620:(GABA). As a result of its bi-directionality, the dendro-dendritic synapse can cause mitral cells to inhibit themselves (auto-inhibition), as well as neighboring mitral cells (lateral inhibition). More specifically, the granule cell layer receives excitatory glutamate signals from the basal dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. The granule cell in turn releases GABA to cause an inhibitory effect on the mitral cell. More neurotransmitter is released from the activated mitral cell to the connected dendrite of the granule cell, making the inhibitory effect from the granule cell to the activated mitral cell stronger than the surrounding mitral cells. It is not clear what the functional role of lateral inhibition would be, though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of surrounding non-activated neurons. This in turn aids in odor discrimination. Other research suggest that the lateral inhibition contributes to differentiated odor responses, which aids in the processing and perception of distinct odors. There is also evidence of cholinergic effects on granule cells that enhance depolarization of granule cells making them more excitable which in turn increases inhibition of mitral cells. This may contribute to a more specific output from the olfactory bulb that would closer resemble the glomerular odor map. Olfaction is distinct from the other
543:. Neural firing varies temporally, there are periods of fast, spontaneous firing and slow modulation of firing. These patterns may be related to sniffing or change in intensity and concentration of odorant. Temporal patterns may have effect in later processing of spatial awareness of odorant. For example, synchronized mitral cell spike trains appear to help to discriminate similar odors better than when those spike trains are not synchronized. A well known model is that the bulbar neural circuit transforms the odor information in the receptors to a population pattern of neural oscillatory activities in the mitral cell population, and this pattern is then recognized by the associative memories of olfactory objects in the olfactory cortex. Top-down feedback from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb modulates the bulbar responses, so that, for example, the bulb can adapt to a pre-existing olfactory background to single out a foreground odor from an odor mixture for recognition, or can enhance sensitivity to a target odor during odor search. Destruction to the olfactory bulb results in
681:
sensory neurons in detecting chemical stimuli of different type and molecular weight. Although it doesn't seem to be maintained centrally, where mitral cell projections from both sides of the AOB converge. A clear difference of the AOB circuitry, compared to the rest of the bulb, is its heterogeneous connectivity between mitral cells and vomeronasal sensory afferents within neuropil glomeruli. AOB mitral cells indeed contact through apical dendritic processes glomeruli formed by afferents of different receptor neurons, thus breaking the one-receptor-one-neuron rule which generally holds for the main olfactory system. This implies that stimuli sensed through the VNO and elaborated in the AOB are subjected to a different and probably more complex level of elaboration. Accordingly, AOB mitral cells show clearly different firing patterns compared to other bulbar projection neurons. Additionally, top down input to the olfactory bulb differentially affects olfactory outputs.
732:. The odors serve as the reinforcers or the punishers during the associative learning process; odors that occur with positive states reinforce the behavior that resulted in the positive state while odors that occur with negative states do the opposite. Odor cues are coded by neurons in the amygdala with the behavioral effect or emotion that they produce. In this way odors reflect certain emotions or physiological states. Odors become associated with pleasant and unpleasant responses, and eventually the odor becomes a cue and can cause an emotional response. These odor associations contribute to emotional states such as fear. Brain imaging shows amygdala activation correlated with pleasant and unpleasant odors, reflecting the association between odors and emotions.
64:
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periglomerular cell interneurons that reside in the granule cell layer and glomerular layers, respectively. The olfactory sensory neuron axons that form synapses in olfactory bulb glomeruli are also capable of regeneration following regrowth of an olfactory sensory neuron residing in the olfactory epithelium. Despite dynamic turnover of sensory axons and interneurons, the projection neurons (mitral and tufted neurons) that form synapses with these axons are not structurally plastic.
324:
532:, many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. At the core of these proposed filters are the two classes of interneurons; the periglomerular cells, and the granule cells. Processing occurs at each level of the main olfactory bulb, beginning with the spatial maps that categorize odors in the glomeruli layer.
847:
199:
906:, have produced similarly large-brained human species. Thus, understanding human brain evolution should include research into specific cerebral reorganization, possibly reflected by brain shape changes. Here we exploit developmental integration between the brain and its underlying skeletal base to test hypotheses about brain evolution in
770:. Olfactory bulb removal in rats effectively causes structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus and behavioral changes similar to that of a person with depression. Researchers use rats with olfactory bulbectomies to research antidepressants. Research has shown that removal of the olfactory bulb in rats leads to
757:
In lower vertebrates (lampreys and teleost fishes), mitral cell (principal olfactory neurons) axons project exclusively to the right hemisphere of
Habenula in an asymmetric manner. It is reported that dorsal Habenula (Hb) are functional asymmetric with predominant odor responses in right hemisphere.
