235:
859:
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of Vedic, the oldest known form of Indo-Aryan. The interpretation of the transmitted
Avestan texts presents in many cases considerable difficulty for various reasons, both with respect to their contexts and their grammar. Accordingly, systematic comparison with Vedic is of much assistance in determining and explaining Avestan grammatical forms. Morgenstierne.
307:
3208:"It seems likely that this geographical part of the Avesta was intended to show the extent of the territory that had been acquired in a period that can not be well defined but that must at any rate have been between Zoroaster's reforms and the beginning of the Achaemenian empire. The likely dating is therefore between the ninth and seventh centuries B.C.
2886:
Hoffmann, K. Encyclopaedia
Iranica. AVESTAN LANGUAGE. III. The grammar of Avestan.: "The morphology of Avestan nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs is, like that of the closely related Old Persian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European via Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan), and agrees largely with that
1193:
influence from
Western Iran. This is interpreted such that the bulk of this material, which has been produced several centuries after Zarathustra, must still predate the sixth century BC. As a result, more recent scholarship often assumes that the major parts of the Young Avestan texts mainly reflect
2862:
It is impossible to attribute a precise geographical location to the language of the Avesta... With the exception of an important study by P. Tedesco (1921 ), who advances the theory of an 'Avestan homeland' in northwestern Iran, Iranian scholars of the twentieth century have looked increasingly to
1208:
The script used for writing
Avestan developed during the 3rd or 4th century AD. By then the language had been extinct for many centuries, and remained in use only as a liturgical language of the Avesta canon. As is still the case today, the liturgies were memorized by the priesthood and recited by
1117:
Many phonetic features cannot be ascribed with certainty to a particular stage since there may be more than one possibility. Every phonetic form that can be ascribed to the
Sasanian archetype on the basis of critical assessment of the manuscript evidence must have gone through the stages mentioned
1032:
Old
Iranian. But the east–west distinction is of limited meaning for Avestan, as the linguistic developments that later distinguish Eastern from Western Iranian had not yet occurred. Avestan does not display some typical (South-)Western Iranian innovations already visible in Old Persian, and so in
1052:
The
Avestan language is attested in roughly two forms, known as "Old Avestan" (or "Gathic Avestan") and "Younger Avestan". Younger Avestan did not evolve from Old Avestan; the two differ not only in time, but they are also different dialects. Every Avestan text, regardless of whether originally
1136:
The
Avestan language is only known from the Avesta and otherwise unattested. As a result, there is no external evidence on which to base the time frame during which the Avestan language was spoken and all attempts have to rely on internal evidence. Such attempts were often based on the life of
1226:
symbols. Avestan also incorporates several letters from other writing systems, most notably the vowels, which are mostly derived from Greek minuscules. A few letters were free inventions, as were also the symbols used for punctuation. Also, the
Avestan alphabet has one letter that has no
2863:
eastern Iran for the origins of the
Avestan language and today there is general agreement that the area in question was in eastern Iran—a fact that emerges clearly from every passage in the Avesta that sheds any light on its historical and geographical background
1242:, and the large number of letters suggests that its design was due to the need to render the orally recited texts with high phonetic precision. The correct enunciation of the liturgies was (and still is) considered necessary for the prayers to be effective.
3080:
The similarity of the language and metrical system of the Gathas to those of the Vedas, the simplicity of the society depicted throughout the Avesta, and the lack of awareness of great cities, historical rulers, or empires all suggest a different time
2790:
Since the evidence of Young Avestan place names so clearly points to a more eastern location, the Avesta is again understood, nowadays, as an East Iranian text, whose area of composition comprised – at least – Sīstån/Arachosia, Herat, Merw and
3134:
The archaic nature of the Avestan language and its similarities to that of the Rig Veda, as well as the social and ecological environment it describes, would suggest a date somewhere between these two extremes, but not much later than 1000
1218:"religion writing". It has 53 distinct characters and is written right-to-left. Among the 53 characters are about 30 letters that are – through the addition of various loops and flourishes – variations of the 13 graphemes of the
1160:
However, more recent scholarship has increasingly shifted to an earlier dating. The literature presents a number of reasons for this shift, based on both the Old Avestan and the Young Avestan material. As regards Old Avestan, the
3260:
The fact that the oldest Young Avestan texts apparently contain no reference to western Iran, including Media, would seem to indicate that they were composed in eastern Iran before the Median domination reached the
1256:
texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, which are roughly contemporary with the oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in the
1027:
Scholars traditionally classify Iranian languages as "old", "middle" and "new" according to their age, and as "eastern" or "western" according to geography, and within this framework Avestan is classified as
3376:
Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BC give or take a century or
3322:
All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550
3102:
The oldest parts of the Avesta, which is the body of texts preserving the ancient canon of the Iranian Zarthustrian tradition, is linguistically and culturally very close to the material preserved in the
3049:
Old Avestan is closely similar in grammar and vocabulary to the oldest Indic language as seen in the oldest part of the Rgveda and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time.
2486:
With outspread hands in petition for that help, O Mazda, I will pray for the works of the holy spirit, O thou the Right, whereby I may please the will of Good Thought and the Ox-Soul.
3229:
Had it been otherwise, and had Zoroastrianism been carried in its infancy to the Medes and Persians, these imperial people must inevitable have found mention in its religious works.
3423:
Die ältesten Texte dieses Corpus, die sog. Gathas stammen von Zarathustra selbst, dessen Lebensdaten von der Mehrheit der Forscher heute um das Jahr 1000 v. Chr. angesetzt werden.
