Old English grammar - Knowledge (XXG)

10491:(V2) order, where the finite verb is the second constituent in a sentence, regardless of what comes first. There are examples of this in modern English: "Hardly did he arrive when ...", "Never can it be said that ...", "Over went the boat", "Ever onward marched the weary soldiers ...", "Then came a loud sound from the sky above". However, it was much more extensive in Old English, alike the word order in modern Germanic languages besides modern English. If the subject appears first, there is a SVO order, but it can also yield orders such as OVS and others. VSO was common in questions, see below. 77: 257: 36: 10498:, the word order is less restricted, with both verb-second and verb-final word order occurring, though verb-final is more common. Furthermore, in poetry, the rules of prose are frequently broken. In Beowulf, for example, main clauses frequently have verb-initial or verb-final order, recalling earlier stages of Old English syntax. (However, in clauses introduced by 8455:("to know") originally meant "I have seen", referring to the state of having seen, and by implication "I know". At some point well before Old English, these verbs were given their own past tenses by adding weak past endings, but without an intervening vowel. This lack of an intervening vowel then led to alternations in the consonants, and sometimes vowels as well. 179: 641:), all with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs could be conjugated in only two tenses (compared to the six "tenses", really tense/aspect combinations, of Latin), and the absence of a 6322:

abide, bake, ban, bark, bow, braid, burst, carve, chew, climb, creep, delve, drag, fare, fart, flee, float, flow, gnaw, grip, help, laugh, leap, let, load, lock, melt, milk, mow, quell, read, row, shine, shove, slay, sleep, sneeze, spurn, starve, step, suck, swallow, sweep, swell, thresh, walk, wash,

10286:

Old English syntax was similar in many ways to that of Modern English. However, there were some important differences. Some were simply consequences of the greater level of nominal and verbal inflection, and word order was generally freer. There are also differences in the default word order and in

8988:

Additionally, there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous: "want", "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used

6201:, the first and second person singular respectively, are descended from the original Proto-Germanic stressed pronouns, meanwhile for the dual and plural, whose accusative and dative forms had merged through regular sound change by the time of Proto-West Germanic, new forms were coined by suffixing 2849:

in the dative singular and the nominative/accusative plural. This is the source of nouns in Modern English which form their plural by changing a vowel, as in man ~ men, foot ~ feet, tooth ~ teeth, mouse ~ mice, goose ~ geese, and louse ~ lice. In Old English, there were many more such words,

6379:

Other than the above. Always a heavy root syllable (either a long vowel or short + two consonants), almost always a non-umlauted vowel – e.g., ō, ā, ēa, a (+ nC), ea (+ lC/rC), occ. ǣ (the latter with past in ē instead of normal ēo). Infinitive is distinguishable from class 1 weak verbs by

605:

for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms. The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular. It was often replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their

10516:

with the same word-order patterns like modern German) as having underlying subject-object-verb (SOV) ordering. According to this theory, all sentences are initially generated using this order, but in main clauses, the verb is moved back to the V2 position (technically, the verb undergoes

4413:

There are two separate sets of inflections, traditionally called the "strong declension" and the "weak declension". Together, both declensions contain many different inflections, though just ten or eleven unique forms typically cover all of them. The usual endings are exhibited by

1360:

Old English has two nouns for many types of people: a general term which can refer to both males and females, like Modern English "waiter", and a separate term which refers only to females, like Modern English "waitress". Several different suffixes are used to specify females:

10484:"counselors" may also represent the accusative case in addition to the nominative, thus for example creating the grammatical possibility of the interpretation that Cynewulf also took the West Saxons away from the counselors, but this would have been difficult to conceive. 6319:

Over time the system of strong verbs became less functional: new verbs were coined or borrowed as weak verbs, meaning strong verbs became rarer, and sound changes made their patterns harder to distinguish. Many verbs that in Old English were strong verbs, such as:

10472:, "of counselors"); for this reason the interpretation that Cynewulf deprived Sigebryht of the West Saxon counselors was not possible for speakers of Old English. The Old English sentence is in theory ambiguous, as it contains one more word in the genitive: 2792:("wood"). Most historical u-stems have been transferred over to the a-stems. Some nouns follow the a-stem inflection overall, but have a few leftover u-stem forms in their inflection. These forms may exist alongside regular a-stem forms: 1768:

the Daneslayer"). During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having mostly merged with the dative. It was distinguished from the dative only in the masculine and neuter singular of strong adjectives and

7737:

Their conjugation is also much simpler than all other verb classes. Almost all weak class II verbs have precisely the same endings, completely unaffected by the makeup of the stem or the history of the word. A typical example is

926:), certain speech-sounds in a word-ending generally indicated the word's gender (i.e. kind, sort), but once these word-ending sounds had disappeared from speech over generations, a noun's gender was no longer immediately clear. 6362:

Originally e + two consonants. By the time of written Old English, many had changed. If C is used to represent any consonant, verbs in this class usually had short e + lC; short eo + rC; short i + nC/mC; or (g̣ +) short ie +

8989:

verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely used ones.

6315:

In Old English, meanwhile, strong verbs were much more common and were not considered irregular. The system of strong verbs was more coherent, including seven major classes, each with its own pattern of stem changes.

1801:, one could tell which class a noun was by its ending in the nominative singular. But by the Old English period, most of these endings had disappeared or merged with other endings, so this was no longer possible. 8451:, which normally developed into the past tense of Germanic languages. The preterite-present verbs are an exception to this development, remaining as independent verbs. For example, the first-person present of 3735:

at the end of a word) isn't entirely consistent. At first, these sounds were lost after a heavy syllable or two light syllables. But then, at some point before the written period, speakers started re-adding

9006:

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems: one beginning with w-, one beginning with b-, and one beginning with s-. These are traditionally thought of as forming two separate words:

6193:

Whilst most Old English texts have the accusative and dative pronouns in the first and second person merged, some texts, most notably those of Anglian dialects and in poetry, preserve the distinction.

5544:

The word "the" was used very much like in Modern English. The main difference is that it was used somewhat more sparingly, due to numerous groups of nouns which usually went without it. These include:

2489:

By the earliest Old English prose, this class has already largely merged with other classes: masculine and neuter i-stems have taken on the same declension as a-stems, and feminine i-stems have

10521:). That is said to explain the fact that Old English allows inversion of subject and verb as a general strategy for forming questions, while modern English uses this strategy almost only with 6022:, which are only used for groups of two things, as in "we both" and "you two". The dual forms are common, but the ordinary plural forms can always be used instead when the meaning is clear. 933:) is a different issue from the means by which a noun's gender can be predicted or remembered (due to various techniques). For example, the Old English names of metals are neuter, not 10348:

There was some flexibility in word order of Old English since the heavily inflected nature of nouns, adjectives, and verbs often indicated the relationships between clause arguments.

2881:

All root nouns are either masculine or feminine. Masculine root nouns are all heavy, but among feminines there is a contrast between light nouns and heavy nouns: light nouns end in

5736:

Note that those words still occur with "the" when they refer to a specific iteration, as in "the future that I want", "the woods behind my house", or "the law they just passed".

1809:

A-stem nouns are by far the largest class, totaling 60% of all nouns. Some are masculine, some are neuter. They are called a-stems because in Proto-Germanic times, they ended in

7005:

Weak verbs already make up the vast majority of verbs in Old English. There are two major types: class I and class II. A class III also existed, but contained only four verbs.

6348:

Learning strong verbs is often a challenge for students of Old English, though modern English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

3768:, among many other examples. Note that this mainly happened to a very specific set of nouns: those whose inflectional endings are preceded by a consonant plus /n/, /l/, or /r/. 10448:

from (moved out of) the compound subject they belong in, in a way that would be impossible in modern English. In Old English, case inflection preserves the meaning: the verb

10580:

Old English did not use forms equivalent to "who, when, where" in relative clauses (as in "The man whom I saw") or subordinate clauses ("When I got home, I went to sleep").

6351:

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems, each corresponding to particular stem changes within their strong-conjugating paradigms:

3775:

after a heavy syllable because, when high vowel apocope occurred, they had an intervening light syllable which later disappeared. Examples include nouns with the suffix

4848:

disappeared after a heavy syllable or two light syllables, but speakers have re-added it to some adjectives where it had been lost. Namely, those with the suffixes

1867:

The a-stems come in three separate declensions: one for masculine nouns, one for "heavy" neuter nouns, and one for "light" neuter nouns. They are exemplified by

7973:

Though it was once much larger, containing many verbs which later became class II, only four verbs still belonged to this group by the period of written texts:

1864:

or ending in two or more consonants—and after two light syllables. Nouns which kept short -i/-u are called light, while nouns which lost them are called heavy.

8447:

The preterite-presents are verbs whose present tenses look like the past tenses of strong verbs. This resemblance is not coincidental, since they descend from

487: 11324: 751:

for grammatically neuter nouns. That means even inanimate objects are frequently called "he" or "she". See the following sentence, with the masculine noun

937:

they are metals, but because these words historically ended with sounds that can be assigned as neuter. Below are means of predicting/remembering gender.

1794:. Instead, each noun belongs to one of eight different classes, and each class has a different set of endings (sometimes several, depending on subtype). 10502:, which can mean either "when" or "then", and where word order is crucial for telling the difference, the normal word order is nearly always followed.) 7088:

of the stem vowel and which consonants the stem ends in, and sometimes also the history of the word. But the largest number are conjugated the same as

3214:, and in fact, they are inflected just like a-stems in the singular. Moreover, their plural forms are truly unique: the genitive plural always ends in 1817:(if neuter). However, in Old English, both these endings have vanished, and masculines only differ from neuters in the nominative/accusative plural. 4871:

after a heavy syllable because, when high vowel apocope occurred, they had an intervening light syllable which later disappeared. Examples include

1273:

refer to people, they are masculine by default unless the person is known to be a female, in which case they duly follow the feminine inflections:

4844:(which occurs in the feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative/accusative plural), and "heavy" adjectives which have lost it. Originally 3714:

The above only mentions the most common ways each noun class is inflected. There are many variations even within classes, some of which include:

1649:

bone?"). The genitive in Old English corresponds to 's in present-day English and to "of" in present-day English. Hence, "The fall of Rome" was

11077:

Steins, Carl (1998). "Against Arbitrary Features in Inflection: Old English Declension Classes". In Kehrein, Wolfgang; Wiese, Richard (eds.).

6384:. First and second preterite have identical stems, usually in ēo (occ. ē), and the infinitive and the past participle also have the same stem. 2249:("temple "). N-stems are also called "weak nouns", because they are "weakly" inflected; i.e., most of their inflections have the same ending, 929:

Nevertheless, the gender of Old English nouns can be partly predicted, but the means by which a noun's gender was assigned (due to historical

10997: 4180:

by high vowel apocope. By the written period, they are indistinguishable from other ō-stems in the nominative singular, except they keep the

4832:

Adjectives once came in many different classes just like nouns, but by Old English times, all adjectives have basically the same endings as

12443: 203: 94: 49: 6228:

Many of the forms above bear a strong resemblance to the Modern English words they eventually became. For instance, in the genitive case,

3877:("of cartilage"). However, it is impossible to predict which nouns this happens to without knowing the history of the word. For example, 345: 10892: 4784:

only take the weak declension, even in situations that would otherwise call for the strong declension. The most important exception is

1671:

god". Old English has the preposition "of" but the genitive was the main way of indicating possession. The genitive case could be used

10436:(translated) "Here Cynewulf and the West Saxon counselors deprived Sigebryht of his kingdom, other than Hampshire, for unjust actions" 11251:

The Magic Sheet, one page color PDF summarizing Old English declension, from Peter S. Baker, inspired by Moore and Marckwardt's 1951

11290: 239: 221: 160: 63: 2493:

the same declension as ō-stems. So, they are really only called i-stems because of their history, not because of how they inflect.

141: 12527: 7017:

that they were still by far the most common kind of verb in Old English. These verbs are often recognizable because they feature

5640:

Many divisions of time. Namely, the words for the morning, the evening, the four seasons, the past, the present, and the future.

