20:
390:
365:
213:
287:
173:
180:
268:
225:
358:
237:
256:
244:
306:
187:
275:
334:
320:
346:
294:
372:
675:, p. 113: " was undefended, and this was fortunate for the expedition slithered down the far side where, after the leading troops had trampled the snow, the track, 'as steep as the side of a house, became a regular slide, as slippery as glass.... I believe there was not a single load that was not thrown at least once."
424:
pass and joining Amo Chu near
Rinchengang. The valley of Yatung Chu is more commonly associated with the locations of "Yatng". A Pasha gompa (Buddhist temple) was located in its valley below the Kagyu monastery, but is said to have been abandoned in 1888, and later moved to the precincts of the Kagyu
436:
that flows down from the Nathu La pass. While the route to Nathu La was on the mountain shoulder above Champi Chu, the route to Jelep La was in theh narrow valley of Yatung Chu. It was described as being steep and slippery. The route from Nathu La was considered superior as it ran on the shoulder of
428:
A little upstream from the Pasgha gompa in the Yatung Chu valley was a customs house run by the
Chinese Maritime Customs Service, which often employed Englishmen as commissioners. Its first Commissioner in 1894 was F. E. Taylor, but, during the Younghusband Expedition, a certain Captain Parr was
687:, p. 31: "The Customs House, the missionary house, and the houses of the clerks and servants of the Customs and of the headman, form a little block. Beyond it there is a quarter of a mile of barren stony ground, and then the wall with military pretensions."
558:, pp. 47–48: for nearly two hours we marched ..., until we came to Old Yatung, perched on the buttress that divides the valley of the Amo Chu.... Yatung, to them , is merely a monastery, where the lamas live and the prayer flags flap.
429:
apparently posted to handle the encounter. Indian traders were only allowed to come up to this point. So the customs house also had some overnight halting facilities. All these locations were associated with the name "Yatung".
80:
river near
Rinchengang. But according to travel writer John Easton, Yatung is actually a hill top location adjoining the valley, which has a historic Kagyu monastery. The monastery itself lies along the route from the
449:, China agreed to the British India setting up a trade mart at "Yatung", which was located near the Chinese customs house. Though sources occasionally allude to a "Yatung village", there was in fact none.
23:
Map of Chumbi Valley in 1898, showing Yatung west of
Rinchengang. (The red line shows the route allowed for British Indian traders before the Younghusband Expedition.)
417:
pass runs on the southern shoulder of the mountain, passing by a Kagyu monastery. This location is the original "Yatung" according to travel writer John Easton.
104:". It was to become a trading center and the eventual headquarters of the Yadong County. The original Yatung has been subsequently referred to as "Old Yatung".
528:, p. 43: "It was a large village located along the main valley river, the Amo Chu (...), at the Amo's confluence with the river Yatung."
753:
364:
598:
mountain", the name of a small village located in the region known as "Chomo" in
Tibetan and now collectively known as Yadong.]
745:
Called from
Obscurity: The Life and Times of a True Son of Tibet, God's Humble Servant from Poo, Gergan Dorje Tharchin, Vol. 2
121:
31:
113:
470:, p. 643: "Miss Taylor returned with the object of converting the Tibetan people, and now lives at the town of
437:
the mountain, but the
Tibetans only allowed trade through Jelep La until later British pressure in the 20th century.
96:, the British founded a new town at the confluence of Kangphu Chu and Tromo Chu rivers (the two headwaters of
488:
486:
484:
93:
815:
446:
89:
19:
650:"From Phari to Kalimpong:Yatung Customs Making and Modern Tibetan Border Trade in the Late Qing Dynasty"
179:
172:
543:, p. 31: "At Rinchengong, a mile beyond the barrier, the Yatung stream flows into the Ammo Chu."
