964:(API) to augment the resistance of the bolt. In API blowback weapons, the firing pin fires the cartridge while the bolt is still traveling forward so that the gas pressure has to overcome the forward momentum of the bolt as well, before it can push it to the rear. To facilitate this, the Oerlikon's chamber is longer than needed to contain the cartridge, and the front-end of the bolt, which is the same diameter as the case, actually enters this extended chamber behind the cartridge before firing. As a result when firing occurs, the forward force of the bolt and spring acts against the force of the propellant gases until the latter overcome the former and start pushing case, bolt and spring backwards. If the bolt had stopped at the mouth of the chamber as in a simple blowback gun, this momentum would have been neutralized; instead thanks to the continuous movement the momentum acts to counter the propellant gases and slow the rearward travel of cartridge and bolt. Synergistically with this, a second advantage of this unusual arrangement is that after firing the bolt and case have a short, but significant, distance to travel rearwards before the bolt-end re-emerges and the case in turn begins to leave the chamber; and this in combination with the retardation of the rearward travel provides sufficient time for gas pressure to drop to the necessary safe level. This system permits blowback to be used in far more powerful weapons than normal. Nevertheless, compared to guns with a locking mechanism, a fairly heavy bolt must be employed; while to give this heavy bolt sufficient forward speed, a large spring is required (and Oerlikons, distinctively, have this component wrapped around their barrels.) These features will limit the rate of fire of such guns, unless other steps are taken—as in the final model of the
972:
983:. The straight sides allows the case to slide back and forward in the cylindrical chamber. The neck is not supported while this happens and therefore expands when the case is fired, and the rebated rim allows the face of the bolt, with its extractor claw hooked over the rim, to fit within the chamber. To ease the motion of the case, the ammunition needed to be greased, which was a drawback of the Oerlikon cannon. An alternative developed during World War II was the so-called fluted chamber, which had grooves that allowed propellant gas to seep between the chamber wall and the case, taking over the role of the grease.
1402:
948:
960:
bolt and slide - the physical tendency of heavy components to resist rapid acceleration - is adequate to ensure that the projectile has left the muzzle and the gas pressure in the barrel is down to a safe level before the breech opens (while the bolt spring also resists the opening of the breech, in practical terms its contribution is too small to be relevant). In contrast, 20mm cartridges are far too powerful, and efficient autocannon barrels too long, for this basic system to be practical; so the
Oerlikon uses
720:
566:. The FF fired a slightly larger cartridge than the AF, 20x72RB, but the major improvement in these weapons was a significant increase in rate of fire. The FF weighed 24 kg and achieved a muzzle velocity of 550 to 600 m/s with a rate of fire of 520 rpm. The FFL of 30 kg fired a projectile at a muzzle velocity of 675 m/s with a rate of fire of 500 rpm. And the FFS, which weighed 39 kg, delivered a high muzzle velocity of 830 m/s at a rate of 470 rpm.
1004:
992:
1319:
905:
1384:
1372:
795:
635:
829:, which was heavier and had less mechanical reliability. It became famous in the naval anti-aircraft role, providing an effective defense at short ranges (in practice up to 1.5 km) at which heavier guns had difficulty tracking a target. The gun was eventually abandoned as a major anti-air weapon due to its lack of
1349:
Although guns with blowback action had played an important part in WW2, it was obvious that something better was needed, especially for the universal demand for a high rate of fire. The blowback mechanism requires a careful balance between the force of the shell being fired and the operational timing
959:
mechanism: the bolt is not locked to the breech of the gun at the moment of firing. Non-locking, simple blowback designs are commonplace in much lighter weapons, such as small-caliber semi-automatic pistols. No locking is required, as with such low-power cartridges the static inertia of the bolt or
530:
was added to the existing product line. This fired a still larger cartridge (20x110RB) to achieve a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s (versus 490 m/s for the original Becker 20x70RB gun), at the cost of increased weight and a reduced rate of fire (280 rpm). The purpose of this development was to
1034:
on the top of the gun. During sustained firing, the magazine must be frequently changed, reducing the effective rate of fire. Belt-fed versions of the gun were developed to overcome this limitation. A trigger in the right-hand grip controls fire. Used cartridges are ejected from below the breech.
569:
Apart from changes to the design of the guns for wing-mounting and remote control, larger drums were introduced as it would not be possible to exchange magazines in flight. For the FF series 45, 60, 75 and 100 (and a rarely used 150) drum magazines were available, but most users chose the 30 or
1050:. The gunner is attached to the weapon by a waist-belt and shoulder supports. For this reason, some mountings existed with a height-adjustment feature to compensate for different sized gunners. A "piece chief" designates targets and the feeder changes exhausted magazines.
