999:
712:
602:
1117:
429:, which only came into use in the late 16th century. Some contend it is ahistorical to trace a single Old English community back to 1169, for the concept of Ireland's "Old English" community only emerged in the sixteenth century Pale. The earliest known reference to the term "Old English" is in the 1580s. Up to that time the identity of such people had been much more fluid; it was the Loyalist administration's policies which created an oppositional and clearly defined Old English community.
783:
1017:. Many factors influenced the decision of the Old English to join in the rebellion; among these were fear of the rebels and fear of government reprisals against all Roman Catholics. The main long-term reason was, however, a desire to reverse the anti-Roman Catholic policies that had been pursued by the English authorities over the previous 40 years in carrying out their administration of Ireland. Nevertheless, despite their formation of an Irish government in
906:(1579â1583), a prominent Pale lord, James Eustace, Viscount of Baltinglass, joined the rebels from religious motivation. Before the rebellion was over, several hundred Old English Palesmen had been arrested and sentenced to death, either for outright rebellion, or because they were suspected rebels because of their religious views. Most were eventually pardoned after paying fines of up to 100 pounds, a very large sum for the time. However, twenty
732:
1145:
4563:
1768:
724:, writing in the last years of the sixteenth century, shared the latter view of the Anglo-Irish: "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". Moryson's views on the cultural fluidity of the so-called
1977:, p. 322. "Despite the proclamations of O'Neill ... there is little evidence that the townsfolk and Pale gentry were in sympathy with the Ulster chieftain's war, and in this they had the backing of leading Jesuits such as Father Richard Field SJ. Whatever their common Catholicism, any links with the Spanish monarchy were strongly eschewed by the vast majority of those of 'Old English' origin in Ireland."
36:
2305:
1131:
613:
135:
841:
329:
940:. Thirdly, in the 1630s, many members of the Old English landowning class were forced to confirm the ancient title to their land-holdings often in the absence of title deeds, which resulted in some having to pay substantial fines to retain their property, while others ended up losing some or all of their land in this complex legal process (see
2064:(Dublin, 1981) for a discussion of the differences between 'Gaill', 'Gaedhil' and 'Saxain' in late medieval Irish identity. Fionnghaill, fair-haired foreigners, were of Norwegian descent; Dubhghaill, dark-haired foreigners, were of Danish descent. The former had longer roots in Ireland and thus was, as
817:(1595) that a failure to conquer Ireland fully in the past had led the Old generations of English settlers to become corrupted by the native Irish culture. In the course of the 16th century, the religious division had the effect of alienating most of the Old Anglo-Irish from the state, and bolstered by
975:
and civil equality for Roman
Catholics in return for their payment of increased taxes. On several occasions in the 1620s and 1630s, however, after they had agreed to pay the higher taxes to the Crown, they found that the Monarch or his Irish viceroy Thomas Wentworth chose instead to defer some of the
747:
freeholders and tenants. The division between the Pale and the rest of
Ireland was therefore in reality not rigid or impermeable, but rather one of gradual cultural and economic differences across wide areas. Consequently, the English identity expressed by representatives of the Pale when writing in
935:
First, in 1609, Roman
Catholics were banned from holding public office in Ireland forcing many Old English like the Dillons to outwardly adopt Anglican Catholicism. Then, in 1613, the constituencies of the Irish Parliament were changed so that the New English would have a slight majority in the
695:). The most accurate name for the Gaelicised Anglo-Irish throughout the late medieval period was Hiberno-Norman, a name which captures the distinctive blended culture which this community created and within which it operated until the Tudor conquest. In an effort to halt the ongoing
828:
The first confrontation between the Old
English and the English government in Ireland came with the cess crisis of 1556â1583. During that period, the Pale community resisted paying for the English army sent to Ireland to put down a string of revolts which culminated in the
833:(1569â1573 and 1579â1583). The term "Old English" was coined at this time, as the Pale community emphasised their English identity and loyalty to the Stuart Crown and refusing to co-operate with the wishes of the Elizabeth's Parliament as represented in Ireland by the
748:
English to the
English Crown often contrasted radically with their cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world around them, and this difference between their cultural reality and their expressed identity is a central reason for the Old English's
752:
support of Roman
Catholicism. There was no religious division in medieval Ireland, beyond the requirement that English-born prelates should run the Irish church. However, most of the pre-16th century inhabitants of Ireland continued their allegiance to
719:
Despite these efforts, by 1515, one official lamented, that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language." English administrators such as
1722:
There are a number of texts in
Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are a few literary works as well. There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous
1025:(1641â1653), the Old English were often accused by the Gaelic Irish of having been too hasty to sign a treaty with Charles I of England at the expense of the interests of Irish landowners and the Roman Catholic religion. The ensuing
1033:(1689â1691) evolving into Jacobitism afterwards. Nevertheless, in the 1700s, Parliamentarians had become the dominant class in the country and with the end of the Jacobites in 1788, the Old Anglo-Irish cause evolved into the
809:. To the New English, many of the Old Anglo-Irish were "degenerate", having "gone native" and adopted Irish customs as well as choosing to adhere to Roman Catholicism after the Crown's official split with Rome. The poet
554:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of the Old
English were dispossessed in the political and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to their continued adherence to the
1080:
were newly-conforming
Anglican Catholics who retained a certain sympathy and understanding for the difficult position of Roman Catholics, as Burke did in his parliamentary career. Others in the
636:
rather than
English), law, trade, currency, social customs, and farming methods. The Norman community in Ireland was, however, never monolithic. In some areas, especially in the Pale around
728:
were echoed by other commentators such as Richard Stanihurst who, while protesting the Englishness of the Palesmen in 1577, opined that "Irish was universally gaggled in the English Pale".
