Oil well control - Knowledge (XXG)

396: 1699:, headquartered in Houston, TX, is a nonprofit industry association that accredits well control training through a program called WellSharp, which is aimed at providing the necessary knowledge and practical skills critical to successful well control. This training comprises drilling and well servicing activities, as well as course levels applicable to everyone involved in supporting or conducting drilling operations—from the office support staff to the floorhands and drillers and up to the most-experienced supervisory personnel. Training such as those included in the WellSharp program and the courses offered by IWCF contribute to the competence of personnel, but true competence can be assessed only at the jobsite during operations. Therefore, IADC also accredits industry competence assurance programs to help ensure quality and consistency of the competence assurance process for drilling operations. IADC has regional offices all over the world and accredits companies worldwide. 1693:

culture also requires personnel involved in oil well control to commit to following the right procedures at the right time. Clearly communicated policies and procedures, credible training, competence assurance, and management support can minimize and mitigate well control incidents. An effective well control culture is built upon technically competent personnel who are also trained and skilled in crew resource management (a discipline within human factors), which comprises situation awareness, decision-making (problem-solving), communication, teamwork, and leadership. Training programs are developed and accredited by organizations such as the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) and International Well Control Forum (IWCF).

1441: 646:(SIDPP), which is recorded when a well is shut in on a kick, is a measure of the difference between the pressure at the bottom of the hole and the hydrostatic pressure (HSP) in the drillpipe. During a well shut-in, the pressure of the wellbore stabilizes, and the formation pressure equals the pressure at the bottom of the hole. The drillpipe at this time should be full of known-density fluid. Therefore, the formation pressure can be easily calculated using the SIDPP. This means that the SIDPP gives a direct of formation pressure during a kick. 407:, which are the liquids and gases contained in the geologic formations encountered while drilling for oil or gas. It can also be said to be the pressure contained within the pores of the formation or reservoir being drilled. Formation pressure is a result of the hydrostatic pressure of the formation fluids, above the depth of interest, together with pressure trapped in the formation. Under formation pressure, there are 3 levels: normally pressured formation, abnormal formation pressure, or subnormal formation pressure. 462:(2,157 to 2,636 kg/m). This range of densities will generate an overburden pressure gradient of about 1 psi/ft (22.7 kPa/m). Usually, the 1 psi/ft is not applicable for shallow marine sediments or massive salt. In offshore however, there is a lighter column of sea water, and the column of underwater rock does not go all the way to the surface. Therefore, a lower overburden pressure is usually generated at an offshore depth, than would be found at the same depth on land. 635:

which drilling fluid is circulated out of the suction pit, down the drill pipe and drill collars, out the bit, up the annulus, and back to the pits while drilling proceeds) is done at a reduced rate to allow better control of circulating pressures and to enable the mud properties (density and viscosity) to be kept at desired values. The slow pump pressure can also be referred to as "kill rate pressure" or "slow circulating pressure" or "kill speed pressure" and so on.

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operations. Generally, a kill weight mud (KWM) mix, which provides just hydrostatic balance for formation pressure, is circulated. This allows approximately constant bottom hole pressure, which is slightly greater than formation pressure to be maintained, as the kill circulation proceeds because of the additional small circulating friction pressure loss. After circulation, the well is opened up again.

25: 1198:. An uncontrolled kick usually results from not deploying the proper equipment, using poor practices, or a lack of training of the rig crews. Loss of oil well control may lead into blowout, which represents one of the most severe threats associated with the exploration of petroleum resources involving the risk of lives and environmental and economic consequences. 124: 1510:

of the annulus as the formation fluids enters the wellbore. As the lighter formation fluid flows into the wellbore, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the annular column of fluid decreases, and the drilling fluid in the drill pipe tends to U-tube into the annulus. When this occurs, the pump pressure

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is the circulating pressure (pressure used to pump fluid through the whole active fluid system, including the borehole and all the surface tanks that constitute the primary system during drilling) at a reduced rate. SPP is very important during a well kill operation in which circulation (a process in

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and any other drilling-related operations that should be executed with proper oil well control in mind. This type of preparation involves widespread training of personnel, the development of strict operational guidelines and the design of drilling programs – maximizing the probability of successfully

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There will always be potential oil well control problems, as long as there are drilling operations anywhere in the world. Most of these well control problems are as a result of some errors and can be eliminated, even though some are actually unavoidable. Since we know the consequences of failed well

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from the wellbore and running it back in the hole) is less than that calculated or less than Trip Book Record. This condition is usually caused by formation fluid entering the wellbore due to the swabbing action of the drill string, and, if action is not taken soon, the well will enter a kick state.

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from the wellbore and running it back in the hole. This operation is typically undertaken when the bit (which is the tool used to crush or cut rock during drilling) becomes dull or broken, and no longer drills the rock efficiently. A typical drilling operation of deep oil or gas wells may require up

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An effective oil-well-control culture can be established within a company by requiring well control training of all rig workers, by assessing well control competence at the rigsite, and by supporting qualified personnel in carrying out safe well control practices during the drilling process. Such a

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from occurring. Shut-in procedures are specific procedures for closing a well in case of a kick. When any positive indication of a kick is observed, such as a sudden increase in flow, or an increase in pit level, then the well should be shut-in immediately. If a well shut-in is not done promptly, a

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will drop, and the pump speed will increase. The lower pump pressure and increase in pump speed symptoms can also be indicative of a hole in the drill string, commonly referred to as a washout. Until a confirmation can be made whether a washout or a well kick has occurred, a kick should be assumed.