1353:
As a response to this demand, Oerlikon developed "power reserve loading" action, introducing a gas-operated mechanism to unlock the breech. The gun produced to this design after the close of hostilities of WW2, and was called the 5TG, and shortly thereafter, the
1058:
by Elco Naval
Division, Electric Boat Company, called the Elco "Thunderbolt" mount. Prototypes were built and tested in late 1942 and operationally deployed on several Elco PT Boats in the Mediterranean. It was also placed experimentally on the battleships
1783:
The
Machine Gun: Development of Full Automatic Machine Gun Systems, High Rate of Fire Power Driven Cannon, and Automatic Grenade Launchers by the United States and her Allies, following World War II, Korean Police Action, and the Vietnam
608:. Oerlikon realized further improvements in rate of fire on the 1SS of 1942, and the 2SS of 1945 which achieved 650 rpm. However, it was the original SS gun which was widely adopted as anti-aircraft gun, being especially widely used by
786:
made extensive use of
Oerlikon guns in the anti-aircraft role. These were the principal armament for its light anti-aircraft squadrons in North Africa, the Middle East, Italy, and north western Europe, until the introduction of the
534:
Three sizes of gun with their different ammunition and barrel length, but very similar mechanisms, continued to be developed in parallel. In 1930 Oerlikon reconsidered the application of its gun in aircraft and introduced the
1053:
During World War II, twin and quadruple
Oerlikon mounts were developed, both for army and for navy use. The British Navy operated a hydraulically operated twin-gun mount. The US Navy operated a quad mount developed for
769:
Just a few weeks before the fall of France, the
Oerlikon factory approved manufacture of their gun in the United Kingdom, under licence. The Royal Navy managed to smuggle out the necessary drawings and documents from
712:
cannon installed between the cylinder banks. The gun fired through the hollow propeller hub, this being elevated above the crankcase by the design of the gearing. Such armament was installed on the
858:
popularised the use of the
Oerlikon gun as an anti-ship and anti-submarine gun – while it was not effective against the armour of most larger ships, it was used extensively and effectively against
2736:
1772:
The
Machine Gun: Development During World War II and Korean Conflict by the United States and their Allies, of Full Automatic Machine Gun Systems and High Rate of Fire Power Driven Cannon
2326:
851:. It provided a useful increase in firepower over the .50 cal machine gun when adapted and fitted to some aircraft. However, it had some problems with jamming in the ammunition feed.
766:
in June 1940, only 109 guns reached the United
Kingdom. All Oerlikon guns imported from Switzerland, in 1940, were mounted on various gun carriages to serve as light AA-guns on land.
2407:
2343:
2334:
2182:
2339:
2203:
2741:
791:
40/L60 40 mm gun from 1943, although many squadrons retained a mix of guns until the end of World War 2. Squadrons in the Far East were equipped exclusively with
Oerlikons.
531:
improve the performance of the gun as an anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapon, which required a higher muzzle velocity. An improved version known as the 1S followed in 1930.
2330:
2011:
1038:
Different nations and services operated a number of mounting types for the same basic gun. In a typical single-barrel naval version, it is free-swinging on a fixed
762:
that Mountbatten's efforts bore fruit. During the first half of 1939 a contract for 1,500 guns was placed in Switzerland. However, due to delays and then later the
1401:
743:
in the Royal Navy, advocated within the Royal Navy to set up an unprejudiced trial for the Oerlikon 20 mm gun, but was unsuccessful. It was not until the
881:
gun, designed by Polish engineers in exile in the United Kingdom. The gun went into service in 1944, and was used well into the 1950s, among other uses, on
2706:
979:
This unique chamber and bolt design necessitates the use of a characteristically shaped cartridge: the case has straight sides, very little neck, and a
550:
In 1935 it made an important step by introducing a series of guns designed to be mounted in or on the wings of fighter aircraft. Designated with FF for
547:, i.e. manually aimed by a gunner. The 15-round box magazine used by earlier versions of the gun was replaced by drum magazine holding 15 or 30 rounds.