480: 6595:

The third class went through many sound changes, becoming barely recognisable as a single class. The first was a process called

5626:. Note that "sea" is still sometimes used without "the" in Modern English, in fossilized phrases like "at sea" and "out to sea". 4788:("other/second"), which is always strong despite being both an ordinal number and a comparative. Of the four words for "first", 113: 12256: 12055: 11353: 11317: 839:

Only a few nouns referring to people have a grammatical gender that does not match their natural gender, as in the neuter word

388: 3613:

Z-stems are the name given to four neuter nouns which inflect like light neuter a-stems, except the plural endings begin with

2063:

The ō-stems are by far the largest class after a-stems. They include the vast majority of feminine nouns, and zero nouns with

12489: 11378: 10456:, " deprived") needs a word in the genitive case to show what someone or something is deprived of, which in this sentence is 3218:, which is normally used for adjectives, and the nominative/accusative plural varies between no ending, the adjective ending 1472:, which was sometimes a regular noun ending with no meaning and sometimes yet another suffix meaning "-er". Examples include 98: 1139:("spoon"). That said, there are still ways to predict the gender even of nouns referring to things without biological sex: 1041:

names for animals (of unspecified sex) could be of any gender (though determined by their historical ending): for example,

120: 11368: 11348: 6329:

have become weak verbs in modern English. This tendency for strong verbs to become weak dates as far back as Old English:

287: 3106:

Single-syllable nd-stems are only possible when the stem ends in a vowel, which is rare; hence, only three are attested:

1127:

However, it is not as easy to predict the gender of a noun that refers to a thing without biological sex, such as neuter

12590: 11363: 1828:

in the nominative/accusative plural, while others have no ending there at all. This was caused by a sound change called

682: 525: 3740:

to the plurals of some neuter nouns where it had originally vanished. These nouns have two competing plurals, one with

2496:

Their only distinct inflection survives in the accusative singular of feminine heavy i-stems, which fluctuates between

194: 11685: 11539: 4734:

such as "my", "your", and "his", while the strong declension is used the rest of the time. Hence "a live scorpion" is

473: 2486:(in light i-stems) or vanished (in heavy i-stems). These nouns come in every gender, though neuter i-stems are rare. 127: 12550: 12193: 11383: 11310: 10468:"counselors" is in the nominative case and therefore serves a different role entirely (the genitive of it would be 7700: 6688:

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus

329: 12102: 87: 12425: 12231: 12065: 11544: 10744: 10353: 6019: 2256:

Masculine and feminine n-stems are inflected the same except in the nominative singular, where masculines end in

602: 8458:

There are only a dozen preterite-presents, but most are among the most frequent verbs in the language. They are

109: 12077: 10633:

The word order usually distinguished the subordinate clause (with verb-final order) from the main clause (with

10509: 9564: 8448: 5579:("the Indians"). Names of peoples also frequently stand for the place they are from: for example, the word for 4957: 4015: 517: 425: 297: 55: 6240:

became "my". However, in stressed positions, the plural third-person personal pronouns were all replaced with

10540:

Questions are normally formed in Old English by inverting the order of subject and finite verb. For example,

7013:

By the Old English period, new class I weak verbs had stopped being produced, but so many had been coined in

12266: 11602: 11597: 11529: 11400: 11388: 11373: 10664: 10614: 10332: 7081: 7014: 6581: 6291: 5690: 2885:

where they have umlaut of the root vowel, while heavy nouns have no ending. The typical declension is this:

2839: 1798: 630: 410: 3900:

If an a-stem ends in one consonant and its stem vowel is short /æ/, it becomes /ɑ/ in the plural. "Day" is

12346: 12213: 11828: 11705: 11579: 10417: 358: 12289: 4168:

Something similar happens with a subgroup of ō-stem nouns called the wō-stems. These nouns once ended in

12561: 12412: 12060: 12042: 11856: 10765: 10748: 10726: 10641: 10598: 6596: 6248:

period, yielding "they", "them" and "their". (The Old English dative pronoun is retained as unstressed '

4731: 696:

take different forms depending on the gender of the noun they describe. The word for "the" or "that" is

370: 340: 199:

Lot of unencyclopedic language and tone. Contractions like "they're" should be expanded in full as well.

10425:

Hēr Cynewulf benam Sigebryht his rīces ond westseaxna wiotan for unryhtum dǣdum, būton Hamtūnscīre; ...

8509:

In spite of heavy irregularities, these can be grouped into four groups of similarly conjugated verbs:

1173:

Similarly, if a noun ends in a suffix, the suffix determines its gender. Nouns ending in the suffixes

1147:

are almost all masculine. The exceptions are a small number of learned borrowings from Latin, such as

12595: 12392: 11925: 11851: 11770: 11479: 11464: 10873: 9457: 6295: 6281: 5839: 910:(word-meaning). In other words, it is not the 'thing' itself that determines the gender of its name ( 449: 396: 265: 6300:. They form the past tense by changing their stem vowel. These verbs still exist in modern English; 4038:

has been inserted to prevent this from happening. All this is exemplified by two masculine a-stems,

2082:

while "heavy" ō-stems have no ending, just like neuter a-stems in the nominative/accusative plural.

189: 12545: 12540: 12147: 11989: 11861: 10349: 9447:) sometimes follow the word which they govern (especially pronouns), in which case they are called 5078: 4031: 3866: 3850:("bravery"). These nouns once belonged to a separate class called the īn-stems, which all ended in 919: 7323:("to tame"), with the same endings and the same alternation between single and double consonants: 375: 12336: 12279: 12122: 12027: 11793: 11720: 11680: 11665: 11647: 11609: 11459: 11409: 11337: 11047: 10854: 10645: 10513: 10495: 10416:

of constituents out of larger constituents is common even in prose, as in the well-known tale of

6977: 6573: 6569: 6287: 5878: 5670: 5400: 5396: 5341: 5182: 4324: 4320: 3227: 1787: 1533: 670: 658: 594: 582: 540: 536: 302: 134: 12203: 6312:. In modern English, strong verbs are rare, and they are mostly categorised as irregular verbs. 5845:, the source of Modern English "yon". It means "that over there" and refers to things far away. 7989:"to think". Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities. 7084:

the same. Their exact endings depend on a complex combination of factors, mostly involving the

5170: 528:

and also including constructions characteristic of the Germanic daughter languages such as the

12535: 12499: 12451: 12226: 12198: 12180: 12160: 12017: 11900: 11846: 11735: 11725: 11670: 11569: 11517: 11469: 11454: 11417: 11286: 11039: 10993: 9573: 9477: 6261: 3240: 1736: 1557: 1254: 578: 325: 11302: 11269:

Altenglische Grammatik (nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers neubearbeitet)

10444:"and the West Saxon counselors" (lit. "and (the) counselors of (the) West Saxons") have been 12512: 12359: 12297: 12241: 12236: 12188: 12092: 12087: 12012: 11935: 11915: 11890: 11882: 11823: 11798: 11788: 11783: 11700: 11657: 11634: 11624: 11614: 11556: 11494: 11029: 10985: 10904: 10846: 10736: 10317: 5392: 5384: 4316: 3210:

The multi-syllable nd-stems are declined very differently. Their stem vowel never undergoes

1791: 1537: 1269:

Adjectives used as nouns, such as colors, are neuter unless they refer to people. When they

666: 598: 558: 12507: 12461: 12384: 12374: 12364: 12354: 12246: 12221: 12155: 12132: 12127: 11997: 11963: 11958: 11948: 11943: 11905: 11895: 11868: 11818: 11803: 11778: 11753: 11743: 11715: 11710: 11695: 11642: 11619: 11584: 11564: 11507: 11484: 11474: 11444: 11432: 10900: 10584: 10300: 10043: 9465: 6265: 6018:

The first and second-person pronouns are the same for all genders. They also have special

5894: 5890: 1850: 1717: 1599: 1565: 1297: 930: 914:), but rather the particular speech-sounds (previously) used to denote that thing's kind ( 903: 646: 586: 544: 529: 292: 10747:

quite faithfully, so it is not difficult to draw certain conclusions about the nature of

3401: 2671:

are all masculine or feminine. They are all declined the same way, regardless of gender:

5391:, which doubles as the word for "that". It comes in eleven different forms depending on 3406: 12569: 12517: 12466: 12402: 12397: 12331: 12326: 12170: 12082: 12072: 12050: 12007: 12002: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11953: 11920: 11808: 11748: 11690: 11675: 11574: 11502: 11449: 11422: 10800: 10760: 10522: 7710:, so their stems are usually identical to the stem of the word they were derived from: 6245: 4777: 3391: 2591: 923: 521: 505: 459: 454: 444: 10735:

of Old English is necessarily somewhat speculative, since it is preserved purely as a

4730:

In general, the weak declension is used after the words for "the/that" and "this" and

12584: 12481: 12471: 12456: 12432: 12369: 12307: 12274: 12165: 12115: 12110: 12032: 11758: 11589: 11534: 11512: 11427: 11051: 11018:"Lexical and functional adpositions: the view from of in Old and present-day English" 10649: 10413: 9469: 7680:

Class II weak verbs are easily recognized by the fact that nearly all of them end in

6589: 5176: 2064: 1770: 1633: 1604: 899: 642: 622: 535:

Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern

10788: 4216: 3411: 3140: 1675:, to signify that something was composed of something else: "a group of people" was 1158:

Compound words always take the gender of the last part of the compound. That is why

17: 12251: 12137: 11910: 11813: 11524: 10552:

literally "live they?" This is still followed in modern English with verbs such as

10512:

paradigm often believe that it is more accurate to describe Old English (and other

10287:

the construction of negation, questions, relative clauses and subordinate clauses.

9461: 9449: 7085: 4226: 3725: 1858: 1854: 1836: 11257:

J. Bosworth & T.N. Toller, An Anglo-Saxon dictionary: Germanic Lexicon Project

11017: 10794: 6576:. The second past stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the 4070: 3396: 2913: 2620: 2289: 2097: 1824:("dog") below. The neuter a-stems, however, are split in two: some of them end in 940:

In general, a thing that has biological sex will have that same gender; masculine

10837:

Cercignani, Fausto (1980). "Early 'Umlaut' Phenomena in the Germanic Languages".

4840:

As with nouns, there are "light" adjectives which retain the inflectional ending

4836:

above. However, there are still a good number of differences and irregularities:

2393:

The few neuter n-stems are declined the same as feminines, except they also have

524:

reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in

12302: 12022: 10740: 10634: 10488: 10296: 9473: 5103: 5099: 4781: 4063: 3642: 3367:, but has taken its nominative/accusative plural from the a-stems. In addition, 2899: 2696: 2686: 2408: 2279: 1907: 1893: 1752:"). This case can be used without prepositions when the meaning is clear, as in 1712: 1032: 574: 513: 320: 273: 76: 10965:

Agreement in Language Contact: Gender Development in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

10569: 10526: 10307: 10292: 9480: 7703:

verb class left. Newly created verbs were almost automatically weak class II.

7316: 6585: 5281: 5187: 5055: 4312: 3718: 3092: 2923: 2507: 2107: 1917: 1829: 1783: 1545: 1541: 883: 848: 693: 662: 614: 566: 562: 554: 509: 11043: 5652:

and went downstairs"). Note that this is similar to Modern English "I go out

1591:

ran"). Words on the other side of "to be" also take this case: in the phrase

12318: 10732: 10506: 10316:

Multiple negatives could stack up in a sentence and intensified each other (

7053:("room"). They are also the source of alterations in Modern English such as 6565: 6241: 5164: 4965: 4023: 1861: 1672: 1301: 907: 879: 844: 689: 420: 10743:

of Old English, and the written language apparently indicates phonological

10356:

was common. Even sometimes scrambling within a constituent occurred, as in

10989: 1162:("woman") is masculine, even though it means "woman": it is a compound of 11034: 10653: 10323:

Sentences with subordinate clauses of the type "When X, Y" did not use a

7707: 7018: 5202: 5077:

Many adjectives which end in an unstressed vowel plus a single consonant

4176:

to disappear in the nominative singular; subsequently some also lost the

3211: 2846: 1553: 1305: 626: 570: 1312:) of a different gender: a "mountain" could be denoted by the masculine 1003:"buck"), and animal names that refer only to females are feminine (e.g. 12420: 11333: 10358: 4980:

comes right after a vowel, any immediately following vowel disappears:

3854:. Then they merged with the ō-stems when this ending was replaced with 3721: 1846: 1832: 852: 365: 256: 10981:

The Old English Case System: Case and Argument Structure Constructions

10858: 9568: 5984:, which also means "which" but is only used between two alternatives: 5980:("which" or "what kind of") is inflected like an adjective. Same with 3865:

Many nouns which end with an unstressed vowel plus a single consonant

10979: 9034:

was used for the future and for certain kinds of general statements.

