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385:). Its peak period is estimated as 5000–3500 BCE, during which its population centers exceeded the first Mesopotamian cities. A high level of craft skill and trade is evident from tons of recovered copper artifacts and a small amount of gold, as well as pottery and carved items. These include the period's signature female figurines which have raised interest in the role of the society's women, as well as suspected
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1955:
Penske, Sandra; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Childebayeva, Ainash; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido; Schmid, Clemens; Spyrou, Maria A.; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Atanassova, Nadezhda; Beutler, Katrin; Boyadzhiev, Kamen; Boyadzhiev, Yavor; Bruyako, Igor; Chohadzhiev, Alexander; Govedarica, Blagoje; Karaucak, Mehmet; Krauss,
542:
How many Pre-Indo-European languages existed is not known. Nor is it known whether the ancient names of peoples descended from the pre-ancient population actually referred to speakers of distinct languages. Gimbutas (1989), observing a unity of symbols marked especially on pots, but also on other
1752:
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms.... This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central
Europeans until at least 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in
570:, etc., and in roots in other languages believed to be derived from one or more prior languages, possibly unrelated. Reconstruction from the evidence is an accepted, though somewhat speculative, field of study. Suggestions of possible Old European languages include Urbian by
661:. In the hypothesis' original formulation, the languages of Old Europe belonged to the Indo-European family but played no special role in its transmission. According to Renfrew's most recent revision of the theory, however, Old Europe was a "secondary
1015:
1917:
1956:
Raiko; Leppek, Maleen; Manzura, Igor; Privat, Karen; Ross, Shawn; Slavchev, Vladimir; Sobotkova, Adéla; Toderaş, Meda; Valchev, Todor; Ringbauer, Harald; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Hansen, Svend; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang (2023).
736:
689:, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the steppes north of the Pontic and Caspian seas, along with at least some of the Indo-European languages; they also detected an
766:
751:
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Archaeology and
Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985
1455:
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component present in modern
Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.
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1413:
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objects, concluded that there may have been a single language spoken in Old Europe. She thought that decipherment would have to wait for the discovery of bilingual texts.
403:
Regardless of specific chronology, many
European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale communities, being more egalitarian than the
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studied the
Neolithic period in order to understand cultural developments in settled village culture in the southern Balkans, which she characterized as peaceful,
724:
1288:
423:. There are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people (e.g.,
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but include a less dramatic transition, with a prolonged migration of Proto-Indo-European speakers after Old Europe's collapse due to other factors.
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plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, without the aid of the
1534:
1196:
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940:
452:, and possessing a goddess-centered religion. In contrast, she characterizes the later Indo-European influences as warlike, nomadic, and
925:
1045:
2026:
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562:", "Mediterranean", or "Aegean". Apart from marks on artifacts, the main evidence concerning Pre-Indo-European language is in names:
2578:
2304:
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2250:
2236:
2211:
2172:
2153:
2123:
Paliga, Sorin (1989). "Proto-Indo-European, Pre-Indo-European, Old
European: Archaeological Evidence and Linguistic Investigation".
2113:
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present-day
Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
149:
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language families diverged around 5000 BCE. Three genetic studies in 2015 gave partial support to the Steppe theory regarding the
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are believed to correspond to Pre-Indo-European peoples, assumed to be the descendants of the earlier Old
European cultures: the
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The
Goddess Theory: Controversial UCLA Archeologist Marija Gimbutas Argues That the World Was at Peace When God Was a Woman
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55:
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164:
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85:
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Anthony, David (1995). "Nazi and eco-feminist prehistories: ideology and empiricism in Indo-European archaeology".
1330:
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628:
160:
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Let's stop speaking "cultures"!: Alternative means to assess historical developments in the prehistoric
Balkans
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778:
2785:
640:
428:
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The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
558:
The idea of a Pre-Indo-European language in the region precedes Gimbutas. It went by other names, such as "
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835:
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2443:
2182:
Bellwood, Peter (2001). "Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes".
1969:
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2642:
2483:
2326:
2163:
Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European".