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Sometimes the weight of the overburden, which refers to the rocks and fluids above the formation, will tend to compact the formation, resulting in pressure built-up within the formation if the fluids are trapped in place. The formation in this case will retain its normal pressure only if there is a

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A drill-stem test is performed by setting a packer above the formation to be tested, and allowing the formation to flow. During the course of the test, the bore hole or casing below the packer, and at least a portion of the drill pipe or tubing, is filled with formation fluid. At the conclusion of

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The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is 0.433 pounds per square inch per foot (psi/ft), or 9.792 kilopascals per meter (kPa/m), and 0.465 psi/ft for water with dissolved solids like in Gulf Coast waters, or 10.516 kPa/m. The density of formation water in saline or

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Normally pressured formation has a formation pressure that is the same with the hydrostatic pressure of the fluids above it. As the fluids above the formation are usually some form of water, this pressure can be defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water from the formation's depth to sea

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in oil well control can result in blowouts with very grave consequences, including the loss of valuable resources and also lives of field personnel. Even though the cost of a blowout (as a result of improper/no oil well control) can easily reach several millions of US dollars, the monetary loss is

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Shut-in procedures are usually developed and practiced for every rig activity, such as drilling, tripping, logging, running tubular, performing a drill stem test, and so on. The primary purpose of a specific shut-in procedure is to minimize kick volume entering into a wellbore when a kick occurs,

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In oil well control, a kick should be able to be detected promptly, and if a kick is detected, proper kick prevention operations must be taken immediately to avoid a blowout. There are various tell-tale signs that signal an alert crew that a kick is about to start. Knowing these signs will keep a

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In order to avert the consequences of blowout, the utmost attention must be given to oil well control. That is why oil well control procedures should be in place prior to the start of an abnormal situation noticed within the wellbore, and ideally when a new rig position is sited. In other words,

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during kick, and then circulate a satisfactory weight of kill mud called Kill Weight Mud (KWM) into the well without allowing further fluid into the hole. If this can be done, then once the kill mud has been fully circulated around the well, it is possible to open up the well and restart normal

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of a previously completed well, the formation fluid from the completed well will enter the wellbore of the drilling well, causing a kick. If this occurs at a shallow depth, it is an extremely dangerous situation and could easily result in an uncontrolled blowout with little to no warning of the

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is the pressure exerted by the weight of the rocks and contained fluids above the zone of interest. Overburden pressure varies in different regions and formations. It is the force that tends to compact a formation vertically. The density of these usual ranges of rocks is about 18 to 22 ppg

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weight to provide sufficient pressure to prevent an influx of formation fluid into the wellbore. If hydrostatic pressure is less than formation pressure, then formation fluids will enter the wellbore. If the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the wellbore exceeds the fracture pressure of the

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can be defined as pressure required to cause a formation to fail or split. As the name implies, it is the pressure that causes the formation to fracture and the circulating fluid to be lost. Fracture pressure is usually expressed as a gradient, with the common units being psi/ft (kPa/m) or ppg

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As discussed above, once the fluids are trapped within the formation and not allow to escape there is a pressure build-up leading to abnormally high formation pressures. This will generally require a mud weight of greater than 9.0 ppg to control. Excess pressure, called "overpressure" or

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There are some basic calculations that need to be carried during oil well control. A few of these essential calculations will be discussed below. Most of the units here are in US oil field units, but these units can be converted to their SI units equivalent by using this

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Tertiary oil well control describes the third line of defense, where the formation cannot be controlled by primary or secondary well control (hydrostatic and equipment). This happens in underground blowout situations. The following are examples of tertiary well control:

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Tripping out of the hole means that the entire volume of steel (of drillstring) is being removed, or has been removed, from the well. This displacement of the drill string (the steel) will leave out a volume of space that must be replaced with an equal volume of

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being drilled (pore pressure). Oil well control also includes monitoring a well for signs of impending influx of formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling and procedures, to stop the well from flowing when it happens by taking proper remedial actions.

1545:, a BOP, to prevent the escape of wellbore fluids from the well. As the rams and choke of the BOP remain closed, a pressure built up test is carried out and a kill mud weight calculated and pumped inside the well to kill the kick and circulate it out. 1592:

They are generally two type of Shut-in procedures which are soft shut-in or hard shut-in. Of these two methods, the hard shut-in is the fastest method to shut in the well; therefore, it will minimize the volume of kick allowed into the wellbore.

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If there is an unexplained increase in the volume of surface mud in the pit (a large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig), it could signify an impending kick. This is because as the formation fluid feeds into the wellbore, it causes more

395: 1307:. If the rate of tripping out is greater than the rate the mud is being pumped into the void space (created by the removal of the drill string), then swab will occur. If the reduction in bottom hole pressure caused by swabbing is below 381:

is described as the pressure per unit length. Often in oil well control, pressure exerted by fluid is expressed in terms of its pressure gradient. The SI unit is pascals/metre. The hydrostatic pressure gradient can be written as:

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A sudden increase in penetration rate (drilling break) is usually caused by a change in the type of formation being drilled. However, it may also signal an increase in formation pore pressure, which may indicate a possible kick.