2731:
2175:
2726:
2696:
971:
666:
G. Locally produced derivatives of the Oerlikon cannon were used much more extensively, on aircraft, on ships and on land. In the air, the Ikaria
573:
The 1930s were a period of global re-armament, and a number of foreign firms took licenses for the Oerlikon family of aircraft cannon. In France,
1888:
1830:
1803:
1742:
1598:
2426:
2362:
2168:
2392:
723:
Diagrams showing basic design and color-coding of British HE/incendiary, tracer and HE/incendiary/tracer shells for the 20 mm Oerlikon gun
577:
manufactured development of the FFS as the Hispano-Suiza HS.7 and Hispano-Suiza HS.9, for installation between the cylinder banks of its
2701:
2004:
42:
2484:
2382:
2291:
2691:
1046:
shield affording some protection for the crew. The cannon is aimed and fired by a gunner using, in its simplest form, a ring-and-bead
2711:
1865:
1443:
2658:
1815:
Zwischen Unternehmertum, Politik und Überleben. Emil G. Bührle und die Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon, Bührle & Co 1924–1945
2387:
1819:
Between Entrepreneurship, Politics and Survival: Emil G. Bührle and the Oerlikon, Bührle & Co. Machine Tool Factory 1924-1945
2627:
2464:
844:
788:
495:
banned further production of such weapons in Germany, the patents and design works were transferred in 1919 to the Swiss firm
2681:
2416:
2357:
2102:
1997:
1793:
947:
511:, a heavier weapon (43 kg) that fired more powerful 20×100mmRB ammunition at a slightly higher rate of fire, 350 rpm.
2489:
1877:
Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces
1423:
1016:
620:
518:
where it was based, then acquired all rights to the weapon, plus the manufacturing equipment and the employees of SEMAG.
2316:
1433:
1383:
799:
935:
It is still in use today on some naval units, nominally as a last-recourse anti-air weapon, but mainly used for firing
2716:
2397:
2311:
2265:
2260:
2231:
2071:
727:
The Oerlikon became best known in its naval applications. Initially the Oerlikon was not looked upon favorably by the
421:
1371:
2479:
2377:
2372:
2306:
2301:
459:
1770:
2553:
2367:
2241:
2236:
2212:
2128:
1922:
1090:
1078:
2721:
2474:
2286:
961:
300:
1350:
of the mechanism. In the Oerlikon designs, these timing demands resulted in a relatively slow-cycling weapon.
2160:
2606:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2510:
2352:
2144:
1453:
822:
713:
1646:
The Electric Boat Company Thunderbolt Quadruple 20 MM Powered Mount installed on PTs, operational report on
826:
719:
2459:
2296:
2112:
1845:
1438:
1365:. Both 5TG (KAB) and 204-Gk (KAA) uses 20mm×128 ammunition cartridge being developed by Oerlikon in 1943.
1084:
609:
590:
307:
1361:
Shortly after the War, Oerlikon began development of another gas-operated autocannon, 204-Gk, presently
705:
2601:
2596:
2436:
1734:
1590:
485:
2107:
1758:
The Machine Gun: History Evolution and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
1898:
848:
2570:
2515:
2444:
2191:
1448:
1072:
1066:
1060:
740:
671:
515:
492:
782:, at the end of 1940. The first guns were delivered to the Royal Navy in March or April, 1941. The
2686:
2020:
1096:
1031:
956:
855:
755:
604:
The incorporation of the improvements of the FFS in a new anti-aircraft gun produced, in 1938, the
480:
471:
1003:
991:
2055:
1972:
1781:
1762:
1418:
1358:. It was the first Oerlikon gun design that differed radically from the original Becker design.
818:
808:
744:
709:
643:
554:
meaning 'wing-mounted', these weapons were again available in the three sizes, with designations
429:
258:
240:
130:
2575:
2034:
1884:
1861:
1826:
1799:
1738:
1594:
736:
701:
697:
295:
692:
The French firm of Hispano-Suiza was a manufacturer of aircraft engines, and it marketed the
2469:
2449:
2421:
1857:
1389:
805:
763:
662:
The Oerlikon FF was installed as armament on some fighters of the 1930s, such as the Polish
623:
1479:
496:
1756:
1752:
349:
1504:
866:
were fitted with the weapon toward the end of the war, but it appeared more commonly on
2580:
2081:
2050:
1458:
1043:
965:
886:
830:
759:
686:
675:
598:
594:
544:
1530:
1318:
904:
2675:
2277:
2251:
2086:
1959:
882:
732:
716:
and some other types. Similar German installations of the MG FF were not successful.
670:
was used as armament on a number of German aircraft, of which the most famous is the
652:
626:
to propel a 2,000-grain (130-gram) projectile at 2,800 feet (850 meters) per second.