984:(1634)), that the true identity of the Old English was now Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English. English policy thus hastened the assimilation of the Old English with the Gaels.
2029:
910:
from some of the Pale's leading Old English families were executed; some of them "died in the manner of Catholic martyrs, proclaiming they were suffering for their religious beliefs".
4478:
3401:
1076:, was always an option for any of the King of Ireland's subjects, and an open avenue to inclusion in the officially recognised "body politic", and, indeed, many Old English such as
381:
Historians use different terms to refer to the Normans in Ireland at different times in its existence, depending on how they define this community's sense of collective identity.
703:
in 1367, which among other things banned the use of the Irish language, the wearing of Irish clothes, as well as prohibiting the Gaelic Irish from living within walled towns.
1029:(1649â1653), saw further defeat of the Roman Catholic cause and the almost wholesale dispossession of the Old English nobility leading to a revival of the cause before the
4483:
947:
The political response of the Old Anglo-Irish community was forced to go over the heads of the New English in Dublin and appeal directly to their sovereign in his role as
3494:
976:
agreed concessions. This was to prove culturally counterproductive for the cause of the English administration in Ireland, as it led to Old English writers, such as
4340:
3560:
1092:
belonged to Old English families who had originally undergone a religious conversion from Rome to Canterbury to save their lands and titles. Some members of the
4512:
2208:
425:
After many centuries in Ireland following just a century in Wales or England it appears odd that their entire history since 1169 is known by the description
3015:
3679:
3103:
4526:
3447:
3381:
3325:
584:
crisis of the 1580s that a group identified as the Old English actually came to be distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Irish who surrendered to
287:
ceasing, in most cases, to identify as Norman, whether originally Anglo-Norman, Cambro-Norman, or Scoto-Norman. Other Old English families, like the
4345:
2981:
1096:
who had thus gained membership in the Irish Ascendancy even became adherents of the cause of Irish independence. Whereas the Old English FitzGerald
4592:
4517:
3541:
3330:
2261:
925:(1594â1603), the Pale and the Old English towns remained loyal being in favour of outward loyalty to the English Crown during another rebellion.
3691:
3575:
3235:
2248:
1745:
1148:
1120:
4530:
4493:
3524:
1893:
913:
This episode marked an important break between the Pale and the English regime in Ireland, and between the Old English and the New English.
4395:
3778:
3664:
3498:
2283:
688:
339:
236:
350:
859:
Originally, the conflict was a civil issue, as the Palesmen objected to paying new taxes that had not first been approved by them in the
473:
that the poets referred to hibernicised people of Norman stock as Dubhghaill in order to grant them a longer vintage in Ireland than the
3733:
3646:
3603:
2633:
1782:
1177:
53:
3108:
3096:
3091:
3079:
1875:
692:
4498:
4262:
4165:
3659:
3570:
3345:
3148:
3007:
576:
The community of Norman descent prior to then used numerous epithets to describe themselves (such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or "
3074:
805:
era onwards as a result of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, were more self-consciously English, and were largely (though not entirely)
743:
Beyond the Pale, the term 'English', if and when it was applied, referred to a thin layer of landowners and nobility, who ruled over
4607:
3355:
787:
569:
by 1700, as they were both barred from positions of wealth and power by the so-called New English settlers, who became known as the
368:
119:
3120:
3060:
928:
However, it was the English Government's administration in Ireland along loyalist lines particularly following the failure of the
4521:
3545:
3177:
2822:
2201:
170:
100:
550:
and Irish towns after the mid-16th century, who became increasingly opposed to the New English who arrived in Ireland after the
4158:
3785:
3231:
1732:
1026:
510:
It was noted in 2011 that Irish nationalist politicians elected between 1918 and 2011 could often be distinguished by surname.
72:
1854:
1061:
terms of Roman Catholic, Anglican Catholic and Protestant Nonconformist, rather than ethnic ones. Against the backdrop of the
675:
meaning "foreigners") were at times indistinguishable from the surrounding Gaelic lords and chieftains. Dynasties such as the
3790:
3686:
3360:
3340:
3295:
2993:
57:
1172:
with the same meaning). However, a few names with the prefix "Fitz-" sound Norman but are actually of native Gaelic origin;
407:, could accurately be described as Hiberno-Norman in their political outlook and alliances even after they married into the
466:
396:
surnames summing up fundamental differences between "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) and "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Normans).
3768:
3477:
3391:
2878:
2845:
2797:
2692:
79:
3250:
4602:
4425:
3743:
3669:
3519:
3452:
3376:
3207:
2974:
2255:
1057:
In the course of the eighteenth century under the Protestant Ascendancy, social divisions were defined almost solely in
922:
899:
848:
403:, for instance, could accurately be described as Old English, for that was their political and cultural world. Likewise
4587:
3763:
3136:
2326:
2271:
2194:
1134:
998:
1168:
meaning "son of", in surnames like FitzGerald appears most frequently in Hiberno-Norman surnames (cf. modern French
565:
the Jacobites attempted to replace the distinction between "Norman" and "Gaelic Irish" under the new denominator of
86:
4468:
4107:
3773:
3467:
2675:
1308:
1038:
451:
1013:
In 1641, many of the Old English community made a decisive break with their past as loyal subjects by joining the
485:
meaning 'black-haired foreigners', i.e. Danish Vikings). This follows on from his earlier arguments that the term
46:
4175:
4031:
3751:
3565:
3487:
3472:
3457:
3305:
3240:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3042:
2481:
2395:
1030:
1021:, the Old English identity was still an important division within the Irish Roman Catholic community. During the
551:
470:
711:
4420:
3550:
3164:
2760:
2667:
903:
902:
portrayed their rebellion as a "Holy War", and indeed received money and troops from the papal coffers. In the
68:
1947:
See Vincent Carey, "Bi-lingualism and identity formation in sixteenth-century Ireland", in Hiram Morgan, ed.,
601:
2068:
demonstrated, used as a greater compliment. Normans were, of course, originally "men of the North" i.e. from
4488:
4437:
4153:
3905:
3654:
3514:
3320:
3265:
3255:
3222:
3055:
2967:
2530:
2524:
2517:
1596:
1180:
had to take as part of his submission to Henry VIII in 1537, and FitzDermot was Mac Gilla Mo-CholmĂłc of the
1162:
The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example, the prefix
1034:
1014:
4508:
4385:
4011:
3531:
3386:
3275:
3226:
2774:
1710:
1105:
1022:
941:
937:
864:
834:
777:
419:
4170:
4141:
3674:
2596:
1573:
1400:
1173:
1116:
932:
in 1605 that would lead to severing the main political ties between the Old English and England itself.
