318:
349:, located on the estate. The new landlord's generosity endeared him to the local Chinese community. Oei also obtained the Dutch colonial government's permission in 1880 to move from Semarang's Chinese quarter to Simongan, where - away from business - he lived the more prestigious lifestyle of a landlord and scholar, laying out a garden and his family graveyard, and eventually in retirement, tending to his lotuses. Despite their wealth, noted Howard Dick, Oei's family was still 'one step removed from the peranakan aristocracy (
331:
or business partnership, named 'Kian Gwan', which was then registered with the colonial authorities. The new company dealt in both
Chinese products, such as tea, herbs and silk, as well as in Indonesian commodities, including rice, sugar, tobacco and gambier. Kian Gwan prospered in the economic boom
384:
Oeis, father and son, were ready to capitalize on the economic crisis and took over many revenue farms from ruined Cabang Atas families. In 1889, with Oei Tjie Sien as guarantor, his son
Luitenant Oei Tiong Ham participated in one of the most important government auctions of the century - for the
373:
By the mid-1880s, the elder Oei seems to have given his eldest son a prominent role in Kian Gwan and the family's other business interests. The collapse in sugar prices in the mid-1880s ruined many established Cabang Atas families, thereby jeopardizing their domination of Java's
468:, eventually succeeded their grandfather and father, as heads of Kian Gwan from 1924 until 1961, and played an important role in the political and economic history of modern Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Oei Tjie Sien's granddaughter, the international socialite
309:
and Oei Tiong Tjhian. They also had four daughters: Siok Nio, Bok Nio, Thiem Nio and Koen Nio. By a concubine, Oei also had a fourth son, Oei Tiong An. Oei sent his sons to a traditional
Chinese school, where they mostly learned the
360:, the fourth daughter of a Cabang Atas family that had been prominent in Semarang for over a century. The younger Oei sealed his family's social ascent with a hallowed appointment in 1886 to the government position of
262:
Regardless, his father ensured that the younger Oei received a classical
Chinese education. This could have given Oei Tjie Sien a respectable career as a teacher or minor bureaucrat; but he participated instead in the
448:
in 1901, the highest rank attainable to a
Chinese subject in the Dutch East Indies. The elder Oei's second son, Oei Tiong Bing, was appointed a Luitenant in 1892, then a Kapitein in 1901; in 1903, he became the
366:. This high-ranking post of the Chinese officership gave Oei not only the deference of the Chinese community, but also significant legal and political jurisdiction over them under the Dutch colonial system of
440:
families. Likewise, apart from Oei Tiong Tjhian who died young, all three of Oei's sons were elevated to the
Chinese officership. His eldest, Luitenant Oei Tiong Ham, was further raised to the post of
413:
calls the auction of 1889 a 'peperangan diantara raja-raja' ('a battle of kings'). Oei's son - dubbed 'Anak Sapi' (the 'Young Ox') by Boen - won the auction after a fierce bidding war against a
483:
Kian Gwan, the company founded by Oei Tjie Sien, became the largest conglomerate in
Southeast Asia in the early decades of the twentieth century, and retained that position until the
1309:
255:, Oei Tjie Sien was the sixth son of Oei Tjhing In. According to family tradition, the elder Oei was a petty government official, but the colonial Indonesian historian
1099:
1294:
335:
Oei's newfound wealth secured him an official pardon from the Qing government in 1874, and the prestige of landownership in 1878 through his acquisition of the
317:
305:(1839-1896), who came from a middle-class merchant family. Together, the couple slowly built their business and had, among others, three sons: Oei Tiong Ham,
1026:
453:, head of the city's colonial Chinese bureaucracy. The two Majoors' half-brother, Oei Tiong An, was appointed to the post of Luitenant der Chinezen of
1289:
1092:
428:
In 1893, with his family on the rise, Oei Tjie Sien retired to his lotuses at
Simongan, where he died was buried in 1900 at the age of 65.
1304:
496:
477:
1324:
918:
884:
851:
798:
739:
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267:(1850-1864) against the then reigning Qing dynasty. During the rebellion, he rose up the ranks and was put in charge of logistics.
841:
1319:
1284:
1253:
345:
or landlord of
Simongan, Oei - unlike his Jewish predecessor - allowed access free of charge to the venerable Chinese shrine of
1085:
194:
1299:
534:
695:
617:
1329:
536:
Perkawinan
Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20
1314:
414:
219:, Southeast Asia's largest conglomerate at the start of the twentieth century. He is better known as the father of
579:
492:
1232:
1034:
275:
Avoiding the Qing government's suppression of the rebels, Oei left his first wife in China and fled in 1858 to
843:
The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming: Business Elites and the Emergence of the Modern State in Southeast Asia
874:
295:
peddler of diverse goods, from chinaware to rice. Once financially independent, Oei married a locally-born
337:
332:
that followed the Agrarian Law of 1870, which opened up agricultural land in Java to private capital.