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Primary oil well control is the process which maintains a hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore greater than the pressure of the fluids in the formation being drilled, but less than formation fracture pressure. It uses the

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Subnormal formation pressure is a formation pressure that is less than the normal pressure for the given depth. It is common in formations that had undergone production of original hydrocarbon or formation fluid in them.

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formation, then the fluid in the well could be lost into the formation. In an extreme case of lost circulation, the formation pressure may exceed hydrostatic pressure, allowing formation fluids to enter into the well.

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is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled. The whole essence of oil well control is to prevent kick from occurring and if it happens to prevent it from developing into

269:(HSP), as stated, is defined as pressure due to a column of fluid that is not moving. That is, a column of fluid that is static, or at rest, exerts pressure due to local force of gravity on the column of the fluid. 210:

not as serious as the other damages that can occur: irreparable damage to the environment, waste of valuable resources, ruined equipment, and most importantly, the safety and lives of personnel on the drilling rig.

1272:. If the replacement is not done, the fluid level in the wellbore will drop, resulting in a loss of hydrostatic pressure (HSP) and bottom hole pressure (BHP). If this bottom hole pressure reduction goes below the 1707:, headquartered in Europe, whose main aim is to develop and administer well-control certification programs for personnel employed in oil-well drilling and for workover and well-intervention operations. 1206:

A kick will occur when the bottom hole pressure(BHP) of a well falls below the formation pressure and the formation fluid flows into the wellbore. There are usually causes for kicks some of which are:

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the test, this fluid must be removed by proper well control techniques to return the well to a safe condition. Failure to follow the correct procedures to kill the well could lead to a blowout.

720:(BHP) is the pressure at the bottom of a well. The pressure is usually measured at the bottom of the hole. This pressure may be calculated in a static, fluid-filled wellbore with the equation: 1589:

regardless of what phase of rig activity is occurring. However, a shut-in procedure is a company-specific procedure, and the policy of a company will dictate how a well should be shut-in.

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in the well bore is not sufficient to keep the formation pressure in check, then a kick can occur. Insufficient density of the drilling fluid can be as a result of the following :

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usually occurs when the hydrostatic pressure fractures an open formation. When this occurs, there is loss in circulation, and the height of the fluid column decreases, leading to lower

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There are basically three types of oil well control which are: primary oil well control, secondary oil well control, and tertiary oil well control. Those types are explained below.

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friction losses around the drill collar and drill pipe. It measures the system pressure loss at the start of the circulating system and measures the total friction pressure.

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Failure to manage and control these pressure effects can cause serious equipment damage and injury, or loss of life. Improperly managed well control situations can cause

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Formation fluid can enter the wellbore if the pressure exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the

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The bulk density of the sediment is a function of rock matrix density, porosity within the confines of the pore spaces, and porefluid density. This can be expressed as

254:, is also widely used as a measure of pressure, with 1 bar equal to 100 kilopascals. Normally pressure is measured in the U.S. petroleum industry in units of 1473:

should be constant. If the annulus flow increases without a corresponding change in pumping rate, the additional flow is caused by formation fluid(s) feeding into the

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or 1078.43 kg/m. Since this is the highest for both Gulf Coast water and fresh water, a normally pressured formation can be controlled with a 9.0 ppg mud.

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When pulling a wet string (the bit is plugged) and the fluid from the drillpipe is not returned to the hole. The fluid drop is then changed to the following:

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Secondary oil well control is done after the Primary oil well control has failed to prevent formation fluids from entering the wellbore. This process uses

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is an essential issue in oil well control. The capacity of drillpipe, drill collars or hole is the volume of fluid that can be contained within them.

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and escaping into the atmosphere. Technically, oil well control involves preventing the formation gas or fluid (hydrocarbons), usually referred to as

1609:, proper kill procedures must be done immediately. The general idea in well kill procedure is to circulate out any formation fluid already in the 880:

This is the volume contained between the inside diameter of the hole and the outside diameter of the pipe. Annular capacity is given by :

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control are severe, efforts should be made to prevent some human errors which are the root causes of these incidents. These causes include:

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is the distance the mud level will drop when a dry string(a bit that is not plugged) is being pulled from the wellbore and it is given by:

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Schematic cross-section of general types of oil and gas resources and the orientations of production wells used in hydraulic fracturing.

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Improper fill on trip occurs when the volume of drilling fluid to keep the hole full on a Trip (complete operation of removing the

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is the density of the mud required to balance formation pressure during kill operation. The Kill Weight Mud can be calculated by:

1440: 89: 2502: 2377: 61: 46: 173:, which are uncontrolled and explosive expulsions of formation hydrocarbons from the well, potentially resulting in a fire. 2482: 1704: 239: 238:

is a very important concept in the oil and gas industry. Pressure can be defined as: the force exerted per unit area. Its

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Planning for the control of the well throughout the entire life cycle is crucial for the proper management of resources.