6577: 5874: 1549: 915: 590: 5098:

Old English never uses the equivalents of "more" and "most" to form

2482:

in Proto-Germanic, but in Old English that ending has either become

10850: 6380:

non-umlauted root vowel; from class 2 weak verbs by lack of suffix

5106:

adjectives. Instead, the equivalents of "-er" and "-est" are used (

708:

with a neuter noun. Adjectives change endings: for instance, since

11234:

Moore, Samuel; Knott, Thomas A. (1958) . Hulbert, James R. (ed.).

6269: 5580: 4961: 4019: 3355:

are all inflected the same, with i-umlaut in the dative singular.

1492:

Sometimes the female equivalent is a totally separate word, as in

618: 415: 3130:("to accuse"). They are declined just like masculine root nouns: 2606:("the Danes"). These nouns kept the nominative/accusative plural 2074:

in Proto-Germanic, but in Old English that ending has changed to

1068:("enemy") were masculine, along with many other examples such as 11238:(10th ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: George Wahr Publishing Co. 10547: 10541: 3226:. The adjectival endings are a relic of the nd-stems' origin as 2233:

N-stems can be any gender, though there are only a few neuters:

2078:

or vanished. In the nominative singular, "light" ō-stems end in

1309: 911: 607: 550: 11306: 6990:) to the stem. In Modern English, these endings have merged as 5367:

Us is dearer that we have crippled king than crippled kingdom.

3803:("demons"). Also the plurals of all neuter a-stems that end in 1116:("singer"). The main exceptions are the two words for "child", 10784: 6669:

Altogether, this split the third class into four sub-classes:

6345:) both shifted from strong to weak in the Old English period. 5618:

and hit your head"). Also "the world", whether expressed with

3858:—well after high vowel apocope had gone to completion, so the 172: 70: 29: 11090: 11088: 10429:(Literally) "Here Cynewulf deprived Sigebryht of his kingdom 5201:

A handful of words form the comparative and superlative with

4804:

can be either strong or weak just like most other adjectives.

4034:

the following vowel, except in the genitive plural, where an

6692:"to steal" represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm. 1595:("destiny is all"), both "destiny" and "all" are nominative. 6588:

of the stem in the second and third-person singular in the

5986: 5889:

with things. However, that distinction only matters in the

5666:("the Devil") often occurs with "the" and often without it. 5356:Ūs is lēofre þæt wē hæbben healtne cyning þonne healt rīċe. 5346: 2780:

There are few pure u-stem nouns, but some are very common:

1820:

Masculine a-stems are almost all inflected the same, as in

1569:: the subject of a sentence, which carries out the action. 812: 757: 597:(masculine, feminine, and neuter). First and second-person 10952:. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 75. 6674:

e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).

5377:

We'd rather have a crippled king than a crippled kingdom.

5007:

before an inflectional ending beginning with a consonant:

4750:

The weak declension is also used in direct address, as in

2842:, had ended in a consonant without any intervening vowel. 2500:(the ō-stem ending) and no ending (the inherited ending): 1296:

Since gender is noun-specific and ultimately a feature of

979:

Animal names that refer only to males are masculine (e.g.

4331:("alive"), for example, comes in eleven different forms: 1304:(word-meaning), it goes without saying that any "thing" ( 10640:

The equivalents of "who, when, where" were used only as

2598:("people") and various names of nationalities, such as 1422:, both meaning "-er". It is used on many nouns such as 606:

corresponding nouns in case, number and gender. Finite

10568:) but for most other contexts it has been replaced by 6982:

Weak verbs form the past tense by adding endings with

6007:

Which one do you think is bigger, your sword or mine?

1031:("drone"), which is feminine even though it refers to 902:

languages generally), each noun's gender derives from

794:

Compare this parallel sentence, where the neuter noun

11253:

Historical Outlines of English Sounds and Inflections

10452:"to deprive" (appearing in this sentence in the form 9011:, comprising the forms beginning with w- and s-, and 5587:("the East Saxons"), and "the prince of Denmark" was 5126:, literally "beautiful-est". Other examples include 4811:("own") is usually strong in the phrase "one's own": 688:

Each noun belongs to one of the three genders, while

10937:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 62. 10922:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 94. 5162:("most boyish"). The only exception is that "more" ( 5122:, literally "beautiful-er", and "most beautiful" is 964:("nun"), etc. The three major exceptions are neuter 12559: 12526: 12498: 12480: 12441: 12411: 12383: 12345: 12316: 12288: 12265: 12212: 12179: 12146: 12101: 12041: 11987: 11934: 11881: 11839: 11769: 11734: 11656: 11633: 11555: 11493: 11408: 11399: 10667:occurred, often in pairs of identical words, e.g.: 9003:'to want' is similar outside of the present tense. 8516:

Cunnan, ġemunan (outside the past tense), and unnan

5849:is declined like a regular adjective, that is like 1835:, which occurred in the prehistory of Old English. 778:Me pleases the snow for he does the borough still. 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 11079:Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages 6635:remained unchanged (except before the combination 6373:e + one consonant (usually a stop or a fricative). 5897:, because in every other case they are identical: 5724:("all the way" or "always", lit. "all way"). Also 4172:, before a sound change occurred which caused the 2610:that they inherited through regular sound change. 1773:, and even then the dative was often used instead. 886:that refer to them together are inflected neuter: 822:Mē līcaþ þæt fȳr for þon þe hit dēþ þā burg hlūde. 767:Mē līcaþ sē snāw for þon þe hē dēþ þā burg stille. 553:, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully 10626:(word-for-word) "Then I home went, then slept I." 6994:, forming the past tense for most verbs, such as 6366:e + one consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb 6268:. Strong verbs form the past tense by changing a 5716:("the whole time", literally "all/whole while"), 4184:before inflectional endings. These nouns include 2245:("cheek"), and compounds ending in them, such as 1253:("girl") is neuter because it ends in the neuter 788:I like the snow because it makes the city quiet. 610:agreed with their subjects in person and number. 5594:A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely 5344:. Instead, a noun is most often used by itself: 2838:Root nouns are a small class of nouns which, in 2478:The i-stems are so called because they ended in 833:I like the fire because it makes the city loud. 806:(OE equivalent of neuter singular nominative NE 747:to feminine nouns, reserving the neuter pronoun 9456:The following is a list of prepositions in the 6260:Old English verbs are divided into two groups: 3359:is inflected the same except without i-umlaut. 1500:("female teacher", as if the general term were 10410:"in the high hall" (lit. "in hall the high"). 5996:Hwæðer wēnst þū is māre, þē þīn sweord þē mīn? 2070:They are called ō-stems because they ended in 1512:("female doctor", as if the general term were 1292:Likewise, verbs are neuter when used as nouns. 539:, which is among the most conservative of the 11318: 7699:By the Old English period, this was the only 4956:disappears before inflectional endings. This 4014:disappears before inflectional endings. This 2253:. All other nouns are called "strong nouns". 481: 8: 11295:Quirk, Randolph; & Wrenn, C. L. (1957). 11281:Mitchell, Bruce & Robinson, Fred (2001) 11163:Die Syntax in den Werken Alfreds des Grossen 11150:(Thesis). University of Bonn. pp. 5–27. 4875:("little"), nom. sg. fem./nom-acc. pl. neut 1308:) might be referred to as a different name ( 11094: 10967:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 22. 10816:, this is distinct from grammatical gender. 10487:Main clauses in Old English tend to have a 4891:("your"), nom. sg. fem./nom-acc. pl. neut. 4883:("other"), nom. sg. fem./nom-acc. pl. neut 3744:and one without it. So, "dreams" is either 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 11405: 11325: 11311: 11303: 10897:The Electronic Introduction to Old English 9036: 9015:, comprising the forms beginning with b-. 8525: 7991: 7021:of the word they were derived from, as in 6694: 6627:+ another consonant, the same happened to 6388: 3087:Nd-stems are nouns formed with the suffix 1263:Letters of the alphabet are all masculine. 918:). In the ancestor of Old English (namely 890:("Fame and success are double-edged "). 543:. To a lesser extent, it resembles modern 488: 474: 251: 11135:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 284. 11033: 10803:, as in "who is the fairest of them all?" 10629:(translated) "When I went home, I slept." 10327:type word for the conjunction but used a 4327:of the noun they describe. The adjective 1524:("mistress", literally "bread kneader"). 1520:("master", literally "bread guardian") ~ 1320:, a "star" could be denoted by masculine 1060:females, it was usually masculine. Hence 681:Old English retains all three genders of 240:Learn how and when to remove this message 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 11175: 11022:Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 9485: 9435:Prepositions (like Modern English words 9030:was used in most circumstances, whereas 7744: 7505: 7325: 7094: 6024: 5899: 5743: 5449: 4613: 4420: 4203: 4049: 3635: 3381: 3379:in the plural, while the rest never do. 3232: 3132: 2887: 2673: 2612: 2502: 2399: 2266: 2084: 1881: 1368:is added to miscellaneous words such as 1328:, a "window" could be denoted by neuter 11285:; 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 11220:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 10935:Gender Shifts in the History of English 10920:Gender Shifts in the History of English 10829: 10777: 10011:opposite, against; towards; in reply to 4937:before endings beginning with a vowel: 4418:("alive") among many other adjectives: 4030:comes right after a consonant, it also 1782:Not all nouns take the same endings to 1536:, Old English declensions include five 1344:, a "shield wall" denoted by masculine 878:When two nouns have different genders, 272: 10948:Quirk, Randolph; Wrenn, C. L. (1994). 10739:. Nevertheless, there is a very large 10680:: "Whence (from where/wherefrom) X, Y" 7706:Unlike weak class I, they never cause 5629:A couple of abstract concepts, namely 5081:before endings beginning with vowels: 1336:, a "tree" could be denoted by neuter 1233:are all feminine, and nouns ending in 716:("cup") is feminine, a golden ring is 10812:Although often referred to simply as 10525:and the main verb "to be", requiring 10406:Something similar occurs in line 713 9385: 9062: 8393: 8017: 6940: 6708: 6217:for the first and second plural, and 4697: 3869:when they take inflectional endings: 3363:is indeclinable in the singular like 2896: 1890: 1748:("A whale could sink or kill me with 7: 11218:A Grammar of Old English: Morphology 11199: 11187: 11118: 11106: 11064: 11011: 11009: 10433:for unright deeds, except Hampshire" 9563:("to, towards"), and more distantly 3787:("poverty"), z-stem plurals such as 3234:nd-stem declension (multi-syllable) 2590:The exceptions are a few nouns that 1764:("Uhtred the Godless of Bebbanburg, 1660:fall", and "the god of thunder" was 1056:If a noun could refer to both males 99:adding citations to reliable sources 10686:: "Whither (to where/whereto) X, Y" 5720:("on the way", lit. "by way"), and 3795:("calves"), and the a-stem plurals 1758:Ūhtred sē Godlēasa æt Bebban byrġ, 1209:are all masculine, nouns ending in 731:In Old English the words for "he" ( 685:: masculine, feminine, and neuter. 27:Grammatical features of Old English 11271:(3rd ed.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. 11247:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11229:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11165:. Bonn: Hanstein. pp. 278–85. 11081:. Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 247. 10613:Subordinate clauses tended to use 10606:The combination of the two, as in 6568:stem is used in the past, for the 6272:, while weak verbs add an ending. 5591:, literally "prince of the Danes". 5054:before an ending beginning with a 3975:/ˈfiskɑs/. Other examples include 3881:("the Lord") loses its unstressed 3134:nd-stem declension (one-syllable) 1853:—that is, a syllable containing a 1697:three"), and "a cup of water" was 1166:("woman") plus the masculine noun 25: 9026:carried a difference in meaning. 8449:Proto-Indo-European stative verbs 3826:Some ō-stems unexpectedly end in 657:Old English nouns are grouped by 45:This article has multiple issues. 11243:Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014). 11133:Article Emergence in Old English 10576:Relative and subordinate clauses 6677:eo + r or h + another consonant. 5019:. Before a vowel, it changes to 1847:disappeared at the ends of words 1740:: something that is being used. 743:refers back to masculine nouns, 508:, predominantly being much more 255: 177: 75: 34: 10978:Middeke, Kirsten (2021-11-04). 9804:. Ancestor of modern (archaic) 7495:Class I weak verbs that end in 7080:Class I weak verbs are not all 6225:for the first and second dual. 6209:to the dative forms. This gave 5732:("the second time"), and so on. 4819:("She left the next day on her 4738:, while "the live scorpion" is 2826:: nominative/accusative plural 1756:, which means " another name": 1049:("butterfly") is feminine, and 871:is standing there, do you know 851:follow grammatical gender, but 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 11245:The Development of Old English 11161:Wülfing, Johann Ernst (1894). 11016:Taylor, Roxanne (2022-10-04). 10505:Linguists who work within the 10476:("of West Saxons", nominative 9880:, related to German and Latin 9610:Ancestor of modern (nautical) 8999:'to go' are conjugated alike; 8656:Mōtan "may, to be allowed to" 8513:Āgan, durran, mōtan, and witan 6683:i + nasal + another consonant. 5282:become totally different words 4925:If an adjective ends in short 3103:("owner"). All are masculine. 1637:: the possessor of something. 1027:"doe"). The only exception is 706:þæt (which sounds like “that”) 520:system similar to that of the 1: 11148:Syntax der Blickling-Homilien 10591:An invariable complementizer 10480:"West Saxons"), and the form 6642:A second sound change turned 6584:). Strong verbs also exhibit 6390:Stem changes in strong verbs 5712:A few set phrases, including 4929:plus a single consonant, the 4906:before inflectional endings: 4813:Hēo forlēt ōðre dæġe on hire 4157:before inflectional endings: 4026:(if it is short). Unless the 9708:Related to German and Dutch 5062:("rational"), nom. pl. fem. 2397:in the accusative singular: 1607:, that which is acted upon. 1468:is the female equivalent of 1414:is the female equivalent of 11236:The Elements of Old English 10622:Þā ic hām ēode, þā slēp ic. 10587:used one of the following: 10431:and West Saxons' counselors 10313:in questions and negatives. 10188:, which came from "up on". 10184:Not the ancestor of modern 9822:, related to modern German 9815:for, because of, instead of 9572:and its descendants in the 5186:) were sometimes used with 4976:gen. sg. fem. Also, if the 1686:group"), "three of us" was 888:Hlīsa and spēd bēoþ twieċġu 197:. The specific problem is: 12612: 11299:(2nd ed.) London: Methuen. 11278:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10724: 10716:: "The more X, the more Y" 10211:is the ancestor of modern 10199:Related to modern Swedish 8720:Cunnan "to know (how to)" 6975: 6680:e + l + another consonant. 6580:(as well as the preterite 6279: 5085:("little"), nom. pl. fem. 5070:("human"), dat. sg. neut. 5030:Most adjectives ending in 5011:("ready"), acc. sg. masc. 4910:("happy"), nom. sg. masc. 4409:Strong and weak declension 3321:comprise only five nouns: 2623:« the English » 1045:("aurochs") is masculine, 906:rather than directly from 712:("ring") is masculine and 704:with a feminine noun, and 629:). Verbs came in ten main 512:. As a Germanic language, 397:Development of Old English 193:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 11344: 11216:Hogg, Richard M. (2011). 10963:Dolberg, Florian (2019). 10880:. London: Methuen and Co. 10460:"of kingdom" (nominative 10399: 10395:malice (Dative Singular) 10389:hostile (Dative Singular) 10268:Related to modern German 9922:Related to modern German 9894:Related to modern German 9854:through comparative form 9408: 9388: 9371: 9368: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9328: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9288: 9285: 9271: 9254: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9208: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9125: 9122: 9102: 9099: 9042: 8914: 8819:Dugan "work with, avail" 8815: 8716: 8685:Witan "to know (a fact)" 8664: 8588: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8519:Dugan, magan, and ġenugan 8418: 8396: 8371: 8349: 8346: 8324: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8274: 8205: 8202: 8180: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8083: 8061: 8058: 7997: 7931: 7918: 7908: 7647: 7637: 7627: 7467: 7457: 7447: 7278: 7268: 7258: 6956: 6943: 6927: 6914: 6911: 6898: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6866: 6824: 6821: 6808: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6747: 6734: 6731: 6703: 6700: 6550: 6533: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6468: 6465: 6456: 6434: 6425: 6397: 6394: 6304:is a strong verb, as are 6183: 6154: 6151: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6111: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 5970: 5960: 5950: 5930: 5831: 5823: 5820: 5809: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5757: 5754: 5556:("A boat was floating on 5537: 5529: 5526: 5515: 5512: 5493: 5487: 5463: 5460: 5079:lose the unstressed vowel 4984:("high"), acc. sg. masc. 4941:("glad"), nom. pl. masc. 4684: 4671: 4665: 4624: 4604: 4587: 4551: 4545: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4486: 4451: 4274: 4268: 4222: 4212: 4209: 4068: 4061: 4058: 3916:. Other examples include 3867:lose the unstressed vowel 3830:in the singular, such as 3760:, and "waters" is either 3641: 3500: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3452: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3238: 3138: 2919: 2909: 2904: 2893: 2753: 2747: 2736: 2727: 2692: 2682: 2679: 2563: 2505: 2446: 2405: 2349: 2343: 2332: 2320: 2285: 2275: 2272: 2174: 2158: 2103: 2093: 2090: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1887: 1124:, which are both neuter. 