574:
474:(API blowback) method of operation. This used a 20×70mmRB cartridge and had a cyclic
463:
2222:
2195:
1946:
1428:
936:
783:
613:
475:
467:
433:
327:
203:
187:
163:
98:
1658:
593:, after evaluating all three guns, ordered developments of the FF and FFL as the
980:
892:
Romania purchased 45 pieces from Germany during the first half of World War II.
840:
578:
455:
425:
159:
47:
432:
and others, with various models employed by both Allied and Axis forces during
1982:
1880:
1842:
Rifles and Machine Guns : A Modern Handbook of Infantry and Aircraft Arms
1822:
1019:
955:
Unlike most high-powered autocannons, the Oerlikon and its derivatives have a
794:
748:
728:
679:
639:
417:
317:
59:
41:
1587:
Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945
685:. Later in the war, they also equipped fighters including the Zero with the
2505:
1730:
871:
771:
504:
406:
Cylindrical magazine holding 60 rounds, Later adjusted to be a belt fed gun
634:
507:. SEMAG continued development of the weapon, and in 1924 had produced the
17:
1047:
1039:
863:
835:
682:
663:
199:
183:
1989:
674:. The Japanese Navy similarly used their copy of the FF, designated the
2525:
1977:
1055:
878:
867:
859:
775:
752:
649:
277:
1930:
779:
582:
975:
Difference of normal and rebated rim cartridge in blowback operation
774:. The production of the first British-made Oerlikon guns started in
2652:
2149:
970:
946:
793:
718:
667:
633:
586:
1303:
Drums of 30, 45, 60, 75, 100 rounds or box magazine of 15 rounds
689:, a version of the more powerful and faster-firing Oerlikon FFL.
478:
of 300 rpm. It was used on a limited scale as an aircraft gun on
1393:
825:, which lacked range and firepower, and largely superseding the
2164:
1993:
1313:
899:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1613:"The Machine Gun", Volume4, George M.Chinn., pages 12 and 15
1704:
1702:
1700:
514:
In 1924, SEMAG failed. The Oerlikon firm, named after the
1659:"Oerlikon F/L/S (FFF/FFL/FFS) 20-мм автоматическая пушка"
290:
Single barrel (progressive RH parabolic twist, 9 grooves)
1795:
The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems
1330:
916:
1798:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 478–480.
1633:
General Information on Elco Thunderbolt Mount, Mark II
1556:
1554:
1552:
192:
Minus breech mechanism: 20.865 kg (46.00 lb)
1644:
Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Twenty-Nine Memo to CNO.
208:
Loaded with 200 rounds: 182.0 kg (401.2 lb)
1622:"The Machine Gun", Volume4, George M.Chinn., page 13
436:. Many versions of the cannon are still used today.
2615:
2589:
2562:
2524:
2498:
2435:
2406:
2325:
2274:
2250:
2221:
2202:
2137:
2121:
2095:
2064:
2043:
2027:
402:
384:
366:
348:
326:
316:
306:
294:
286:
276:
257:
239:
212:
174:
169:
155:
144:
136:
126:
118:
110:
105:
94:
86:
78:
73:
65:
55:
32:
1909:(12). Chicago: Harvester Press: 12. December 1944.
862:, and on the decks of larger ships. A handful of
2737:World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
1030:Ammunition feed is typically by a 60-round drum
877:The Oerlikon was also used as the basis for the
1505:"Switzerland Oerlikon 20 mm/70 (0.79") Mark 1""
798:1945, a row of 20 mm Oerlikon guns aboard the
619:This gun used a 400-grain (26-gram) charge of
2176:
2005:
8:
833:against heavy aircraft and against Japanese
642:Oerlikon gunner at his gun mount aboard the
2742:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
2183:
2169:
2161:
2012:
1998:
1990:
29:
230:Barrel length: 1,700 mm (67 in)
222:Barrel length: 1,400 mm (55 in)
1560:
1377:GAM-B01, shipboard mount with single KAA
1108:
1009:Rear view of the twin Oerlikon gun mount
997:Side view of the twin Oerlikon gun mount
501:Seebach Maschinenbau Aktien Gesellschaft
1572:
1470:
1367:
1691:
1676:
1480:"20mm Oerlikon Light Antiaircraft Gun"
817:The Oerlikon gun was installed aboard
370:Against low-flying aircraft (HE round)
344:Cyclic: 900 to 1,000 rounds per minute
1708:
589:, firing 20x80RB ammunition. And the
7:
1971:World of Warships (24 August 2017).