860:
758:
570:
555:
343:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
292:
1586:
731:
2076:) for English translations of these distinctions made in all the principal late medieval Irish annals.
2004:
4540:
4307:
4078:
4055:
3840:
3726:
3580:
3555:
3424:
3245:
3217:
2812:
2266:
2179:
1101:
1062:
993:
972:
968:
964:
700:
585:
408:
4415:
4317:
4242:
4213:
4101:
3946:
3636:
3626:
3536:
3212:
3069:
3050:
3004:
2780:
2726:
2662:
2591:
2553:
2143:
1724:
1509:
1152:
1018:
895:
881:
683:, and other customs such as fostering and intermarriage with the Gaelic Irish and the patronage of
621:
606:
562:
308:
296:
204:
491:(Irish people) as we currently know it also emerged during this period in the poetry books of the
4442:
4375:
4370:
4280:
4198:
3885:
3813:
3442:
3310:
3260:
3197:
3172:
3168:
3086:
3030:
2840:
2807:
2680:
2657:
2502:
2416:
2363:
1788:
1361:
1286:
1124:
1069:, the old distinction between Old English and Gaelic Irish Roman Catholics gradually faded away,
1046:
960:
830:
821:
reverts like the Dillons propelled them into making common cause with the Gaelic Irish under the
625:
264:
231:
158:
3706:
2243:
1447:
1185:
782:
93:
4473:
4403:
4123:
3985:
3979:
3850:
3756:
3716:
3621:
3482:
2787:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2721:
2716:
2390:
2288:
1986:
1889:
1741:
1657:
1618:
1581:
1489:
1248:
1181:
1156:
1138:
1009:(1642-1652), an independent government composed of Gaelic and Old English Catholic aristocrats
1006:
765:
762:
754:
664:), used English law, and in some respects lived in a manner similar to that found in England.
546:, meaning 'old foreigners') began to be applied by scholars for Norman-descended residents of
498:
497:
of Wicklow, as a sign of unity between Gaeil and Gaill; he viewed it as a sign of an emerging
389:
1295:
863:. The dispute, however, also soon took on a religious dimension, especially after 1570, when
299:, many of these Old English families promoted unity with the Gaels under the denominator of "
4597:
4332:
4312:
4133:
4088:
3462:
3143:
3125:
3012:
2832:
2827:
2731:
2651:
2619:
2602:
2586:
2411:
2340:
2065:
1881:
1794:
1737:
1649:
1514:
1499:
1405:
1340:
1300:
1259:
1240:
1097:
1089:
977:
629:
432:
304:
208:
186:
182:
1885:
4432:
4360:
4355:
4193:
4185:
4063:
3990:
3631:
3315:
3290:
2802:
2628:
2580:
2448:
1859:
1601:
1504:
1476:
1330:
1236:
1208:
1085:
1042:
1002:
948:
845:
791:
645:
641:
288:
253:
216:
212:
616:
Ireland in 1450 showing territories recognising Anglo-Norman sovereignty in blue and grey
2122:
1104:
when it was abolished in 1800, a scion of that Ascendancy family, the Irish nationalist
4567:
4463:
4302:
4290:
4068:
3880:
3396:
3131:
3115:
3065:
2792:
2710:
2646:
2640:
2542:
2536:
2476:
2347:
1804:
1799:
1773:
1662:
1591:
1465:
1281:
1254:
1244:
929:
868:
822:
810:
676:
668:
656:, people spoke the English language (though sometimes in arcane local dialects such as
653:
566:
539:
521:
404:
400:
300:
284:
280:
249:
227:
223:
178:
150:
4581:
4118:
3951:
3825:
3300:
3285:
2938:
2547:
1519:
1351:
907:
736:
721:
696:
657:
633:
415:
393:
174:
17:
518:
parliamentarians were more likely to bear surnames of Norman origin than those from
4272:
4208:
4203:
4113:
4096:
3921:
3860:
3350:
3335:
2057:
1843:(Dublin 1987); the third volume in the Helicon history of Ireland paperback series.
1821:
1816:
1568:
1452:
1203:
1144:
1077:
1073:
852:
684:
268:
2933:
2148:
620:
Traditionally, London-based Anglo-Norman governments expected the Normans in the
4409:
4322:
4021:
3965:
3926:
3187:
2915:
2870:
2507:
2069:
1384:
872:
802:
680:
649:
577:
259:
The dominance of the Hiberno-Normans declined during the 16th century after the
193:
35:
898:
which, among other aims, sought to topple her from her thrones. Rebels such as
4503:
4147:
4026:
3936:
3900:
3890:
3696:
2907:
1951:(Dublin, 1999) for a study of this aspect of Old English culture and identity.