843:("girl"). In such cases, 645:, which still existed in 11225:Mitchell, Bruce (1985). 11131:Sommerer, Lotte (2018). 10665:correlative conjunctions 10615:correlative conjunctions 10510:transformational grammar 10339:instead of "When X, Y"). 9625:Related to West Frisian 9599:. Governs the genitive. 8883:Magan "can, be able to" 8851:Ġenugan "to enjoy, use" 8532:Preterite-present verbs 8527:Preterite-present stems 8466:("should/must/to owe"), 6701:Strong verb conjugation 6696:Strong verb conjugation 6359:ēo or ū + one consonant. 5881:: as in Modern English, 5691:intercardinal directions 4999:If an adjective ends in 4948:If an adjective ends in 3955:after a vowel have hard 3243:« bystander » 3222:, and the a-stem ending 1532:As in several other old 1135:("fork"), and masculine 972:("girl"), and masculine 944:("father") and feminine 720:, while a golden cup is 617:(with many parallels in 12056:Central Atlas Tamazight 11146:Flamme, Julius (1885). 11095:Ringe & Taylor 2014 10891:Peter S. Baker (2003). 10710:: "As/after/since X, Y" 10548: 10542: 10333:correlative conjunction 10074:in addition to, besides 8443:Preterite-present verbs 7315:Many verbs ending in a 5150:("most pregnant"); and 5118:). "More beautiful" is 4914:. They also all retain 3893:("homeland") does, but 2592:only come in the plural 855:follow natural gender: 700:with a masculine noun, 643:synthetic passive voice 613:Nouns came in numerous 11297:An Old English Grammar 11283:A Guide to Old English 11267:Brunner, Karl (1965). 10950:An Old English Grammar 10907:on September 11, 2015. 10878:An Old English Grammar 10642:interrogative pronouns 10464:, "kingdom"), whereas 10418:Cynewulf and Cyneheard 10400:"with hostile malice" 9755:through compound form 9517:("behind"), Icelandic 9018:In the present tense, 8918:Sċulan "should, must" 8482:("to know/know how"), 7049:("to make room") from 6474:e (+lC), eo (+rC/ hC) 5862:Interrogative pronouns 5563:Names of peoples. Ex: 4782:comparative adjectives 4732:possessive determiners 4313:take different endings 4161:("machine"), dat. sg. 4092:Nominative−Accusative 3660:Nominative−Accusative 3450:Nominative−Accusative 3375:often take the prefix 3259:Nominative−Accusative 3159:Nominative−Accusative 2952:Nominative−Accusative 2719:Nominative−Accusative 2628:Nominative−Accusative 2427:Nominative−Accusative 1946:Nominative−Accusative 1400:("female slave"), and 1340:("tree") or masculine 1266:Metals are all neuter. 968:("woman", "wife") and 960:("monk") and feminine 952:("king") and feminine 948:("mother"), masculine 802:) is referred to with 502:grammar of Old English 11274:Campbell, A. (1959). 10990:10.1163/9789004435278 10933:Curzan, Anne (2003). 10918:Curzan, Anne (2003). 10874:Wrenn, Charles Leslie 10766:Old English phonology 10749:Old English phonology 10727:Old English phonology 10599:demonstrative pronoun 10442:ond westseaxna wiotan 10207:. The adverbial form 9773:. Ancestor of modern 9660:. Ancestor of modern 9641:. Ancestor of modern 9595:. Ancestor of modern 9576:. Ancestor of modern 9559:Related to Icelandic 9544:. Ancestor of modern 9521:. Ancestor of modern 8552:Infinitive (Meaning) 6976:Further information: 6607:+ another consonant, 6280:Further information: 5885:is used with people, 5875:socio-cultural gender 5312:("much/a lot/big") → 4898:Adjectives ending in 4867:Some adjectives have 4796:are always weak, but 4422:Strong declension of 4145:If an a-stem ends in 4073:« piglet » 3943:A-stems which end in 3897:("cripple") does not. 3889:("animal") does not; 3143:« friend » 2902:« person » 2889:root noun declension 2067:of any other gender. 1746:besenċan oþþe ofslēan 956:("queen"), masculine 798:(OE equivalent of NE 504:differs greatly from 371:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 110:"Old English grammar" 11035:10.16995/glossa.5895 10546:"they live" becomes 10303:than Modern English. 10156:, related to German 10137:. Related to German 10063:, related to German 10018:. Related to German 9693:. Related to German 9458:Old English language 8726:(ġe)cunnen, (ġe)cūþ 8502:("to suffice"), and 7734:(" to give birth"). 7499:are conjugated like 7319:are conjugated like 6310:break, broke, broken 6282:Germanic strong verb 5840:distal demonstrative 5728:("the first time"), 5612:and slōge þīn hēafod 5575:("the Ethiopians"), 5332:("least/smallest"). 4864:("brotherly love" ). 4229:« meadow » 4219:« shadow » 3971:/fiʃ/ ("fish"), pl. 3885:when inflected, but 3811:("punishment"), pl. 3752:, "sails" is either 2845:These nouns undergo 2602:("the English") and 1408:("female neighbor"). 1392:("female servant"), 1131:("knife"), feminine 898:In Old English (and 861:þǣr stent, canst þū 450:Early Modern English 346:Phonological history 204:improve this article 95:improve this article 18:Old English pronouns 12591:Old English grammar 11686:Old Church Slavonic 11276:Old English Grammar 10690:þēah (þe) X, þēah Y 10646:indefinite pronouns 10496:subordinate clauses 10254:Ancestor of modern 10240:Ancestor of modern 10226:Ancestor of modern 10196:without, outside of 10170:Ancestor of modern 10152:Ancestor of modern 10133:Ancestor of modern 10119:Ancestor of modern 10059:Ancestor of modern 10014:Ancestor of modern 10000:Ancestor of modern 9986:Ancestor of modern 9972:Ancestor of modern 9954:Ancestor of modern 9936:Ancestor of modern 9908:Ancestor of modern 9876:Ancestor of modern 9858:. Related to Dutch 9850:Ancestor of modern 9836:Ancestor of modern 9818:Ancestor of modern 9788:Related to Frisian 9751:Ancestor of modern 9737:Ancestor of modern 9722:Ancestor of modern 9689:Ancestor of modern 9675:Ancestor of modern 9509:Related to Frisian 9488: 9039: 8752:Ġemunan "remember" 8528: 7998:Class 3 weak verbs 7994: 7993:Class 3 weak verbs 7750: 7511: 7331: 7100: 7033:("to bleach") from 6986:in them (sometimes 6697: 6558:same as infinitive 6391: 6286:Strong verbs use a 6027: 5909: 5749: 5671:cardinal directions 5648:("I got up late in 5602:("the woods"), and 5455: 5340:Old English has no 5146:("more pregnant"), 4922:("happy children"). 4746:. Further details: 4619: 4615:Weak declension of 4426: 4206: 4205:wō-stem declension 4066:« shoe » 4055: 3638: 3384: 3235: 3228:present participles 3135: 2926:« goose » 2890: 2676: 2510:« time » 2402: 2269: 2087: 1920:« house » 1884: 1742:Hwæl mē meahte mid 1430:("female singer"), 1356:Feminizing suffixes 1053:("pig") is neuter. 920:Proto-Indo-European 683:Proto-Indo-European 595:grammatical genders 583:grammatical numbers 577:), and a vestigial 526:Proto-Indo-European 12551:Lingua Franca Nova 12194:Classical Japanese 11227:Old English Syntax 10787:their descendents 10696:þenden X, þenden Y 10514:Germanic languages 9656:Related to German 9591:Related to German 9536:Related to German 9486: 9037: 8526: 8498:("to be useful"), 8013:Hyċġan "to think" 7992: 7745: 7506: 7326: 7095: 7041:("to count") from 7025:("to judge") from 6978:Germanic weak verb 6704:Stelan "to steal" 6695: 6637:⟨lh⟩ 6621:⟨eo⟩ 6613:⟨ea⟩ 6389: 6376:a + one consonant. 6356:ī + one consonant. 6236:became "our", and 6026:Personal pronouns 6025: 5900: 5879:grammatical gender 5838:There is also the 5744: 5633:("the truth") and 5450: 5342:indefinite article 5328:("less/smaller"), 5320:("most/biggest"); 4860:("busy swords" ), 4614: 4421: 4204: 4188:("shadow/shade"), 4050: 4006:If a noun ends in 3637:z-stem declension 3636: 3617:. These nouns are 3383:r-stem declension 3382: 3233: 3133: 2888: 2817:: dative singular 2808:: dative singular 2799:: dative singular 2699:« hand » 2675:u-stem declension 2674: 2411:« eye » 2401:n-stem declension 2400: 2282:« moon » 2268:n-stem declension 2267: 2110:« ride » 2100:« gift » 2086:ō-stem declension 2085: 1910:« boat » 1896:« dog » 1883:a-stem declension 1882: 1813:(if masculine) or 1625:("the knight slew 1620:sē ridda ācwealde 1534:Germanic languages 1484:("predecessor") → 1438:("female lover"), 739:) also mean "it". 659:grammatical gender 541:Germanic languages 12578: 12577: 12232:Classical Chinese 11877: 11876: 11338:world's languages 10999:978-90-04-43527-8 10872:Quirk, Randolph; 10704:: "Whenever X, Y" 10692:: "Although X, Y" 10404: 10403: 10279: 10278: 10105:Related to Dutch 10087:Related to Dutch 9769:Related to Dutch 9574:Romance languages 9428: 9427: 9058:Willan "to want" 8981: 8980: 8950:Þurfan "to need" 8624:Durran "to dare" 8522:Sċulan and þurfan 8486:("to remember"), 8440: 8439: 8007:Libban "to live" 8004:Habban "to have" 7966: 7965: 7673: 7672: 7493: 7492: 7313: 7312: 6969: 6968: 6664:⟨u⟩ 6660:⟨o⟩ 6656:⟨a⟩ 6652:⟨æ⟩ 6648:⟨i⟩ 6644:⟨e⟩ 6633:⟨e⟩ 6629:⟨æ⟩ 6625:⟨l⟩ 6617:⟨e⟩ 6609:⟨æ⟩ 6605:⟨r⟩ 6601:⟨h⟩ 6572:and third-person 6562: 6561: 6244:forms during the 6191: 6190: 6014:Personal pronouns 6011: 6010: 5975: 5974: 5836: 5835: 5642:Iċ ārās on lætne 5548:All river names. 5542: 5541: 5381: 5380: 5316:("more/bigger"), 5158:("more boyish"), 5114:, for some words 5058:(/ɑ/, /o/, /u/). 5023:: nom. pl. masc. 4992:, nom. pl. masc. 4988:, dat. sg. masc. 4728: 4727: 4612: 4611: 4315:depending on the 4304: 4303: 4230: 4220: 4153:is replaced with 4142: 4141: 3819:("message"), pl. 3783:("strength") and 3707: 3706: 3606: 3605: 3310: 3309: 3208: 3207: 3122:("to hate"), and 3080: 3079: 2927: 2917: 2916:« nut » 2778: 2777: 2700: 2690: 2689:« son » 2660: 2659: 2588: 2587: 2471: 2470: 2391: 2390: 2293: 2292:« sun » 2283: 2226: 2225: 2111: 2101: 2056: 2055: 1921: 1911: 1255:diminutive suffix 894:Gender assignment 837: 836: 792: 791: 599:personal pronouns 559:grammatical cases 498: 497: 250: 249: 242: 232: 231: 224: 195:quality standards 186:This article may 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 12603: 12247:Mandarin Chinese 12078:Levantine Arabic 11406: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11304: 11248: 11239: 11230: 11221: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11083: 11082: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11037: 11013: 11004: 11003: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10903:. Archived from 10888: 10882: 10881: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10834: 10817: 10810: 10804: 10782: 10737:written language 10702:þonne X, þonne Y 10684:þider X, þider Y 10678:þanon X, þanon Y 10585:relative clauses 10551: 10545: 10532:in other cases. 10408:in sele þām hēan 10369: 10368: 10318:negative concord 10102:towards, against 9489: 9043:Anomalous verbs 9040: 9038:Anomalous verbs 8529: 8010:Seċġan "to say" 7995: 7985:("to say"), and 7751: 7512: 7332: 7317:double consonant 7101: 7045:("number"), and 6698: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6418:Past participle 6392: 6306:swim, swam, swum 6302:sing, sang, sung 6028: 5987: 5910: 5895:accusative cases 5873:("what") follow 5750: 5606:("the ground"). 5567:("the Saxons"), 5456: 5385:definite article 5347: 5198:("most loved"). 5194:("more loved"), 5015:, dat. sg. fem. 5003:, it changes to 4620: 4427: 4225: 4215: 4207: 4196:("meadow"), and 4056: 4051:nouns ending in 3999:("corpse"), and 3771:Some nouns have 3639: 3491:(ġe)sweostor, -r 3385: 3236: 3136: 3091:, which creates 2922: 2912: 2891: 2695: 2685: 2677: 2613: 2503: 2403: 2288: 2278: 2270: 2106: 2096: 2088: 1916: 1906: 1885: 1645:("Have you seen 1450:("bartender") → 1384:("female elf"), 1249:are all neuter. 1143:Nouns ending in 1112:("dancer"), and 813: 758: 490: 483: 476: 259: 252: 245: 238: 227: 220: 216: 213: 207: 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 12611: 12610: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12555: 12522: 12494: 12476: 12444:Native American 12437: 12407: 12379: 12341: 12312: 12284: 12261: 12208: 12175: 12142: 12097: 12037: 11983: 11930: 11873: 11835: 11765: 11730: 11652: 11629: 11551: 11530:Scottish Gaelic 11489: 11395: 11340: 11331: 11264: 11262:Further reading 11242: 11233: 11224: 11215: 11212: 11207: 11206: 11198: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11174: 11170: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11144: 11140: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11105: 11101: 11093: 11086: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11015: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10890: 10889: 10885: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10820: 10811: 10807: 10783: 10779: 10774: 10757: 10729: 10723: 10578: 10538: 10523:auxiliary verbs 10420:, which begins 10364:wrāþum on andan 10346: 10284: 9766:without, except 9464:may govern the 9433: 9049:Wesan, "to be" 8986: 8984:Anomalous verbs 8445: 7971: 7746:Conjugation of 7696:("to wander"). 7678: 7523:(tō) styrienne 7507:Conjugation of 7327:Conjugation of 7096:Conjugation of 7011: 6980: 6974: 6686: 6666:before nasals. 