1359:('horse') is divided into feet as (be)(be)(zhi-goo)(gan-zhii). The strong syllables all receive at least secondary stress. The rules that determine which syllable receives the primary stress are quite complex and many words are irregular. In general, though, the strong syllable in the third foot from the end of a word receives the primary stress.
1354:
Ojibwe divides words into metrical "feet." Counting from the beginning of the word, each group of two syllables constitutes a foot; the first syllable in a foot is weak, the second strong. However, long vowels and vowels in the last syllable of a word are always strong, so if they occur in the weak
1197:
consonants are often voiced, especially between vowels, although they often tend to be voiceless at the end of words. They are pronounced less strongly and are shorter in duration, compared to the fortis ones. In some communities, the lenis/fortis distinction has been replaced with a pure
68:
discusses linguistic variation in more detail, and contains links to separate articles on each dialect. There is no standard language and no dialect that is accepted as representing a standard. Ojibwe words in this article are written in the practical orthography commonly known as the
814:, 'I'm singed') is ). For many speakers, the nasal allophones appear not only before nasal+fricative clusters, but also before all fricatives, particularly if the vowel is preceded by another nasal. E.g., for some speakers,
794:
A study of the
Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect spoken in Minnesota describes the status of the analogous vowels as unclear, noting that while the distribution of the long nasal vowels is restricted, there is a
3226:
2025::110–111). Piggott's transcription of words containing long nasal vowels differs from those of Rhodes, Bloomfield, and Valentine by allowing for an optional after the long nasal vowel in phonetic forms.
1375:
for a discussion of Ojibwe stress). In other dialects (such as some dialects of
Central Ojibwe), short vowels in initial syllables are lost, but not in other unstressed syllables. For example, the word
3231:
1677:*r have been reproduced here but for the Anishinaabe languages, with the inclusion of Swampy Cree and Atikamekw for illustrative purposes only, with corresponding Cree orthography in parentheses:
1355:
slot of a foot, then they form a separate one-syllable foot, and counting resumes starting with the following vowel. The final syllable of a word is always strong as well. For example, the word
193:. Although the long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, recognition of vowel length in phonological representations is required, as the distinction between
810:
Nasalized allophones of the short vowels also exist. The nasal allophones of oral vowels are derived from a short vowel followed by a nasal+fricative cluster (for example,
670:; some arise predictably by rule in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status. The latter have been analysed both as underlying
2431:
1511:
The relatively symmetrical Proto-Algonquian vowel system, *i, *i·, *e, *e·, *a, *a·, *o, *o· remained fairly intact in Ojibwe, although *e and *i merged as
3236:
1371:, the deletion of vowels in certain positions within a word. In some dialects (primarily Odawa and Eastern Ojibwe), all unstressed vowels are lost (see
2403:
3082:
2693:
3241:
2698:
2661:
3246:
45:
1151:
1399:
in
Eastern Ojibwe and Odawa. Regular, pervasive syncope is a comparatively recent development, arising in the past eighty years or so.
2424:
543:
2347:
2329:
2311:
2293:
2275:
1504:
except when they were in clusters with *h, *ʔ, *θ, or *s (which were subsequently lost). Proto-Algonquian *r and *θ became Ojibwe
2533:
1100:
1005:
2919:
2906:
2460:
136:
118:
1282:
Ojibwe in general permits relatively few consonant clusters, and most are only found word-medially. The permissible ones are -
3221:
3117:
2485:
674:, and also as predictable, that is derived by the operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel followed by
567:
3077:
3042:
2683:
2475:
2417:
1106:
1011:
579:
84:
with minor variations, but some dialects differ considerably along a number of phonological parameters. For example, the
2673:
2626:
2470:
1084:
535:
1173:
pairs of Ojibwe vary in their realization depending on the dialect. In many dialects, they are described as having a "
1119:
3055:
2601:
2556:
2490:
2465:
1141:
989:
973:
791:; the latter sound is converted to or deleted. Other discussions of the issue in Ottawa are silent on the issue.