1407:High-angle gun mount with single KAB
951:The aiming sight of the Oerlikon gun
585:further developed the FF gun as the
338:Practical: 250-320 rounds per minute
1775:, vol. III, Bureau of Ordnance
1484:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
1015:A twin Oerlikon gun mount from the
843:. It was largely superseded by the
678:on a number of types including the
424:design that appeared very early in
220:Overall: 2,210 mm (87 in)
2707:Anti-aircraft guns of the Cold War
1921:Williams, Anthony G. (July 2013).
1531:"Britain 20 mm/85 (0.79") GAM-BO1"
25:
2648:5-inch 51 caliber Mark 8 gun (US)
2643:4-inch 50 caliber Mark 9 gun (US)
1958:Zlámal, Stanislav (12 May 2009).
1923:"Of Oerlikons and Other Things……"
1787:, vol. V, Bureau of Ordnance
1648:, New York, NY: 19 February 1945.
1444:25 mm Hotchkiss anti-aircraft gun
939:or incapacitating small vessels.
488:gun towards the end of that war.
472:advanced primer ignition blowback
2732:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
1400:
1382:
1370:
1317:
1002:
990:
903:
367:Effective firing range
362:1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s)
40:
2727:Naval guns of the United States
2697:World War II anti-aircraft guns
1840:Johnson, Melvin M. Jr. (1944).
1635:, Bayonne, NJ: 1 December 1942.
821:ships from 1942, replacing the
182:Total gun barrel weight: 68.04
2511:.50 Vickers Mk III machine gun
2460:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk VIII
1927:Military Guns & Ammunition
1854:Secret Weapons of World War II
1727:Naval Weapons of World War Two
385:Maximum firing range
357:820 m/s (2,700 ft/s)
145:
1:
1875:Williams, Anthony G. (2000).
1825:, Switzerland: Verlag Huber.
1424:List of API blowback firearms
1392:with single KAA mounted on a
428:. It was widely produced by
336:Cyclic: 450 rounds per minute
1434:2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling
420:based on an original German
398:6,800 m (7,400 yd)
393:4,389 m (4,800 yd)
380:1,500 m (1,600 yd)
2655:depth charge projector (US)
2427:QF 4-inch Mk XII & XXII
2393:QF 4.7-inch Mk IX & XII
1725:Campbell, N. J. M. (1985).
458:, the German industrialist
422:Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon
2758:
2702:World War II naval weapons
2638:3-inch 50 caliber gun (US)
2633:3-inch 23 caliber gun (US)
1960:"2cm VKPL vz. 36 Oerlikon"
1769:Chinn, George M. (1951b),
1631:Elco Naval Division Memo.
414:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
375:914 m (1,000 yd)
2692:World War I aircraft guns
2417:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk V
2358:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk V
2129:Atchisson assault shotgun
1973:"Naval Legends: Oerlikon"
1792:Friedman, Norman (2006).
1780:Chinn, George M. (1987),
1302:
1299:
1291:
1145:
1137:
543:, designed to be used in
516:Zürich suburb of Oerlikon
466:cannon, known now as the
234:
66:Place of origin
46:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon in
39:
2712:Naval anti-aircraft guns
962:Advanced Primer Ignition
440:Blowback-operated models
272:116 g (4.1 oz)
267:123 g (4.3 oz)
2616:Foreign-sourced weapons
1813:Heller, Daniel (2002).
1585:Axworthy, Mark (1995).
1478:Budge, Kent G. (2014).
1454:Type 96 25 mm AT/AA gun
823:M2 Browning machine gun
735:gun. In 1937–1938 Lord
714:Morane-Saulnier M.S.406
2563:Anti-submarine weapons
2506:.303 Lewis machine gun
2275:Secondary armament and
2113:Mk 19 grenade launcher
2108:Heckler & Koch GMG
1852:Pawle, Gerald (1978).
1846:William Morrow and Co.
1300:Box magazine 15 rounds
1017:Tribal-class destroyer
976:
952:
814:
724:
659:
591:Imperial Japanese Navy
328:Rate of fire
34:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
2682:API blowback firearms
2602:Vickers K machine gun
2437:Anti-aircraft weapons
2194:naval weapons of the
2021:API blowback firearms
1735:Naval Institute Press
1591:Arms and Armour Press
1042:mounting with a flat
974:
950:
797:
722:
676:Type 99 Mark 1 cannon
637:
27:Series of autocannons
2590:Small craft armament
2571:depth charge thrower
2516:QF 3-pounder Vickers
2445:Unrotated projectile
2192:British Commonwealth
1449:Hispano-Suiza HS.404
1095:, and training ship
672:Messerschmitt Bf 109
493:Treaty of Versailles
350:Muzzle velocity
2659:Mark 8 torpedo (US)
2490:QF 4.7-inch Mk VIII
2353:QF 6-pounder 10 cwt
1985:on 30 October 2021.