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In Canada the formula is depth in meters x density in kgs x the constant gravity factor (0.00981), which will give the

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permeable zones. The increased formation pressure may be greater than the bottom hole pressure, resulting in a kick.

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Volume of the drillpipe and the drill collars must be pumped to get kill weight mud to the bit during kill operation.

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And finally the wellbore pressure must be greater than one of the three principal stresses in the formation.

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and vertical height of the fluid column. In US oil field units, hydrostatic pressure can be expressed as:

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of the well bore or (hp) hp=bhp with pumps off. The bottom-hole pressure is dependent on the following:

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But when the formation pressure can be determined from data sources such as bottom hole pressure, then

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Therefore, BHP can be said to be the sum of all pressures at the bottom of the wellhole, which equals:

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regaining hydrostatic control of a well after a significant influx of formation fluid has taken place.

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into the wellbore during drilling operations. It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of

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Pump into the formation. This will require a pressure in the wellbore greater than formation pressure.

1825:"Managed-Pressure Drilling: Kick Detection and Well Control" Section: "Kick Detection While Drilling" 1507: 749: 665:

The pressures encountered in the annulus can be estimated using the following mathematical equation:

1334:. A kick can occur if steps are not taken to keep the hole full. Lost circulation can be caused by: 2477: 787: 331: 205:

Oil well control is one of the most important aspects of drilling operations. Improper handling of

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Using shut-in procedures is one of the oil-well-control measures to curtail kicks and prevent a

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A decrease in pump pressure or increase in pump speed can happen as a result of a decrease in

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Rehm, Bill; Schubert, Jerome; Haghshenas, Arash; Paknejad, Amir Saman; Hughes, Jim (2008).

1726: 1186: 1171: 404: 135: 2415: 2345:, DrillingFormulas.com, Drilling Formulas and Drilling Calculations. Accessed 2011-04-11. 2332:, DrillingFormulas.com, Drilling Formulas and Drilling Calculations. Accessed 2011-04-11. 2319:, DrillingFormulas.com, Drilling Formulas and Drilling Calculations. Accessed 2011-04-11. 2212: 127:

As technology has advanced, more modern drillers have better control of the overall well.

1684: 658:(SICP) is a measure of the difference between the formation pressure and the HSP in the 1487: 1295:

upward in the bored hole. During the tripping out of the hole, the space formed by the

1190: 607:, is the sum total of all the pressure losses from the oil well surface equipment, the 1884: 1807: 441:"geopressure", can cause a well to blow out or become uncontrollable during drilling. 2471: 1736: 266: 247: 243: 190: 186: 1601:

Source: A well kill procedure is an oil well control method. Once the well has been

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If the rate at which the pumps are running is held constant, then the flow from the

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Pump barite or heavy weighting agents to plug the wellbore in order to stop flowing

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Rapid pumping of heavy mud to control the well with equivalent circulating density

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to 8 or more trips of the drill string to replace a dull rotary bit for one well.

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Surge pressure (occurs when transient pressure increases the bottom-hole pressure)

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Swab pressure (occurs when transient pressure reduces the bottom-hole pressure)

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is the management of the dangerous effects caused by the unexpected release of

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occurs when bottom hole pressure is reduced due to the effects of pulling the

608: 316: 251: 198: 1303:, or tubing (which are being removed) must be replaced by something, usually 1474: 1331: 864:

Capacity calculation is important in oil well control due to the following:

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The major well kill procedures used in oil well control are listed below:

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to hit an adjacent well that is flowing and kill the well with heavy mud

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Drilling into an adjacent well is a potential problem, particularly in

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The pressure in the wellbore must also exceed the rock matrix strength.

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To fracture a formation, three things are generally needed, which are:

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It is used to spot pills and plugs at various depths in the wellbore.

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marine environments, such as along the Gulf Coast, is about 9.0

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where a large number of directional wells are drilled from the same

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Hydrostatic pressure = Height (m) × Density (kg/m) × Gravity (m/s).

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of area, or psi. 1000 psi equals 6894.76 kilo-pascals.

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The 0.052 is needed as the conversion factor to psi unit of HSP.

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this includes the time the new location is picked, all drilling,

1868:"A Well-Specific Approach to the Quantification of Well Control" 1210: 194: 123: 272:

The formula for calculating hydrostatic pressure in SI units (

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attempting to drill by using an underbalanced weight solution

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excessive surge pressure during trips, or "spudding" the bit

326:) is the drilling-fluid density in pounds per gallon (ppg), 1937:, "Schlumberger OilField Glossary". Retrieved 9 April 2011. 2248:

Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

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Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

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Lack of application of policies, procedures, and standards

2030:. Gulf Publishing Company. Online version available at: 1477:

or gas expansion. This will indicate an impending kick.

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Pressure gradient (psi/ft) = HSP/TVD = 0.052 × MW (ppg).

