249:(ESSA). The company makes salt from seawater which is pumped into concentration ponds measuring 33,000 hectares. The salt plant creates an effluent called bittern (a liquor remaining after salt-boiling) that is discharged into the lagoon. In December 1997, 94 green turtles were found dead weeks after the company discharged bitterns into the lagoon. The bitterns were investigated for fluoride content and were found to contain over 100 mg per liter. ESSA had earlier claimed that the bitterns contained the same salts present as seawater, only more concentrated (20-fold). F was found to be 60.5 times higher than F in sea water.
188:
66:
281:, under Easton and Hale. He caught forty-seven cows, which produced 1,700 barrels (270 m) of oil. He was accompanied by six other vessels (five barks and one schooner), which obtained an additional 5,300 barrels (840 m) of oil (about 150 whales). A high of eleven vessels visited the lagoon in the winter of 1859-60, but they obtained considerably less oil—4,970 barrels (790 m) (c. 140 whales). Eight vessels (all sent by U.S. merchants, except one: the
1079:
289:, under Otto Wilhelm Lindholm) the next season got even less: a little over 3,300 barrels (520 m) from about 90 whales. Only a few ships visited the lagoon the following three seasons—in the first season they obtained 1,900 barrels (300 m); the second 1,200 barrels (190 m); and in the third only about 250 barrels (40 m). When the bark
78:
200:
flats. The climate is dry and warm; the annual temperature ranges from 18 °C and 22 °C. Annual rainfall can vary from none to 200 mm. The lagoon is surrounded by coastal dunes ranging from 12–15 metres (39–49 ft) in height, which support an unstable community of vegetation,
507:
Tovar, LR; Gutiérrez, ME; Cruz, G (2002). "Fluoride content by ion chromatography using a suppressed conductivity detector and osmolality of bitterns discharged into the
Pacific Ocean from a saltworks: feasible causal agents in the mortality of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ojo de Liebre
237:
Industrialization is leaving its mark on the lagoon and surrounding area. There is a rectangular evaporation pond for the harvesting of salt, some large salt flats, and other barriers and channels built to enclose and flood shallow brine pans on the eastern side of the lagoon (yellow-greenish in
195:
Laguna Ojo de Liebre is a large, shallow salty watery habitat that is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) wide, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long and from 5–12 metres (16–39 ft) in depth. Relatively deep channels cut through the lagoon between its broad
832:
269:, under Lefft, first entered Laguna Ojo de Liebre to hunt the gray whales breeding there. They caught twenty. Scammon returned to the lagoon the next winter (1858–59), this time with the bark
721:
787:
750:
965:
576:
1119:
302:
176:
Encompassing both a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and a major salt plant, Laguna Ojo de Liebre embodies the diverse worlds of natural habitat and industrialization.
670:
875:
714:
995:
1104:
761:
1139:
1134:
707:
730:
482:
650:"Environmental Groups formally accuse Exportadora de Sal, S.A. (ESSA) of Environmental Criminal Violations at its Guerrero Negro Saltworks"
187:
990:
859:
221:
of Baja
California at a time when the ocean was some 12 meters lower than today's level. Tidal changes resulted in the formation of
960:
985:
1114:
766:
1124:
1109:
1036:
307:
976:
612:
649:
1056:
970:
782:
293:
visited the lagoon in the winter of 1872-73 she only obtained 70 barrels (11 m) of oil. It was abandoned after that.
135:
1069:
461:"Sedimentology and Oceanography of Coastal Lagoons in Baja California, Mexico — Geological Society of America Bulletin"
953:
354:
173:. Four species of endangered marine turtles reproduce there. It is an important refuge for waterfowl in the winter.
1099:
138:
837:
120:
258:
642:
816:
246:
628:"ET 4/99: Complaint against Mexican government and Mitsubishi for salt plant damage to gray whale nursery"
166:
104:
812:
848:
799:
162:
112:
408:
1129:
854:
756:
570:
486:
124:
65:
805:
593:
525:
331:
28:
563:
Journal aboard the bark Ocean Bird on a whaling voyage to
Scammon's Lagoon, winter of 1858-59
793:
517:
1025:
384:
914:
108:
1093:
910:
887:
745:
218:
128:
1031:
627:
214:
460:
699:
653:
1083:
1001:
893:
881:
158:
142:
980:
948:
197:
170:
154:
81:
685:
672:
521:
242:
146:
529:
179:
Tourism, now closely controlled, was formerly a threat to the gray whales.
1018:
931:
226:
843:
150:
77:
1078:
436:
282:
116:
100:
70:
326:
1042:
924:
920:
222:
213:
Geological studies indicated that Laguna Ojo de Liebre began as a
202:
186:
76:
64:
229:
from nearby river gradually built a barrier to form the lagoon.
119:. It lies approximately halfway between the southern tip of the
966:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of
Popocatépetl
876:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of
Popocatépetl
703:
437:"Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
355:"Unnamed Resolution Concerning Gray Whales in Scammon's Lagoon"
99:), translated into English as "hare eye lagoon", is a coastal
73:. Rectangle at lower right is evaporation pond for salt plant.