1279:
1274:
473:
450:
325:
By 1863, Oei and his business partner, Ang Thay Liang, had accumulated enough capital to establish a
162:
1211:
1206:
1188:
908:
499:; Kian Gwan's branches in The Netherlands, and Thailand survive to this day on a more modest scale.
465:
461:
422:
418:
306:
172:
167:
118:
1183:
729:
406:
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357:
302:
240:
212:
177:
144:
100:
973:
948:"A Critical View of the Opium Farmers as Reflected in a Syair by Boen Sing Hoo (Semarang, 1889)"
457:, Central Java in 1925, a post he held until the abolition of the Chinese officership in 1935.
914:
910:
The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society
880:
847:
794:
735:
660:
656:
Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II
623:
540:
284:
264:
81:
963:
955:
311:
484:
29:
24:
1200:
356:
In 1884, Oei arranged for his eldest son and chosen successor, Oei Tiong Ham, to marry
256:
619:
Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910
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1157:
367:
220:
110:
1248:
375:
362:
346:
292:
280:
252:
63:
20:
226:(1866–1924), who modernized and vastly expanded the Oei family's business empire.
1002:
947:
1194:
469:
437:
350:
341:
or private domain of Simongan, an estate of 1,300 hectares outside Semarang. As
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left-leaning government. The company's Indonesian branch survives as
394:
327:
248:
202:
59:
959:
581:
Oei Tiong Ham Concern: the first business empire of Southeast Asia
316:
1081:
1007:(in Indonesian). P.A. van Asperen van der Velde & Company
1056:
472:, married the pre-communist Chinese statesman and diplomat
239:
Born on June 23, 1835, into a family of modest means in
92:
Military rebel, businessman, landlord and revenue farmer
840:
Dick, Howard; Sullivan, Michael; Butcher, John (1993).
584:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
731:
Hui-Lan Koo, Madame Wellington Koo: An Autobiography
648:
646:
1241:
1220:
1176:
1150:
1130:
1113:
696:"Liem Thian Joe's Unpublished History of Kian Gwan"
659:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
291:. Aged only 23, Oei's Indonesian career began as a
153:
140:
106:
96:
88:
70:
45:
38:
573:
571:
569:
567:
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401:, formerly belonging to a rival kongsi, headed by
1143:Tjan Bien Nio (by marriage): 1839–1896
1123:Tjan Moay Nio (by marriage): 1792–1857
782:
780:
778:
259:suggested that the family was of peasant origin.
941:
939:
937:
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425:, doyens of the colonial Chinese establishment.
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378:, in particular the lucrative opium farms. The
996:
994:
1093:
876:Power, Politics, and Culture in Colonial Java
611:
609:
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605:
603:
601:
599:
8:
1169:Oei Tiong Bing, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen
1004:Boekoe sair-binatang: landak, koeda dan sapi
487:of its Indonesian arm in 1961 by Indonesian
1158:Oei Tiong Ham, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen
497:Indonesia's largest state-owned enterprises
1100:
1086:
1078:
35:
16:Chinese-born Indonesian tycoon (1835–1900)
1310:Military leaders of the Taiping Rebellion
967:
436:All four of Oei's daughters married into
321:The Chinese quarter in colonial Semarang.
508:
444:in 1891, then to the honorary title of
1027:"Sejarah Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia"
793:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: TransMedia.
694:Coppel, Charles A. (September 1989).
271:Life and career in colonial Indonesia
7:
1295:Indonesian people of Chinese descent
1120:Oei Tjhing In: 1789–1877
478:First Lady of the Republic of China
314:and some rudimentary arithmetics.
14:
622:. Singapore: Equinox Publishing.
1254:National University of Singapore
1242:Social and cultural institutions
213:Chinese-born colonial Indonesian
451:Majoor der Chinezen of Semarang
1290:Chinese emigrants to Indonesia
946:Salmon, Claudine (July 1991).
879:. Jakarta: Metafor Pub. 2003.
790:Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik
207:
198:
1:
1203:(by marriage): 1888–1985
1031:Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia
493:Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia
446:Majoor-titulair der Chinezen
223:Majoor-titulair der Chinezen
128:Luitenant Oei Tiong An (son)
74:1900 (aged 64–65)
1163:Goei Bing-nio (by marriage)
734:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
460:Oei Tjie Sien's grandsons,
1346:
1305:Businesspeople from Fujian
787:Setiono, Benny G. (2008).
215:tycoon and the founder of
18:
1325:Indonesian businesspeople
1233:Heap Eng Moh Steamship Co
653:Suryadinata, Leo (2012).