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Mathematically, overburden pressure can be derived as:

1759:(2nd edition). Elsevier. Online version available at: 1696: 907:= Inside diameter of the casing or open hole in inches 830:

Also the total pipe or hole volume is given by :

694:= Hydrostatic pressure of the mud in the annulus (psi) 1851:

Texas A&M University MEng Report for well control

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kicking oil well under control, and avoid a blowout:

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Another cause of kicks is drilling accidentally into

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Feet of pipe occupied by a given volume is given by:

1498:, thus the volume of fluid in the pit(s) increases. 1235: 1037:= Annular capacity between casing and pipe (bbl/ft) 744:(or, in the English system, BHP = D × MWD × 0.052). 292:exert hydrostatic pressure, which is a function of 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1669:Lack of understanding of oil well control training 1225: 403:Formation pressure is the pressure exerted by the 2405:IDPT/IPM article, "Basic Well Control". pp.37/38. 2237:IDPT/IPM article, "Basic Well Control", pp.19/20. 345:To convert these units to SI units, one can use: 1386: 2459:"International Well Control forum organization" 1680:Organizations for building well-control culture 511:= vertical thickness of the overlying sediments 2297:, pp. 212/213, section 8.6.2 (online version). 820:Capacity = Volume in barrels per foot(bbl/ft) 428:communication with the surface. Otherwise, an 2034:, pp. 22/23 section 1.7 (online version) 8: 2306:IDPT/IPM article, "Basic Well Control", p.7. 2092:"Oil and Gas Field Technical Terms Glossary" 1889:"Oil and Gas Field Technical Terms Glossary" 1812:"Oil and Gas Field Technical Terms Glossary" 1778:"Oil and Gas Field Technical Terms Glossary" 1215: 2246:Lyons, William C.; Plisga, Gary J. (2005). 1755:Lyons, William C.; Plisga, Gary J. (2005). 1252:Failure to keep the hole full during a trip 1245: 1211:Failure to keep the hole full during a trip 984:and the resulting loss of HSP is given by: 1259:is the complete operation of removing the 703:= Hydrostatic pressure of the influx (psi) 2276:. Elsevier. Online version available at: 1853:(December 1995). Retrieved 2011-01-04, p. 1327: 940:Feet occupied by volume of mud in annulus 776:BHP = HSP + SIP + friction + Surge - swab 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2418:, Scribd site. Accessed 10/04/2011, p.4. 2215:, Scribd site. Accessed 10/04/2011, p.3. 1650:Oil well control incidents - root causes 1356:If the density of the drilling fluid or 916:= Outside diameter of the pipe in inches 805:The capacity formula is as shown below: 2280:, pp.42/43, chapter 2 (online version). 2150:, p.11, section 1.4.1 (online version). 2064:, p.23, section 1.8.1 (online version). 1841: 1839: 1837: 1748: 1602: 1549:Tertiary (or shearing) Oil Well Control 1376:spotting low density pills in the well. 1308: 1273: 1013:= displacement of the pulled pipe (bbl) 158:during drilling or well interventions. 146:, upon surface equipment of oil or gas 1445:Deepwater Horizon drilling rig blowout 1405:. If the drilling well penetrates the 1230: 781:Basic calculations in oil well control 596:Pump pressure (system pressure losses) 1220: 7: 2120:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp.1-7. 1900:Micheal Nelkon & Philip Parker, 708:SICP = shut-in casing pressure (psi) 231:Fundamental concepts and terminology 47:adding citations to reliable sources 2159:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, p.2-1. 1414:Lost control during drill stem test 1241:Lost control during drill stem test 735:D = the vertical depth of the well 338:is the hydrostatic pressure in psi. 2431:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1870:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1827:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1132: = original weight mud (ppg) 1116:= shut-in drillpipe pressure (psi) 969:= Bbl disp / (CSG cap + Pipe disp) 14: 2435:(JPT), archived 2009/01/16, p.73. 2429:"Building a Well-Control Culture" 2274:Blowout and Well Control Handbook 2013:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 1874:(JPT), archived 2010/01/15, p.60. 1124: = true vertical depth (ft) 1053:= Lost hydrostatic pressure (psi) 980:= Bbl disp / (Ann cap + Pipe cap) 826:1029.4 = Units conversion factor 2392:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2343:"What is Secondary well control" 2259:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2224:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2200:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 2181:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2168:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2129:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2109:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 2073:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 2043:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, p. 2002:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 1985:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 1968:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 1949:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, p. 1920:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, pp. 1795:"Schlumberger OilField Glossary" 1659:Lack of knowledge and skills of 1571:Pump cement to plug the wellbore 1456:Sudden increase in drilling rate 1096:KWM = SIDPP/(0.052 × TVD) + OWM 503:= average formation bulk density 23: 2433:Journal of Petroleum Technology 2354:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1995, p. 2317:"What is Tertiary well control" 1872:Journal of Petroleum Technology 1829:Journal of Petroleum Technology 1341:excessive annular friction loss 1005:= distance the fluid falls (ft) 603:, which is also referred to as 484:g = acceleration due to gravity 34:needs additional citations for 2372:. Springer. pp. 302–311. 