1265:
being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the
3018:
Previously, a sixth century B.C.E. date based on Greek sources was accepted by many scholars, but this has now been completely discarded by present-day specialists in the field.
2471:
ahyā. yāsā. nəmaŋhā. ustānazastō. rafəδrahyā.manyə̄uš. mazdā. pourwīm. spəṇtahyā. aṣ̌ā. vīspə̄ṇg. š́yaoθanā.vaŋhə̄uš. xratūm. manaŋhō. yā. xṣ̌nəwīṣ̌ā. gə̄ušcā. urwānəm.::
3181:
3520:
All in all, it seems likely that Zoroaster and the Avestan people flourished in eastern Iran at a much earlier date (anywhere from 1500 to 900 B.C.) than once thought.
1222:(i.e. "Book" Pahlavi) that is known from the post-Sassanian texts of Zoroastrian tradition. These symbols, like those of all the Pahlavi scripts, are in turn based on
747:
3548:
All things considered, our chronological and cultural parameters tend to suggest locating Zarathustra (or, at least, the "Gathic community") around c. 1500–1200 BC.
3458:
Current scholarly consensus places his life considerably earlier than the traditional Zoroastrian sources are thought to, favoring a birth date before 1000 BC.
3169:
Since the evidence of Young Avestan place names so clearly points to a more eastern location, the Avesta is again understood, nowadays, as an East Iranian text
993:(commentaries and interpretations of Zoroastrian scripture) as synonymous with the Avesta itself, due to both often being bundled together as "Zend-Avesta".
925:
3851:
2997:
Die 'Spätdatierung' wird auch in der jüngeren Forschung gelegentlich vertreten. Die Mehrzahl der Forscher neigt heutzutage allerding der 'Frühdatierung' zu
3532:
Grenet, Frantz (2015). "Zarathustra's Time and Homeland - Geographical Perspectives". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan S.-D.; Tessmann, Anna (eds.).
1194:
the first half of the first millennia BC, whereas the Old Avestan texts of Zarathustra may have been composed around 1000 BC or even as early as 1500 BC.
4486:
3289:
It is difficult to imagine that the text was composed anywhere other than in South Afghanistan and later than the middle of the 6th century BC.
1295:
Avestan has retained voiced sibilants, and has fricative rather than aspirate series. There are various conventions for transliteration of the
1149:. Given that a substantial time must have passed between Old Avestan and Young Avestan, the latter would have been spoken somewhere during the
3741:
3282:
2814:
740:
1865:
2935:
Linguistic, literary and conceptual characteristics suggest that the Old(er) Avesta pre‐dates the Young(er) Avesta by several centuries.
1709:
669:
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3629:
3513:
3127:
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3451:
3347:
3253:
3042:
2928:
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1245:
The Zoroastrians of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, also transcribe Avestan in
795:
3354:
Young Avestan must have been quite close to Old Persian, which suggests it was spoken in the first half of the first millennium BC.
2711:
Scholarship dicusses a wide range of possibilities regarding the dating of Avestan. A discussion on this topic is provided below.
1685:
1536:
3844:
2047:
2037:
733:
259:
1169:, which in turn is assumed to represent the second half of the second millennium BC. As regards Young Avestan, texts like the
3273:
Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).
1145:. Zarathustra was traditionally based in the 6th century BC meaning that Old Avestan would have been spoken during the early
3772:
1802:
1697:
1603:
3826:, an online collection of introductory videos to ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
3489:
Mid-second millennium:Composition of the ritual textsthe last direct evidence of which are the extant Old Avestan texts.
2682:
2087:
2077:
1673:
1649:
2687:
1998:
1988:
1745:
841:
699:
679:
951:
It is not known what the original speakers of Avestan called the language. The modern term "Avestan" comes from the
4461:
3837:
3621:
3568:
3443:
2116:
2106:
1851:
1661:
1522:
1510:
1406:
4481:
4456:
4287:
4124:
3899:
3093:
3009:
1790:
1766:
1721:
1396:
1029:
872:
837:
821:
87:
2919:
Hintze, Almut (2015). "Zarathustra's Time and Homeland - Linguistic Perspectives". In Stausberg, Michael (ed.).
3199:
2020:
2010:
1118:
above so that "Old Avestan" and "Young Avestan" really mean no more than "Old Avestan and Young Avestan of the
1054:
876:
269:
219:
3791:
3402:
In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BC
816:(spoken in the 1st millennium BC). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scriptural language of
3680:, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 84, Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck,
1014:
225:
160:
4352:
2136:
2126:
1778:
1589:
1577:
1552:
829:
654:
290:
134:
72:
178:
3874:
2498:
1917:
1913:
1818:
1381:
1342:
1266:
1228:
955:, a collection of Zoroastrian religious literature composed in the language, the name of which comes from
833:
825:
417:
77:
3787:
4433:
1888:
1831:
1440:
1428:
704:
607:
4215:
1019:
1057:
traced the following stages for Avestan as found in the extant texts. In roughly chronological order:
4270:
4210:
4004:
3767:(including Old and Young Avestan) by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
3470:
3335:
3241:
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1601:
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1534:
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1438:
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602:
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629:
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2875:
1246:
462:
4341:
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4055:
3941:
3367:
3175:
2777:
1470:
1376:
1346:
1150:
1069:
542:
472:
3414:
3244:(1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". In Erdosy, George (ed.).