2774:
2703:
2561:
2546:
1878:
1674:
1490:
1090:
3087:
2779:
2713:
2678:
727:) marking the first person (conjunct) animate intransitive. Typical examples from Southwestern Ojibwe include:
555:
186:
1367:
A defining characteristic of several of the more eastern dialects is that they exhibit a great deal of vowel
3216:
2931:
2824:
2794:
2759:
2551:
2495:
2480:
2100:
1430:, 'you guys give it to me'). In Ojibwe linguistics, this is indicated when writing the root with the symbol
1021:
995:
979:
488:
Ojibwe has a series of three short oral vowels and four long ones. The two series are characterized by both
89:
3185:
2972:
2789:
2688:
1888:
1512:
1505:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1186:
1185:
consonants are characterised by being pronounced more strongly and are longer in duration. They often are
845:
788:
784:
679:
675:
656:
640:
628:
624:
617:
573:
561:
549:
529:
509:
493:
478:
464:
459:
447:
443:
436:
424:
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411:
368:
363:
356:
351:
346:
337:
332:
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214:
132:
128:
114:
70:
2806:
2799:
2708:
2621:
2616:
883:
873:
3175:
3037:
2947:
2926:
2836:
2573:
2286:
Aspects of Odawa morphophonemics (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of
Toronto, 1974)
1873:
1715:
1267:
1244:
1027:
577:
565:
553:
541:
533:
210:
49:
3165:
3072:
3050:
3007:
2992:
2957:
2901:
2846:
2841:
2720:
2606:
2583:
2528:
1843:
1498:
1368:
1342:(although not word-finally). Many dialects, however, permit far more clusters as a result of vowel
1061:
1051:
946:
936:
926:
916:
209:
that characterizes the Ottawa and
Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as for the rules that determine
93:
2397:
3062:
2871:
2816:
2811:
2766:
2725:
2518:
2444:
1753:
1734:
1246:
840:
835:
202:
2962:
2409:
3190:
3155:
3140:
3124:
3112:
3097:
3067:
3027:
2997:
2977:
2967:
2911:
2891:
2881:
2866:
2851:
2746:
2741:
2668:
2638:
2633:
2611:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2343:
2325:
2307:
2289:
2271:
1778:
1255:
1166:
860:
850:
100:
2320:
Rhodes, Richard; Todd, Evelyn (1981), "Subarctic
Algonquian languages", in Helm, June (ed.),
3170:
3102:
3092:
3032:
3022:
3017:
2987:
2982:
2896:
2886:
2754:
2648:
2541:
2523:
2513:
1494:
1178:
431:
3180:
3160:
3145:
3107:
3012:
2952:
2876:
2861:
2856:
2829:
2656:
2643:
1797:
1262:
occurs infrequently in most dialects, only appearing in a handful of expressive words and
867:
855:
206:
85:
65:
21:
2324:, vol. 6: Subarctic, Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, pp. 52–66,
3195:
3150:
1820:
1403:
2386:
2376:
1225:
in some dialects of
Saulteaux. This merging creates additional consonant clusters of
56:, and westward onto the northern plains in both countries, as well as in northeastern
3210:
1883:
1670:
1190:
600:
394:
52:
language family spoken in Canada and the United States in the areas surrounding the
2075:
1269:
1263:
956:
796:
489:
198:
194:
182:
713:
suffixes or words with a diminutive connotation. In the Ottawa dialect long nasal
2394:– Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6–10 weeks.
2391:
1515:, and the short vowels, as described above, underwent a quality change as well.
1131:
783:, while another treats them as derived from sequences of long vowel followed by
667:
612:
595:
406:
389:
178:
162:
53:
2173:
776:
is an orthographic convention and does not correspond to an independent sound.