2330:"What is Primary well control" 1996:Schlumberger Limited article, 1979:Schlumberger Limited article, 1962:Schlumberger Limited article, 1515:Categories of oil well control 1393:Drilling into an adjacent well 1236:Drilling into an adjacent well 1140:can be calculated as follows: 823:ID = Inside diameter in inches 759:Shut-in surface pressure (SIP) 650:Shut-in casing pressure (SICP) 177:Importance of oil well control 1: 2370:Oil well drilling engineering 2194:Schlumberger Limited article, 2103:Schlumberger Limited article, 1933:Schlumberger Limited article, 1585:blowout is likely to happen. 1502:Change in pump speed/pressure 1465:Increase in annulus flow rate 1367:excessive dilution of the mud 1352:Insufficient density of fluid 1226:Insufficient density of fluid 685:FP = formation pressure (psi) 2414:IDPT/IPM training material, 1814:. Retrieved on 8 April 2011. 1347:excessive shut-in pressures. 1029:= pipe displacement (bbl/ft) 445:Subnormal formation pressure 411:Normally pressured formation 256:pounds force per square inch 1831:(JPT), archived 2010/01/15. 1763:, pp.4-371 (eBook version). 1373:barite settling in the pits 741:C = units conversion factor 644:Shut-in drill pipe pressure 639:Shut-in drill pipe pressure 436:Abnormal formation pressure 430:abnormal formation pressure 16:The management of oil wells 2519: 1675:Inadequate risk management 1606: 1537:Secondary Oil Well Control 1312: 1277: 1021:= casing capacity (bbl/ft) 756:Hydrostatic pressure (HSP) 732:BHP = bottom-hole pressure 713:Bottom-hole pressure (BHP) 206: 151: 2295:Managed Pressure Drilling 2272:Grace, Robert D. (2003). 2202:. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 2148:Managed Pressure Drilling 2111:. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 2094:. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 2062:Managed Pressure Drilling 2028:Managed Pressure Drilling 1987:. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 1891:. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 1797:. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 1780:. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 554:= formation fluid density 154:, from entering into the 1523:Primary Oil Well Control 1494:than is pumped down the 627:Slow pump pressure (SPP) 362:1 psi = 0.0689475729 bar 2368:Rabia, Hussain (1986). 2004:. Retrieved 2011-04-09. 1970:. Retrieved 2011-04-09. 1845:Jerome Jacob Schubert, 1722:Drilling formula sheets 1717:Blowout (well drilling) 1666:Improper work practices 1370:heavy rains in the pits 1284:Swabbing while tripping 1280:will definitely occur. 1216:Swabbing while tripping 1108:= kill weight mud (ppg) 656:shut-in casing pressure 2461:. Accessed 2011-04-12. 2250:, pp.39-41, Chapter 2. 2086:Oil and Gas glossary, 1935:"Hydrostatic pressure" 1902:Advanced Level Physics 1885:"Hydrostatic Pressure" 1883:Oil and Gas glossary, 1808:"Primary Well control" 1806:Oil and Gas glossary, 1789:Schlumberger article, 1772:Oil and Gas glossary, 1689: 1636:Dynamic Kill procedure 1448: 1423:Improper fill on trips 1246:Improper fill on trips 1179: 1163:= Formation pressure. 931:(bbl/ft) × length (ft) 841:(bbl/ft) × length (ft) 400: 202: 128: 2503:Petroleum engineering 1687: 1443: 1338:excessive mud weights 1174: 1084:Kill Mud weight (KMW) 565:= rock matrix density 492:= overburden pressure 398: 184: 126: 2483:Oilfield terminology 2416:"Basic Well Control" 2341:Rachain Jetjongjit, 2328:Rachain Jetjongjit, 2315:Rachain Jetjongjit, 2213:"Basic Well Control" 1627:Circulate and Weight 1597:Well kill procedures 1543:"blow out preventer" 1508:hydrostatic pressure 1387:abnormally-pressured 750:hydrostatic pressure 718:Bottom-hole pressure 662:when a kick occurs. 605:system pressure loss 359:1 ft = 0.3048 metres 267:Hydrostatic pressure 262:Hydrostatic pressure 246:per square metre or 43:improve this article 2498:Drilling technology 1964:"Abnormal Pressure" 1645:Lubricate and Bleed 1633:Reverse Circulation 1061:= mud weight (ppg) 788:Conversion of units 459:Overburden pressure 454:Overburden pressure 332:true vertical depth 2211:IDPT/IPM article, 1690: 1576:Shut-in procedures 1481:Gain in pit volume 1449: 1436:Kick warning signs 1309:formation pressure 1274:formation pressure 1180: 632:Slow pump pressure 401: 391:Formation pressure 365:1 bar = 10 pascals 203: 129: 58:"Oil well control" 2493:Petroleum geology 1998:"Normal Pressure" 1823:Jerome Schubert, 1642:Volumetric Method 1630:Concurrent Method 1490:to flow from the 1407:production string 