4333:
4313:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4139:
4108:
4066:
3997:
3946:
3916:
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3509:
3478:
3447:
3343:
3278:
3249:
3123:
3069:
3038:
2986:
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2966:
Recent research, however, has cast considerable doubt on this dating and geographical setting.
2955:
2924:
2810:
2746:
2067:
2057:
1755:
1566:
1411:
1391:
1286:
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82:
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4144:
4102:
4010:
3951:
3936:
3313:
3304:(2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat - Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians".
3301:
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1371:
1366:
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1214:
1203:
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866:
766:
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452:
234:
120:
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1258:
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1154:
1119:
929:
723:
125:
64:
51:
3799:
2833:
1086:
The natural language of the scribes who wrote grammatically correct Younger Avestan texts
3781:
970:
and is of obscure origin, though it might come from or be cognate with the Avestan term
4422:
4380:
4367:
4082:
4071:
4020:
3963:
3957:
3931:
3926:
3812:
3195:
3147:
2766:
2692:
1493:
1223:
1142:
1041:
1024:(1921), other scholars have favored regarding Avestan as originating in eastern parts.
933:
845:
817:
557:
552:
502:
442:
298:
110:
3393:
1110:
Post-Sasanian deterioration of the written transmission due to incorrect pronunciation
211:
4450:
4328:
4282:
4203:
4093:
4076:
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1938:
1733:
1638:
1499:
1482:
1190:
893:
674:
467:
372:
3389:
1182:
1010:
913:
562:
547:
507:
437:
432:
397:
41:
3777:
3709:
3611:
2900:
Shahbazi, Alireza Shapur (1977). "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained".
4373:
3734:
Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages, Band 1)
2165:
2155:
2147:
1982:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1933:
1138:
1131:
1083:
Changes to Old Avestan due to transmission by native speakers of Younger Avestan
1037:
1006:
1002:
921:
905:
592:
447:
322:
17:
718:
4048:
3721:
3220:
2098:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1943:
917:
909:
537:
427:
337:
4230:
3592:
3560:
3435:
3164:
2031:
1350:
889:
587:
582:
347:
327:
306:
204:
188:
170:
152:
2876:
Encyclopaedia Iranica: EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES. By Nicholas Sims-Williams
3317:
1249:-based scripts. This is a relatively recent development first seen in the
195:
4183:
1239:
1174:
901:
492:
487:
392:
277:
265:
55:
3764:
4403:
4035:
1166:
1053:
composed in Old or Younger Avestan, underwent several transformations.
897:
612:
532:
512:
273:
1092:
Changes introduced by transfer to regions where Avestan was not spoken
928:
has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of the early "
4188:
4042:
4015:
3768:
1232:
1063:
952:
937:
885:
844:; as such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexicon to
664:
622:
617:
477:
422:
377:
245:
3829:
2860:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 44–47,
3150:(2000). "The Home of the Aryans". In Hinze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.).
1170:
497:
482:
387:
382:
240:
2840:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 47–52
4357:
3593:"AVESTA: YASNA: Sacred Liturgy and Gathas/Hymns of Zarathushtra"
990:
342:
332:
3833:
1227:
corresponding sound in the Avestan language; the character for
1009:, and while Avestan was localized in the northeastern parts of
2985:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). W. Kohlhammer GmbH. p. 27.
1095:
Adaptions/translations of portions of texts from other regions
787:
3613:
Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen
3758:
3618:
From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages
2983:
Die Religion Zarathushtras: Geschichte - Gegenwart - Rituale
2476:
884:
The Avestan text corpus was composed in the ancient Iranian
3565:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3440:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2524:
Can also mean "he is hot" or "she is hot" (in temperature)
1212:
The script devised to render Avestan was natively known as
778:
769:
3394:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book"
1165:
show strong linguistic and cultural similarities with the
276:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1231:(a sound that Avestan does not have) was added to write
989:
in older works, stemming from a misunderstanding of the
1089:
Deliberate changes introduced through "standardization"
2902:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
27:
Eastern Iranian language used in Zoroastrian scripture
3703:, vol. 3/sup, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
3206:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation. pp. 44–47.
2469:
977:
965:
796:
781:
3824:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
784:
775:
4396:
4296:
4132:
4123:
3982:
3907:
3898:
3867:
3419:
Die iranischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart
772:
218:
202:
186:
168:
150:
145:
107:
61:
47:
37:
32:
3473:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3417:(2000). "Die Sprachen der altiranischen Periode".
3338:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3033:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3153:Festschrift für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag
3120:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
2809:. page 653. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
812:(spoken in the mid-2nd to 1st millennium BC) and
1113:Errors and corruptions introduced during copying
1033:this sense, "eastern" only means "non-western".
3534:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
2921:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
1098:Composition of ungrammatical late Avestan texts
904:, corresponding to the entirety of present-day
3563:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
3438:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
2827:
2825:
2823:
840:, with both having developed from the earlier
3845:
3225:A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period
3180:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2720:With Old Iranian being used in the southwest.
1912:According to Beekes, and are allophones of
1061:The natural language of the composers of the
971:
959:
741:
8:
3676:Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard (1996),
4129:
3904:
3852:
3838:
3830:
3421:. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 21.
3098:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
3014:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
2923:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 38.
1299:, the one adopted for this article being:
1005:are the two attested languages comprising
748:
734:
305:
285:
233:
29:
3536:. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. p. 22.