772:
is a common indicator of nasality in many languages such as French, the use of
1465:
In some dialects, obstruents become voiceless/fortis after the tense preverbs
710:
649:
605:
471:
399:
158:
92:
dialects have changed relative to other dialects by adding a process of vowel
81:
1669:
For illustrative purposes, chart of phonological variation between different
2440:
1501:
1170:
1038:
905:
635:
454:
166:
17:
2400:– Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
2364:
Noogom gaa-izhi-anishinaabemonaaniwag: Generational
Difference in Algonquin
1181:" contrast. In this analysis, all obstruents are considered voiceless. The
2381:
528:
respectively). In the
Minnesota variety of Southwestern Ojibwe language,
124:
41:
1518:
Some examples of the changes at work are presented in the table below:
900:
780:
671:
190:
150:
57:
1438:). There are also some morphophonemic alternations where root-final -
77:
61:
2406:(Saulteaux/Plains Ojibwe at the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
779:
One analysis of the Ottawa dialect treats the long nasal vowels as
103:
dialect spoken in
Minnesota and Wisconsin, sometimes also known as
1473:(marking the future/desiderative). In such dialects, for example,
1174:
154:
44:
to dialect, but all varieties share common features. Ojibwe is an
709:(). They most commonly occur in the final syllable of nouns with
1217:
respectively. This means that, for example, Southwestern Ojibwe
96:
that deletes short vowels in specified positions within a word.
2413:
2366:. MA thesis, Department of Linguistics. University of Manitoba.
1410:. When the root is followed by certain suffixes beginning with
1434:(so the root 'to give something to someone' would be written
1201:
In some dialects of Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe), the sounds of
3227:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
1380:('young man') of Algonquin and Southwestern Ojibwe (stress:
225:, which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel
1326:- (also word-finally). Furthermore, any consonant (except
764:
Orthographically the long vowel is followed by word-final
76:
Ojibwe dialects have the same phonological inventory of
2250:
Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list
3232:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
720:
714:
704:
698:
692:
686:
123:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3133:
2940:
2734:
2506:
1994:
1992:
36:, and most commonly referred to in the language as
1266:, but in a few dialects it has taken the place of
799:distinguished only by the nasality of the vowel:
137:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2270:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
492:and quality differences. The short vowels are
99:This article primarily uses examples from the
2425:
2232:
2147:
2135:
2058:
1923:
229:typically has phonetic values centering on ;
8:
1493:to Ojibwe, the most sweeping change was the
1477:() ('s/he laughed') becomes (often spelled
1343:
818:, ('rabbit') is pronounced , and for many,
768:to indicate that the vowel is nasal; while
2432:
2418:
2410:
2208:
2010:
1948:
1802:ON, MB, SK, AB, BC, MI, WI, MN, ND, SD, MT
1414:or when it is word-final, the root-final -
2387:Correspondences of Ojibwe and Cree Sounds
2304:Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary
2252:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
2220:
2196:
2159:
2123:
2076:"Ojibwe Pronunciation and Spelling Guide"
2069:
2067:
1998:
1983:
1971:
1906:
1406:occurs in some verbs whose roots end in -
1298:- (which can also appear word-finally), -
2342:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
2268:A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe
1679:
1520:
1306:- (which can also appear word-finally),-
1221:, ('muskrat') is pronounced the same as
829:
586:
508:, respectively) and the long vowels are
496:(roughly the vowels in American English
380:
255:
2377:Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe
2266:Nichols, John D.; Nyholm, Earl (1995),
2046:
2022:
1960:
1935:
1899:
1395:in some dialects of Central Ojibwe and
1338:) and some clusters can be followed by
217:; and three corresponding long vowels,
2322:The Handbook of North American Indians
2034:
1919:
1426:-, 'to give something to someone' but
249:is pronounced for many speakers, and
201:is essential for the operation of the
2174:"My own notes about stress in Ojibwe"
221:, in addition to a fourth long vowel
7:
1926:for the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect.
1237:common in all Anishinaabe dialects.