578:Yoshihara, Kunio (1989).
417:-based kongsi, headed by
385:opium farms of Semarang,
251:, a southern province of
184:
134:Oei Thiem Nio (daughter)
1320:Chinese revolutionaries
1285:Family of Oei Tiong Ham
1001:Boen, Sing Hoo (1889).
703:Southeast Asian Studies
616:Rush, James R. (2007).
533:Haryono, Steve (2017).
476:, and briefly acted as
423:Kapitein Oey Hok Tjiang
419:Kapitein Loa Tiang Hoei
403:Luitenant Ho Tjiauw Ing
136:Oei Koen Nio (daughter)
130:Oei Siok Nio (daughter)
1160:: 1866–1924
1140:: 1835–1909
1108:Oei family of Simongan
913:. Jakarta: Djambatan.
907:Lohanda, Mona (1996).
432:Legacy and descendants
363:Luitenant der Chinezen
322:
149:Tjan Moay Nio (mother)
132:Oei Bok Nio (daughter)
126:Oei Tiong Tjhian (son)
1166:Lucy Ho (by marriage)
728:Koo, Hui-Lan (2011).
442:Kapitein der Chinezen
338:particuliere landerij
320:
178:Madame Teng Liang Kan
158:Madame Wellington Koo
1300:People from Semarang
474:V. K. Wellington Koo
411:Boekoe Sair Binatang
163:V. K. Wellington Koo
1037:on 17 November 2018
489:President Sukarno's
1330:People from Xiamen
1189:Dr. Teng Liang Kan
323:
1315:Taiping Rebellion
1262:
1261:
539:. Steve Haryono.
285:Dutch East Indies
265:Taiping Rebellion
211:1835–1900) was a
188:
187:
165:(grandson-in-law)
82:Dutch East Indies
1337:
1197:: 1889–1992
1102:
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1088:
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1033:. Archived from
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312:Chinese classics
243:, Tjoan-tjioe, (
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485:nationalization
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221:Oei Tiong Ham,
180:(granddaughter)
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160:(granddaughter)
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120:Majoor-titulair
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112:Majoor-titulair
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1212:Oei Tjong Tjay
1209:
1207:Oei Tjong Hauw
1204:
1201:Wellington Koo
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
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1177:4th generation
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1151:3rd generation
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466:Oei Tjong Tjay
462:Oei Tjong Hauw
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307:Oei Tiong Bing
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257:Liem Thian Joe
253:Imperial China
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173:Oei Tjong Tjay
168:Oei Tjong Hauw
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1191:(by marriage)
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1184:Oei Tjong-lan
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376:revenue farms
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368:indirect rule
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303:Tjan Bien Nio
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101:Tjan Bien Nio
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89:Occupation(s)
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40:Oei Tjie Sien
37:
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1249:Sam Poo Kong
1137:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
1030:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1003:
981:. Retrieved
951:
924:. Retrieved
909:
902:
890:. Retrieved
875:
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857:. Retrieved
846:. Springer.
842:
804:. Retrieved
789:
745:. Retrieved
730:
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711:. Retrieved
706:
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670:. Retrieved
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633:. Retrieved
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586:. Retrieved
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550:. Retrieved
535:
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427:
410:
379:
372:
361:
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347:Sam Poo Kong
342:
336:
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293:door-to-door
281:Central Java
274:
261:
238:
222:
208:Huáng Zhìxìn
206:
190:
189:
119:
111:
64:Qing dynasty
28:
21:Chinese name
1280:1900 deaths
1275:1835 births
1195:Oei Hui-lan
1066:17 November
1057:"Kian Gwan"
1041:17 November
1011:15 November
983:15 November
926:15 November
892:15 November
859:15 November
806:15 November
747:15 November
713:15 November
672:15 November
635:15 November
588:15 November
552:17 November
470:Oei Hui-lan
438:Cabang Atas
405:. The poet
351:cabang atas
287:or today's
25:family name
1269:Categories
969:1813/54719
503:References
391:Yogyakarta
235:Early life
175:(grandson)
170:(grandson)
1228:Kian Gwan
1061:Kian Gwan
954:: 25–52.
952:Indonesia
495:, one of
387:Surakarta
298:Peranakan
289:Indonesia
230:Biography
217:Kian Gwan
154:Relatives
141:Parent(s)
455:Salatiga
343:landheer
277:Semarang
245:Quanzhou
147:(father)
107:Children
78:Semarang
19:In this
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415:Batavia
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301:woman,
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23:, the
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699:(PDF)
124:(son)
116:(son)
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464:and
421:and
399:Kedu
397:and
353:)'.
71:Died
53:1835
49:1835
46:Born
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956:doi
709:(2)
199:黃志信
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