3100:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
3016:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
2745:, Harlow, England: Longman, p. 53,
2503:
2452:
2384:
2190:
1927:
1360:
1349:at the end of a word and before certain
1040:and largely agrees morphologically with
2733:
2704:
877:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
297:
270:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3173:
2889:Encyclopaedia Iranica: AFGHANISTAN vi.
3400:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation.
3246:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
3122:. Oneworld Publications. p. 57.
2807:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
1080:Changes precipitated by slow chanting
7:
3275:Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I
2555:Literally: "You let me understand"
972:
960:
879: instead of Avestan characters.
670:Zoroastrianism in the United States
4432:Languages between parentheses are
3678:Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre
2649:Literally: "They let them follow"
1141:as the most distinct event in the
1036:Old Avestan is closely related to
985:The language was sometimes called
25:
2164:
2154:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2019:
2009:
1997:
1987:
1337:>. The letter transcribed <
1314:k g γ x xʷ č ǰ t d δ θ t̰ p b β f
832:. Its immediate ancestor was the
4406:(unknown further classification)
2743:Longman pronunciation dictionary
857:
765:
717:
4487:Languages written in Devanagari
3759:Information on Avestan language
1920:respectively (in Old Avestan).
1341:> indicates an allophone of
1317:ŋ ŋʷ ṇ ń n m y w r s z š ṣ̌ ž h
1048:Forms and stages of development
4436:of the language on their left.
3368:"Zoroaster ii. general survey"
804:) is an umbrella term for two
1:
3773:University of Texas at Austin
3723:Introduction to Young Avestan
3657:Beekes, Robert S. P. (1988),
3366:Malandra, William W. (2009).
2670:Literally: "I let thee rest"
1329:are often transcribed as <
1250:
830:Indo-European language family
3720:Skjærvø, Prod Oktor (2006),
3708:Skjærvø, Prod Oktor (2006),
3610:Lubotsky, Alexander (2010).
2683:Proto-Indo-European language
2573:He/she lets you lead him/her
1306:a ā ə ə̄ e ē o ō å ą i ī u ū
1104:of the Avestan texts in the
826:Indo-Iranian language branch
3769:Linguistics Research Center
3248:. De Gruyter. p. 166.
3159:. J. H. Roell. p. 10.
2688:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
2497:The following phrases were
2470:
1073:, the four sacred prayers (
978:
966:
842:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
836:, a sister language to the
700:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
680:Persecution of Zoroastrians
4503:
3659:A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan
3622:Amsterdam University Press
3569:Cambridge University Press
3444:Cambridge University Press
3277:. I.B.Tauris. p. 44.
1284:
1201:
1129:
4477:Extinct languages of Asia
4472:Eastern Iranian languages
4413:
3508:. Greenwood. p. 47.
3477:. Routledge. p. 46.
3342:. Routledge. p. 43.
3068:. Greenwood. p. 47.
3037:. Routledge. p. 43.
2954:. Greenwood. p. 47.
2604:We let him/her carry thee
2374:-aēšu (vīr-aēšu), -aēšva
2313:
2293:
2284:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2175:
2151:
2102:
2006:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1875:
1830:
1631:
1492:
1417:
1363:
1185:and lack any discernible
936:that is described in the
838:Proto-Indo-Aryan language
822:Eastern Iranian languages
256:
232:
2852:Gnoli, Gherardo (1989),
2771:"THE HOME OF THE ARYANS"
2499:phonetically transcribed
1181:in the eastern parts of
453:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3167:(inactive 2024-04-25).
3165:10.11588/xarep.00000114
2832:Hoffmann, Karl (1989),
2817:. entry "Yazd culture".
2741:Wells, John C. (1990),
2386:Primary active endings
2200:a-stems: (masc. neut.)
1132:Zarathustra § Date
1015:Paul Maximilian Tedesco
848:, the oldest preserved
3732:Vaan, Michiel (2014),
3695:Kellens, Jean (1990),
3624:. pp. 18, 69–71.
3374:. Iranica Foundation.
3227:. Brill. p. 191.
2481:
2314:-aēibyō (yasn-aēibyō)
1238:The Avestan script is
1220:cursive Pahlavi script
865:This article contains
834:Proto-Iranian language
418:Zoroastrian literature
258:This article contains
3784:at Harvard University
3475:The Iranian Languages
3340:The Iranian Languages
3318:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511
3035:The Iranian Languages
2480:
806:Old Iranian languages
705:Zoroastrian cosmology
655:Zoroastrians in India
411:Scripture and worship
4427:historical languages
3817:Encyclopedia Iranica
3804:Encyclopedia Iranica
3701:Encyclopedia Iranica
3398:Encyclopædia Iranica
3372:Encyclopædia Iranica
3204:Encyclopædia Iranica
2858:Encyclopedia Iranica
2838:Encyclopedia Iranica
2563:Thou leadest him/her
2464:English Translation
2294:-aēibya (vīr-aēibya)
2257:-a (yasn-a), -ånghō
1157:of Iranian history.
982:, 'praise'.
973:𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬬𐬀𐬐𐬀
908:as well as parts of
660:Zoroastrians in Iran
526:Accounts and legends
3506:The History of Iran
3200:"AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY"
3066:The History of Iran
2952:The History of Iran
2854:"Avestan geography"
2646:They accompany them
2387:
1254: 12th century
850:Indo-Aryan language
724:Religion portal
576:History and culture
135:Indian Zoroastrians
3800:"Avestan language"
3765:Old Iranian Online
3620:] (in Dutch).