127:. For the distinction between ,
719:() occurs as well as in the suffix
2382:Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries
241:typically has values centering on
233:typically has values centering on
213:. There are three short vowels,
177:All dialects of Ojibwe have seven
14:
3237:First Nations languages in Canada
2178:Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe Language
1150:
1140:
1118:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1060:
1050:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1004:
994:
988:
978:
972:
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
882:
872:
512:(roughly as in American English
149:Ojibwe dialects tend to have 29
2340:Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar
2338:Valentine, J. Randolph (2001),
2074:Redish, Laura and Orrin Lewis.
678:and another segment, typically
119:International Phonetic Alphabet
3242:Languages of the United States
1:
2306:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
2261:(Thesis). Harvard University.
2101:"Consonants: Strong and Weak"
2398:Language Geek Page on Ojibwe
2248:Bloomfield, Leonard (1958),
1372:
822:, ('moose') is pronounced .
3247:Native American phonologies
2662:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2302:Rhodes, Richard A. (1985),
1924:Nichols & Nyholm (1995)
1922:for the Ottawa dialect and
1697:Word for "Native person(s)"
1322:- (also word-finally) and -
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
721:
715:
705:
699:
693:
687:
3263:
2392:Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
2284:Piggott, Glyne L. (1980),
2233:Nichols & Nyholm (1995
2148:Nichols & Nyholm (1995
2136:Nichols & Nyholm (1995
2059:Nichols & Nyholm (1995
1726:ininiw/ininiwak ᐃᓂᓂᐤ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ
685:The long nasal vowels are
2451:
2362:Artuso, Christian. 1998.
2257:Nichols, John D. (1980).
1879:Proto-Algonquian language
1130:
1037:
954:
899:
866:
832:
623:
482:
442:
419:
398:
2099:Valentine, J. Randolph.
1808:inini/ininiwag ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ
1789:inini/ininiwak ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ
1497:of all Proto-Algonquian
1450:) and where root-final -
1404:morphophonemic variation
1314:- (also word-finally), -
1310:- (also word-finally), -
2694:Regional North American
2209:Rhodes & Todd (1981
1469:(marking the past) and
807:('so the story goes').
564:also may be pronounced
115:phonetic transcriptions
3118:Dialects and varieties
2689:Received Pronunciation
2534:American Sign Language
1889:Massachusett phonology
1848:ON, WI, MI, IN, KS, OK
1489:In the evolution from
1363:Phonological processes
1243:before velars becomes
1198:voiced/voiceless one.
378:but more generally as
112:This article contains
3222:Anishinaabe languages
2404:Our Languages: Nakawē
2288:, New York: Garland,
1766:inini/ininìk ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓃᒃ
803:('he goes home') and
2080:Native-Languages.org
1874:Anishinaabe language
1485:Historical phonology
1436:⟨miiN⟩
552:varies between and
3043:Proto-Indo-European
2699:White South African
589:
383:
101:Southwestern Ojibwe
71:Double vowel system
46:indigenous language
1460:⟨nN⟩
1207:⟨zh⟩
1203:⟨sh⟩
1111:⟨zh⟩
1066:⟨sh⟩
941:⟨ch⟩
766:⟨nh⟩
587:
381:
185:is phonologically
3204:
3203:
2704:Standard Canadian
2445:world's languages
2259:Ojibwe morphology
1949:Bloomfield (1958)
1865:
1864:
1667:
1666:
1524:Proto-Algonquian
1448:⟨S⟩
1432:⟨N⟩
1357:bebezhigooganzhii
1215:⟨z⟩
1211:⟨s⟩
1209:have merged with
1163:
1162:
1156:⟨w⟩
1146:⟨y⟩
1124:⟨h⟩
1095:⟨z⟩
1078:
1056:⟨s⟩
1045:
1032:⟨g⟩
1016:⟨j⟩
1000:⟨d⟩
984:⟨b⟩
969:
961:⟨’⟩
951:⟨k⟩
931:⟨t⟩
921:⟨p⟩
912:
888:⟨n⟩
878:⟨m⟩
774:⟨h⟩
770:⟨n⟩
761:('wild animal').
