves, and tidal energy dissipation. Finally the satellite data will supply knowledge to support other types of
150:, which move around the ocean's "hills" and "valleys" in predictable ways. A clockwise sense of rotation is found around "hills" in the northern hemisphere and "valleys" in the southern hemisphere. This is because of the
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MĂ©nard, Yves; Fu, Lee-Lueng; Escudier, P.; Parisot, F.; Perbos, J.; Vincent, P.; Desai, S.; Haines, B.; Kunstmann, G. (21 June 2010). "The Jason-1 Mission
Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation".
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on the Jason-2 satellite, Jason-3 and now
Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich have measured sea surface height directly. By combining these measurements with gravity measurements from NASA's
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Chelton, Dudley B.; Ries, John C.; Haines, Bruce J.; Ru, Lee-Lueng; Callahan, Philip S. (2001). "Satellite
Altimetry". In Fu, Lee-Lueng; Cazenave, Andy (eds.).
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154:. Conversely, a counterclockwise sense of rotation is found around "valleys" in the northern hemisphere and "hills" in the southern hemisphere.
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improve wind speed and height measurements in current time and for long-term studies. Lastly improving our knowledge about the marine
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Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth's
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535:"Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry"
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most of the current systems that have been identified by shipboard observations collected over the last 100 years.
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94:. Over timescales longer than a year, the patterns in SSH can be influenced by ocean circulation. Typically, SSH
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are currently both in space orbiting Earth in a tandem rotation. They are approximately 330 kilometers apart.
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Marti, Florence; Blazquez, Alejandro; Meyssignac, Benoit; Ablain, Michaël; Barnoud, Anne; et al. (2021).
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The sea surface height (SSH) is calculated through altimetry satellites using as a reference surface the
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718:"Statistics of spatial-temporal variations of sea surface height based on Topex altimeter measurements"
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and ESA's GOCE missions, scientists can determine sea surface topography to within a few centimeters.
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753:"Correcting to Improve Accuracy - CNES." Correcting to Improve Accuracy - CNES. Retrieved from
627:"Realistic dynamic topography through coupling geoid and hydrodynamic models of the Baltic Sea"
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rocket from
Vandenberg, as well as Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, launched on November 21, 2020.
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and terminated its mission on
October 10, 2019. Jason-3 was launched on January 16, 2016 by a
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Jason-2 was launched on June 20, 2008, by a Delta-2 rocket out of the
California site in
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Satellite altimetry and earth sciences : a handbook of techniques and applications
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Unaveraged or instantaneous sea surface height (SSH) is most obviously affected by the
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Currently there are nine different satellites calculating the earth ocean topography,
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The main objectives of the Jason satellites is to collect data on the average
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short and long term effects of the weather and the earth's climate over time.
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Jahanmard, Vahidreza; Delpeche-Ellmann, Nicole; Ellmann, Artu (2021-06-01).
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564:"Earth's Energy Imbalance From the Ocean Perspective (2005–2019)"
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855:"Following the Water with the Ocean Surface Topography Mission"
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Hakuba, M.Z.; Frederikse, T.; Landerer, F.W. (28 August 2021).
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861:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. September 2008. Archived from
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Jason-1 maps global ocean surface topography every 10 days.
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in 2001 and continued measurements initially collected by
54:. These variations are expressed in terms of average
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110:Slower and larger variations are due to changes in
755:http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/3773-about-cnes.php
348:satellite, which orbited from 1992 up until 2006.
1863:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
402:which is the scientific study of the atmosphere.
16:Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid
1853:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
905:
716:; Fabrikant, A.; Greysukh, A. (16 May 2007).
291:Ocean surface topography can be derived from
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385:boundary currents. Also monitor the average
307:at depth. However, since 1992, a series of
610:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from
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604:"TOPEX/Poseidon on-line tutorial. Part II"
130:) with altimetry can be used to determine
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146:Ocean surface topography is used to map
722:International Journal of Remote Sensing
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161:, and for monitoring changes in global
1184:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
446:Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission
502:Introduction To Physical Oceanography
7:
2131:
880:Ocean Surface Topography from Space
608:Ocean Surface Topography from Space
444:A new satellite mission called the
389:because it is a large indicator of
2011:National Oceanographic Data Center
1438:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1326:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
14:
1858:Global Sea Level Observing System
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1316:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
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499:Stewart, R.H. (September 2008).
428:. The satellites detect global
324:Ocean Surface Topography Mission
208:
2046:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1769:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1:
859:Surface Topography From Space
1306:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1276:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1032:Luke's variational principle
833:10.1080/01490419.2010.491030
568:Geophysical Research Letters
520:"Sea Surface Height Anomaly"
885:OSTM Instrument Description
378:pacific decadal oscillation
286:Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
278:Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
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1371:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1219:
688:. Academic Press. p.