434:
1887:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization"
1610:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization"
2865:
2568:
2261:
2246:
2232:
2207:
2168:
2149:
2132:
2109:
2090:
2060:
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2022:
1985:
1918:"Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe"
1794:
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suggests that the Indo-European languages were spread across Europe by the first farmers from
643:. More recent proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis agree that the cultures of Old Europe spoke
620:
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Valley. Old Europe is also referred to in some literature as the Danube civilisation.
230:
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1696:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
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1997:
1958:"Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe"
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416:
2310:
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The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe: 6500–3500 B.C.: Myths, and Cult Images
1529:(2 New Upd ed.). Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1456:
The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500BC, The Ashmolean Museum
1501:. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 29.
1496:
1469:
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1187:
608:
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465:
457:
404:
377:, roughly from 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in
1981:
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Institute for the Study of the Ancient World : Neolithic and Copper Age
1569:
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1989:
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1747:
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1902:
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456:. Using evidence from pottery and sculpture, and combining the tools of
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328:) which spread westwards and northwards from the Danube Valley into
167:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1712:
2705:
603:
545:
478:
433:
391:
349:
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2002:
Tell Yunatsite in Bulgaria, associated with the Karanovo culture
961:
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2106:
In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth
686:
682:
132:
70:
29:
2301:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
2291:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
2146:
Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins
1498:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
1495:
Anthony, David (2010). Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.).
27:
Term for a hypothetical homogeneous pre-Indo-European culture
1562:"Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?"
1526:
The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe: Myths and Cult Images
294:
to describe what she perceived as a relatively homogeneous
2057:
Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity
2019:
The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe
623:, Old Europe was invaded and destroyed by horse-riding
156:
2087:
Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology
2316:
culture.gouv.fr: Life along the Danube 6500 years ago
2204:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies.
1822:"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"
1202:
House with raised platform at Maidanetsk, c. 3700 BC
531:. Two of the three pre-Greek peoples of Sicily, the
2832:
2794:
2661:
2414:
2380:
472:, Gimbutas invented a new interdisciplinary field,
275:
265:
254:
236:
218:
1868:"Ritual and Memory: Neolithic Era and Copper Age"
290:is a term coined by the Lithuanian archaeologist
1820:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (14 March 2015).
2342:
2040:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1555:
1553:
431:were usually small (possibly 50–100 people).
324:to describe early farming cultures (e.g. the
8:
2295:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
2220:The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins
1872:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
213:
1767:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
483:Gold, copper, ceramic and stone artefacts,
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2349:
2335:
2327:
2231:Berkeley: University of California Press.
681:. According to those studies, haplogroups
635:culture") who brought with them violence,
320:' was earlier coined by the archaeologist
2089:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1737:
1711:
539:, may also have been pre-Indo-European.
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:This article includes a list of general
1682:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1387:
1060:
705:
600:Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses
427:in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in
381:) to c. 2000 BCE (the beginning of the
2223:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1596:
1523:Gimbutas, Marija (September 1, 2007).
1471:The Mystery of the Danube Civilisation
619:According to Gimbutas' version of the
212:
1916:Gaydarska, Bisserka (February 2020).
1694:Haak, W; et al. (11 June 2015).
7:
1217:temple, Cucuteni-Trypillia culture.
1458:, The Oxford Times, June 8, 2010.
1175:Houses, Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
730:Sesklo and Dimini culture ceramics
665:" (linguistic homeland) where the
550:Reconstruction of an elite grave,
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2900:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
2866:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
2374:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
1321:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1294:Neolithic house reconstructions,
1282:Linear Pottery culture settlement
45:This article has multiple issues.
2277:
2258:The Civilization of the Goddess.
2125:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1922:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1891:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology
1614:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology
1287:
1275:
1260:
1241:
1222:
1207:
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1123:
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1093:
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999:
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723:
708:
137:
75:
34:
2196:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181
2165:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
1765:Allentoft; et al. (2015).
441:figurine, Romania, 4050–3900 BC
365:refers to the time between the
53:or discuss these issues on the
2305:Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens
2245:Harper & Row, Publishers.
1412:Sharpe, Katherine (May 2013).