664:
663:
486:
485:
376:
375:
64:. The article on
60:and northwestern
3254:
3056:Kerkrade dialect
2679:General American
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2352:
2334:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2262:
2253:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:Anishinaabemowin
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2011:Bloomfield (1958
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1810:(inini/ininiwak)
1680:
1675:Proto-Algonquian
1521:
1514:
1507:
1491:Proto-Algonquian
1461:
1458:(indicated with
1449:
1446:(indicated with
1437:
1433:
1273:
1261:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1167:voiced/voiceless
1157:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1001:
998:
992:
985:
982:
976:
967:
962:
959:
952:
949:
942:
939:
932:
929:
922:
919:
910:
889:
886:
879:
876:
830:
790:
786:
775:
771:
767:
760:
755:('spider'), and
754:
748:
742:
737:('cross-aunt'),
736:
726:
724:
718:
708:
702:
696:
690:
681:
677:
658:
642:
630:
626:
619:
590:
583:
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
539:
531:
511:
495:
480:
466:
461:
449:
445:
438:
426:
422:
413:
384:
370:
365:
358:
353:
348:
339:
334:
327:
322:
317:
308:
303:
294:
289:
282:
277:
272:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
134:
130:
38:Anishinaabemowin
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3129:
3083:Scottish Gaelic
2936:
2790:Standard Modern
2730:
2542:Modern Standard
2502:
2447:
2438:
2373:
2359:
2357:Further reading
2350:
2337:
2332:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2296:
2283:
2278:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2221:Valentine (2001
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2197:Valentine (2001
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2160:Valentine (2001
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2124:Valentine (2001
2122:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1999:Valentine (2001
1997:
1990:
1984:Valentine (2001
1982:
1978:
1972:Valentine (2001
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1907:Valentine (2001
1905:
1901:
1897:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1832:
1814:
1809:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1745:iriniw/iriniwak
1706:
1698:
1690:
1627:'heart' (root)
1533:
1528:
1487:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1365:
1352:
1280:
1233:in addition to
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1155:
1145:
1123:
1110:
1094:
1065:
1055:
1031:
1015:
999:
983:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
904:
887:
877:
848:
828:
787:and underlying
773:
769:
765:
743:('grandchild')
532:varies between
175:
147:
142:
141:
140:
66:Ojibwe dialects
24:language (also
12:
11:
5:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Ojibwe culture
3209:
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3199:
3198:
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3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
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3148:
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3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Serbo-Croatian
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
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3015:
3010:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
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2879:
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2869:
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2809:
2804:
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2797:
2792:
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2777:
2769:
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2371:External links
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2240:
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2213:
2201:
2189:
2172:Weshki-ayaad.
2164:
2152:
2150::xxvii-xxviii)
2140:
2128:
2116:
2091:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1961:Piggott (1980)
1952:
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1768:(inini/ininīk)
1762:
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1727:
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1705:Word for "You"
1703:
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827:
824:
662:
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484:
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284:
283:
278:
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267:
266:
263:
260:
253:is for many .