631:Continental Shelf Research
374:North Atlantic oscillation
280:(also called Jason-CS A).
193:
99:global scale by satellite
58:(SSH) relative to Earth's
18:
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1906:Ocean acoustic tomography
1719:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1311:General circulation model
947:Benjamin–Feir instability
734:10.1080/01431169608949097
651:10.1016/j.csr.2021.104421
539:Earth System Science Data
314:missions, beginning with
217:This section needs to be
2036:Ocean surface topography
1411:Thermohaline circulation
1401:Subsurface ocean current
1341:Hydrothermal circulation
1174:Wave–current interaction
952:Boussinesq approximation
44:ocean dynamic topography
36:Ocean surface topography
19:Not to be confused with
2073:Sea surface temperature
2056:Outline of oceanography
1251:Atmospheric circulation
1189:shallow water equations
1179:Waves and shallow water
1072:Significant wave height
134:and properties such as
2068:Sea surface microlayer
1433:Wind generated current
474:Sea surface microlayer
245:
200:Jason satellite series
40:sea surface topography
32:
2174:Physical oceanography
1901:Deep scattering layer
1883:World Geodetic System
1391:Princeton Ocean Model
1271:Coriolis–Stokes force
921:Physical oceanography
548:10.5194/essd-2021-220
464:Eddy (fluid dynamics)
243:
194:Further information:
29:
1921:Underwater acoustics
1481:Perigean spring tide
1346:Langmuir circulation
1057:Rossby-gravity waves
589:10.1029/2021GL093624
2083:Science On a Sphere
1689:Convergent boundary
1361:Modular Ocean Model
1321:Geostrophic current
1037:Mild-slope equation
825:2010MarGe..33S...4L
643:2021CSR...22204421J
580:2021GeoRL..4893624H
318:and continued with
196:Satellite altimetry
116:gravitational field
1739:Seafloor spreading
1729:Outer trench swell
1694:Divergent boundary
1594:Continental margin
1579:Carbonate platform
1476:Lunitidal interval
459:Dynamic topography
400:marine meteorology
336:was launched by a
246:
190:Satellite missions
136:ocean heat content
128:GRACE and GRACE-FO
56:sea surface height
33:
2184:Vertical position
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2155:
2148:Oceans portal
2108:World Ocean Atlas
2098:Underwater glider
2041:Ocean temperature
1704:Hydrothermal vent
1669:Submarine volcano
1604:Continental shelf
1584:Coastal geography
1574:Bathymetric chart
1456:Amphidromic point
1144:Wave nonlinearity
1002:Infragravity wave
784:10.1080/714044514
728:(13): 2647–2666.
361:ocean circulation
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64:ocean circulation
21:Seabed topography
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2001:Marine pollution
1795:Deep ocean water
1664:Submarine canyon
1599:Continental rise
1491:Rule of twelfths
1406:Sverdrup balance
1336:Humboldt Current
1261:Boundary current
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1042:Radiation stress
1012:Iribarren number
987:Equatorial waves
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937:Airy wave theory
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522:. January 2010.
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874:External links
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865:on 2009-06-20.
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819:(sup1): 4–25.
813:Marine Geodesy
797:
772:Marine Geodesy
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714:Glazman, R. E.
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614:on 2008-09-16.