1763:
1392:
1189:
876:
818:
806:
661:
438:
241:
4535:
4256:
4040:
3895:
3870:
3845:
3270:
2889:
2293:
1753:
1066:
1058:
513:
312:
200:
4221:
3941:
2432:
1065:
which discriminated against them both, and a country becoming increasingly
256:, derives from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of this group.
2304:
2005:"Princes of Ossory: Fitzpatrick (No.1) family genealogy - Irish Pedigrees"
1130:
612:
134:
4447:
4380:
4045:
3931:
3875:
3280:
2944:
2817:
2335:
2278:
2228:
2217:
1563:
1335:
1322:
1267:
547:
260:
197:
507:
essentially agreed with him, Tom Dunne and Tom Bartlett were less sure.
479:(meaning 'fair-haired foreigners', i.e. Norwegian Vikings as opposed to
4365:
4350:
4249:
4036:
4016:
2990:
2861:
2512:
2454:
2166:
2073:
1752:
composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about the customs of
1641:
1484:
1460:
1356:
1316:
887:
840:
166:
790:
led a revolt after his lands were granted to a "New English" settler,
4235:
4228:
4073:
4006:
3865:
2438:
2186:
2104:
1494:
1442:
1081:
891:
637:
190:
801:, that wave of settlers who came to Ireland from England during the
2086:
1123:, Lord of Maynooth, Naas, and Llansteffan, progenitor of the Irish
4285:
3855:
2925:
1216:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1045:) who chose to comply with the new realities by conforming to the
997:
839:
781:
744:
730:
710:
611:
600:
245:
133:
2959:
1719:, depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.
283:
Norman-Irish families spread throughout the world as part of the
2897:
2425:
1437:
1164:
581:
138:
Ireland in 1300 showing maximum extent of Hiberno-Norman control
3811:
3601:
3422:
3028:
2963:
2190:
2156:(1 ed.). London: Religious Tract Society. pp. 181â86.
1041:
through Old English families (and men of Gaelic origin such as
307:
identity, which also included later settler groups such as the
3973:
2147:
844:
Monument marking the site of the capture and execution of the
699:
of the Anglo-Irish community, the Irish Parliament passed the
322:
29:
443:, points out that the Normans were not referred to there as
222:
Some of the most prominent Hiberno-Norman families were the
207:. The Hiberno-Normans were also closely associated with the
1923:
The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary
340:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
813:
was one of the chief advocates of this view. He argued in
679:, Butlers, Burkes, and Walls adopted the native language,
2105:"CELT: Hiberno-Norman French: A Bibliography in Progress"
165:, 'foreigners'), refer to Irish families descended from
3402:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
346:
1908:"State of Ireland & plan for its reformation" in
890:
from her realms as they were seen as being among the
526:, who had a higher concentration of Gaelic surnames.
215:
in Ireland and were responsible for the emergence of
3132:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1855:"FF and FG tribal split traced back to 12th century"
4456:
4394:
4331:
4271:
4184:
4132:
4087:
4054:
3999:
3964:
3914:
3833:
3824:
3742:
3645:
3614:
3507:
3435:
3369:
3157:
3041:
2924:
2906:
2888:
2869:
2860:
2741:
2703:
2612:
2573:
2566:
2492:
2466:
2404:
2383:
2376:
2356:
2319:
2312:
2236:
667:
However, in the provinces, the Normans in Ireland (
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1975:Sixteenth Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest
1962:Sixteenth Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest
1841:From Reformation to Restoration: Ireland 1534â1660
761:of the 1530s, even after the establishment of the
435:, in his study of the poetry of late-16th century
3495:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
1701:The annals of Ireland make a distinction between
580:"), but it was only as a result of the political
2030:"Archaeological Assessment at Constitution Hill"
1748:(known as "Strongbow"). Other texts include the
4341:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
1072:Changing religion, or rather conforming to the
392:makes a distinction between Hiberno-Norman and
267:" elite settled in Ireland from the end of the
1289:Actually an Irish name adopted by the Normans.
797:In contrast to previous English settlers, the
291:, merged with the New English elite after the
2975:
2202:
640:, and in relatively urbanised communities in
8:
967:, they sought a package of reforms known as
303:", while others were assimilated into a new
3104:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2163:The Normans in Ireland: Leinster, 1167â1247
879:
687:and music. Such people became regarded as "
519:
511:
502:
492:
486:
480:
474:
458:
452:
444:
436:
4527:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
3830:
3821:
3808:
3611:
3598:
3432:
3419:
3038:
3025:
2982:
2968:
2960:
2866:
2570:
2380:
2316:
2209:
2195:
2187:
772:Tudor conquest and arrival of New English
369:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4346:Association football in Northern Ireland
1949:Political Ideology in Ireland, 1541â1641
691:" as a result of this process (see also
234:who over time were said to have become "
3542:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
1938:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 29.
1832:
963:, and then from his son and successor,
1746:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
1005:, seat of the General Assembly of the
815:A View on the Present State of Ireland
1877:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
7:
2074:http://www.ucc.ie/celt/publishd.html
1886:10.1093/acref/9780199234837.001.0001
1108:, was a brother of the second duke.
886:. In response, Elizabeth banned the
689:more Irish than the Irish themselves
237:more Irish than the Irish themselves
189:, the Hiberno-Normans constituted a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1936:Contested Island: Ireland 1460â1630
1783:The Deeds of the Normans in Ireland
1740:of 3,458 lines of verse concerning
3571:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3346:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3144:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
632:(despite the fact that they spoke
25:
3356:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
2149:"The Anglo-Norman Invasion"
449:("Old Foreigners") but rather as
414:Some historians refer to them as
173:in the 12th century, mainly from
4561:
3525:Tallest buildings and structures
2303:
2060:, 'Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis',
1766:
971:, which included provisions for
951:which further disgruntled them.