1933:on 10 November 2014
1903:The Harvester World
1821:] (in German).
1711:, pp. 257–262.
1694:, pp. 554–561.
1679:, pp. 547–553.
1439:20 mm modèle F2 gun
1310:Gas-operated models
856:Royal Canadian Navy
839:attacks during the
827:1.1"/75 caliber gun
756:Sir Roger Backhouse
696:combination of its
2717:Oerlikon-Contraves
2317:BL 6-inch Mk XXIII
2056:Solothurn S-18/100
1947:"Naval Quad mount"
1763:Bureau of Ordnance
1419:List of autocannon
1329:. You can help by
977:
966:Japanese 99 Mark 2
953:
915:. You can help by
819:United States Navy
815:
745:Commander-in-Chief
725:
660:
484:warplanes, and an
430:Oerlikon Contraves
106:Production history
2667:
2666:
2398:QF 4.7-inch Mk XI
2388:BL 4.7-inch Mk II
2312:BL 6-inch Mk XXII
2266:BL 8-inch Mk VIII
2261:BL 7.5-inch Mk VI
2158:
2157:
2096:Grenade launchers
1890:978-1-84037-122-2
1832:978-3-71931-277-0
1805:978-1-55750-262-9
1744:978-0-87021-459-2
1600:978-1-85409-267-0
1511:. 14 January 2011
1347:
1346:
1307:
1306:
1243:Muzzle velocity
933:
932:
849:3"/50 Mark 22 gun
737:Louis Mountbatten
731:as a short-range
410:
409:
322:Manual, full 360°
312:Manual, -15°/+90°
282:20 mm (0.787inch)
16:(Redirected from
2749:
2597:Molins 6-pounder
2480:QF 4-inch Mk XVI
2470:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2450:Holman Projector
2422:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2378:QF 4-inch Mk XIX
2373:QF 4-inch Mk XVI
2307:BL 6-inch Mk XII
2196:Second World War
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2044:Anti-tank rifles
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1986:
1981:. Archived from
1967:
1954:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
1910:
1894:
1871:
1858:Ballantine Books
1848:
1836:
1809:
1788:
1776:
1765:
1753:Chinn, George M.
1748:
1712:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1404:
1386:
1374:
1342:
1339:
1321:
1314:
1109:
1006:
994:
928:
925:
907:
900:
885:and early model
806:aircraft carrier
758:, was appointed
624:smokeless powder
481:Luftstreitkräfte
403:Feed system
147:
44:
35:
30:
21:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2722:20 mm artillery
2672:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2611:
2607:18-inch torpedo
2585:
2558:
2539:21-inch Mk VIII
2520:
2494:
2431:
2402:
2368:BL 4-inch Mk IX
2363:QF 4-inch Mk IV
2338:
2321:
2276:
2270:
2246:
2217:
2198:
2189:
2159:
2154:
2138:Submachine guns
2133:
2117:
2091:
2060:
2039:
2023:
2018:
1970:
1957:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1917:
1897:
1891:
1883:, UK: Airlife.
1874:
1868:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1812:
1806:
1791:
1779:
1768:
1761:, vol. I,
1751:
1745:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1561:Williams (2000)
1559:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1327:needs expansion
1312:
1266:Cartridge type
1197:Barrel length
1107:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
999:
998:
995:
945:
929:
923:
920:
913:needs expansion
898:
887:Centurion tanks
704:engines with a
632:
570:60-round drum.
545:flexible mounts
524:
460:Reinhold Becker
452:
447:
442:
416:is a series of
394:
389:
388:HE round at 45°
376:
371:
358:
343:
339:
337:
335:
268:
249:
235:
229:
227:
223:
221:
219:
207:
197:
193:
191:
181:
162:
114:Reinhold Becker
79:In service
74:Service history
51:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:20 mm Oerlikon
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2554:24.5-inch Mk I
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:21-inch Mk VII
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:QF 4-inch Mk V
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:20 mm Oerlikon
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:QF 4-inch Mk V
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:Type 99 cannon
2079:
2077:Oerlikon 20 mm
2074:
2072:Becker Type M2
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:Oerlikon SSG36
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2028:Assault rifles
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1968:
1955:
1943:
1916:
1915:External links
1913:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1777:
1766:
1749:
1743:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1696:
1681:
1664:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1593:. p. 30.