174:
171:
146:
143:
135:⟩, see
111:
110:
109:
90:Eastern Ojibwe
40:) varies from
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
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3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2932:Luxembourgish
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:Maastrichtian
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
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2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Orthographies
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:0-8020-4870-6
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2331:0-16-004578-9
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2313:3-11-013749-6
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:0-8240-4557-2
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2277:0-8166-2427-5
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:Nichols (1980
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:Piggott (1980
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:Nichols (1980
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:Rhodes (1985)
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Glyne Piggott
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:(nəni/nənwək)
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1833:(nini/ninwak)
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1764:irini/irinìk
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:Cree dialects
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:*wespwa·kana
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:'to bark at'
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:Ojibwe reflex
1531:
1527:Ojibwe reflex
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1264:interjections
1257:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1224:
1220:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1003:
997:
991:
987:
981:
975:
971:
966:
965:
958:
948:
944:
938:
934:
928:
924:
918:
914:
909:
907:
902:
898:
895:
893:
891:
885:
881:
875:
871:
869:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
831:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
792:
782:
777:
762:
759:
753:
752:asabikeshiinh
747:
741:
735:
731:('brother'),
730:
723:
717:
712:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
673:
669:
660:
655:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
639:
637:
634:
633:
621:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:
588:Nasal Vowels
585:
581:
569:
557:
545:
537:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
491:
477:
475:
473:
470:
469:
463:
458:
456:
453:
452:
440:
435:
433:
430:
429:
417:
415:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
379:
372:
367:
362:
361:
355:
350:
345:
344:
341:
336:
331:
330:
324:
319:
314:
313:
310:
305:
300:
299:
296:
291:
286:
285:
279:
274:
269:
268:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
212:
208:
207:vowel syncope
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
138:
126:
122:
120:
116:
108:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3186:West Frisian
3002:
2973:Massachusett
2486:Prepositions
2455:
2363:
2339:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2054:
2042:
2035:Rhodes (1985
2030:
2018:
2006:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1914:
1902:
1708:
1701:erenyiwa(ki)
1700:
1692:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1599:
1586:
1581:
1568:
1563:
1550:
1545:
1529:(Saulteaux)
1517:
1510:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:changes to -
1451:
1443:
1442:changes to -
1439:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:changes to -
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:Phonotactics
1253:
1239:
1222:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1191:preaspirated
1182:
1164:
1132:Approximants
846:Postalveolar
819:
815:
811:
809:
804:
800:
797:minimal pair
793:
778:
763:
740:-oozhishenh-
729:-iijikiwenh-
728:
684:
668:nasal vowels
665:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
497:
487:
382:Oral Vowels
377:
199:short vowels
183:Vowel length
176:
148:
131:and ⟨
113:
104:
98:
75:
37:
33:
29:
25:
15:
2916:Limburgish
2807:Greenlandic
2684:New Zealand
2617:Northern Wu
2476:Determiners
2456:Phonologies
2441:Phonologies
1854:neni/nenwek
1831:nini/ninwag
1716:Swampy Cree
1578:*ši·ʔši·pa
1560:*mekiθe·wa
666:Ojibwe has
265:unstressed
211:word stress
187:contrastive
179:oral vowels
105:Ojibwemowin
54:Great Lakes
3211:Categories
3176:Vietnamese
3047:Ripuarian
3038:Portuguese
2948:Macedonian
2927:Lithuanian
2837:Hindustani
2674:Australian
2627:Historical
2574:Belarusian
2471:Adjectives
2242:References
2183:2007-08-07
2110:2007-08-08
2085:2007-08-07
1844:Potawatomi
1825:ON, MI, OK
1720:ON, MB, SK
1632:*erenyiwa
1502:obstruents
1258:fricative
906:affricates
826:Consonants
749:('bird'),
746:bineshiinh
711:diminutive
510:/iːoːaːeː/
432:Near-Close
167:consonants
82:consonants
50:Algonquian
3166:Ukrainian
3073:Sardinian
3051:Colognian
3008:Old Saxon
2993:Norwegian
2958:Maldivian
2902:Latgalian
2847:Icelandic
2842:Hungarian
2721:Esperanto
2607:Cantonese
2584:Bulgarian
2557:Levantine
2529:Afrikaans
1974::185–188)
1918:See e.g.