594:[Yadong is a transliteration using Chinese characters of a Tibetan-language place name meaning "
389:
157:
88:
Yatung entered history as the location offered by China for a trade mart of
British India in the
649:
787:
Frontier and
Overseas Expeditions from India, Vol. IV – North and North-Eastern Frontier Tribes
749:
492:
156:
states it as "Nyatong". (Some other
British sources mention it as "Myatong".) Tibetologist
152:
mountain". The dictionary does not state the original Tibetan name, but the Japanese monk
139:
580:
378:
153:
796:
420:
To the south of the Yatung mountain flows the Yatung Chu river, originating below the
809:
785:
763:
732:
721:
567:
555:
410:
65:
61:
595:
402:
286:
149:
743:
700:
631:
629:
406:
357:
57:
774:
710:
620:
421:
414:
236:
224:
82:
73:
715:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920 – via archive.org
705:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1904 – via archive.org
398:
267:
212:
97:
77:
432:
Upstream from the customs house is the confluence of a stream called
129:
101:
39:
493:
Paget, Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India, Vol. IV (1907)
388:
18:
623:(Yadong Kagyu Monastery, Tibet), www.guang5.com, 7 October 2012.
608:
397:
The Yatung ("nasal bridge") mountain is on the west bank of the
779:, Adyar, Madras: The Theosophist Office – via archive.org
684:
540:
467:
48:), originally just "Yatung", with a native Tibetan spelling of
568:
Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet (1928)
556:
Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet (1928)
525:
160:
spells it as "Na-dong", and states that it means "the ear".
148:) is the Chinese rendering of a Tibetan place name meaning "
790:, Simla: Government Monotype Press – via archive.org
726:, London: Longmans, Green & Co – via archive.org
672:
635:
768:, New York: Harper & Brothers – via archive.org
112:
According to a historical dictionary, the name "Yatung" (
510:
737:, London: The Scholartis Press – via archive.org
509:
Letter from C. J. White dated Yatung, 9 June 1894 in
592:亚东，系用汉字译写的藏语地名，意为"鼻梁山"。为藏语所称"卓木"地域，而现统称亚东地域中的一小村名。
801:, London: John Murray – via archive.org
734:An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet
8:
536:
534:
463:
461:
551:
549:
609:Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries (1905)
521:
519:
505:
503:
501:
457:
144:
685:Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa (1905)
541:Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa (1905)
468:Kawaguchi, Three Years in Tibet (1909)
413:(or Yadong County). The track to the
7:
526:Fader, Called from Obscurity (2002)
393:The Tibetan fortification at Yatung
14:
673:Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa (1961)
636:Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa (1961)
72:, the river that flows down from
68:of Tibet. It is in the valley of
712:Further Papers Relating to Tibet
370:
363:
356:
344:
332:
318:
304:
292:
285:
273:
266:
254:
242:
235:
223:
211:
185:
178:
171:
56:, is a location 2 miles west of
511:Papers Relating to Tibet (1904)
134:
125:
117:
44:
35:
1:
784:Paget, William Henry (1907),
795:Waddell, L. Austin (1905),
832:
474:, which by some is called
773:Kawaguchi, Ekai (1909),
742:Fader, H. Louis (2002),
720:Candler, Edmund (1905),
702:Papers Relating to Tibet
798:Lhasa and its Mysteries
762:Fleming, Peter (1961),
100:) and named this town "
94:Younghusband Expedition
748:, Tibet Mirror Press,
723:The Unveiling of Lhasa
447:1893 trade regulations
394:
90:1893 trade regulations
85:pass via Champithang.
24:
731:Easton, John (1928),
392:
22:
776:Three Years in Tibet
638:, pp. 113–114.