749:; the memories of events at a specific place or time. The time at which certain neurons fire in the hippocampus is associated by neurons with a stimulus such as an odor. Presentation of the odor at a different time may cause recall of the memory, therefore odor aids in recall of episodic memories.
672:
and therefore are directly involved in sex hormone activity and may influence aggressiveness and mating behavior. Axons of the vomeronasal sensory neurons express a given receptor type which, differently from what occurs in the main olfactory bulb, diverge between 6 and 30 AOB glomeruli. Mitral cell
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of the mitral cells. This inhibition is an important part of olfaction as it aids in odor discrimination by decreasing firing in response to background odors and differentiating the responses of olfactory nerve inputs in the mitral cell layer. Inhibition of the mitral cell layer by the other layers
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The AOB is divided into two main subregions, anterior and posterior, which receive segregated synaptic inputs from two main categories of vomeronasal sensory neurons, V1R and V2R, respectively. This appears as a clear functional specialization, given the differential role of the two populations of
40:
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The function of adult neurogenesis in this region remains a matter of study. The survival of immature neurons as they enter the circuit is highly sensitive to olfactory activity and in particular associative learning tasks. This has led to the hypothesis that new neurons participate in learning
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in the hippocampus. These hippocampal changes due to olfactory bulb removal are associated with behavioral changes characteristic of depression, demonstrating the correlation between the olfactory bulb and emotion. The hippocampus and amygdala affect odor perception. During certain physiological
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aids in olfactory memory and learning as well. Several olfaction-memory processes occur in the hippocampus. Similar to the process in the amygdala, an odor is associated with a particular reward, i.e. the smell of food with receiving sustenance. Odor in the hippocampus also contributes to the
440:
and carbon chain length. This spatial map is divided into zones and clusters, which represent similar glomeruli and therefore similar odors. One cluster in particular is associated with rank, spoiled smells which are represented by certain chemical characteristics. This classification may be
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where it plays a role in appetite. The OFC also associates odors with other stimuli, such as taste. Odor perception and discrimination also involve the OFC. The spatial odor map in the glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb may contribute to these functions. The odor map begins processing of
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that detects chemical stimuli relevant for social and reproductive behaviors, but probably also generic odorants. It has been hypothesized that, in order for the vomernasal pump to turn on, the main olfactory epithelium must first detect the appropriate odor. However, the possibility that the
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in adult mammals. In most mammals, new neurons are born from neural stem cells in the sub-ventricular zone and migrate rostrally towards the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. Within the olfactory bulb these immature neuroblasts develop into fully functional granule cell interneurons and
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between mitral cells. The synapse between mitral and granule cells is of a rare class of synapses that are "dendro-dendritic" which means that both sides of the synapse are dendrites that release neurotransmitter. In this specific case, mitral cells release the excitatory neurotransmitter
481:
This part of the brain receives sensations of smell. As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). As a result, it is generally assumed that it functions as a
717:, and olfactory bulb have many interconnections directly and indirectly through the cortices of the primary olfactory cortex. These connections are indicative of the association between the olfactory bulb and higher areas of processing, specifically those related to emotion and memory.
918:. Larger olfactory bulbs, relatively wider orbitofrontal cortex, relatively increased and forward projecting temporal lobe poles appear unique to modern humans. Such brain reorganization, beside physical consequences for overall skull shape, might have contributed to the evolution of
872:, reveals that they all share the same fundamental layout (five layers containing the nuclei of three major cell types; see "Anatomy" for details), despite being dissimilar in shape and size. A similar structure is shared by the analogous olfactory center in the fruit fly
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Morales-Medina, JC.; Juarez, I.; Venancio-García, E.; Cabrera, SN.; Menard, C.; Yu, W.; Flores, G.; Mechawar, N.; Quirion, R. (Apr 2013). "Impaired structural hippocampal plasticity is associated with emotional and memory deficits in the olfactory bulbectomized rat".