624:to promote the interests of the
465:. He argued in a lecture to the
327:
171:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
169:settlers who arrived during the
34:
27:Medieval ethnic group in Ireland
2062:Late Medieval Ireland 1370â1541
1733:The Song of Dermot and the Earl
1027:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
271:; and they came to be known as
45:needs additional citations for
4593:Irish people of Norman descent
3361:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
1874:Morgan, Hiram (27 July 2002).
1100:held the premier title in the
894:'s most radical agents of the
693:History of Ireland (1169â1536)
422:, invariably uses that term.
1:
2123:"Song of Dermot and the Earl"
2087:"Hiberno-Norman French Texts"
1709:. The former were split into
1039:Protestant Irish Nationalists
530:"Old English" vs. New English
311:further English settlers and
4426:Northern Ireland flags issue
3377:List of conflicts in Ireland
3121:Southern Ireland (1921â1922)
988:Resisting English Parliament
980:to argue (as Keating did in
900:James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald
849:James FitzMaurice FitzGerald
3397:Gaelic clothing and fashion
1925:(Dublin: IMC, 1998), p. 50.
1921:Cited in Graham Kew (ed.),
1880:. Oxford University Press.
1730:The major literary text is
597:Normans in medieval Ireland
244:and intermarrying with the
4624:
2176:Ireland in the Middle Ages
1112:Norman surnames in Ireland
991:
775:
4557:
3820:
3807:
3610:
3597:
3431:
3418:
3037:
3024:
3000:
2301:
2225:
1934:Cited in S. J. Connolly,
1727:and municipal documents.
1178:Brian Mac Giolla PhĂĄdraig
1031:Williamite war in Ireland
628:, through the use of the
552:Tudor conquest of Ireland
520:
512:
503:
493:
471:University College Dublin
459:
453:
437:
248:. One of the most common
4608:Ethnic groups in Ireland
2154:The ancient Irish church
1155:through his marriage to
904:Second Desmond Rebellion
4518:Prostitution (Republic)
2227:(*) : state where
2161:Lomas, Richard (2022).
1991:Guide to Irish Surnames
1035:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1015:Irish Rebellion of 1641
851:in Glanageenty forest,
739:siege of Dublin in 1535
162:
3387:List of Irish kingdoms
2009:www.libraryireland.com
1789:Later Medieval Ireland
1159:
1141:
1127:
1106:Lord Edward Fitzgerald
1023:Irish Confederate Wars
1010:
942:Plantations of Ireland
938:Irish House of Commons
880:
865:Elizabeth I of England
856:
835:Lord Deputy of Ireland
794:
778:Reformation in Ireland
740:
716:
672:
617:
609:
543:
487:
481:
475:
445:
420:Trinity College Dublin
349:by rewriting it in an
154:
139:
4494:Mass media (Republic)
4438:National coat of arms
3326:IRA Northern Campaign
2003:O'Hart, John (1892).
1147:
1133:
1119:
1053:Protestant Ascendancy
1001:
992:Further information:
982:Foras Feasa ar Ăirinn
861:Parliament of Ireland
843:
785:
759:Henrician Reformation
734:
714:
615:
604:
571:Protestant Ascendancy
293:Henrician Reformation
279:) at this time. Many
137:
18:Old English (Ireland)
4416:County coats of arms
4308:List of Irish people
3382:List of Irish tribes
3232:Cromwellian conquest
3218:Plantation of Ulster
3149:Ireland (since 1922)
2174:Duffy, SeĂĄn (1997).
1910:State Papers Ireland
1697:Hiberno-Norman texts
1102:Irish House of Lords
994:Penal Laws (Ireland)
973:religious toleration
701:Statutes of Kilkenny
605:Coat of Arms of the
586:Anglican Catholicism
504:BreandĂĄn Ă Buachalla
69:"Normans in Ireland"
54:improve this article
4603:Lordship of Ireland
4531:in Northern Ireland
4522:in Northern Ireland
4263:Legendary creatures
4176:Traditional singing
4012:Saint Patrick's Day
3647:Republic of Ireland
3576:Tourist attractions
3561:ROI–UK border
3546:of Northern Ireland
3499:in Northern Ireland
3331:IRA Border Campaign
3306:War of Independence
3276:Second Great Famine
3261:Act of Union (1800)
3213:Flight of the Earls
3070:Lordship of Ireland
3005:Republic of Ireland
2289:South Africa (Zulu)
2037:Dublin City Council
1912:, Henry VIII, ii, 8
1750:Walling of New Ross
1725:Statute of Kilkenny
1019:Confederate Ireland
896:Counter-Reformation
882:Regnans in Excelsis
622:Lordship of Ireland
607:Lordship of Ireland
563:Glorious Revolution
386:Surnames of Ireland
297:Glorious Revolution
205:Lordship of Ireland
4588:Normans in Ireland
4568:Ireland portal
3886:Skirts and kidneys
3392:List of High Kings
3311:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3251:First Great Famine
3236:Settlement of 1652
3208:Tyrone's Rebellion
3198:Desmond Rebellions
3087:Kingdom of Ireland
1853:Collins, Stephen.
1192:, County Dublin).