1754:Algonquin
1735:Atikamekw
1686:Location
1587:zhiishiib
1499:voiceless
1479:gii-paapi
1475:gii-baapi
1428:gimiizhim
1402:A common
1378:oshkinawe
1187:aspirated
1171:obstruent
1039:Fricative
734:-noshenh-
165:) and 18
161:and four
18:phonology
3063:Romanian
2872:Japanese
2830:Biblical
2817:Hawaiian
2812:Gujarati
2775:Standard
2767:Galician
2755:Parisian
2726:Estonian
2657:Standard
2602:Mandarin
2598:Chinese
2562:Tunisian
2547:Egyptian
2519:Acehnese
2491:Pronouns
2466:Grammars
1868:See also
1779:Oji-Cree
1729:kīna ᑮᓇ
1683:Dialect
1659:opwaagan
1654:ohpwâkan
1614:*-te·h-
1609:'earth'
1555:'ashes'
1542:*penkwi
1534:(Fiero)
1422:(e.g., -
1393:shkinawe
1219:wazhashk
901:Plosives
841:Alveolar
836:Bilabial
781:phonemic
758:awesiinh
703:(), and
672:phonemes
262:stressed
219:/iːaːoː/
205:rule of
203:metrical
191:phonemic
189:, hence
151:phonemes
145:Phonemes
129:/ /
125:Help:IPA
34:Chippewa
3191:Yiddish
3156:Turkish
3141:Tagalog
3125:Swedish
3113:Spanish
3098:Slovene
3068:Russian
3028:Persian
2998:Occitan
2978:Medumba
2968:Marathi
2912:Latvian
2892:Kurdish
2882:Konkani
2867:Italian
2852:Ingrian
2821:Hebrew
2795:Ancient
2780:Bernese
2771:German
2751:French
2747:Finnish
2742:Faroese
2669:English
2639:Cornish
2634:Chukchi
2612:Hokkien
2594:Catalan
2589:Burmese
2579:Bengali
2569:Avestan
2538:Arabic
2443:of the
2199::55–57)
2162::51–55)
2138::xxvii)
2126::48–49)
1813:giin ᑮᓐ
1792:kīn ᑮᓐ
1663:'pipe'
1596:*askyi
1591:'duck'
1495:voicing
1397:shkinwe
1369:syncope
1350:Prosody
1344:syncope
1256:glottal
861:Glottal
851:palatal
816:waabooz
805:giiwenh
722:(y)aanh
601:Central
395:Central
369:oː~uːʊː
307:eː~ɛːæː
245:. Long
157:(seven
117:in the
94:syncope
58:Ontario
48:of the
42:dialect
30:Ojibway
20:of the
3171:Uyghur
3103:Somali
3093:Slovak
3033:Polish
3023:Pashto
3018:Ottawa
3003:Ojibwe
2988:Nepali
2983:Navajo
2897:Kyrgyz
2887:Korean
2825:Modern
2786:Greek
2760:Quebec
2714:Middle
2653:Dutch
2649:Danish
2552:Hejazi
2524:Adyghe
2514:Abkhaz
2346:
2328:
2310:
2292:
2274:
2037::xxiv)
1861:(kīn)
1821:Ottawa
1815:(kīn)
1798:Ojibwe
1783:ON, MB
1773:(kīn)
1771:kìn ᑮᓐ
1758:QC, ON
1709:kīrawa
1689:Reflex
1645:'man'
1582:šîhšîp
1569:migizh
1551:bingwi
1546:pinkwi
1537:Gloss
1223:wazask
1193:. The
1183:fortis
1179:fortis
1044:fortis
911:fortis
868:Nasals
812:imbanz
524:, and
504:, and
490:length
281:ə~ʌaɨɔ
276:ɑaɐɔʌɨ
237:; and
173:Vowels
155:vowels
133:
86:Ottawa
78:vowels
62:Quebec
26:Ojibwa
22:Ojibwe
3181:Welsh
3161:Ubykh
3146:Tamil
3108:Sotho
3078:Scots
3013:Oromo
2963:Māori
2953:Malay
2907:Latin
2877:Kiowa
2862:Irish
2857:Inuit
2800:Koine
2644:Czech
2496:Verbs
2481:Nouns
2235::xix)
2061::xxv)
1959:e.g.
1947:e.g.