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391:global warming
346:TOPEX/Poseidon
316:TOPEX/Poseidon
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148:ocean currents
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132:sea level rise
105:TOPEX/Poseidon
84:seasonal cycle
71:
68:
50:depicted on a
42:, also called
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2196:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Marine energy
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Acidification
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:SOFAR channel
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Oceanic crust
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Fracture zone
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Oceanic basin
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Abyssal plain
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Internal tide
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Ocean current
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Wave shoaling
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Ursell number
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Internal wave
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Breaking wave
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
895:
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
864:
860:
856:
850:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
804:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
763:
759:
756:
750:
747:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
706:
701:
699:9780080516585
695:
691:
686:
685:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
618:
613:
609:
605:
599:
596:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
555:
549:
544:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
515:
512:
504:
503:
495:
492:
489:
486:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
450:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
417:
415:
412:
408:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
242:
232:
229:November 2020
220:
215:
206:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
173:
171:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2103:Water column
2051:Oceanography
2035:
2026:Observations
2021:Explorations
1991:Marginal sea
1984:
1942:OSTM/Jason-2
1774:Volcanic arc
1749:Slab suction
1466:Head of tide
1356:Loop Current
1296:Ekman spiral
1082:Stokes drift
992:Gravity wave
967:Cnoidal wave
863:the original
858:
849:
816:
812:
775:
771:
749:
737:. Retrieved
725:
721:
708:
683:
675:
634:
630:
620:
612:the original
607:
598:
571:
567:
557:
538:
528:
514:
501:
494:
488:
443:
418:
404:
393:through the
358:
332:
297:measurements
290:
247:
226:
218:
177:
156:
145:
142:Applications
109:
76:tidal forces
73:
55:
48:land surface
43:
39:
35:
34:
2169:Climatology
2093:Thermocline
1810:Mesopelagic
1783:Ocean zones
1754:Slab window
1619:Hydrography
1559:Abyssal fan
1526:Tidal range
1516:Tidal power
1511:Tidal force
1396:Rip current
1331:Gulf Stream
1291:Ekman layer
1281:Downwelling
1256:Baroclinity
1243:Circulation
1139:Wave height
1129:Wave action
1112:megatsunami
1092:Stokes wave
1052:Rossby wave
1017:Kelvin wave
997:Green's law
739:28 November
301:temperature
266:Sentinel-3B
262:Sentinel-3A
174:Measurement
82:and by the
2163:Categories
2031:Reanalysis
1930:Satellites
1911:Sofar bomb
1759:Subduction
1734:Ridge push
1629:Ocean bank
1609:Contourite
1536:Tide gauge
1521:Tidal race
1506:Tidal bore
1496:Slack tide
1461:Earth tide
1381:Ocean gyre
1201:Wind setup
1196:Wind fetch
1159:Wave setup
1154:Wave radar
1149:Wave power
1047:Rogue wave
977:Dispersion
811:Mission".
637:: 104421.
480:References
407:Vandenberg
342:California
340:rocket in
124:gravimetry
90:acting on
1893:Acoustics
1845:Sea level
1744:Slab pull
1681:tectonics
1589:Cold seep
1551:Landforms
1428:Whirlpool
1423:Upwelling
1206:Wind wave
1134:Wave base
1062:Sea state
982:Edge wave
972:Cross sea
841:128627477
792:129436213
667:233532488
659:0278-4343
430:sea level
395:sea level
387:sea level
312:altimetry
309:satellite
250:Cryosat-2
180:ellipsoid
163:sea level
101:altimetry
96:anomalies
2126:Category
2078:Seawater
1805:Littoral
1800:Deep sea
1659:Seamount
1541:Tideline
1486:Rip tide
1416:shutdown
1386:Overflow
1119:Undertow
962:Clapotis
453:See also
411:Falcon-9
305:salinity
2179:Geodesy
2136:Commons
2006:Mooring
1956:Related
1947:Jason-3
1937:Jason-1
1820:Pelagic
1815:Oceanic
1790:Benthic
1107:Tsunami
1077:Soliton
821:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
576:Bibcode
439:Jason-1
426:La Nina
422:El Nino
370:La Niña
366:El Niño
334:Jason-1
320:Jason-1
295:-going
282:Jason-3
258:Jason-3
219:updated
184:Jason-1
159:climate
86:of the
78:of the
1825:Photic
1654:Seabed
1067:Seiche
839:
790:
696:
665:
657:
574:(16).
414:SpaceX
380:, and
376:, the
372:, the
276:, and
270:CFOSat
126:(e.g.
103:(e.g.
2016:Ocean
1985:Alvin
1835:Swash
1679:Plate
1624:Knoll
1614:Guyot
1569:Atoll
1448:Tides
1211:model
1097:Swell
929:Waves
837:S2CID
788:S2CID
663:S2CID
506:(PDF)
469:SARAL
435:geoid
328:Grace
254:SARAL
120:geoid
112:Earth
92:Earth
60:geoid
1983:DSV
1968:Argo
1830:Surf
1286:Eddy
741:2018
694:ISBN
655:ISSN
368:and
354:CNES
352:and
350:NASA
303:and
293:ship
284:and
264:and
198:and
167:NASA
80:Moon
829:doi
780:doi
730:doi
647:doi
635:222
584:doi
543:doi
299:of
114:'s
107:).
88:Sun
38:or
2165::
857:.
835:.
827:.
817:33
815:.
800:^
786:.
776:26
774:.
761:^
726:17
724:.
720:.
692:.
661:.
653:.
645:.
633:.
629:.
606:.
582:.
572:48
570:.
566:.
541:.
537:.
424:,
322:,
272:,
268:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
186:.
138:.
66:.
913:e
906:t
899:v
843:.
831::
823::
794:.
782::
743:.
732::
702:.
690:1
669:.
649::
641::
592:.
586::
578::
551:.
545::
508:.
231:)
227:(
221:.
118:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