576:Vasconic substratum hypothesis
1:
2845:Secondary products revolution
2184:Annual Review of Anthropology
2108:. London: Thames and Hudson.
1564:. In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.).
1371:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
1366:Germanic substrate hypothesis
829:Vadastra culture ceramic bowl
588:Germanic substrate hypothesis
468:, and, most controversially,
258:
2321:Kathleen Jenks, "Old Europe"
2243:The Language of the Goddess.
2055:Bailey, Douglass W. (2000).
1346:Proto-Indo-European language
1148:, Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
1039:ceramic and copper artefacts
1051:Cucuteni-Trypillia ceramics
645:pre-Indo-European languages
305:culture or civilisation in
163:the claims made and adding
2916:
2217:Childe, V. Gordon (1926).
1982:10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8
613:Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
597:
491:In historical times, some
343:
2863:
2400:First Temperate Neolithic
2371:
2297:, exhibition video (2010)
2256:Gimbutas, Marija (1991).
2241:Gimbutas, Marija (1989).
2227:Gimbutas, Marija (1982).
2202:Bellwood, Peter. (2004).
2148:. London: Jonathan Cape.
2036:Anthony, David W (2007).
2017:Gimbutas, Marija (1991).
1934:10.1017/S0959774319000301
1468:Haarmann, Harald (2020).
1118:, Varna/ Hamangia culture
964:pendant, Karanovo culture
383:Bronze Age in Scandinavia
2307:, exhibition video, 2010
2284:Old Europe (archaeology)
1414:"Europe's First Farmers"
611:, Ukraine, c. 3700 BC.
2786:Unchambered long barrow
2260:San Francisco: Harper.
2144:Renfrew, Colin (1987).
2074:Tsirtsoni, Zoï (2020).
1885:Rassmann, Knut (2014).
1608:Rassmann, Knut (2014).
917:Bodrogkeresztúr culture
641:Indo-European languages
309:, centred in the Lower
225:and adjoining areas of
105:more precise citations.
2405:Linear Pottery culture
2206:Blackwell Publishers.
1560:Hayden, Brian (1987).
1316:Early European Farmers
1269:Linear Pottery culture
772:Vinča culture ceramics
679:Indo-European Urheimat
616:
555:
488:
487:, Bulgaria, c. 4500 BC
442:
400:
359:
354:Miniature cult scene,
326:Linear Pottery culture
2890:Archaeological theory
2286:at Wikimedia Commons
629:Pontic–Caspian steppe
607:
594:Indo-European origins
549:
482:
437:
395:
353:
2855:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2819:Neolithic long house
2676:Causewayed enclosure
2131:(3&4): 309–334.
2104:Mallory, JP (1991).
1418:Archaeology Magazine
1376:Anatolian hypothesis
1351:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1190:ground plan, Ukraine
655:Anatolian hypothesis
18:Old European culture
2721:Megalithic entrance
2599:Starčevo–Körös–Criș
2395:Corded Ware culture
1974:2023Natur.620..358P
1903:10.12766/jna.2014.3
1791:10.1038/nature14507
1783:2015Natur.522..167A
1730:10.1038/nature14317
1722:2015Natur.522..207H
1626:10.12766/jna.2014.3
1361:Pre-Greek substrate
1326:Old European script
947:Tiszapolgár culture
399:pottery, c. 4500 BC
358:, 5th millennium BC
215:
2885:Pre-Indo-Europeans
2741:Rectangular dolmen
2509:Gumelnița–Karanovo
2469:Cucuteni–Trypillia
1576:. pp. 17–30.
1454:Theresa Thompson,
1311:Prehistoric Europe
1037:Cucuteni-Trypillia
949:, copper ornaments
617:
556:
489:
443:
439:Cucuteni-Trypillia
401:
360:
346:Prehistoric Europe
322:Vere Gordon Childe
261: 6000—3500 BC
249:Prehistoric Europe
219:Geographical range
148:possibly contains
2872:
2871:
2809:Lithic industries
2366:
2282:Media related to
2096:978-0-521-55839-6
2047:978-0-691-14818-2
2021:. HarperCollins.