3471:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3336:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3242:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3031:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
2979:Stausberg, Michael
2834:"Avestan language"
2778:Harvard University
2601:θβā dim bārayāmahi
2482:
2385:
2351:-anąm (yasn-anąm)
2170:⟨ą̇⟩
2141:⟨ā̊⟩
2072:⟨ə̄⟩
1729:⟨xʷ⟩
1705:⟨š́⟩
1693:⟨ṣ̌⟩
1478:⟨ŋʷ⟩
1347:no audible release
1277:with a dot below.
1106:Sasanian archetype
1070:Yasna Haptanghaiti
938:Zoroastrian Avesta
867:Avestan characters
543:Book of Arda Viraf
473:Cypress of Kashmar
4462:Ancient languages
4444:
4443:
4392:
4391:
4119:
4118:
3861:Iranian languages
3743:978-90-04-25809-9
3726:, fas.harvard.edu
3714:, fas.harvard.edu
3661:, Leiden: Brill,
3302:Vogelsang, Willem
3284:978-0-7556-2459-1
3116:Foltz, Richard C.
2815:978-1-884964-98-5
2699:Explanatory notes
2674:
2673:
2594:He/she carries us
2490:
2489:
2446:
2445:
2378:
2377:
2268:-ō (-as, -ns), -ā
2197:"normal" endings
2179:
2178:
2160:⟨ą⟩
2131:⟨å⟩
2121:⟨ā⟩
2111:⟨a⟩
2092:⟨ō⟩
2082:⟨o⟩
2062:⟨ə⟩
2052:⟨ē⟩
2042:⟨e⟩
2025:⟨ū⟩
2015:⟨u⟩
2003:⟨ī⟩
1993:⟨i⟩
1910:
1909:
1884:⟨r⟩
1861:⟨v⟩
1847:⟨y⟩
1814:⟨γ⟩
1798:⟨ž⟩
1786:⟨z⟩
1774:⟨δ⟩
1762:⟨β⟩
1758:
1741:⟨h⟩
1717:⟨x⟩
1681:⟨š⟩
1669:⟨s⟩
1657:⟨θ⟩
1645:⟨f⟩
1641:
1615:⟨g⟩
1599:⟨ǰ⟩
1585:⟨d⟩
1573:⟨b⟩
1569:
1548:⟨k⟩
1532:⟨č⟩
1518:⟨t⟩
1506:⟨p⟩
1502:
1466:⟨ŋ⟩
1454:⟨ń⟩
1436:⟨n⟩
1424:⟨m⟩
1287:Avestan phonology
1147:Achaemenid period
1102:Phonetic notation
873:rendering support
820:. Both are early
758:
757:
284:
283:
266:rendering support
262:phonetic symbols.
138:
130:Devanagari script
16:(Redirected from
4494:
4482:Sacred languages
4457:Avestan language
4288:Zoroastrian Dari
4130:
3905:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3831:
3820:
3813:"Avestan people"
3807:
3798:Hoffmann, Karl.
3746:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3697:"Avestan syntax"
3690:
3671:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3502:Daniel, Elton L.
3498:
3492:
3491:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:Schmitt, Rüdiger
3411:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3062:Daniel, Elton L.
3058:
3052:
3051:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2948:Daniel, Elton L.
2944:
2938:
2937:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2829:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2738:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2584:Thou carryest me
2570:dim vō nāyayeiti
2542:I understand you
2504:
2473:
2460:Avestan alphabet
2453:
2388:
2297:-āiš (yasn-āiš)
2191:
2171:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1361:
1344:
1297:Avestan alphabet
1291:Avestan alphabet
1273:is written with
1268:
1255:
1252:
1230:
1204:Avestan alphabet
1023:
981:
975:
974:
969:
963:
962:
926:Bactria–Margiana
861:
860:
800:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
750:
743:
736:
722:
721:
458:Adur Burzen-Mihr
309:
286:
251:(Bodleian MS J2)
237:
228:
214:
198:
191:
182:
181:
173:
164:
163:
155:
132:
121:Avestan alphabet
113:
67:
30:
21:
18:Avestan language
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4409:
4388:
4292:
4115:
3978:
3894:
3863:
3858:
3810:
3797:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3694:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3656:
3652:
3650:General sources
3647:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3446:. p. 742.