1589:. London, UK:
1577:
1573:Johnson (1944)
1565:
1548:
1537:. 21 June 2008
1522:
1496:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:Type 99 cannon
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1345:
1344:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:Rate of Fire
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
944:
941:
931:
930:
910:
908:
897:
894:
883:Cromwell tanks
831:stopping power
764:fall of France
760:First Sea Lord
687:Type 99 Mark 2
631:
628:
612:navies during
581:. In Germany,
523:
520:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
408:
407:
404:
400:
399:
386:
382:
381:
368:
364:
363:
352:
346:
345:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
298:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
262:
255:
254:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
214:
210:
209:
176:
172:
171:
170:Specifications
167:
166:
157:
153:
152:
149:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:21-inch Mk XI
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:Light weapons
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:main armament
2279:
2278:light cruiser
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:main armament
2253:
2252:Heavy cruiser
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:main armament
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2087:MK 108 cannon
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:Navsource.org
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:0-345-27895-X
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1338:November 2022
1332:
1328:
1325:This section
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1289:Shell weight
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:API blowback
1142:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:Massachusetts
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:West Virginia
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1005:
993:
984:
982:
973:
969:
967:
963:
958:
949:
942:
940:
938:
937:warning shots
927:
918:
914:
911:This section
909:
906:
902:
901:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
874:at the time.
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
812:
807:
804:
802:
796:
792:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:anti-aircraft
730:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
657:
656:
651:
648:
646:
641:
636:
629:
627:
625:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Hispano-Suiza
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
532:
529:
521:
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
503:) based near
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
486:anti-aircraft
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:20 mm caliber
461:
457:
449:
444:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
351:
347:
342:
334:
331:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
263:
260:
256:
252:
247:
244:
242:
238:
233:
226:
218:
215:
211:
205:
201:
196:
189:
185:
180:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2669:
2628:40 mm Bofors
2622:
2569:Thornycroft
2544:21-inch Mk X
2465:40 mm Bofors
2454:
2297:QF 5.25-inch
2223:Capital ship
2145:Sterling SMG
2076:
1983:the original
1976:
1963:
1950:
1937:16 September
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1906:
1902:
1876:
1856:. New York:
1853:
1844:. New York:
1841:
1818:
1814:
1794:
1782:
1771:
1757:
1726:
1719:Bibliography
1653:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1586:
1580:
1568:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:NavWeaps.com
1534:
1525:
1515:24 September
1513:. Retrieved
1509:NavWeaps.com
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1429:20mm caliber
1362:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1331:adding to it
1326:
1297:Feed system
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1037:
1029:
1021:
978:
954:
934:
924:October 2011
921:
917:adding to it
912:
891:
876:
853:
847:gun and the
845:Bofors 40 mm
834:
816:
810:
800:
784:RAF Regiment
768:
726:
694:moteur-canon
693:
691:
661:
654:
644:
630:World War II
618:
614:World War II
605:
603:
579:V-12 engines
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
549:
540:
536:
533:
527:
526:In 1927 the
525:
513:
508:
500:
491:Because the
490:
479:
476:rate of fire
468:20 mm Becker
462:developed a
453:
434:World War II
413:
411:
395:
390:
377:
372:
359:
354:
340:
332:
301:API blowback
269:
264:
250:
245:
228:Overall: n/a
224:
216:
202:(202.8
198:Empty: 92.0
194:
186:(150.0
178:
164:MG FF cannon
127:Manufacturer
99:World War II
87:Used by
82:1937–present
2485:QF 4.5-inch
2383:QF 4.5-inch
2327:Minesweeper
2302:BL 5.5-inch
2292:QF 4.5-inch
2065:Autocannons
1966:(in Czech).
1692:Chinn 1951b
1677:Chinn 1951b
1575:, Appendix.