1968:(7973): 358–365.
1777:(7555): 167–172.
1400:Los Angeles Times
1267:Longhouse model,
1254:Gumelnița culture
904:ceramic sculpture
872:Gumelnița culture
857:Gumelnița culture
621:Kurgan hypothesis
296:pre-Indo-European
285:
284:
280:Bronze Age Europe
270:Mesolithic Europe
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
185:
150:original research
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2907:
2895:Neolithic Europe
2840:Danubian culture
2736:Polygonal dolmen
2579:Seine–Oise–Marne
2499:Globular Amphora
2360:
2358:Neolithic Europe
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2281:
2224:
2199:
2178:
2159:
2140:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2070:
2051:
2032:
2005:
2004:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1844:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1810:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1741:
1715:
1706:(7555): 207–11.
1691:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1630:
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1547:
1545:
1543:
1536:978-0-52025398-8
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1474:. Marix Verlag.
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1432:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:, June 11, 1989.
1394:Jacques Leslie,
1392:
1331:Petrești culture
1296:Karanovo culture
1291:
1279:
1264:
1245:
1234:Karanovo culture
1226:
1211:
1199:
1184:
1172:
1162:Cucuteni culture
1157:
1142:
1127:
1112:
1103:, Butmir culture
1097:
1088:walled acropolis
1082:
1073:, Sesklo culture
1067:
1048:
1033:
1022:Petresti culture
1018:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
943:
928:
913:
902:Hamangia culture
898:
887:Hamangia culture
883:
868:
853:
838:
826:
815:Karanovo culture
811:
800:Karanovo culture
796:
781:
769:
754:
739:
727:
712:
474:archaeomythology
415:, subsisting on
397:Hamangia culture
363:Neolithic Europe
356:Karanovo culture
318:Danubian culture
307:Southeast Europe
260:
223:Southeast Europe
216:
206:
199:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
165:inline citations
141:
140:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
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21:
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2904:
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2874:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2828:
2790:
2701:Guardian stones
2663:
2657:
2619:
2479:Decea Mureşului
2410:
2390:Cardium pottery
2376:
2367:
2361:(including the
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513:Nuragic people
460:, comparative
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2779:
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2776:Timber circle
2774:
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2764:
2762:
2761:Statue menhir
2759:
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2756:Simple dolmen
2754:
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2059:. Routledge.
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1056:
1047:
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1038:
1032:
1027:
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1017:
1012:
1009:gold pendants
1008:
1007:Varna culture
1002:
997:
993:
987:
982:
978:
972:
967:
963:
957:
952:
948:
942:
937:
933:
932:Boian culture
927:
922:
918:
912:
907:
903:
897:
892:
888:
882:
877:
873:
867:
862:
858:
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847:
844:ceramic altar
843:
842:Tisza culture
837:
832:
825:
820:
816:
810:
805:
801:
795:
790:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
759:
758:Vinča culture
753:
748:
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738:
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721:
717:
711:
706:
701:
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694:
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664:
660:
656:
653:'s competing
652:
651:Colin Renfrew
648:
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584:Sigmund Feist
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552:Varna culture
548:
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540:
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498:
494:
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485:Varna culture
481:
477:
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470:folkloristics
467:
463:
459:
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440:
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432:
430:
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388:
387:proto-writing
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146:This article
144:
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125:
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114:
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94:
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73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2849:
2804:Grooved ware
2766:Stone circle
2751:Round barrow
2696:Great dolmen
2664:architecture
2489:Funnelbeaker
2363:Chalcolithic
2276:
2257:
2242:
2228:
2219:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2128:
2124:
2105:
2086:
2076:
2056:
2037:
2018:
2001:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1825:
1815:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1683:Renfrew 2003
1678:
1672:Renfrew 1987
1667:
1661:Anthony 2007
1656:
1650:Mallory 1991
1645:
1639:Anthony 1995
1634:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1574:B. R. Grüner
1565:
1540:. Retrieved
1525:
1521:Reissued as
1517:
1497:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1421:
1417:
1407:
1390:
1341:Bükk culture
675:Balto-Slavic
649:
618:
572:Sorin Paliga
557:
554:, c. 4500 BC
541:
490:
444:
402:
361:
315:
295:
287:
286:
197:
179:
173:January 2018
170:
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2824:Unstan ware
2711:Long barrow
2671:Bank barrow
2628:Tiszapolgár
2594:Sredny Stog
2559:Pitted Ware
2190:: 181–207.