1399:offshore drilling 1381:Abnormal pressure 1231:Abnormal pressure 835:Volume in barrels 762:Friction pressure 575:Fracture pressure 570:Fracture pressure 379:pressure gradient 373:Pressure gradient 119: 118: 111: 93: 2510: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1898: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1864: 1858: 1843: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1324:Lost circulation 1319:Lost circulation 1221:Lost circulation 1185:is the entry of 1178:oil well blowout 1070:Fluid level drop 978:Fluid level drop 967:Fluid level drop 960:Fluid level drop 955:Fluid level drop 948:Annular Capacity 929:Annular capacity 885:Annular capacity 876:Annular capacity 798:The capacity of 724:BHP = D × ρ × C, 405:formation fluids 356: 354: 324:eight or density 288:All fluids in a 250:. Another unit, 132:Oil well control 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2288: 2284: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2102: 2098: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1981:"UnderPressure" 1978: 1974: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1882: 1878: 1865: 1861: 1844: 1835: 1822: 1818: 1805: 1801: 1788: 1784: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1727:Formation fluid 1713: 1682: 1652: 1621:Wait and Weight 1599: 1578: 1551: 1539: 1525: 1517: 1504: 1483: 1467: 1458: 1447:, 21 April 2010 1438: 1425: 1416: 1395: 1383: 1354: 1321: 1286: 1254: 1204: 1202:Causes of kicks 1187:formation fluid 1169: 1089:Kill Mud weight 1086: 1045:= pipe capacity 991:= 0.052 × MW × 957: 915: 906: 894: 890: 878: 796: 783: 715: 702: 693: 676: 672: 652: 641: 629: 598: 572: 564: 563: 553: 552: 543:= rock porosity 542: 532: 531: 527: 523: 510: 502: 501: 491: 475: 473: 456: 393: 375: 352: 350: 264: 233: 179: 136:formation fluid 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2450: 2437: 2427:Kareen Bybee, 2420: 2407: 2398: 2385: 2378: 2360: 2347: 2334: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2282: 2265: 2252: 2239: 2230: 2217: 2204: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2152: 2135: 2122: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2066: 2049: 2036: 2019: 2006: 1989: 1972: 1955: 1939: 1926: 1913: 1893: 1876: 1859: 1847:"Well control" 1833: 1816: 1799: 1791:"Well control" 1782: 1765: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624:Driller method 1622: 1598: 1595: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1550: 1547: 1538: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1488:drilling fluid 1482: 1479: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1437: 1434: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1394: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1320: 1317: 1285: 1282: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1203: 1200: 1191:drilling fluid 1168: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1006: 996: 995: 982: 981: 971: 970: 956: 953: 952: 951: 933: 932: 925:Annular volume 918: 917: 913: 909: 908: 904: 897: 896: 892: 888: 887:(bbl/ft) = (ID 877: 874: 873: 872: 869: 862: 861: 843: 842: 828: 827: 824: 821: 814: 813: 795: 792: 782: 779: 778: 777: 770: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 746: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 726: 725: 714: 711: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 691: 687: 686: 679: 678: 674: 670: 651: 648: 640: 637: 628: 625: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 586: 571: 568: 567: 566: 561: 559: 556: 555: 550: 548: 545: 544: 540: 534: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 513: 512: 508: 505: 504: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 485: 478: 477: 471: 469: 455: 452: 447: 446: 438: 437: 413: 412: 392: 389: 388: 387: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 340: 339: 286: 285: 263: 260: 232: 229: 178: 175: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2515: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910:81-239-0400-2 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866:Karen Bybee, 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1737:Oil well fire 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 987: 986: 985: 979: 976: 975: 974: 968: 965: 964: 963: 961: 954: 949: 945: 944:Volume of mud 941: 938: 937: 936: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 911: 910: 902: 901: 900: 886: 883: 882: 881: 875: 870: 867: 866: 865: 859: 855: 854:Volume of mud 851: 848: 847: 846: 840: 836: 833: 832: 831: 825: 822: 819: 818: 817: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 801: 793: 791: 789: 780: 775: 774: 773: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 754: 753: 751: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 730: 729: 723: 722: 721: 719: 712: 707: 706: 698: 697: 689: 688: 684: 683: 682: 668: 667: 666: 663: 661: 657: 649: 647: 645: 638: 636: 633: 626: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:Pump pressure 595: 590: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 576: 569: 558: 557: 547: 546: 539: 538: 537: 518: 517: 516: 507: 506: 496: 495: 488: 487: 483: 482: 481: 468: 467: 466: 463: 460: 453: 451: 444: 443: 442: 435: 434: 433: 432:will result. 