1138:20 mm
981:rebated rim
943:Description
841:Pacific War
606:Oerlikon SS
456:World War I
426:World War I
418:autocannons
160:Oerlikon FF
148: built
69:Switzerland
2687:Autocannon
2676:Categories
2242:BL 16-inch
2237:BL 15-inch
2232:BL 14-inch
2213:BL 15-inch
1899:"Navy Day"
1881:Shrewsbury
1823:Frauenfeld
1709:Chinn 1987
1541:23 October
1465:References
1284:20x 110RB
1086:Washington
1020:HMCS
872:destroyers
749:Home Fleet
729:Royal Navy
680:Mitsubishi
640:Royal Navy
552:Flügelfest
528:Oerlikon S
470:using the
248:20×110mmRB
60:Autocannon
18:Oerlikon F
2526:Torpedoes
2408:Submarine
2344:Destroyer
2103:Daewoo K4
1964:Fronta.cz
1731:Annapolis
1281:20x 101RB
1275:20x 110RB
1272:20x 101RB
864:corvettes
809:USS
739:, then a
653:HMS
599:Type 99-2
595:Type 99-1
308:Elevation
200:kilograms
184:kilograms
101:, various
2576:Hedgehog
2346:armament
2335:Corvette
2122:Shotguns
1784:Conflict
1755:(1951),
1413:See also
1278:20x 72RB
1269:20x 70RB
1258:675- 750
1255:550- 600
1252:835- 870
1249:670- 700
1246:550- 575
1174:Length
1151:Weight
1135:Caliber
1105:Variants
1074:Maryland
1068:Colorado
1062:Arkansas
1056:PT boats
1040:pedestal
1032:magazine
957:blowback
896:Post-war
868:frigates
836:kamikaze
683:A6M Zero
664:PZL P.24
621:IMR 4831
522:Oerlikon
318:Traverse
253:20×128mm
156:Variants
137:Produced
131:Oerlikon
119:Designed
111:Designer
2340:Frigate
2204:Monitor
1978:YouTube
1390:GAI-B01
1143:Action
1098:Wyoming
1044:armored
879:Polsten
860:U-boats
776:Ruislip
753:Admiral
747:of the
741:captain
658:in 1942
650:cruiser
509:SEMAG L
454:During
450:Origins
445:History
287:Barrels
278:Caliber
151:124,734
90:Various
50:service
1887:
1864:
1829:
1802:
1741:
1597:
1489:30 May
1215:1,400
1192:2,120
811:Hornet
803:-class
789:Bofors
780:London
772:Zürich
647:-class
610:Allied
583:Ikaria
505:Zürich
296:Action
261:weight
213:Length
48:French
2653:Y-gun
2581:Squid
2331:Sloop
2150:TZ-45
1817:[
1292:127g
1212:1,200
1206:1,400
1203:1,200
1189:1,880
1186:1,350
1183:2,120
1180:1,820
1177:1,350
1048:sight
1022:Haida
801:Essex
710:H.S.9
706:H.S.7
668:MG FF
587:MG FF
497:SEMAG
270:HE/T:
259:Shell
241:Shell
140:1937–
2410:guns
2342:and
2206:guns
1939:2017
1885:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1543:2011
1517:2011
1491:2019
1394:M113
1261:830
1238:470
1130:FFS
1112:Type
870:and
854:The
700:and
655:Dido
645:Dido
597:and
562:and
539:and
412:The
396:L85:
391:L70:
378:L85:
373:L70:
360:L85:
355:L70:
341:L85:
333:L70:
251:L85:
246:L70:
175:Mass
122:1935
95:Wars
56:Type
2035:APT
1363:KAA
1356:KAB
1333:.
1235:500
1232:520
1229:280
1226:350
1223:450
1209:760
1200:800
1169:39
1127:FFL
1124:FFF
919:.
708:or
702:12Y
698:12X
564:FFS
560:FFL
265:HE:
225:L85
217:L70
195:L85
179:L70
146:No.
2678::
2333:,
2329:,
1975:.
1962:.
1949:.
1925:.
1907:35
1905:.
1901:.
1879:.
1860:.
1737:.
1733::
1729:.
1699:^
1684:^
1667:^
1551:^
1533:.
1507:.
1482:.
1166:30
1163:24
1160:62
1157:43
1154:30
1101:.
1089:,
1083:,
1077:,
1071:,
1065:,
968:.
889:.
778:,
751:,
638:A
616:.
601:.
558:,
556:FF
541:AL
537:AF
204:lb
188:lb
2337:,
2184:e
2177:t
2170:v
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1953:.
1941:.
1893:.
1870:.
1835:.
1808:.
1747:.
1661:.
1603:.
1563:.
1545:.
1519:.
1493:.
1340:)
1336:(
1121:S
1118:L
1115:F
926:)
922:(
499:(
206:)
190:)
20:)
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