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623:. Also, before 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6387: 6284: 6278: 6258: 6232:became "your", 6016: 5864: 5859: 5742: 5571:("the Slavs"), 5338: 5196:swīðost ġelufod 5142:("pregnant") → 5138:("brightest"); 5096: 4862:broðorlīcu lufu 4830: 4778:Ordinal numbers 4411: 4309: 4224: 4214: 4069: 4062: 3967:in the plural: 3936:("whale"), and 3920:("container"), 3912:but "baths" is 3873:("cartilage"), 3712: 3611: 3315: 3239: 3139: 3085: 2921: 2911: 2898: 2836: 2694: 2684: 2665: 2619: 2506: 2476: 2407: 2287: 2277: 2260:, feminines in 2231: 2105: 2095: 2061: 1915: 1905: 1892: 1807: 1780: 1718:indirect object 1530: 1404:("neighbor") → 1358: 1298:morphophonology 1281:(" stranger"); 1096:("Christian"), 1064:("friend") and 931:morphophonology 904:morphophonology 896: 679: 655: 494: 465: 464: 440: 432: 431: 430: 391: 381: 380: 361: 351: 350: 323: 316: 308: 307: 283: 246: 235: 234: 233: 228: 217: 211: 208: 201: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12609: 12607: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12583: 12582: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12532: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12417: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12389: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12351: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12271: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12218: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12152: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12107: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11940: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11887: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11706:Serbo-Croatian 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11662: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11639: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11580:Istro-Romanian 11577: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11412: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11279: 11272: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11255: 11249: 11240: 11231: 11222: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11202:, p. 279. 11192: 11190:, p. 258. 11180: 11178:, p. 134. 11168: 11153: 11138: 11123: 11121:, p. 164. 11111: 11109:, p. 168. 11099: 11097:, p. 264. 11084: 11069: 11057: 11005: 10998: 10970: 10955: 10940: 10925: 10910: 10883: 10864: 10851:10.2307/412645 10845:(1): 126–136. 10828: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10805: 10801:Modern English 10776: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10761:Middle English 10756: 10753: 10725:Main article: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10698:: "While X, Y" 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10674:: "Where X, Y" 10631: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10611: 10610: 10604: 10595: 10577: 10574: 10537: 10534: 10519:V-to-T raising 10438: 10437: 10434: 10427: 10402: 10401: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10321: 10314: 10304: 10299:and more like 10283: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10230: 10224: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9862:and (archaic) 9848: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9698: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9557: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9540:and Icelandic 9534: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9046:Bēon, "to be" 9044: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8784:Unnan "grant" 8781: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8592:Āgan "to own" 8590: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8506:("to grant"). 8444: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7311: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7092:("to share"): 7029:("judgment"), 7015:Proto-Germanic 7010: 7007: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6386: 6385: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6277: 6274: 6257: 6254: 6246:Middle English 6189: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5901:Declension of 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5745:Declension of 5741: 5740:Demonstratives 5738: 5734: 5733: 5710: 5667: 5662:("the Lord"). 5657: 5646:and ēode niðer 5638: 5627: 5614:("You fell on 5592: 5561: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5451:Declension of 5379: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5337: 5334: 5192:swīðor ġelufod 5174:) and "most" ( 5134:("brighter"), 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5075: 5028: 4997: 4960:the preceding 4946: 4923: 4896: 4865: 4829: 4828:Irregularities 4826: 4825: 4824: 4807:The adjective 4805: 4775: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4410: 4407: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4166: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4048: 4047: 4018:the preceding 4004: 3941: 3904:but "days" is 3898: 3863: 3834:("darkness"), 3824: 3799:("heads") and 3769: 3711: 3710:Irregularities 3708: 3705: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3629:("lamb"), and 3610: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3499: 3489: 3486: 3478:(ġe)brōþor, -r 3476: 3473: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3265:ymbstandend, - 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3126:("accuser") ← 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2895: 2874:("city"), and 2840:Proto-Germanic 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2274: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2092: 2065:Null morphemes 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1889: 1875:("boat"), and 1851:heavy syllable 1806: 1803: 1799:Proto-Germanic 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771:demonstratives 1733: 1709: 1630: 1596: 1529: 1526: 1496:("teacher") ~ 1490: 1489: 1463: 1409: 1388:("servant") → 1357: 1354: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1277:("stranger"), 1267: 1264: 1261: 1171: 1156: 1155:(" disciple"). 1151:("Italy") and 1108:("cannibal"), 1092:("relative"), 924:Proto-Germanic 895: 892: 835: 834: 831: 825: 824: 819: 790: 789: 786: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 764: 678: 675: 654: 651: 522:Proto-Germanic 506:Modern English 496: 495: 493: 492: 485: 478: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 455:Modern English 452: 447: 445:Middle English 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411:Proto-Germanic 407: 406: 400: 399: 393: 392: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 368: 362: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 330:Latin alphabet 326:Runic alphabet 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 270: 269: 261: 260: 248: 247: 230: 229: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12608: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12558: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12497: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12440: 12434: 12431: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12315: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12267:Austroasiatic 12264: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12211: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11401:Indo-European 11398: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11354:Orthographies 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11321: 11316: 11314: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11298: 11294: 11292: 11291:0-631-22636-2 11288: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11201: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11176:Mitchell 1985 11172: 11169: 11164: 11157: 11154: 11149: 11142: 11139: 11134: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11112: 11108: 11103: 11100: 11096: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11070: 11067:, p. 15. 11066: 11061: 11058: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11001: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10974: 10971: 10966: 10959: 10956: 10951: 10944: 10941: 10936: 10929: 10926: 10921: 10914: 10911: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10887: 10884: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10830: 10823: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10778: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10720: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10661:þā ... þā ... 10657: 10655: 10651: 10650:Ancient Greek 10647: 10643: 10638: 10637:word order). 10636: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10609: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10544: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10490: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10414:Extraposition 10411: 10409: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10306:There was no 10305: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800:, and German 9799: 9795: 9792:, Low German 9791: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9629:, Low German 9628: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9487:Prepositions 9484: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9450:postpositions 9446: 9442: 9438: 9430: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9055:Gān, "to go" 9054: 9052:Dōn, "to do" 9051: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8547: 8530: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8490:("to dare"), 8489: 8485: 8481: 8478:("to know"), 8477: 8474:("to need"), 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977:("to have"), 7976: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7743: 7742:("to love"): 7741: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7726:("to coin"), 7725: 7721: 7718:("to love"), 7717: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7692:("to wink"), 7691: 7688:("to hope"), 7687: 7683: 7675: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7504: 7503:("to move"): 7502: 7498: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7343:(tō) temenne 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6640: 6598: 6593: 6591: 6590:present tense 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6043: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5829:Instrumental 5828: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5608:Þū fēolle on 5605: 5601: 5598:("the sea"), 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5554:flēat ān sċip 5553: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5535:Instrumental 5534: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363:Literal gloss 5361: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5324:("little") → 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233:("strong") → 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5154:("boyish") → 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5130:("bright") → 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4972:("crooked"), 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4902:all lose the 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4858:bisigu sweord 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4218: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4054: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846:("age"), and 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3791:("eggs") and 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114:("to love"), 3113: 3110:("friend") ← 3109: 3104: 3102: 3099:("to own") → 3098: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1766:also known as 1763: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1667:, literally " 1666: 1664: 1659: 1656:, literally " 1655: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1605:direct object 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580:loved her"), 1579: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508:("doctor") ~ 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476:("worker") → 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460:forspennestre 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426:("singer") → 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376:("goddess"), 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Indo-European 893: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 864: 860: 854: 850: 846: 842: 832: 830: 827: 826: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 787: 785: 782: 781: 777: 775: 774:Literal gloss 772: 771: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 735:) and "she" ( 734: 729: 727: 725: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 676: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 652: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:Ancient Greek 620: 616: 611: 609: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:morphological 515: 511: 507: 503: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 436: 435: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 394: 390: 385: 384: 377: 376:Cædmon's Hymn 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 331: 327: 322: 319: 318: 312: 311: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 279: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262: 258: 254: 253: 244: 241: 226: 223: 215: 212:February 2021 205: 200: 196: 192: 191: 184: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 12393:Massachusett 12347:Austronesian 12214:Sino-Tibetan 11480:West Frisian 11437: 11379:Prepositions 11358: 11296: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11252: 11244: 11235: 11226: 11217: 11195: 11183: 11171: 11162: 11156: 11147: 11141: 11132: 11126: 11114: 11102: 11078: 11072: 11060: 11025: 11021: 10980: 10973: 10964: 10958: 10949: 10943: 10934: 10928: 10919: 10913: 10905:the original 10896: 10886: 10877: 