3434:
3433:
3429:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3196:Gnoli, Gherardo
3194:
3193:
3189:
3172:
3156:
3148:Witzel, Michael
3146:
3145:
3141:
3130:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3076:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2801:
2797:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2767:Witzel, Michael
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:entry "Avestan"
2753:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2679:
2625:We let them run
2622:dīš drāwayāmahi
2495:
2493:Example phrases
2483:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2383:
2371:-ayō (zast-ayō)
2345:-ahe (ahur-ahe)
2189:
2184:
2169:
2159:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2024:
2014:
2002:
1992:
1926:
1883:
1860:
1846:
1813:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1614:
1598:
1584:
1572:
1547:
1531:
1517:
1505:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1435:
1423:
1397:alveolo-palatal
1395:
1359:
1293:
1283:
1259:Gujarati script
1253:
1206:
1200:
1155:Parthian period
1134:
1128:
1120:Sasanian period
1050:
1017:
999:
949:
943:
930:Eastern Iranian
882:
881:
880:
871:Without proper
862:
858:
814:Younger Avestan
798:
768:
764:
754:
716:
711:
710:
709:
694:
686:
685:
684:
649:
641:
640:
639:
598:
597:
577:
569:
568:
567:
553:Story of Sanjan
527:
519:
518:
517:
412:
404:
403:
402:
367:
366:Divine entities
359:
358:
357:
317:
264:Without proper
252:
224:
210:
194:
187:
177:
176:
169:
159:
158:
151:
141:
126:Gujarati script
114:
109:
103:
88:Eastern Iranian
68:
65:Language family
63:
52:Late Bronze Age
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:Middle Persian
4377:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3885:Middle Iranian
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3762:
3754:
3753:External links
3751:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3631:978-9089641793
3630:
3602:
3584:
3577:
3552:
3542:
3524:
3515:978-0313375095
3514:
3493:
3483:
3462:
3452:
3427:
3406:
3381:
3358:
3348:
3327:
3293:
3283:
3265:
3254:
3233:
3212:
3187:
3139:
3129:978-1780743080
3128:
3107:
3085:
3075:978-0313375095
3074:
3053:
3043:
3022:
3001:
2992:978-3170171183
2991:
2970:
2961:978-0313375095
2960:
2939:
2929:
2911:
2892:
2879:
2868:
2844:
2819:
2803:Mallory, J. P.
2795:
2758:
2751:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2693:Vedic Sanskrit
2690:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:dīš hācayeinti
2640:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:Present tense
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:Present tense
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:Present tense
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2501:from Avestan:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2456:Latin alphabet
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:-su, -hu, -šva
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:-ayå (vīr-ayå)
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2328:-āt (yasn-āt)
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1596:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1562:
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1559:
1557:
1545:
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1529:
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1496:
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1489:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1449:
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1445:
1433:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1282:
1279:
1224:Aramaic script
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1143:Avestan period
1127:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1049:
1046:
1042:Vedic Sanskrit
998:
995:
948:
945:
875:, you may see
863:
856:
855:
854:
846:Vedic Sanskrit
818:Zoroastrianism
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
713:
712:
708:
707:
702:
696:
695:
693:Related topics
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
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651:
650:
647:
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643:
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596:
595:
590:
585:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
560:
558:Chinvat Bridge
555:
550:
548:Book of Jamasp
545:
540:
535:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
503:Khordeh Avesta
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
443:Airyaman ishya
440:
435:
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420:
414:
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410:
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395:
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385:
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373:Amesha Spentas
369:
368:
365:
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355:
350:
345:
340:
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316:Primary topics
315:
314:
311:
310:
302:
301:
299:Zoroastrianism
295:
294:
282:
281:
268:, you may see
254:
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238:
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216:
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208:
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174:
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146:Language codes
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123:
117:
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111:Writing system
108:
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96:
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71:
69:
62:
59:
58:
49:
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39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4499:
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4465:
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4435:
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4428:
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4412:
4405:
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4401:
4399:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Caucasian Tat
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
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4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
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4250:
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4246:
4245:
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4240:
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4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
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4192:
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4177:
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4143:
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4138:
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4135:
4131:
4128:
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4122:
4110:
4107:
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4100:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
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4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
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4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3987:
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3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
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3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Proto-Iranian
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:Boyce, Mary.
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3792:Avesta Corpus
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:Young Avestan
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:at avesta.org
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3745:
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3718:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3687:3-85124-652-7
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3668:90-04-08332-4
3664:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3578:0-521-56256-2
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3543:9781118785539
3539:
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3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
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3486:
3484:9780203641736
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3453:0-521-56256-2
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:Kellens, Jean
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:9780203641736
3345:
3341:
3337:
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3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
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3290:
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3276:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3255:9783110144475
3251:
3247:
3243:
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3201:
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3177:
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3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3125:
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3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:Bryant, Edwin
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:9780203641736
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:Bryant, Edwin
3005:
3002:
2998:
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2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
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2930:9781118785539
2926:
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2768:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2752:0-582-05383-8
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2727:
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2708:
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2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
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2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:I follow thee
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
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2606:
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2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2311:-āi (ahur-āi)
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2279:Instrumental
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:-əm (ahur-əm)
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2236:
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2224:
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2216:
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2192:
2186:
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2018:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
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1981:
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1977:
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1964:
1962:
1959:
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1400:
1398:
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1383:
1382:Post-alveolar
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
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1362:
1356:
1354:
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1348:
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1333:> and <
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1055:Karl Hoffmann
1047:
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1013:according to
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839:
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584:
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559:
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531:
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522:
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501:
499:
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479:
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474:
471:
469:
468:Adur Gushnasp
466:
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454:
451:
449:
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308:
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263:
261:
255:
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236:
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136:
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106:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
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74:
73:Indo-European
70:
66:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4418:
4379:
4372:
4340:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4171:
4149:
4101:
4092:
4081:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3956:
3816:
3803:
3788:Text samples
3733:
3722:
3710:
3700:
3677:
3658:
3635:. Retrieved
3617:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3564:
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3533:
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3519:
3505:
3496:
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3397:
3384:
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3309:
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3190:
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3152:
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3119:
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3097:
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3079:
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3048:
3034:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3004:
2996:
2982:
2973:
2965:
2951:
2942:
2934:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2882:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2782:. Retrieved
2780:. p. 10
2761:
2742:
2736:
2716:
2707:
2664:θβā rāmayemi
2552:You teach me
2496:
2308:-byō (-byas)
2274:-ą (haom-ą)
2243:-a (-yasna)
2234:-ō (-as), -ā
1911:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1310:Consonants:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1274:
1270:
1244:
1237:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1183:Greater Iran
1159:
1135:
1116:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1035:
1026:
1011:Greater Iran
1001:Avestan and
1000:
986:
984:
950:
942:
914:Turkmenistan
883:
864:
813:
809:
760:
759:
563:Frashokereti
508:The Rivayats
463:Adur Farnbag
448:Fire Temples
438:Yenghe hatam
433:Ahuna Vairya
398:Angra Mainyu
352:
257:
246:
239:
220:Linguasphere
203:
92:
78:Indo-Iranian
42:Central Asia
4374:Old Persian
4211:Mazanderani
4005:Khwarezmian
3890:New Iranian
3880:Old Iranian
3778:Old Avestan
3711:Old Avestan
3221:Boyce, Mary
2667:I calm thee
2549:mā vātayaθa
2449:Sample text
2368:-e (yesn-e)
2291:-a (ahur-a)
2262:Accusative
2254:-a (ahur-a)
2237:-ō (yasn-ō)
2225:Nominative
1832:Approximant
1321:The glides
1215:Din dabireh
1151:Hellenistic
1139:Zarathustra
1077:27 and 54).