431: 425: 423: 417: 410: 409: 408: 406: 397: 390: 385: 384: 383: 380: 372: 368:1 bar= 15 psi 367: 364: 361: 358: 348: 347: 346: 343: 337: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 295: 291: 283: 282: 281: 279: 275: 270: 268: 261: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 230: 228: 225: 221: 217: 211: 208: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:oil well fire 183: 176: 174: 172: 167: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 148:drilling rigs 145: 141: 137: 133: 125: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 2453: 2440: 2432: 2423: 2410: 2401: 2393: 2388: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2289:Rehm, Bill; 2285: 2273: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2233: 2228:-1, 2, 3, 4. 2225: 2220: 2207: 2199: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2142:Rehm, Bill; 2138: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2108: 2099: 2091: 2082: 2077:-4, 5, 6, 7. 2074: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2056:Rehm, Bill; 2052: 2044: 2039: 2027: 2022: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1967: 1958: 1950: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1879: 1871: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1828: 1819: 1811: 1802: 1794: 1785: 1777: 1768: 1756: 1751: 1695: 1691: 1653: 1616: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1552: 1540: 1526: 1518: 1505: 1496:drill string 1484: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1426: 1417: 1396: 1384: 1355: 1323: 1322: 1315:will occur. 1301:drill collar 1293:drill string 1288: 1287: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1205: 1182: 1181: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1121: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1050: 1042: 1034: 1026: 1018: 1010: 1002: 997: 992: 988: 983: 977: 972: 966: 959: 958: 947: 943: 939: 934: 928: 924: 919: 898: 884: 879: 863: 857: 853: 850:Feet of pipe 849: 844: 838: 834: 829: 815: 809: 804: 800:drill string 797: 784: 771: 747: 727: 717: 716: 680: 664: 655: 653: 643: 642: 631: 630: 613:drill collar 604: 600: 599: 580: 574: 573: 535: 514: 479: 464: 458: 457: 448: 439: 429: 426: 418: 414: 402: 376: 344: 341: 335: 334:in feet and 327: 321: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 287: 271: 265: 234: 212: 204: 168: 160: 131: 130: 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 2446:"WellSharp" 2105:"Circulate" 2088:"Circulate" 1639:Bullheading 1560:relief well 1429:drillstring 1261:drillstring 1151:/ (0.052 × 812:= ID/1029.4 738:ρ = density 140:natural gas 2478:Oil spills 2472:Categories 2379:0860106616 2293:. (2008). 2146:. (2008). 2133:-8, 9, 10. 2060:. (2008). 1743:References 1003:Fluid drop 993:Fluid drop 950:(bbls/ft). 920:Similarly 895:) / 1029.4 609:drill pipe 528:+ (1 – φ)ρ 355: kg/m 303:= 0.052 × 216:completion 199:Azerbaijan 191:Bibi-Eibat 138:, such as 99:April 2011 69:newspapers 2488:Oil wells 2278:Knovel-72 2032:Knovel-48 1761:Knovel=33 1663:personnel 1475:well bore 1311:, then a 1297:drillpipe 1027:Pipe disp 946:(bbls) / 927:(bbls) = 860:(bbls/ft) 856:(bbls) / 837:(bbls) = 617:drill bit 163:formation 144:crude oil 1732:Oil well 1711:See also 1611:wellbore 1558:Drill a 1403:platform 1332:wellbore 1289:Swabbing 1257:Tripping 1074:Bbl disp 1051:Lost HSP 1043:Pipe cap 1011:Bbl disp 989:Lost HSP 858:Capacity 839:Capacity 810:Capacity 794:Capacity 669:FP = HSP 578:(kg/m). 349:1 ppg ≈ 311:, where 290:wellbore 242:unit is 236:Pressure 224:snubbing 220:workover 171:blowouts 156:wellbore 1603:shut-in 1582:blowout 1492:annulus 1471:annulus 1410:event. 1330:in the 1196:blowout 1176:Ixtoc I 1078:Ann cap 1035:Ann cap 1019:CSG cap 852:(ft) = 660:annulus 621:annular 416:level. 351:119.826 330:is the 294:density 248:pascals 244:newtons 142:and/or 83:scholar 2457:IWCF, 2444:IADC, 2396:-1-13. 2376: 2196:"Kick" 2185:-4, 6. 2172:-1, 2. 2058:et al. 2017:-3, 4. 1924:-1, 2. 1908: 1774:"Kick" 1703:is an 1159:where 1101:where 998:where 899:where 816:where 790:link. 728:where 701:influx 681:where 677:+ SICP 675:influx 619:, and 615:, the 611:, the 536:where 480:where 280:) is: 193:(near 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 2291:et al 2263:-1-4. 2144:et al 1857:-1/2. 1605:on a 1167:Kicks 1114:SIDPP 673:+ HSP 470:S = ρ 207:kicks 185:1904 90:JSTOR 76:books 2374:ISBN 1906:ISBN 1701:IWCF 1697:IADC 1607:kick 1313:kick 1278:kick 1276:, a 1183:Kick 935:and 914:pipe 905:hole 893:pipe 891:- OD 889:hole 654:The 524:= φρ 377:The 353:4273 309:TVD' 195:Baku 152:kick 62:news 2047:-4. 1953:-2. 1705:NGO 1661:rig 1530:mud 1358:mud 1328:HSP 1305:mud 1270:mud 1153:TVD 1145:KWM 1138:KWM 1130:OWM 1122:TVD 1106:KWM 973:or 699:HSP 692:mud 690:HSP 671:mud 474:× D 422:ppg 336:HSP 328:TVD 320:ud 301:HSP 252:bar 189:at 45:by 2474:: 2358:-1 2107:, 2090:, 2000:, 1983:, 1966:, 1942:^ 1887:, 1849:, 1836:^ 1810:, 1793:, 1776:, 1299:, 1161:FP 1149:FP 1147:= 1076:/ 1072:= 1059:MW 942:= 912:OD 903:ID 476:×g 313:MW 307:× 305:MW 240:SI 222:, 218:, 201:). 197:, 2394:6 2382:. 2356:5 2261:4 2226:3 2198:, 2183:2 2170:2 2131:1 2075:1 2045:1 2015:1 1951:1 1922:1 1855:I 1155:) 562:m 560:ρ 551:f 549:ρ 541:φ 530:m 526:f 522:b 520:ρ 509:D 500:b 498:ρ 490:S 472:b 322:W 318:M 315:( 278:m 276:/ 274:N 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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Index