122:traditional Chinese
64:in the present day
401:river between the
395:
158:L. Austine Waddell
114:simplified Chinese
25:
765:Bayonets to Lhasa
755:978-99933-922-0-0
648:Zhang, Yong-pan,
92:. After the 1904
823:
802:
791:
780:
769:
758:
738:
727:
716:
706:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
663:
662:
660:
645:
639:
633:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
599:
589:
587:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
544:
538:
529:
523:
514:
513:, pp. 28–29
507:
496:
490:
479:
465:
384:Old Yatung sites
380:
374:
373:
367:
360:
353:
348:
347:
341:
336:
335:
329:
322:
321:
315:
308:
307:
301:
296:
295:
289:
282:
277:
276:
270:
263:
258:
257:
251:
246:
245:
239:
232:
227:
220:
215:
208:
201:
196:
189:
188:
182:
175:
146:
136:
127:
119:
46:
37:
831:
830:
826:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
806:
805:
794:
783:
772:
761:
756:
741:
730:
719:
709:
699:
696:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
658:
656:
647:
646:
642:
634:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
585:
583:
579:
578:
574:
566:
562:
554:
547:
539:
532:
524:
517:
508:
499:
491:
482:
466:
459:
455:
443:
387:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
371:
368:
361:
354:
351:
349:
345:
342:
340:Kagyu monastery
339:
337:
333:
330:
327:
325:
323:
319:
316:
313:
311:
309:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
290:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
264:
261:
259:
255:
252:
249:
247:
243:
240:
233:
230:
228:
221:
218:
216:
209:
206:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
190:
186:
183:
176:
166:
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
829:
827:
819:
818:
808:
807:
804:
803:
792:
781:
770:
759:
754:
739:
728:
717:
707:
695:
692:
690:
689:
677:
665:
640:
625:
613:
601:
572:
560:
545:
530:
515:
497:
480:
456:
454:
451:
442:
439:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
350:
343:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
298:
291:
284:
279:
272:
265:
260:
253:
248:
241:
234:
229:
222:
217:
210:
203:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
169:
168:
167:
165:
162:
154:Ekai Kawaguchi
109:
106:
16:Place in Tibet
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
828:
817:
816:Yadong County
814:
813:
811:
800:
799:
793:
789:
788:
782:
778:
777:
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
751:
747:
746:
740:
736:
735:
729:
725:
724:
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
703:
698:
697:
693:
686:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
655:
651:
644:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
614:
611:, p. 81.
610:
605:
602:
597:
593:
582:
576:
573:
570:, p. 48.
569:
564:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
502:
498:
495:, p. 60.
494:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
448:
440:
438:
435:
430:
426:
423:
418:
416:
412:
411:Chumbi Valley
408:
404:
400:
391:
379:
366:
359:
288:
269:
238:
226:
214:
205:TO CHUMBI AND
181:
174:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
137:
131:
123:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Yadong County
63:
62:Chumbi Valley
60:in the lower
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
33:
29:
21:
797:
786:
775:
764:
744:
733:
722:
711:
701:
694:Bibliography
680:
668:
657:, retrieved
653:
643:
616:
604:
596:nasal bridge
591:
584:. Retrieved
575:
563:
475:
471:
444:
433:
431:
427:
419:
396:
150:nasal bridge
143:
133:
111:
87:
76:to join the
69:
53:
49:
43:
27:
26:
425:monastery.
407:Rinchengang
352:Rinchengang
312:Pasha gompa
231:TO NATHU LA
219:TO JELEP LA
58:Rinchengang
453:References
434:Champi Chu
250:Yatung Chu
207:NEW YATUNG
140:Wade–Giles
70:Yatung Chu
45:Lǎo Yàdōng
28:Old Yatung
200:TO BHUTAN
164:Geography
810:Category
586:25 March
422:Jelep La
415:Nathu La
83:Nathu La
74:Jelep La
659:2 April
621:西藏亚东噶举寺
472:Nyatong
445:In the
441:History
409:in the
399:Amo Chu
326:Customs
262:Amo Chu
145:Ya-tung
98:Amo Chu
78:Amo Chu
54:Myatong
50:Nyatong
32:Chinese
752:
476:Yatung
300:Geling
142::
135:Yàdōng
132::
130:pinyin
124::
116::
102:Yatung
42::
40:pinyin
34::
581:"老亚东"
403:Chema
328:house
314:site?
281:Chema
195:1mile
193:1.5km
750:ISBN
661:2021
654:CNKi
588:2021
405:and
108:Name
52:or
36:老亚东
812::
652:,
628:^
590:.
548:^
533:^
518:^
500:^
483:^
478:."
460:^
138:;
128:;
126:亞東
120:;
118:亚东
38:;
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