1038:Old Persian
1018: [
1007:Old Iranian
1003:Old Persian
922:Yaz culture
906:Afghanistan
824:within the
810:Old Avestan
593:Khurramites
343:Persia/Iran
328:Zarathustra
323:Ahura Mazda
272:instead of
4451:Categories
4049:Sarghulami
3969:Yazghulami
3922:Ishkashimi
3597:avesta.org
3561:Hale, Mark
3436:Hale, Mark
2633:θβā hacāmi
2591:nō baraiti
2560:dim nayehi
2240:-a (vīr-a)
1407:Labiovelar
1357:Consonants
1351:obstruents
1285:See also:
1271:zaraθuštra
1240:alphabetic
1130:See also:
979:upastāvaka
918:Uzbekistan
910:Tajikistan
613:Initiation
428:Ashem Vohu
338:Vohu Manah
247:Ahunavaiti
4434:varieties
4421:indicate
4342:Pahlavani
4334:Bakhtiari
4319:Kuhmareyi
4309:Bashkardi
4231:Old Azeri
3942:Sanglechi
3794:at TITUS.
3736:, Brill,
3176:cite book
2728:Citations
2612:drawāmahi
2581:mā barahi
2539:vō vatāmi
2439:-tō, -thō
2356:Locative
2333:Genitive
2319:Ablative
2248:Vocative
1639:voiceless
1633:Fricative
1500:voiceless
1387:Retroflex
1281:Phonology
997:Genealogy
890:Arachosia
886:satrapies
648:Adherents
608:Festivals
588:Mazdakism
583:Zurvanism
538:Bundahišn
348:Faravahar
205:Glottolog
189:ISO 639-3
171:ISO 639-2
153:ISO 639-1
133:(used by
4363:Hazaragi
4314:Garmsiri
4254:Sangsari
4249:Lasgerdi
4238:Parthian
4216:Tabaroid
4184:Kurmanji
4140:Ashtiani
4109:Yaghnobi
4067:Ossetian
4056:Scythian
4031:Southern
4026:Northern
3998:Bactrian
3947:Sarikoli
3917:Bartangi
3637:30 April
3504:(2012).
3392:(2011).
3223:(1996).
3198:(2011).
3118:(2013).
3096:(2001).
3064:(2012).
3012:(2001).
2981:(2002).
2950:(2012).
2908:: 25–35.
2805:(1997).
2791:Bactria.
2677:See also
2657:He rests
2532:You move
2521:It's hot
2513:Comment
2394:Singular
2336:-ō (-as)
2214:Singular
2205:Singular
1377:Alveolar
1302:Vowels:
1263:Gujarati
1198:Alphabet
1179:situated
1175:Vendidad
1173:and the
902:Margiana
630:Marriage
603:Calendar
493:Visperad
488:Vendidad
393:Fravashi
291:a series
289:Part of
278:Help:IPA
226:58-ABA-a
212:aves1237
56:Iron Age
4423:extinct
4419:Italics
4404:Badeshi
4348:Persian
4324:Kumzari
4266:Taleshi
4259:Sorkhei
4244:Semnani
4199:Kordali
4179:Kurdish
4173:Gorgani
4151:Daylami
4145:Balochi
4125:Western
4103:Sogdian
4062:Alanian
4036:Wanetsi
4021:Central
4011:Parachi
3991:Avestan
3952:Shughni
3937:Roshani
3900:Eastern
3868:History
3771:at the
3306:Persica
3103:Rgveda.
2654:ramaiti
2529:šyawaθa
2518:tapaiti
2510:English
2507:Avestan
2400:Plural
2362:-ō, -yō
2302:Dative
2220:Plural
2182:Grammar
1939:Central
1494:Plosive
1412:Glottal
1392:Palatal
1235:texts.
1187:Persian
1167:Rigveda
1153:or the
1030:Eastern
957:Persian
934:culture
898:Bactria
828:of the
761:Avestan
533:Dēnkard
513:Ab-Zohr
378:Yazatas
353:Avestan
274:Unicode
93:Avestan
83:Iranian
33:Avestan
4467:Avesta
4397:Others
4304:Achomi
4276:Tatoid
4224:Median
4194:Xwarin
4189:Sorani
4167:Gorani
4162:Gilaki
4083:Jassic
4043:Ormuri
4016:Pashto
3983:Others
3974:Yidgha
3740:
3684:
3665:
3628:
3575:
3540:
3512:
3481:
3450:
3346:
3312:: 62.