1160:
1142:
1128:
1125:FitzGerald dynasty
1121:Maurice FitzGerald
1047:Established Church
1011:
921:In the subsequent
857:
831:Desmond Rebellions
795:
741:
717:
626:Kingdom of England
618:
610:
467:MĂcheĂĄl Ă ClĂ©irigh
399:The Geraldines of
388:, Irish historian
351:encyclopedic style
338:is written like a
242:merging culturally
140:
4575:
4574:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
3960:
3959:
3851:Bacon and cabbage
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3670:Foreign relations
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3520:Notable buildings
3414:
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3409:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2856:
2855:
2770:Baltic countries
2562:
2561:
2372:
2371:
1987:Edward MacLysaght
1895:978-0-19-923483-7
1839:Canny, Nicholas,
1811:Normans elsewhere
1742:Dermot McMurrough
1157:Aoife MacMurrough
1098:Dukes of Leinster
1007:Irish Confederacy
917:Emerging Loyalism
788:Sir Edmund Butler
766:Church of Ireland
763:Anglican Catholic
755:Roman Catholicism
737:Earl of Kildare's
499:Irish nationalism
405:Butlers of Ormond
390:Edward MacLysaght
379:
378:
371:
130:
129:
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104:
16:(Redirected from
4615:
4566:
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4564:
4243:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
3831:
3822:
3809:
3744:Northern Ireland
3722:
3712:
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3612:
3599:
3433:
3420:
3296:Home Rule crisis
3126:Northern Ireland
3039:
3026:
3013:Northern Ireland
2984:
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2916:Marshall Islands
2867:
2742:Central, Eastern
2571:
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2178:(1st ed.).
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2066:Brendan Bradshaw
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1850:
1844:
1837:
1795:Tribes of Galway
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1738:chanson de geste
1176:was the surname
1153:Lord of Leinster
1149:Richard de Clare
1086:Viscounts Dillon
978:Geoffrey Keating
908:landed gentlemen
885:
757:, following the
715:The Pale in 1488
630:English language
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433:Brendan Bradshaw
418:â SeĂĄn Duffy of
374:
367:
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331:
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323:
305:Irish Protestant
295:. Following the
209:Gregorian Reform
187:Late Middle Ages
183:High Middle Ages
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4513:outside Ireland
4484:Historic houses
4452:
4433:Irish Wolfhound
4404:Brighid's Cross
4390:
4361:Gaelic handball
4356:Gaelic football
4327:
4298:Hiberno-Normans
4267:
4180:
4128:
4083:
4064:Hiberno-English
4050:
3995:
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3700:
3641:
3632:Ulster loyalism
3606:
3585:
3503:
3427:
3406:
3365:
3291:Dublin lock-out
3227:Confederate War
3178:Norman invasion
3165:Battles of Tara
3153:
3109:1801–1923
3097:1691–1800
3092:1536–1691
3080:1169–1536
3033:
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2137:Further reading
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1946:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1860:The Irish Times
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1699:
1694:
1243:(deriving from
1114:
1067:Parliamentarian
1055:
1043:William Conolly
1003:Kilkenny Castle
996:
990:
957:
949:King of Ireland
923:Nine Years' War
919:
846:Earl of Desmond
792:Sir Peter Carew
780:
774:
709:
599:
594:
532:
375:
364:
358:
355:
347:help improve it
344:
332:
328:
321:
217:Hiberno-English
213:Catholic Church
203:, known as the
143:Hiberno-Normans
126:
115:
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51:
39:
28:
23:
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4479:Heritage Sites
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4303:Irish diaspora
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4291:Gaelic Ireland
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4032:Rose of Tralee
4029:
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4019:
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4009:
4003:
4001:
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3996:
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3898:
3893:
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3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:List of dishes
3837:
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3828:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3804:
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3794:
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3757:D'Hondt method
3748:
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3740:
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3731:
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3729:
3724:
3718:Seanad Ăireann
3714:
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3458:Extreme points
3455:
3450:
3448:Climate change
3445:
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3266:1803 Rebellion
3263:
3258:
3256:1798 Rebellion
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Williamite War
3238:
3229:
3223:1641 Rebellion
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:Spanish Armada
3200:
3195:
3193:Tudor conquest
3190:
3185:
3183:Bruce campaign
3180:
3175:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3128:(1921âpresent)
3123:
3118:
3116:Irish Republic
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3075:800–1169
3066:Gaelic Ireland
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
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2934:Samoan Islands
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2341:post-Columbian
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2114:
2096:
2078:
2049:
2021:
1995:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1894:
1866:
1845:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1805:Norman Ireland
1802:
1800:Irish nobility
1797:
1792:
1791:(1185 to 1284)
1786:
1778:
1777:
1774:Ireland portal
1761:
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1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1113:
1110:
1054:
1051:
989:
986:
956:
953:
930:Gunpowder Plot
918:
915:
869:excommunicated
823:Irish Catholic
811:Edmund Spenser
776:Main article:
773:
770:
708:
705:
598:
595:
593:
590:
567:Irish Catholic
561:Following the
556:Roman Catholic
531:
528:
416:Cambro-Normans
377:
376:
335:
333:
326:
320:
317:
301:Irish Catholic
285:Irish diaspora