10867: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10813: 10808: 10795: 10789: 10780: 10745:alternations 10730: 10713: 10708:þæs X, þæs Y 10707: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10672:þǣr X, þǣr Y 10671: 10660: 10658: 10639: 10632: 10621: 10612: 10607: 10602:se, sēo, þæt 10601: 10592: 10582: 10579: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10539: 10527: 10518: 10504: 10499: 10494:However, in 10493: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10439: 10430: 10424: 10412: 10407: 10405: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10363: 10357: 10354:constituents 10347: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10308: 10291:The default 10285: 10273: 10269: 10255: 10241: 10227: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10185: 10171: 10157: 10153: 10138: 10134: 10120: 10106: 10092: 10088: 10064: 10060: 10046: 10019: 10015: 10001: 9987: 9973: 9959: 9955: 9951:from, out of 9941: 9937: 9923: 9909: 9895: 9881: 9877: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9837: 9823: 9819: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9774: 9770: 9756: 9752: 9738: 9723: 9709: 9694: 9690: 9676: 9661: 9657: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9611: 9596: 9592: 9577: 9567: 9560: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9478:instrumental 9462:Prepositions 9455: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9431:Prepositions 9303:Subjunctive 9135:*(ġe)willen 9095:tō willenne 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8995:'to do' and 8992: 8991: 8987: 8541:Subjunctive 8508: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8494:("to own"), 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8422: 8400: 8375: 8353: 8328: 8306: 8297:Subjunctive 8278: 8256: 8234: 8212: 8184: 8162: 8140: 8118: 8087: 8065: 8054:tō hyċġenne 8040: 8021: 8018:Infinitives 7986: 7982: 7981:("to live") 7978: 7974: 7972: 7960: 7954: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7736: 7731: 7730:("puppy") → 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7679: 7643: 7633: 7615: 7602: 7578: 7565: 7552: 7539: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7463: 7453: 7435: 7422: 7398: 7385: 7372: 7359: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7280: 7274: 7264: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7004: 7000:look, looked 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6963: 6950: 6934: 6921: 6905: 6892: 6880:Subjunctive 6873: 6860: 6847: 6834: 6815: 6802: 6789: 6776: 6754: 6741: 6725: 6722:tō stelanne 6715: 6709:Infinitives 6689: 6687: 6668: 6641: 6611:turned into 6594: 6563: 6552: 6517: 6415:Second past 6406:Root weight 6381: 6370:'to break'). 6367: 6350: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323:weep, wreak, 6321: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6285: 6276:Strong verbs 6262:strong verbs 6259: 6249: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6017: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5967:Instrumental 5966: 5956: 5946: 5936: 5923: 5906: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5870: 5869:("who") and 5866: 5865: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5746: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5637:("the law"). 5634: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5589:Dena æðeling 5588: 5584: 5576: 5573:Siġelhearwan 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5388: 5382: 5372: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5339: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257:("short") → 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221:("young") → 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5148:bearnēacnost 5147: 5144:bearnēacenra 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5086: 5082: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920:blīðu ċildru 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4736:cwic þrōwend 4735: 4729: 4722: 4717:Instrumental 4716: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4616: 4606: 4601:Instrumental 4600: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4520: 4515:Instrumental 4514: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4444: 4423: 4415: 4412: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4310: 4200:("pasture"). 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4003:("village"). 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908:, "bath" is 3905: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3713: 3701: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3667: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3184: 3178: 3166: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118:("enemy") ← 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3095:from verbs: 3088: 3086: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2755: 2749: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2668: 2666: 2654: 2643: 2632: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2533: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2368: 2362: 2351: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2220: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2149: 2140: 2134: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1962: 1953: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1843: 1839: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1796: 1781: 1778:Noun classes 1765: 1762:sē Deneslaga 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737:Instrumental 1735: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1682:(literally " 1677: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1593:wyrd is eall 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1558:instrumental 1531: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:("baker") → 1439: 1435: 1434:("lover") → 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396:("slave") → 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1349: 1348:or feminine 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:or feminine 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:or feminine 1313: 1300:rather than 1295: 1289:(" mortal"). 1286: 1285:("mortal"), 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:"stallion", 984: 980: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 939: 934: 928: 897: 887: 877: 872: 868: 862: 858: 856: 840: 838: 828: 821: 816: 807: 803: 799: 795: 793: 783: 773: 766: 761: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 730: 723: 721: 718:gylden hring 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 687: 680: 656: 638: 634: 631:conjugations 612: 593:) and three 579:instrumental 557:, with four 549: 534: 501: 499: 403: 335: 298:Northumbrian 236: 218: 209: 202:Please help 198: 187: 157: 151:October 2011 148: 138: 131: 124: 117: 105: 93:Please help 88:verification 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 12596:Old English 12562:constructed 12546:Interlingue 12541:Interlingua 12413:Uto-Aztecan 12103:Niger–Congo 12043:Afroasiatic 11369:Determiners 11349:Phonologies 10635:verb-second 10549:libbaþ hīe, 10489:verb-second 10297:verb-second 10164:undernēoðan 10042:Related to 9492:Old English 9386:Imperative 9269:3rd person 9252:2nd person 9235:1st person 9189:3rd person 9169:2nd person 9149:1st person 9140:Indicative 9100:Participle 9086:to wesanne 9063:Infinitive 8956:(ġe)þurfen 8924:(ġe)sċulen 8630:(ġe)dorren 8544:Imperative 8538:Indicative 8535:Participle 8394:Imperative 8253:3rd person 8231:2nd person 8209:1st person 8159:3rd person 8137:2nd person 8115:1st person 8106:Indicative 8059:Participle 8051:tō seċġenne 8048:tō libbenne 8045:tō hæbbenne 7909:Imperative 7860:Subjunctive 7722:("coin") → 7714:("love") → 7669:(ġe)styred 7628:Imperative 7591:Subjunctive 7448:Imperative 7411:Subjunctive 7259:Imperative 7210:Subjunctive 6996:love, loved 6941:Imperative 6854:3rd person 6841:2nd person 6828:1st person 6796:3rd person 6783:2nd person 6770:1st person 6761:Indicative 6751:(ġe)stolen 6732:Participle 6582:subjunctive 6412:First past 6398:Stem vowel 6395:Verb class 6292:conjugation 6117:Accusative 6082:Nominative 6040:3rd person 6037:2nd person 6034:1st person 6003:Translation 5991:Old English 5793:Accusative 5776:Nominative 5714:ealle hwīle 5689:. Also the 5650:the morning 5624:middanġeard 5499:Accusative 5482:Nominative 5373:Translation 5351:Old English 5288:("good") → 5280:A few more 5269:("high") → 5245:("long") → 5188:participles 5160:cnihtlīcost 5104:superlative 5100:comparative 4644:Any gender 4311:Adjectives 4272:sċeadwa, -e 4266:Accusative 4249:Nominative 4192:("sinew"), 3995:("ditch"), 3991:("plate"), 3928:("staff"), 3842:("crowd"), 3621:("child"), 3586:(ġe)sweostr 3537:(ġe)sweostr 3303:ymbstandend 3297:ymbstandend 3286:ymbstandend 3280:ymbstandend 3262:ymbstandend 3241:ymbstandend 3093:agent nouns 2540:Accusative 2526:Nominative 2341:Accusative 2312:Nominative 2156:Accusative 2130:Nominative 1879:("house"): 1732:the ball"). 1673:partitively 1622:þone dracan 1614:("he loved 1458:("pimp") → 1456:forspennend 1406:nēahġebȳren 1346:sċieldweall 1170:("person"). 1104:("loner"), 1100:("pagan"), 1088:("guest"), 1080:("saint"), 1076:("baker"), 1072:("lover"), 1023:"ewe", and 999:"ram", and 983:"rooster", 976:("woman"). 884:determiners 867:("The girl 857:Þæt mæġden 849:determiners 829:Translation 817:Old English 784:Translation 762:Old English 694:determiners 615:declensions 514:Old English 321:Orthography 274:Old English 206:if you can. 12585:Categories 12319:East Asian 12280:Vietnamese 12066:Historical 12028:Mingrelian 11794:Hindustani 11771:Indo-Aryan 11721:Slovincian 11681:Macedonian 11666:Belarusian 11648:Lithuanian 11610:Portuguese 11540:colloquial 11364:Adjectives 10899:. Oxford: 10893:"Pronouns" 10824:References 10714:þȳ X, þȳ Y 10570:do-support 10566:have they? 10543:hīe libbaþ 10478:westseaxan 10474:westseaxna 10446:extraposed 10440:The words 10350:Scrambling 10344:Word order 10337:þā X, þā Y 10293:word order 10272:and Latin 10251:outside of 10172:underneath 10167:underneath 9705:in, within 9495:Definition 9466:accusative 9083:tō bēonne 8921:sċuldende 8889:(ġe)mæġen 8854:ġenugende 8825:(ġe)dugen 8790:(ġe)unnen 8755:ġemunende 8691:(ġe)witen 8662:(ġe)mōten 7940:Participle 7773:Indicative 7755:Infinitive 7701:productive 7653:Participle 7560:styredest 7528:Indicative 7516:Infinitive 7489:(ġe)temed 7473:Participle 7348:Indicative 7336:Infinitive 7287:Participle 7123:Indicative 7105:Infinitive 7082:conjugated 7037:("pale"), 6972:Weak verbs 6597:'breaking' 6586:i-mutation 6564:The first 6266:weak verbs 6071:Masculine 6020:dual forms 5971:hwon, hwȳ 5937:Accusative 5924:Nominative 5891:nominative 5765:Masculine 5616:the ground 5585:Ēastseaxan 5558:the Thames 5471:Masculine 5300:("bad") → 5209:("old") → 5156:cnihtlīcra 5140:bearnēacen 5064:ġesċādlīca 5056:back vowel 5042:have hard 4762:girl") or 4681:Accusative 4650:Nominative 4567:Accusative 4542:Nominative 4464:Accusative 4445:Nominative 4307:Adjectives 4278:mǣdwa, -e 3987:("twig"), 3940:("blade"). 3932:("path"), 3924:("cave"), 3838:("heat"), 3719:High vowel 3633:("calf"). 3504:dohtor, -r 2878:("plow"). 2862:("goat"), 2854:("book"), 2850:including 2834:Root nouns 2788:("mead"), 2784:("door"), 1855:long vowel 1830:high vowel 1760:ōðre naman 1754:ōðre naman 1726:þone beall 1722:Iċ sealde 1641:þæs hundes 1639:Ġesāwe þū 1627:the dragon 1609:Hē lufode 1600:Accusative 1583:þæt mæġden 1574:lufode hīe 1566:Nominative 1546:accusative 1542:nominative 1380:("elf") → 1372:("god") → 1350:sċieldburg 1324:or neuter 1084:("poet"), 922:and later 880:adjectives 845:adjectives 690:adjectives 637:and three 603:dual forms 567:accusative 563:nominative 404:Influences 359:Literature 303:West Saxon 121:newspapers 50:improve it 12536:Esperanto 12528:auxiliary 12426:Classical 12337:Mongolian 12227:Cantonese 12161:Malayalam 12148:Dravidian 12018:Kabardian 11926:Meänkieli 11901:Hungarian 11726:Ukrainian 11671:Bulgarian 11570:Dalmatian 11470:Ripuarian 11465:Old Norse 11460:Norwegian 11455:Icelandic 11418:Afrikaans 11200:Hogg 2011 11188:Hogg 2011 11119:Hogg 2011 11107:Hogg 2011 11065:Hogg 2011 11052:252075813 11044:2397-1835 10984:. Brill. 10901:Blackwell 10733:phonology 10721:Phonology 10583:Instead, 10536:Questions 10507:Chomskyan 10362:line 708 10203:, German 10099:tōgeagnes 10091:, German 9940:. German 9731:betwēonum 9669:beġeondan 9637:, German 9622:by, about 9389:Singular 9352:Singular 9309:Singular 9232:Singular 9146:Singular 9126:(ġe)bēon 9118:willende 8953:þurfende 8723:cunnende 8627:durrende 8598:(ġe)āgen 8581:Singular 8573:Singular 8470:("may"), 8462:("can"), 8397:Singular 8350:Singular 8303:Singular 8206:Singular 8112:Singular 8101:(ġe)hogd 8098:(ġe)sæġd 8095:(ġe)lifd 8092:(ġe)hæfd 8079:hyċġende 8076:seċġende 8073:libbende 8070:hæbbende 8001:Suffixes 7969:Class III 7666:styriende 7623:styreden 7586:styredon 7380:temedest 6944:Singular 6915:Singular 6886:Singular 6825:Singular 6767:Singular 6755:(ġe)- -en 6738:stelende 6599:. Before 6409:Non-past 6294:known as 6242:Old Norse 6163:Genitive 6077:Feminine 6063:Singular 6054:Singular 6045:Singular 5804:Genitive 5771:Feminine 5755:Singular 5726:forma sīþ 5722:ealne weġ 5510:Genitive 5477:Feminine 5461:Singular 5239:strenġest 5205:, namely 5136:beorhtost 5072:menniscum 5060:Ġesċādlīċ 4966:diphthong 4958:lengthens 4760:beautiful 4635:Masculine 4625:Singular 4536:Feminine 4530:Masculine 4439:Feminine 4433:Masculine 4283:Genitive 4241:Singular 4235:Singular 4109:Genitive 4084:Singular 4078:Singular 4024:diphthong 4016:lengthens 3983:("way"), 3979:("day"), 3862:remained. 