3281:
3252:
3126:
3081:frame.
3072:
3041:
2989:
2958:
2927:
2813:
2749:
2615:We run
2414:-mahi
2391:Person
2211:Plural
1924:Vowels
1756:voiced
1567:voiced
1372:Dental
1367:Labial
1247:Brahmi
1233:Pazend
1209:rote.
1191:Median
1171:Yashts
1163:Gathas
1126:Dating
1067:, the
1064:Gathas
967:avestâ
953:Avesta
920:. The
916:, and
900:, and
675:Iranis
665:Parsis
635:Burial
623:Sedreh
618:Kushti
498:Yashts
478:Gathas
423:Avesta
388:Daevas
383:Ahuras
244:28.1,
38:Region
4368:Tajik
4297:South
4133:North
4072:Digor
3964:Wakhi
3958:Vanji
3932:Munji
3927:Khufi
3909:Pamir
3616:[
3323:B.C.)
3261:area.
3157:(PDF)
2784:8 May
2774:(PDF)
2442:-ṇti
2428:-tha
2411:-vahi
2381:Verbs
2194:Case
2187:Nouns
2148:Nasal
1983:Close
1971:short
1961:short
1951:short
1934:Front
1877:Trill
1419:Nasal
1402:Velar
1345:with
1022:]
961:اوستا
483:Yasna
249:Gatha
241:Yasna
4358:Dari
4329:Luri
4283:Zaza
4271:Tati
4204:Laki
4157:Fars
4094:Saka
4077:Iron
3790:and
3780:and
3738:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3639:2016
3626:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3279:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3182:link
3124:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3039:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2786:2015
2747:ISBN
2433:3rd
2425:-tha
2419:2nd
2405:1st
2397:Dual
2325:-byō
2288:-bīš
2285:-byā
2217:Dual
2208:Dual
2099:Open
1976:long
1966:long
1956:long
1944:Back
1916:and
1325:and
1289:and
1177:are
991:Zend
987:Zend
947:Name
894:Aria
801:-tən
799:VESS
333:Asha
128:and
4425:or
3314:doi
3161:doi
3135:BC.
2436:-ti
2422:-hi
2408:-mi
2342:-ąm
2322:-at
2265:-əm
2032:Mid
1918:/x/
1914:/θ/
1394:or
1343:/t/
1269:in
1267:/z/
1229:/l/
1189:or
1122:".
924:of
888:of
260:IPA
196:ave
179:ave
48:Era
4453::
3815:.
3802:.
3699:,
3595:.
3571:.
3567:.
3546:.
3518:.
3487:.
3456:.
3442:.
3396:.
3377:so
3370:.
3352:.
3320:.
3310:16
3308:.
3287:.
3258:.
3202:.
3178:}}
3174:{{
3132:.
3078:.
3047:.
2995:.
2964:.
2933:.
2906:40
2904:.
2856:,
2836:,
2822:^
2788:.
2776:.
2769:.
2359:-i
2339:-å
2305:-ē
2282:-ā
2231:-ā
2228:-s
2166:ãː
2137:ɒː
2117:aː
2088:oː
2068:əː
2048:eː
2021:uː
1999:iː
1734:xʷ
1604:dʒ
1537:tʃ
1483:ŋʷ
1353:.
1339:t̰
1335:uu
1331:ii
1251:c.
1075:Y.
1044:.
1020:de
976:,
964:,
940:.
932:"
912:,
896:,
892:,
852:.
808:,
797:ə-
788:ən
293:on
161:ae
54:,
4429:.
3853:e
3846:t
3839:v
3819:.
3806:.
3747:.
3728:.
3716:.
3691:.
3672:.
3641:.
3599:.
3581:.
3316::
3184:)
3163::
2866:.
2842:.
2251:–
2156:ã
2127:ɒ
2107:a
2078:o
2058:ə
2038:e
2011:u
1989:i
1891:/
1889:r
1887:/
1868:/
1866:w
1864:/
1854:/
1852:j
1850:/
1821:/
1819:ɣ
1817:/
1805:/
1803:ʒ
1801:/
1793:/
1791:z
1789:/
1781:/
1779:ð
1777:/
1769:/
1767:β
1765:/
1748:/
1746:h
1744:/
1736:/
1732:/
1724:/
1722:x
1720:/
1712:/
1710:ɕ
1708:/
1700:/
1698:ʂ
1696:/
1688:/
1686:ʃ
1684:/
1676:/
1674:s
1672:/
1664:/
1662:θ
1660:/
1652:/
1650:ɸ
1648:/
1622:/
1620:ɡ
1618:/
1606:/
1602:/
1592:/
1590:d
1588:/
1580:/
1578:b
1576:/
1555:/
1553:k
1551:/
1539:/
1535:/
1525:/
1523:t
1521:/
1513:/
1511:p
1509:/
1485:/
1481:/
1473:/
1471:ŋ
1469:/
1461:/
1459:ɲ
1457:/
1443:/
1441:n
1439:/
1431:/
1429:m
1427:/
1327:w
1323:y
1275:j
1261:(
869:.
791:/
785:t
782:s
779:ɛ
776:v
773:ˈ
770:ə
767:/
763:(
749:e
742:t
735:v
280:.
137:)
20:)
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