281:Roman Catholic
250:Irish surnames
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4620:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4556:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Public houses
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3792:
3791:Peace process
3789:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3721:(upper house)
3719:
3715:
3713:
3711:(lower house)
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Republicanism
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Peace process
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:The Emergency
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Easter Rising
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Fenian Rising
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Early history
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:Great Britain
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2482:Indo-European
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:pre-Columbian
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:Colm Lennon,
1970:
1967:
1964:, pp. 204â205
1963:
1960:Colm Lennon,
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1151:"Strongbow",
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:Lord of Meath
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Lords Dunsany
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
933:
931:
926:
924:
916:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
850:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
789:
784:
779:
771:
769:
767:
764:
760:
756:
751:
746:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
722:Fynes Moryson
713:
706:
704:
702:
698:
697:Gaelicisation
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Norman French
631:
627:
623:
614:
608:
603:
596:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:English-Irish
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
523:
515:
508:
500:
489:
483:
477:
472:
469:Institute in
468:
464:
463:
447:
440:
434:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
373:
370:
362:
352:
348:
342:
341:
336:This section
334:
325:
324:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
226:(de Burghs),
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:. During the
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4559:
4529: /
4520: /
4511: /
4489:Homelessness
4408:
4376:Road bowling
4371:Martial arts
4318:Ulster Scots
4297:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4199:Mythological
4146:
4106:
4079:Ulster Scots
4039: /
3978:
3906:Three-in-One
3717:
3708:DĂĄil Ăireann
3707:
3697:
3655:Constitution
3544: /
3515:Architecture
3497: /
3370:Other topics
3351:Celtic Tiger
3336:The Troubles
3234: /
3225: /
3171: /
3167: /
3068: /
3056:Protohistory
2775:Ritterschaft
2773:
2744:and Caucasus
2685:
2453:
2431:
2424:
2231:still exists
2175:
2162:
2153:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:. See CELT (
2061:
2058:Art Cosgrove
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1876:
1869:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1822:Scoto-Norman
1817:Italo-Norman
1810:
1809:
1781:
1749:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1186:UĂ DĂșnlainge
1184:sept of the
1169:
1163:
1161:
1135:Hugh de Lacy
1093:
1084:such as the
1078:Edmund Burke
1074:State Church
1071:
1056:
1012:
981:
958:
946:
934:
927:
920:
912:
858:
853:County Kerry
827:
814:
798:
796:
749:
745:Gaelic Irish
742:
726:English Pale
725:
718:
685:Irish poetry
681:legal system
666:
619:
575:
560:
535:
533:
509:
450:
439:TĂr ChĂłnaill
431:
426:
424:
413:
409:royal family
398:
394:Anglo-Norman
385:
384:In his book
383:
380:
365:
359:October 2018
356:
337:
319:Nomenclature
309:Ulster Scots
276:
272:
269:Tudor period
258:
235:
221:
147:Norman Irish
146:
142:
141:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4509:Place names
4386:Rugby union
4281:Anglo-Irish
4166:Instruments
4022:The Twelfth
3986:Set dancing
3786:LGBT rights
3692:LGBT rights
3622:Nationalism
3188:Black Death
2871:Australasia
2647:Switzerland
2543:Philippines
2499:Indonesia*
2144:Healy, John
2127:celt.ucc.ie
2109:celt.ucc.ie
2091:celt.ucc.ie
2070:Scandinavia
1712:Fionnghaill
1574:Prendergast
1401:FitzWilliam
1397:FitzStephen
1385:FitzRichard
1378:FitzHerbert
1372:FitzMaurice
1366:FitzEustace
1313:De Bromhead
1221:Blanchfield
1182:UĂ DĂșnchada
1174:Fitzpatrick
1094:Old English
959:First from
873:Pope Pius V
803:Elizabethan
799:New English
677:Fitzgeralds
558:religion.
536:Old English
522:Fianna FĂĄil
488:Ăireannaigh
476:Fionnghaill
454:Fionnghaill
427:Old English
277:Old English
265:New English
232:FitzGeralds
194:aristocracy
4582:Categories
4410:ClĂĄirseach
4313:Travellers
4171:Rock music
4154:Folk music
4089:Literature
3891:Soda bread
3774:Government
3701:parliament
3698:Oireachtas
3675:Government
3615:Ideologies
3246:Penal Laws
3137:since 1922
3051:Prehistory
2908:Micronesia
2813:Montenegro
2761:Azerbaijan
2279:Madagascar
2042:9 February
1828:References
1716:Dubhghaill
1393:FitzSimons
1369:FitzGibbon
1362:FitzGerald
1247:/de BĂșrca/
1197:Archdeacon
1190:Lyons Hill
1137:, the 1st
1063:Penal Laws
969:The Graces
955:The Graces
877:papal bull
825:identity.
807:Protestant
662:Fingallian
652:and south
544:Seanghaill
482:Dubhghaill
460:Dubhghaill
446:Seanghaill
273:Seanghaill
80:newspapers
4541:Squatting
4257:Fomorians
4186:Mythology
4056:Languages
4041:Halloween
4017:Bealtaine
4000:Festivals
3991:Stepdance
3896:Spice Bag
3881:Irish fry
3871:Colcannon
3846:Barmbrack
3769:Education
3727:President
3665:Education
3581:Transport
3556:Provinces
3478:Mountains
3453:Coastline
3425:Geography
3316:Civil War
3271:Tithe War
2926:Polynesia
2890:Melanesia
2879:Australia
2841:Ruthenian
2781:Lithuania
2493:Southeast
2220:by nation
2180:Macmillan
1754:Waterford
1707:Sasanaigh
1691:Whitworth
1635:Stapleton
1623:St. Leger
1530:Morrissey
1510:Mansfield
1381:FitzRalph
1375:FitzHenry
1292:Comerford
1275:Cantillon
1188:based at
1059:sectarian
965:Charles I
534:The term
514:Fine Gael
494:UĂ Bhroin
313:Huguenots
201:oligarchy
159:Old Irish
155:NormĂĄnach
4499:Monastic
4464:Calendar
4448:Shamrock
4443:Red Hand
4381:Rounders
4046:Wren Day
3980:Sean-nĂłs
3932:Guinness
3876:Drisheen
3752:Assembly
3734:Taxation
3637:Unionism
3604:Politics
3537:Counties
3281:Land War
3173:Clontarf
3169:Glenmama
3043:Timeline
2837:Ukraine
2727:Portugal
2711:Holy See
2672:Ireland
2663:Scotland
2548:Thailand
2537:Cambodia
2525:Malaysia
2513:Javanese
2503:Balinese
2449:Nobility
2417:Mongolia
2313:Americas
2262:Ethiopia
2256:Eswatini
2229:monarchy
2218:Nobility
2146:(1892).
