425:
Igbo Olokun and Idio. Each village complex was further composed of its own sub-village (hamlet) groups. Ijugbe consisted of four villages, namely: Eranyigba, Igbogbe, Ipa and Ita Asin, while the Ideta complex had three: Ilale, Ilesun and Ilia villages, headed by the
Obalale, Obalesun and Obalia respectively, local hamlet heads who were subservient to Obatala, lord of Ideta. All thirteen clans/provinces had their Obas, who were all said to report to the Obalejugbe, lord of Ijugbe. The Ile-Ife confederacy was a loose political association with no centralized government, powerful Oba or seat of permanent power.
59:
340:. The grove has also yielded several artefacts such as the Idena and Olofenfura (Olofinfura) human stone sculptures. These sculptures have been estimated to date to the period in between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. British Archaeologist, Paul Ozanne stated in his 1969 preliminary survey of the Ife area that; "Many settlements were already established on ground in the Ife country by at least the 4th century BC (350BCE) in the latest." The gradual establishment and peopling of the area that became Ife dates back to around the year (900BC).
52:
36:
93:
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322:) was set in the central plain, fringed by the hills like the middle of a bowl stretching some 20 km across. Because of the water streams flowing downhill into the center of the bowl which was at a lower altitude of around 275m, the middle of the Ife bowl was seasonally flooded and swampy. The six other hills are;
424:
Out of their number, Ideta was the largest. In addition to these, certain community names for various reasons (such as time of establishment) often come up in other sources as a part of the original thirteen clan confederacy, and sometimes not. These include; Ita Yemoo (Yemowo), Orun Oba Ado, Ilara,
534:
After the unification of Ife, the city developed based on Six major historic quarters (Ọ̀gbọ́n) overseen by the major chiefs of the Ihare class (town chiefs) who were originally six in number and led by the
Obalufe who was comparable to a traditional prime minister of sort. Power became centralized
453:
of Iloran, one of the Ooye
Merindinlogun elders. The agreement allowed for the return of Obatala and Obawinrin and their people to the ruins of Ideta and Iwinrin under the new leadership of Oduduwa in the newly unified settlement of “Ile-Ife” where Ooduwa was now in full control. Oduduwa became the
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Archaeological work in the area has produced artefacts such as; hand tools i.e. axes, broken pottery fragments, charcoal, stone sculptures, ancient road pavements and clay figurines. Some of the pots have holes in their rims for ropes to hang them from palm trees in the collection of palm wine. All
361:
which included; Agboniregun (Orunmila), Oluorogbo, Oreluere, Elesije, Obameri, Esidale, Obagede, Obasin, Obalejugbe, Ojumu of Iloran and others. The incoming
Oduduwa group did not belong to the confederal arrangement in the valley, and were originally seen as outsiders (new comers). This was the
428:
Over time, leaders of the original clans and their people pitched their support with either of the rival sides. There grew an armed confrontation between the two factions that had developed in the Ife valley (The
Obatala group and the Oduduwa group), which resulted in a devastating civil war.
522:
chiefly class, where he has a symbolic crown made for him by the Odofin of Ido. The Ife royal/state sword, 'Ada Ogun' (patron deity of the royal family) is also brought over to Ido and handed to the Ooni by the Owa
Eredunmi, chief priest of Oranmiyan in a process known as Igbada or 'sword
348:
The history of Oke Ora is directly related to the history of early communities of Ife, and by extension the entirety of
Yorubaland- the vast majority of which directly relate to Ife through dynastic migrations of people, royals and ideas by way of innovation and technology.
429:
Pitching their tents in the
Obatala camp were; Obamakin, Obawinrin of Iwinrin, Oluorogbo, and the two great warriors; Oshateko and Oshakire. While in the Oduduwa camp were; Obameri of Odin (His war captain), Obadio, Apata of Imojubi, Obalora and others.
457:
However, not all members of the
Obatala faction were pleased with the new terms of agreement/settlement. The dissatisfied minority led by Obawinrin vowed never to return, stayed out of the city and migrated further away from Ideta Oko to a place called
535:
under a ruler and the previously semi autonomous clans/communities in Ife had merged into a single urban entity. Even though the titles of some of the previous clan leaders and community heads continued to carry the prefix
352:
According to Ife accounts, it was from the settlement atop this hill that
Oduduwa and his followers descended into the midst of an ongoing political imbroglio that had engulfed the thirteen confederal communities
509:
This procession mirrors the path and direction that Oduduwa took into the Iloromu clan (now in Moore quarters) of Ife from his eastern home of Oke Ora. There, he meeds the Walode of Ife, high priest of
270:, the first settlement was built. Today, it continues to play an important role in certain religious rites of the Ife people, most significantly, in the coronation rituals of the
703:
365:
The Oduduwa led group then took advantage of the ongoing disharmonious political situation to enter the political fray that dominated the affairs of the Ife valley at the time.