3724:(loss of 3674:Genitive 3652:Singular 3625:("egg"), 3580:(ġe)brōþr 3531:(ġe)brōþr 3516:Genitive 3442:Singular 3436:Singular 3430:Singular 3424:Singular 3418:Singular 3277:Genitive 3251:Singular 3174:Genitive 3151:Singular 2993:Genitive 2944:Singular 2938:Singular 2932:Singular 2905:Feminine 2897:Masculine 2870:("nut"), 2866:("oak"), 2858:("cow"), 2745:Genitive 2711:Singular 2705:Singular 2639:Genitive 2594:, namely 2561:Genitive 2518:Singular 2444:Genitive 2419:Singular 2358:Genitive 2304:Singular 2298:Singular 2276:Masculine 2241:("ear"), 2237:("eye"), 2193:Genitive 2122:Singular 2116:Singular 1975:Genitive 1938:Singular 1932:Singular 1926:Singular 1891:Masculine 1871:("dog"), 1862:diphthong 1744:āne sleġe 1728:("I gave 1669:thunder's 1647:the dog's 1510:lācnestre 1486:foregenġe 1482:foregenġa 1452:tæppestre 1428:sangestre 1402:nēahġebūr 1302:semantics 1153:discipula 1033:male bees 908:semantics 665:based on 601:also had 555:inflected 537:Icelandic 510:inflected 426:Brittonic 341:Phonology 56:talk page 12500:artistic 12490:American 12452:Cherokee 12360:Hawaiian 12298:Has Hlai 12242:Kokborok 12237:Dzongkha 12199:Okinawan 12189:Japanese 12093:Ugaritic 12088:Tigrinya 12013:Georgian 11990:European 11916:Livonian 11891:Estonian 11847:Albanian 11824:Sanskrit 11799:Maithili 11789:Gujarati 11784:Bhojpuri 11701:Silesian 11625:Venetian 11615:Romanian 11594:Lombard 11545:literary 11410:Germanic 11384:Pronouns 11359:Grammars 11334:Grammars 10876:(1957). 10839:Language 10755:See also 10663:, other 10659:Besides 10654:Sanskrit 10648:, as in 10530:-support 10311:-support 10234:wiþinnan 10181:upon, on 10039:together 10020:entgegen 9833:from, by 9796:, Dutch 9716:benēoðan 9683:behindan 9633:, Dutch 9513:, Dutch 9470:genitive 9306:Present 9264:woldest 9143:Present 9132:(ġe)gān 9129:(ġe)dōn 9109:wesende 9103:Present 9092:tō gānne 9089:tō dōnne 8886:mæġende 8878:ġenugaþ 8872:ġenoht- 8866:ġenoht- 8860:ġeneah- 8857:ġenugen 8846:ġedugaþ 8822:dugende 8787:unnende 8779:ġemunaþ 8773:ġemund- 8767:ġemund- 8758:ġemunen 8688:witende 8659:mōtende 8567:Present 8561:Present 8555:Present 8300:Present 8248:hogdest 8245:sæġdest 8242:lifdest 8239:hæfdest 8109:Present 8062:Present 8041:tō -enne 7765:(tō) luf 7732:hwelpian 7724:mynetian 7708:i-umlaut 7694:wandrian 7676:Class II 7648:styriaþ 7610:styrede 7573:styrede 7547:styrede 7486:temmende 7443:temeden 7406:temedon 7115:(tō) dǣl 7019:i-umlaut 6883:Present 6764:Present 6735:Present 6726:tō -anne 6574:singular 6482:i (+nC) 6460:e (+CC) 6290:form of 6288:Germanic 5947:Genitive 5857:Pronouns 5730:ōðer sīþ 5707:norðwest 5695:norðēast 5654:at night 5538:þon, þȳ 5336:Articles 5306:wierrest 5263:sċyrtest 5235:strengra 5203:i-umlaut 5152:cnihtlīċ 5132:beorhtra 5124:fæġerost 4933:becomes 4823:horse"). 4774:whore"). 4694:Genitive 4638:Feminine 4584:Genitive 4483:Genitive 4430:Singular 4297:sċeadwum 3875:gristles 3781:strengðu 3779:such as 3488:sweostor 3407:sweostor 3373:sweostor 3365:sweostor 3357:Sweostor 3335:sweostor 3212:i-umlaut 3083:nd-stems 2847:i-umlaut 2543:tīd, tīd 2286:Feminine 2247:þunwange 1849:after a 1750:one blow 1684:people's 1634:Genitive 1589:the girl 1554:genitive 1522:hlǣfdiġe 1514:*lācnere 1498:lǣrestre 1444:bæcestre 1436:lufestre 1330:ēagþȳrel 1306:referent 1287:dēadlīcu 1110:hlēapere 1011:"mare", 995:"bull", 991:"boar", 853:pronouns 627:Sanskrit 587:singular 571:genitive 282:Dialects 266:a series 264:Part of 188:require 12508:Klingon 12462:Miskito 12421:Nahuatl 12375:Tagalog 12365:Ilocano 12355:Cebuano 12290:Kra–Dai 12257:Tibetan 12222:Burmese 12204:Hachijō 12181:Japonic 12156:Kannada 12133:Swahili 11964:Turkmen 11959:Turkish 11906:Ingrian 11896:Finnish 11869:Hittite 11857:Ancient 11819:Punjabi 11804:Marathi 11779:Bengali 11754:Persian 11744:Kurdish 11736:Iranian 11716:Slovene 11696:Russian 11643:Latvian 11620:Spanish 11603:Western 11598:Eastern 11585:Italian 11565:Catalan 11508:Cornish 11485:Yiddish 11475:Swedish 11445:Faroese 11433:English 11336:of the 11210:Sources 10796:fairest 10785:Compare 10617:, e.g. 10470:wiotana 10450:beniman 10392:on/with 10359:Beowulf 10335:(e.g., 10256:without 10248:wiþūtan 10223:against 10135:through 10130:through 10113:tōweard 10089:tevoren 10081:tōforan 10071:tōeācan 9994:onbūtan 9856:ġeondra 9847:through 9757:onbufan 9739:between 9734:between 9724:beneath 9719:beneath 9650:beforan 9593:entlang 9585:andlang 9424:willaþ 9409:Plural 9381:wolden 9369:Plural 9344:willen 9329:Plural 9298:woldon 9286:Plural 9224:willaþ 9209:Plural 9106:bēonde 9078:willan 8977:þurfaþ 8971:þyrft- 8965:þorft- 8959:þearf- 8945:sċulaþ 8939:sċyld- 8933:sċold- 8927:sċeal- 8898:meaht- 8875:ġenuge 8869:ġenug- 8863:ġenug- 8843:ġeduge 8776:ġemune 8770:ġemun- 8764:ġemun- 8761:ġeman- 8747:cunnaþ 8651:durraþ 8645:dyrst- 8639:dorst- 8633:dearr- 8595:āgende 8584:Plural 8576:Plural 8500:ġenugan 8484:ġemunan 8436:hyċġaþ 8419:Plural 8389:hogden 8386:sæġden 8383:lifden 8380:hæfden 8372:Plural 8342:hyċġen 8339:seċġen 8336:libben 8333:hæbben 8325:Plural 8292:hogdon 8289:sæġdon 8286:lifdon 8283:hæfdon 8275:Plural 8198:hyċġaþ 8181:Plural 8148:leofast 8088:(ġe) -d 8035:hyċġan 7959:(ġe)luf 7943:Present 7863:Present 7776:Present 7690:wincian 7656:Present 7620:styrien 7594:Present 7557:styrest 7531:Present 7520:styrian 7509:styrian 7501:styrian 7476:Present 7468:temmaþ 7430:temede 7414:Present 7393:temede 7367:temede 7351:Present 7306:(ġe)dǣl 7290:Present 7213:Present 7126:Present 7009:Class I 6960:stelaþ 6957:Plural 6931:stǣlen 6928:Plural 6902:stelen 6899:Plural 6870:stǣlon 6867:Plural 6812:stelaþ 6809:Plural 6786:stilst 6712:stelan 6548:various 6499:e(+r/l) 6149:Dative 6074:Neuter 6066:Plural 6060:Plural 6051:Plural 5918:"what" 5853:above. 5824:þissum 5818:Dative 5768:Neuter 5758:Plural 5718:be weġe 5703:sūðwest 5699:sūðēast 5660:Dryhten 5620:weorold 5569:Winedas 5524:Dative 5474:Neuter 5464:Plural 5259:sċyrtra 5251:lenġest 5227:ġinġest 5215:ieldest 5183:swīðost 5120:fæġerra 5068:mennisċ 5017:ġearore 5013:ġearone 4974:þwēorre 4744:þrōwend 4740:sē cwic 4641:Neuter 4628:Plural 4300:mǣdwum 4294:Dative 4286:sċeadwa 4269:sċeadwe 4255:sċeadwa 4244:Plural 4238:Plural 4138:fēarum 4126:Dative 4104:fēaras 4087:Plural 4081:Plural 4032:deletes 3879:Dryhten 3871:gristel 3832:þīestru 3793:ċealfru 3722:apocope 3691:Dative 3655:Plural 3609:z-stems 3551:Dative 3445:Plural 3439:Plural 3433:Plural 3427:Plural 3421:Plural 3319:r-stems 3313:r-stems 3294:Dative 3254:Plural 3191:Dative 3154:Plural 3112:frēoġan 3034:Dative 2947:Plural 2941:Plural 2935:Plural 2762:Dative 2714:Plural 2708:Plural 2669:u-stems 2663:u-stems 2650:Dative 2578:Dative 2521:Plural 2474:i-stems 2461:Dative 2422:Plural 2375:Dative 2307:Plural 2301:Plural 2229:n-stems 2210:Dative 2125:Plural 2119:Plural 2059:ō-stems 2016:Dative 1941:Plural 1935:Plural 1929:Plural 1899:Neuter 1833:apocope 1805:a-stems 1784:inflect 1706:water's 1518:hlāford 1516:), and 1502:*lǣrere 1448:tæppere 1432:lufiend 1424:sangere 1334:ēagduru 1322:steorra 1283:dēadlīċ 1160:wīfmann 1114:sangere 1106:selfǣta 1102:āngenġa 1094:cristen 1070:lufiend 1047:fifalde 1039:General 1019:"cow", 1015:"sow", 1007:"hen", 985:henġest 974:wīfmann 935:because 663:inflect 633:(seven 389:History 366:Beowulf 336:Grammar 293:Mercian 288:Kentish 190:cleanup 135:scholar 12570:Lojban 12560:Other 12518:Quenya 12467:Navajo 12442:Other 12403:Ojibwe 12398:Munsee 12332:Korean 12327:Evenki 12317:Other 12171:Telugu 12123:Herero 12083:Somali 12073:Kabyle 12061:Hebrew 12051:Arabic 12008:Basque 12003:Adyghe 11998:Abkhaz 11988:Other 11969:Uyghur 11949:Kyrgyz 11944:Kazakh 11936:Turkic 11921:Udmurt 11883:Uralic 11809:Nepali 11749:Pashto 11711:Slovak 11691:Polish 11658:Slavic 11635:Baltic 11575:French 11557:Italic 11503:Breton 11495:Celtic 11450:German 11423:Danish 11289: 11050: 11042: 10996: 10859:412645 10857: 10814:gender 10790:fairer 10741:corpus 10560:) and 10482:wiotan 10466:wiotan 10373:wrāþum 10301:German 10282:Syntax 10265:around 10242:within 10237:within 10121:toward 10116:toward 10084:before 10044:German 10008:onġēan 9997:around 9983:on, in 9891:within 9864:ginder 9852:yonder 9771:buiten 9710:binnen 9702:binnan 9695:hinter 9691:behind 9686:behind 9677:beyond 9672:beyond 9662:before 9653:before 9619:be, bī 9607:behind 9604:bæftan 9533:before 9515:achter 9498:Notes 9474:dative 9443:, and 9415:wesaþ 9404:wille 9378:ēoden 9375:dyden 9372:wǣren 9364:wolde 9324:wille 9281:wolde 9261:ēodest 9258:dydest 9247:wolde 9164:wille 9115:gānde 9112:dōnde 9069:wesan 9001:willan 8974:þyrfe 8968:þyrf- 8962:þurf- 8942:sċyle 8936:sċyl- 8930:sċul- 8910:magaþ 8904:miht- 8840:doht- 8834:doht- 8828:deah- 8811:unnaþ 8744:cunne 8738:cunn- 8732:cunn- 8729:cann- 8712:witaþ 8706:wist- 8700:wist- 8680:mōtaþ 8674:mōst- 8648:dyrre 8642:dyrr- 8636:durr- 8549:Class 8488:durran 8480:cunnan 8472:þurfan 8464:sċulan 8433:seċġaþ 8430:libbaþ 8427:habbaþ 8367:hogde 8320:hyċġe 8270:hogde 8267:sæġde 8264:lifde 8261:hæfde 8226:hogde 8195:seċġaþ 8192:libbaþ 8189:habbaþ 8170:leofaþ 8154:hyġst 8132:hyċġe 8032:seċġan 8029:libban 8026:habban 7987:hyċġan 7983:seċġan 7979:libban 7975:habban 7748:lufian 7740:lufian 7716:lufian 7686:hopian 7638:styre 7607:styrie 7583:styraþ 7570:styreþ 7544:styrie 7440:temmen 7403:temmaþ 7377:temest 7329:temman 7321:temman 7086:length 7069:, and 7039:tellan 7031:blǣċan 6918:stǣle 6889:stele 6844:stǣle 6799:stilþ 6773:stele 6690:stelan 6658:, and 6631:, but 6615:, and 6603:, and 6578:plural 6545:heavy 6496:light 6426:heavy 6403:Class 6368:brecan 6337:) and 6335:slǣpan 6297:ablaut 6187:heora 6181:ēower 6178:incer 5982:hwæðer 5957:Dative 5941:hwone 5877:, not 5821:þissum 5813:þissa 5807:þisses 5705:, and 5685:, and 5664:Dēofol 5644:morgen 5610:eorðan 5577:Indēas 5565:Seaxan 5552:Temese 5443:, and 5401:number 5399:, and 5397:gender 5330:lǣsest 5302:wiersa 5290:betera 5275:hīehst 5265:; and 5247:lengra 5231:strang 5223:ġingra 5211:ieldra 5171:swīðor 5128:beorht 5094:Degree 5025:ġearwe 4970:þweorh 4952:, the 4912:blīðne 4887:; and 4802:fyrest 4772:stupid 4770:("you 4766:dysiġe 4758:("Hey 4756:mæġden 4754:fæġere 4713:Dative 4597:Dative 4533:Neuter 4527:Plural 4502:Dative 4436:Neuter 4398:, and 4325:number 4323:, and 4321:gender 4289:mǣdwa 4261:mǣdwa 4252:sċeadu 4217:sċeadu 4186:sċeadu 4163:searwe 4149:, the 4121:fēara 4118:fēares 4010:, the 3973:fiscas 3895:crypel 3887:nīeten 3848:bieldu 3840:meniġu 3821:ǣrendu 3817:ǣrende 3801:dēoflu 3797:hēafdu 3785:iermðu 3750:swefnu 3501:dohtor 3475:brōþor 3412:dohtor 3402:brōþor 3369:brōþor 3353:dohtor 3351:, and 3345:Brōþor 3339:dohtor 3337:, and 3331:brōþor 3201:frēond 3183:frēond 3177:frēond 3162:frēond 3141:frēond 3120:fēoġan 3108:frēond 2819:wintra 2815:winter 2491:almost 2406:Neuter 1788:number 1716:: the 1713:Dative 1708:cup"). 1700:wætres 1663:þunres 1658:Rome's 1603:: the 1556:, and 1550:dative 1494:lārēow 1478:wyrhte 1474:wyrhta 1454:, and 1440:bæcere 1412:-estre 1398:þiewen 1390:þiġnen 1382:ielfen 1326:tungol 1279:fremdu 1275:fremde 1251:Mæġden 1245:, and 1229:, and 1227:-rǣden 1223:-estre 1207:-sċipe 1205:, and 1149:Italia 1137:cucler 1074:bæcere 1062:frēond 970:mæġden 950:cyning 916:gender 841:mæġden 722:gylden 677:Gender 671:number 661:, and 647:Gothic 635:strong 591:plural 581:, two 575:dative 545:German 530:umlaut 516:has a 439:Legacy 137: 130: 123: 116: 108: 12513:Naʼvi 12472:Otomi 12457:Inuit 12433:Nawat 12385:Algic 12370:Malay 12275:Khmer 12166:Tamil 12128:Sotho 12116:Pular 12033:Ubykh 11979:Yakut 11974:Uzbek 11954:Tatar 11862:Koine 11852:Greek 11840:Other 11829:Vedic 11759:Tajik 11676:Czech 11590:Latin 11535:Welsh 11513:Irish 11428:Dutch 11389:Verbs 11374:Nouns 11048:S2CID 11028:(1). 10855:JSTOR 10772:Notes 10608:se þe 10558:am I? 10458:rīces 10454:benam 10383:andan 10331:type 10205:außen 10178:uppon 10158:unter 10154:under 10149:under 10146:under 10139:durch 10107:tegen 10093:zuvor 10036:samod 10029:until 10016:again 10002:about 9896:innen 9888:innan 9860:ginds 9844:ġeond 9763:būtan 9753:above 9748:above 9745:bufan 9658:bevor 9612:abaft 9597:along 9588:along 9565:Latin 9523:after 9519:eftir 9511:efter 9506:after 9503:æfter 9481:cases 9412:bēoþ 9355:wǣre 9349:Past 9335:sīen 9332:bēon 9295:ēodon 9292:dydon 9289:wǣron 9278:ēode 9275:dyde 9229:Past 9212:bēoþ 9204:wile 9184:wilt 9172:bist 9123:Past 9066:bēon 9028:Wesan 9020:wesan 9009:wesan 8907:mæge 8901:mæg- 8895:mag- 8892:mæg- 8837:dug- 8831:dug- 8808:unne 8802:unn- 8796:unn- 8793:ann- 8741:cūþ- 8735:cūþ- 8709:wite 8703:wit- 8697:wit- 8694:wāt- 8677:mōte 8671:mōt- 8668:mōst 8665:mōt- 8619:āgaþ 8613:āht- 8607:āht- 8570:Past 8564:Past 8558:Past 8504:unnan 8496:dugan 8476:witan 8468:mōtan 8460:magan 8453:witan 8414:hyġe 8408:leofa 8364:sæġde 8361:lifde 8358:hæfde 8347:Past 8317:seċġe 8314:libbe 8311:hæbbe 8235:-dest 8223:sæġde 8220:lifde 8217:hæfde 8203:Past 8176:hyġþ 8151:sæġst 8145:hæfst 8129:seċġe 8126:libbe 8123:hæbbe 8084:Past 8066:-ende 7955:iende 7946:Past 7866:Past 7816:odest 7779:Past 7767:ienne 7728:hwelp 7720:mynet 7659:Past 7597:Past 7534:Past 7497:-rian 7479:Past 7458:teme 7427:temme 7417:Past 7390:temeþ 7364:temme 7354:Past 7340:teman 7293:Past 7216:Past 7129:Past 7098:dǣlan 7090:dǣlan 7075:brood 7071:breed 7047:rȳman 7023:dēman 6947:stel 6912:Past 6857:stæl 6831:stæl 6822:Past 6748:Past 6742:-ende 6570:first 6518:other 6443:ēo, ū 6343:rǣdan 6331:sleep 6327:yield 6270:vowel 6256:Verbs 6230:ēower 6223:incit 6219:uncit 6215:ēowiċ 6169:uncer 6155:hire 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