1597:Paliga 1989
1188:Maidanetske
1057:Settlements
609:Maidanetske
466:linguistics
458:archaeology
454:patrilineal
405:city-states
373:periods in
276:Followed by
266:Preceded by
103:introducing
2879:Categories
2850:Old Europe
2814:Metallurgy
2796:Technology
2662:Monumental
2459:Cortaillod
2167:. Winter.
2066:0415215986
1897:: 96–134.
1828:: 016477.
1713:1502.02783
1620:: 96–134.
1383:References
1131:Solnitsata
1116:Durankulak
874:copper axe
637:patriarchy
598:See also:
582:(also see
574:, and the
497:Pelasgians
413:Bronze Age
371:Bronze Age
367:Mesolithic
344:See also:
340:Old Europe
316:The term '
303:Copper Age
288:Old Europe
245:Copper Age
214:Old Europe
157:improve it
111:April 2009
86:references
50:improve it
2771:Stone row
2444:Cernavodă
2137:0092-2323
1998:259996090
1942:208245898
1852:4 October
1570:Amsterdam
1542:9 January
1440:4 October
1430:0003-8113
1424:(3): 13.
1250:tell site
1215:Nebelivka
919:gold idol
702:Artifacts
691:autosomal
627:from the
568:ethnonyms
560:Pelasgian
521:Rhaetians
517:Etruscans
493:ethnonyms
462:mythology
450:matristic
409:chiefdoms
299:Neolithic
241:Neolithic
161:verifying
56:talk page
2833:Concepts
2716:Megalith
2648:Wartberg
2605:Starčevo
2549:Petrești
2529:Karanovo
2514:Hamangia
2504:Gornești
2464:Coțofeni
2454:Chasséen
2416:Cultures
2382:Horizons
1990:37468624
1799:26062507
1748:25731166
1304:See also
1146:Talianki
1101:Okoliste
889:figurine
760:figurine
718:figurine
671:Armenian
663:urheimat
659:Anatolia
564:toponyms
537:Elymians
535:and the
509:Iberians
417:domestic
2643:Vučedol
2574:Rzucewo
2534:Lengyel
2484:Dudești
1970:Bibcode
1874:. 2022.
1842:7866359
1826:bioRxiv
1807:4399103
1779:Bibcode
1739:5048219
1718:Bibcode
1248:Magura
1024:pottery
934:ceramic
697:Gallery
529:Basques
525:Camunni
505:Leleges
501:Minoans
429:Britain
411:of the
330:Central
155:Please
99:improve
2746:Rondel
2726:Menhir
2691:Dolmen
2686:Cursus
2584:Sesklo
2569:Rössen
2524:Kakanj
2519:Horgen
2474:Danilo
2439:Butmir
2429:Beaker
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1086:Dimini
1071:Sesklo
673:, and
639:, and
633:Kurgan
631:(the "
533:Sicans
425:Sesklo
379:Greece
375:Europe
311:Danube
237:Period
88:, but
2706:Henge
2638:Vinča
2633:Varna
2623:Tisza
2610:Körös
2589:Sopot
2544:Neman
2539:Narva
2494:Gaudo
2449:Cerny
2434:Boian
2424:Baden
2407:(LBK)
1994:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1708:arXiv
667:Greek
255:Dates
2681:Cist
2615:Criş
2564:Pfyn
2262:ISBN
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1986:PMID
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1578:ISBN
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1442:2022
1426:ISSN
962:Jade
685:and
527:and
407:and
369:and
332:and
301:and
229:and
2192:doi
1978:doi
1966:620
1930:doi
1899:doi
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1787:doi
1775:522
1734:PMC
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687:R1a
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