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or 'home Ideta'). After a time period when the situation had simmered down, a peace agreement was brokered between the victorious Oduduwa party and the Obatala faction by
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Oke Ora is the most important landmark in a chain of seven hills surrounding the sites of the ancient Ife confederation. This confederation of Thirteen clans/provinces, (
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526:
After the proclamation, his name is eventually announced at Enugeru. The palace and town officials then pay homage to the new king in the Obalufe's courtyard.
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462:. They launched clandestine bouts of guerrilla attacks, arson, stealing, terror, kidnapping, farm attacks and other vices on Ife from there up until the
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The civil war that engulfed ancient Ife forced Obatala and Obawinrin to abandon the Ideta and Iwinrin settlements respectively and flee across the
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surround the site. In the Yoruba creation legend, it was the first mound of earth formed from the soil in a snail shell and from which
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which involves seven kingmakers who play different functions. On the morning of the coronation day, after spending twenty one days at
1235:
951:
379:
Map showing the relative positions of the Thirteen ancient communities or clans present in the area of ancient Ife pre unification.
917:
789:
1466:
357:) in the Ife valley/bowl headed at the time by Obatala. On ground in the Ife area, he met Sixteen extant elders known as the
1499:
494:. The ritual significance of Oduduwa's descent from Oke Ora is usually demonstrated in the coronation rituals of every new
112:
818:
523:
Investiture'. This is followed by crossing the eastern gate on the left side towards Iwesu. He is then proclaimed Ooni.
846:"Archaeological Investigation at Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria: A Preliminary Report on the 2010 Test Excavations, Pg.35"
1354:
669:
1041:
764:
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being evidence of early human habitation by the ancestors of the modern people of Ife and its immediate environs.
1303:
1075:
518:. He then proceeds to visit the site of the Oduduwa temple and Oke Ora, home of his ancestor with members of the
1432:
1167:
1007:
250:, in between the city and the small village of Itagunmodi. Two important characters in the early history of
160:
246:) is an ancient community and archaeological site situated on a hill about 8 km (5 mi) east of
495:
271:
1269:
638:
872:"Classic Ilé-Ifẹ̀: A Consideration of Scale in the Archaeology of Early Yorùbá Urbanism, ad 1000–1400"
1329:
984:
1468:
The origins of iron metallurgy in Africa: new light on its antiquity ; West and Central Africa
1133:
730:
1108:
502:(seclusion) where his head is shaved, the king-in-making proceeds to Ife's eastern gate called
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saga which put an end to the attacks from the Ugbo for good. Obatala himself is known as Oba
454:
first Ọba of a unified Ife. The era of the 13 semi autonomous clans (Elu) was gone for good.
883:
362:
source of purport for the traditional account that Oduduwa was a "stranger from the east".
871:
306:
is a deity, who is one of the highest ranking in Ife, and said to be an avatar of Orishala
315:
295:
239:
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and patron chief of the bead makers and glass workers of Ife who traditionally made the
35:
515:
463:
1525:
591:
263:
1531:
471:
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1380:
539:, they had lost their political and economic power to the authority of the Ooni.
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to establish a new settlement with their people. The new settlement was called
571:
483:
251:
218:
Abandoned. (A small hamlet at the foot of the hill continues to bear the name)
179:
895:
336:, a site which is associated with a character in early Ife known by the name
127:
114:
887:
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in Yoruba religious/philosophical circles as a literal 'descent' from the
375:
324:
Oke-Obagbile, Oke-Ipao, Oke-Ijugbe, Oke-Onigbin, Oke-Araromi and Oke-Owu.
79:
1268:
Elaigwu, J. Isawa; Erim, E. O.; Uzoigwe, G. N.; Akindele, R. A. (2001).
581:
576:
259:
226:
98:
511:
491:
487:
255:
230:
732:
Education for Socio-economic & Political Development in Nigeria
612:
1274:. Institute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR). p. 27.
1043:
Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed
1305:
Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa
1406:"New Ooni Of Ife Presented With The Aare Crown Worn Once A Year"
1077:
African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations
919:
African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations
586:
267:
40:
The 650m Ora Hill (Oke Ora) as seen from Ife looking due East.
1271:
Foundations of Nigerian Federalism: Pre-colonial antecedents
819:"'Traditional leaders need to be more sensitive to history'"
1356:
Yoruba Art and Language: Seeking the African in African Art
613:"Benin prehistory: The origin and settling down of the Edo"
1504:
Get Current News in Nigeria- Latest breaking news update
729:
Nwanyanwu, O. J.; Opajobi, Bola; Olayinka, Sola (1997).
1381:"Ooni-Elect, Ogunwusi Leaves Ilofi for Crowning Today"
262:
came from Oke Ora. Several stories and legends of the
765:"Ife coronation rituals and the primacy of history"
214:
206:
198:
193:
185:
174:
166:
156:
151:
143:
106:
86:
74:
1334:. Historical Society of Nigeria. 1978. p. 165
1113:. East African Publishing House. 1992. p. 141
769:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
482:The legendary descent of Oduduwa from Oke Ora is
1234:Usman, Aribidesi; Falola, Toyin (4 July 2019).