833:
Agave
Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
483:"Protected Areas Programme - Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino"
613:"El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve - Park Profile - Management"
409:"World Heritage Nomination - Reserva del Vizcaino (Mexico)"
561:
Scammon, Charles
Melville, and David A. Henderson (1972).
751:
El
Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
385:"Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Mexico : Image of the Day"
1067:
1017:
Ancient Maya City and
Protected Tropical Forests of
788:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
1010:
940:
902:
868:
825:
775:
737:
51:
43:
35:
26:
21:
594:"Grey Whales' Mexican Sanctuary to be Preserved"
161:, as well as other marine mammals including the
145:. It also is the site of the biggest commercial
541:
539:
715:
16:Coastal lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico
8:
575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
722:
708:
700:
403:
401:
153:for the reproduction and wintering of the
817:Sanctuary of JesĂşs Nazareno de Atotonilco
762:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
455:
453:
241:The Ojo de Liebre lagoon has the biggest
1074:
930:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
387:. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2009-09-27
318:
149:plant in the world. It is an important
1120:Protected areas of Baja California Sur
959:Central University City Campus of the
643:Whale Sanctuary of El Vazcaino, Mexico
568:
508:lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico".
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
303:Natural history of Baja California Sur
18:
265:, accompanied by the schooner-tender
201:and sandy beaches, some of them with
50:
42:
34:
25:
7:
548:Men & Whales at Scammon's Lagoon
481:Fred B. Phleger, Clifford C. Ewing.
991:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
860:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
853:Islands and Protected Areas of the
755:Islands and Protected Areas of the
485:. www.unep-wcmc.org. Archived from
565:. Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop.
550:. Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop.
357:. American Society of Mammalogists
14:
947:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
652:. www.planeta.com. Archived from
238:color in the picture at right ).
1105:Landforms of Baja California Sur
1077:
927:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
1140:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
1135:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
986:Luis Barragán House and Studio
767:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
731:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1:
971:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
849:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
783:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
641:UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
1037:Sian KaĘĽan Biosphere Reserve
546:Henderson, David A. (1972).
1024:Historic Fortified Town of
954:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
913:and Archaeological Site of
892:Historic Monuments Zone of
798:Historic Monuments Zone of
1156:
139:UNESCO World Heritage Site
136:VizcaĂno Biosphere Reserve
1051:
996:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
838:Revillagigedo Archipelago
463:. gsabulletin.gsapubs.org
334:Sites Information Service
273:and the schooner-tenders
191:The lake and surroundings
134:The lagoon is within the
121:Baja California Peninsula
88:) at Laguna Ojo de Liebre
59:
259:Charles Melville Scammon
1115:Pacific Coast of Mexico
744:Archaeological Zone of
522:10.2116/analsci.18.1003
247:Exportadora de Sal S.A.
1125:Ramsar sites in Mexico
746:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
630:. www.sdearthtimes.com
327:"Laguna Ojo de Liebre"
308:Ramsar sites in Mexico
192:
167:northern elephant seal
89:
74:
69:Laguna Ojo de Liebre,
1041:Pre-Hispanic Town of
1030:Pre-Hispanic City of
1000:Pre-Hispanic City of
919:Prehistoric Caves of
880:Pre-Hispanic City of
813:San Miguel de Allende
245:plant in the world –
190:
86:Eschrichtius robustus
80:
68:
615:. www.parkswatch.org
143:Ramsar wetlands site
111:in the northwestern
93:Ojo de Liebre Lagoon
39:Laguna Ojo de Liebre
1110:Mulegé Municipality
1055:Shared by more one
975:Historic Centre of
909:Historic Centre of
886:Historic Centre of
842:Historic Centre of
792:Historic Centre of
682: /
163:California sea lion
127:, opening onto the
113:Baja California Sur
105:Mulegé Municipality
855:Gulf of California
811:Protected town of
808:and Adjacent Mines
757:Gulf of California
686:27.750°N 114.250°W
257:In December 1857,
193:
125:U.S.-Mexico border
90:
75:
52:Reference no.
1100:Lagoons of Mexico
1065:
1064:
804:Historic Town of
107:near the town of
63:
62:
1147:
1082:
1081:
1073:
956:Hydraulic System
724:
717:
710:
701:
697:
696:
694:
693:
692:
691:27.750; -114.250
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
664:
662:
661:
648:Spalding, Mark.