1938::6–7)
1895:Notes
1838:(kī)
1641:inini
1636:inini
1623:-de'-
1618:-têh-
1564:mikiš
1391:) is
1373:above
1334:, or
1249:]
1245:[
1195:lenis
1175:lenis
1165:The "
1077:lenis
968:lenis
856:Velar
801:giiwe
613:Close
596:Front
582:]
578:[
570:]
566:[
558:]
554:[
546:]
542:[
538:]
534:[
494:/ɪoə/
407:Close
390:Front
259:vowel
215:/iao/
163:nasal
153:: 11
121:(IPA)
32:, or
3196:Zuni
3151:Taos
2344:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2211::58)
2001::40)
1986::19)
1748:kīr
1691:of *
1600:ahki
1471:wii-
1467:gii-
1424:miin
1382:oshk
1318:-, -
1302:-, -
1294:-, -
1290:-, -
1286:-, -
1254:The
1235:/sk/
1231:/st/
1229:and
1227:/sp/
1213:and
1205:and
849:and
820:mooz
716:aanh
706:oonh
700:aanh
697:(),
691:(),
688:iinh
650:Open
606:back
572:and
562:/eː/
550:/oo/
548:and
540:and
522:ball
518:boat
514:beet
472:Open
400:Back
364:/oo/
357:oɨəʊ
352:o~ʊɔ
338:iːɪː
333:/ii/
326:ɨəɪɛ
293:ɑːaː
288:/aa/
251:/eː/
247:/oː/
223:/eː/
197:and
195:long
159:oral
88:and
80:and
16:The
3134:T–Z
2941:M–S
2735:F–L
2709:Old
2622:Old
2507:A–E
2223::3)
2049::6)
2013::7)
1909::?)
1859:gin
1836:gii
1707:← *
1699:← *
1673:of
1605:aki
1513:/ɪ/
1506:/n/
1481:).
1462:).
1456:nzh
1386:naw
1320:nzh
1296:shk
1292:sht
1288:shp
1260:/h/
1241:/n/
1189:or
937:tʃʰ
903:and
789:/h/
785:/n/
694:enh
680:/j/
676:/n/
636:Mid
576:as
574:/ə/
530:/o/
526:bay
506:but
502:bot
498:bit
455:Mid
347:/o/
321:iɪɨ
316:/i/
302:/e/
271:/a/
239:/o/
231:/a/
227:/i/
3213::
2176:.
2103:.
2078:.
2066:^
1991:^
1739:QC
1508:.
1444:sh
1420:zh
1346:.
1330:,
1324:ns
1316:nz
1312:nj
1308:ng
1304:nd
1300:mb
1284:sk
1274:.
1251:.
1169:"
1126:)
1104:~
1088:~
1062:ʃʰ
1052:sʰ
1025:~
1012:dʒ
1009:~
1006:tʃ
993:~
977:~
947:kʰ
927:tʰ
917:pʰ
682:.
657:ãː
641:ẽː
629:ũː
625:õː
618:ĩː
584:.
568:ɛː
560:.
556:uː
520:,
516:,
500:,
479:aː
460:eː
425:uː
421:oː
412:iː
181:.
169:.
107:.
73:.
28:,
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
2186:.
2113:.
2088:.
1851:n
1828:n
1805:n
1786:n
1761:n
1742:r
1723:n
1693:r
1452:n
1440:s
1416:n
1412:i
1408:n
1388:e
1384:i
1340:w
1336:y
1332:h
1328:w
1272:/
1270:ʔ
1268:/
1247:ŋ
1177:/
1152:w
1142:j
1120:h
1117:(
1107:ʒ
1101:ʃ
1091:z
1085:s
1028:ɡ
1022:k
996:d
990:t
980:b
974:p
957:ʔ
884:n
874:m
725:(
627:~
580:ʌ
544:ʊ
536:o
465:ə
448:ʊ
446:~
444:o
437:ɪ
423:~
243:~
235:~
139:.
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