985:"Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria"
953:Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity
671:Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity
1434:Culture, Politics, and Money Among the Yoruba
1200:Akintoye, Stephen Adebanji (1 January 2010).
1169:Culture, Politics, and Money Among the Yoruba
445:(I.e The Ideta camp as opposed to the actual
8:
1331:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
790:"New Ooni of Ife presented with traditional
19:
1359:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
1040:Falola, Toyin; Jennings, Christian (2004).
1006:Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (1976).
702:Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (1976).
1240:. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1080:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 123.
1046:. University Rochester Press. p. 46.
708:. Columbia University Press. p. 213.
368:The thirteen communities/provinces/clans (
286:owes its etymology to two separate words;
18:
16:Archaeological site in Osun State, Nigeria
1308:. Indiana University Press. p. 515.
1302:Bascom, William Russell (11 March 1991).
1237:The Yoruba from Prehistory to the Present
1132:Ogunremi, Deji; Adediran, Biodun (1998).
1500:"Ooni: The storm that rocked the palace"
1138:. Rex Charles Publication. p. 268.
474:are also known as the Eluyare or Igare.
374:
603:
372:) that formed the Ife federation were:
1547:Archaeological sites of Western Africa
1353:Abiodun, Rowland (29 September 2014).
987:. Historical Society of Nigeria. 1978
639:"West African Journal of Archaeology"
611:Bondarenko, Dmitri (1 January 1999).
7:
870:Ogundiran, Akinwumi (January 2023).
763:Nigeria, Guardian (28 August 2015).
1431:Adebayo, Akanmu (6 February 2018).
1166:Adebayo, Akanmu (6 February 2018).
1074:Aderinto, Saheed (24 August 2017).
916:Aderinto, Saheed (24 August 2017).
649:. editorial board of WAJA: 62. 1994
643:West African Journal of Archaeology
1465:Akinjogbin, Isaac Adeagbo (2004).
546:Iremo (Remo) - By Obalufe (Leader)
542:The six new quarters of Ife were;
14:
1135:Culture and Society in Yorubaland
735:. Visual Resources. p. 159.
302:means a mountain or hill, while
91:
57:
50:
34:
1537:Archaeological sites in Nigeria
1110:Transafrican Journal of History
470:(King of the Igbo) - While the
58:
1203:A History of the Yoruba People
950:Shennan, S. J. (20 May 2003).
668:Shennan, S. J. (20 May 2003).
82:Local Government Area, Nigeria
1:
1471:. Paris: Unesco. p. 55.
844:Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde.
1542:History of the Yoruba people
876:Journal of Urban Archaeology
1563:
1437:. Routledge. p. 390.
674:. Routledge. p. 207.
558:Imoore (Moore) - By Obajio
147:650 m (2,133 ft)
922:. ABC-CLIO. p. 123.
222:
45:
33:
24:
1012:. Longman. p. 210.
223:Early Yoruba community,
478:Significance of Oke Ora
1206:. Amalion Publishing.
1009:History of West Africa
888:10.1484/J.JUA.5.133451
705:History of West Africa
380:
433:Emergence of the Ugbo
378:
332:Close by Oke Ora was
199:Excavation dates
530:Ife Post Unification
186:Associated with
66:Shown within Nigeria
1410:Information Nigeria
555:Okerewe - By Akogun
549:Ilode - By Obaloran
128:7.50778°N 4.62667°E
124: /
21:
1412:. 24 November 2015
794:crown - P.M. News"
561:Iraye - By Obalaye
381:
359:Ooye Merindinlogun
1478:978-92-3-103807-5
1444:978-1-351-52419-3
1366:978-1-107-04744-0
1315:978-0-253-20638-1
1281:978-978-30738-4-5
1247:978-1-107-06460-7
1213:978-2-35926-027-4
1179:978-1-351-52419-3
1145:978-978-2137-73-9
1087:978-1-61069-580-0
1053:978-1-58046-140-5
1019:978-0-582-64187-7
963:978-1-134-86629-8
929:978-1-61069-580-0
851:. Rice University
742:978-978-34467-0-0
715:978-0-231-04103-4
681:978-1-134-86629-8
552:Ilare - By Waasin
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274:, king of Ifẹ̀.
256:Oranife (Oramfe)
210:Omotoso Eluyemi
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133:7.50778; 4.62667
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1506:. 7 August 2015
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490:/abode of the
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464:Moremi Ajasoro
439:Esimirin river
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1172:. Routledge.
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472:Igbo people
131: /
107:Coordinates
1526:Categories
598:References
572:Ife Empire
252:Yorubaland
194:Site notes
180:Yorubaland
102:Osun State
78:Ilode II,
896:2736-2426
882:: 77–94.
617:Anthropos
504:Lekun Ode
460:Igbo Ugbo
447:Ideta ile
443:Ideta oko
294:. In the
282:The name
238:Oke Ora (
215:Condition
170:900CE (?)
167:Abandoned
119:4°37′36″E
116:7°30′28″N
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566:See also
496:Ooni Ife
420:Omologun
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175:Cultures
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