638:
636:
635:
623:
621:
620:
608:
606:
605:
600:. www.unesco.org
581:
580:
574:
566:
558:
552:
551:
543:
534:
533:
504:
498:
497:
495:
494:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
457:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:. whc.unesco.org
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
418:. WCMC/UCN. 1993
413:
405:
396:
395:
393:
392:
381:
366:
365:
363:
362:
351:
345:
344:
342:
340:
323:
97:Scammon's Lagoon
19:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1047:
1006:
936:
898:
864:
821:
771:
733:
728:
690:
688:
684:
681:
676:
673:
671:
669:
668:
659:
657:
647:
633:
631:
626:
618:
616:
611:
603:
601:
592:
589:
584:
567:
560:
559:
555:
545:
544:
537:
506:
505:
501:
492:
490:
480:
479:
475:
466:
464:
459:
458:
451:
442:
440:
435:
434:
430:
421:
419:
411:
407:
406:
399:
390:
388:
383:
382:
369:
360:
358:
353:
352:
348:
338:
336:
325:
324:
320:
316:
299:
255:
235:
211:
185:
95:(also known as
47:2 February 2004
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
998:
993:
988:
983:
973:
968:
963:
957:
951:
944:
942:
938:
937:
935:
934:
928:
917:
906:
904:
900:
899:
897:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
870:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
851:
846:
840:
835:
829:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
809:
802:
796:
790:
785:
779:
777:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
753:
748:
741:
739:
735:
734:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
666:
665:
645:
639:
624:
609:
588:
587:External links
585:
583:
582:
553:
535:
499:
473:
449:
428:
397:
367:
346:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
305:
298:
295:
261:, in the brig
254:
251:
234:
231:
210:
207:
184:
181:
109:Guerrero Negro
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
29:Ramsar Wetland
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1152:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
978:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
958:
955:
952:
950:
946:
945:
943:
941:South Central
939:
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:
905:
901:
895:
891:
889:
885:
883:
879:
877:
874:
873:
871:
867:
861:
858:
856:
852:
850:
847:
845:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
824:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
801:
797:
795:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:North Central
774:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
754:
752:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
736:
732:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
702:
698:
695:
656:on 2008-08-30
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
629:
625:
614:
610:
599:
598:Press release
595:
591:
590:
586:
578:
572:
564:
557:
554:
549:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:(9): 1003–7.
515:
511:
503:
500:
489:on 2008-10-12
488:
484:
477:
474:
462:
456:
454:
450:
438:
432:
429:
417:
410:
404:
402:
398:
386:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
368:
356:
350:
347:
335:
333:
328:
322:
319:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
239:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:coastal plain
216:
208:
206:
204:
199:
189:
182:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
132:
130:
129:Pacific Ocean
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
87:
83:
79:
72:
67:
58:
54:
46:
38:
36:Official name
30:
20:
1032:Chichén Itzá
667:
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
632:. Retrieved
617:. Retrieved
602:. Retrieved
597:
562:
556:
547:
513:
509:
502:
491:. Retrieved
487:the original
476:
465:. Retrieved
441:. Retrieved
431:
420:. Retrieved
415:
389:. Retrieved
359:. Retrieved
349:
337:. Retrieved
330:
321:
290:
286:
278:
275:A.M. Simpson
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
240:
236:
215:pocket beach
212:
194:
178:
175:
133:
96:
92:
91:
85:
22:Designations
1002:Teotihuacán
977:Mexico City
915:Monte Albán
894:Tlacotalpan
689: /
287:Constantine
159:harbor seal
141:, and is a
103:located in
1094:Categories
1011:South East
981:Xochimilco
949:Xochicalco
903:South West
806:Guanajuato
738:North West
660:2009-11-03
634:2009-11-03
619:2009-11-03
604:2009-11-03
493:2009-11-01
467:2009-11-01
443:2009-11-01
422:2009-11-01
391:2009-11-01
361:2022-09-08
314:References
271:Ocean Bird
233:Salt works
198:intertidal
171:blue whale
155:gray whale
82:Gray whale
44:Designated
1130:Saltworks
800:Querétaro
794:Zacatecas
571:cite book
243:saltworks
183:Geography
147:saltworks
115:state of
1026:Campeche
1019:Calakmul
932:Palenque
882:El TajĂn
815:and the
677:114°15′W
530:12243394
510:Anal Sci
339:25 April
297:See also
227:sediment
123:and the
844:Morelia
674:27°45′N
283:Russian
253:History
217:on the
209:Geology
151:habitat
1070:Portal
1057:region
911:Oaxaca
888:Puebla
528:
332:Ramsar
291:Louisa
263:Boston
223:inlets
203:shoals
117:Mexico
101:lagoon
71:Mexico
1043:Uxmal
925:Mitla
921:Yagul
412:(PDF)
285:brig
267:Marin
1084:Food
979:and
961:UNAM
923:and
869:East
826:West
577:link
526:PMID
341:2018
279:Kate
277:and
225:and
169:and
157:and
55:1339
518:doi
416:PDF
1096::
596:.
573:}}
569:{{
538:^
524:.
514:18
512:.
452:^
414:.
400:^
370:^
329:.
205:.
165:,
131:.
1072::
1021:,
723:e
716:t
709:v
663:.
637:.
622:.
607:.
579:)
532:.
520::
496:.
470:.
446:.
425:.
394:.
364:.
343:.
84:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