1760:See also
1632:Shortall
1629:Seagrave
1615:Rossiter
1606:Rochford
1564:Plunkett
1527:Molyneux
1481:Malclerk
1457:Kenefick
1336:Devereux
1323:Delamare
1287:Costello
1249:de Burgo
1245:de Burgh
1088:and the
819:Jacobite
786:In 1569
707:The Pale
646:Limerick
642:Kilkenny
548:The Pale
261:Anglican
198:merchant
157: ;
110:May 2017
4598:Normans
4469:Castles
4396:Symbols
4366:Hurling
4351:Camogie
4250:Firbolg
4236:Immrama
4229:Echtrai
4159:session
4142:Ballads
4119:Theatre
4108:Gaeilge
4102:Fiction
4037:Samhain
3952:Whiskey
3826:Cuisine
3814:Culture
3764:Economy
3660:Economy
3468:Islands
3443:Climate
3436:Natural
3031:History
2991:Ireland
2945:Hawaiâi
2862:Oceania
2846:Galicia
2823:Romania
2808:Hungary
2803:Germany
2798:Georgia
2793:Bohemia
2788:Croatia
2766:Austria
2756:Armenia
2751:Albania
2681:Ireland
2658:England
2629:Kingdom
2625:France
2620:Belgium
2592:Iceland
2587:Finland
2581:Denmark
2554:Vietnam
2508:Chinese
2477:Princes
2455:Yangban
2421:Japan*
2391:Lebanon
2332:Mexico
2294:Morocco
2284:Somalia
2267:Nigeria
2249:Mamluks
2167:Birlinn
1670:Wadding
1658:Tyrrell
1654:Testard
1642:Synnott
1619:Russell
1592:Redmond
1587:Quilter
1582:Purcell
1578:Preston
1551:Peppard
1542:Nicolas
1539:Neville
1524:Miniter
1515:Bissett
1490:Marmion
1485:Mansell
1470:Lawless
1466:Lambert
1461:Lambart
1434:Hodnett
1419:Hackett
1389:FitzRoy
1357:Finglas
1348:Fanning
1327:Delaney
1317:de Lacy
1305:D'Alton
1296:Courcey
1282:Colbert
1224:Blewitt
1213:Bennett
1204:Barrett
1200:Aylward
1170:fils de
961:James I
888:Jesuits
654:Wexford
592:History
401:Desmond
345:Please
289:Dillons
228:Butlers
211:of the
175:England
94:scholar
4474:Cinema
4273:People
4222:Aos SĂ
4209:Ulster
4204:Fenian
4194:Cycles
4124:Triads
4114:Poetry
4097:Annals
4074:Shelta
4027:LĂșnasa
4007:Imbolc
3942:PoitĂn
3922:Coffee
3915:Drinks
3866:Coddle
3532:Cities
3483:Rivers
3473:Loughs
3158:Events
3016:topics
3008:topics
2994:topics
2833:Serbia
2828:Russia
2818:Poland
2686:Norman
2676:Gaelic
2634:Empire
2603:Sweden
2597:Norway
2567:Europe
2531:Brunei
2473:India
2445:Korea
2433:DaimyĆ
2396:Turkey
2364:Brazil
2327:Canada
2272:Rulers
2237:Africa
1993:(1965)
1892:
1688:Whitty
1679:Warren
1650:Talbot
1646:Taaffe
1638:Supple
1626:Savage
1557:Petitt
1554:Perrin
1545:Nugent
1536:Nangle
1500:Martin
1495:Marren
1473:Lovett
1448:Jordan
1443:Hussey
1428:Harpur
1425:Harris
1413:Goggin
1406:French
1341:Dillon
1319:/ Lacy
1309:D'Arcy
1301:Cusack
1272:Candon
1260:Curtis
1255:Butler
1241:Bourke
1230:Browne
1227:Bodkin
1082:gentry
892:Papacy
638:Dublin
230:, and
224:Burkes
191:feudal
167:Norman
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4504:Names
4457:Other
4421:Flags
4333:Sport
4286:Gaels
4214:Kings
4148:CĂ©ilĂ
4134:Music
4069:Irish
3966:Dance
3927:Cream
3861:Champ
3856:Boxty
3779:local
3680:local
3566:Towns
3551:Ports
3508:Human
3463:Fauna
2939:Tonga
2732:Spain
2722:Malta
2717:Italy
2704:South
2574:North
2518:Malay
2467:South
2439:Meiji
2412:China
2357:South
2320:North
2244:Egypt
2033:(PDF)
2014:9 May
1703:Gaill
1685:White
1682:Wolfe
1676:Walsh
1667:Tobin
1612:Rouen
1609:Roper
1602:Roach
1597:Tuite
1569:Power
1548:Payne
1533:Nagle
1505:Mason
1477:Lyons
1453:Joyce
1416:Grace
1410:Gault
1345:Fagan
1331:Deane
1268:Clare
1264:Cogan
1237:Burke
1233:Bruce
1217:Blake
1209:Barry
750:later
673:Gaill
669:Irish
540:Irish
254:Walsh
246:Gaels
240:" by
179:Wales
151:Irish
145:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
4323:Yola
3937:Mist
3901:Stew
3834:Food
3488:list
2898:Fiji
2613:West
2426:Kuge
2405:East
2384:West
2377:Asia
2348:Cuba
2056:See
2044:2024
2016:2023
1890:ISBN
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1663:Troy
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