758:
It was also shown that Hb neurons are spontaneous active even in absence of olfactory stimulation. These spontaneous active Hb neurons are organized into functional clusters which were proposed to govern olfactory responses. (Jetti, SK. et al. 2014, Current
Biology)
673:
dendritic endings go through a dramatic period of targeting and clustering just after presynaptic unification of the sensory neuron axons. The connectivity of the vomernasal sensorglomery neurons to mitral cells is precise, with mitral cell dendrites targeting the
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which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. The granule cell layer is the deepest layer in the olfactory bulb. It is made up of dendrodendritic granule cells that synapse to the mitral cell layer.
527:
While all of these functions could theoretically arise from the olfactory bulb's circuit layout, it is unclear which, if any, of these functions are performed exclusively by the olfactory bulb. By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the
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contributes to odor discrimination and higher level processing by modulating the output from the olfactory bulb. These hyperpolarizations during odor stimulation shape the responses of the mitral cells to make them more specific to an odor.
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Oboti, L; Savalli G; Giachino C; De
Marchis S; Panzica GC; Fasolo A; Peretto P (2009). "Integration and sensory experience-dependent survival of newly-generated neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice".
795:, amygdala, and parahippocampal cortices. Neurons in the OFC that encode food reward information activate the reward system when stimulated, associating the act of eating with reward. The OFC further projects to the
1167:
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and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. The accessory olfactory bulb resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb and forms a parallel pathway.
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processes. No definitive behavioral effect has been observed in loss-of-function experiments suggesting that the function of this process, if at all related to olfactory processing, may be subtle.
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In vertebrates, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb, forms a parallel pathway independent from the main olfactory bulb. The
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The next level of synaptic processing in the olfactory bulb occurs in the external plexiform layer, between the glomerular layer and the mitral cell layer. The external plexiform layer contains
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cranial vault, showing extensive olfactory bulb (structure to the left). Tyrannosaur dinosaurs, as well as carnivorous animals in general, have highly developed olfactory bulbs to seek out prey.
652:. As in the main olfactory bulb, axonal input to the accessory olfactory bulb forms synapses with mitral cells within glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb receives axonal input from the
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1400:"Olfactory object recognition, segmentation, adaptation, target seeking, and discrimination by the network of the olfactory bulb and cortex: computational model and experimental data"
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states such as hunger a food odor may seem more pleasant and rewarding due to the associations in the amygdala and hippocampus of the food odor stimulus with the reward of eating.
791:. The OFC contributes to this odor-reward association as well as it assesses the value of a reward, i.e. the nutritional value of a food. The OFC receives projections from the
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learning and social capacities, in which higher olfactory functions and its cognitive, neurological behavioral implications could have been hitherto underestimated factors."
486:, as opposed to an associative circuit that has many inputs and many outputs. However, the olfactory bulb also receives "top-down" information from such brain areas as the
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evolutionary to help identify food that is no longer good to eat. The spatial map of the glomeruli layer may be used for perception of odor in the olfactory cortex.
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The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the
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olfactory information by spatially organizing the glomeruli. This organizing aids the olfactory cortices in its functions of perceiving and discriminating odors.
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The olfactory lobe is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, or sense of smell. Destruction of the olfactory bulb results in ipsilateral
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There is a lack of information regarding the function of the internal plexiform layer which lies between the mitral cell layer and the granule cell layer.
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882:. One possibility is that vertebrate olfactory bulb and insect antennal lobe structure may be similar because they contain an optimal solution to a
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912:. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of endobasicranial shape reveal previously undocumented details of evolutionary changes in
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1561:"Muscarinic Receptor Activation Modulates Granule Cell Excitability and Potentiates Inhibition onto Mitral Cells in the Rat Olfactory Bulb"
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and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, one of only three structures in the brain observed to undergo continuing
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Vomeronasal sensory neurons provide direct excitatory inputs to AOB principle neurons called mitral cells which are transmitted to the
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Mori K, Takahashi YK, Igarashi KM, Yamaguchi M (April 2006). "Maps of odorant molecular features in the
Mammalian olfactory bulb".
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and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. The amygdala passes olfactory information on to the
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The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. As a
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experienced by all olfactory systems and thus may have evolved independently in different phyla – a phenomenon generally known as
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Lepousez, G.; Valley, MT.; Lledo, PM. (2013). "The impact of adult neurogenesis on olfactory bulb circuits and computations".
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Trinh, K.; Storm DR. (2003). "Vomeronasal organ detects odorants in absence of signaling through main olfactory epithelium".
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Bastir, M.; Rosas, A.; Gunz, P.; Peña-Melian, A.; Manzi, G.; Harvati, K.; Kruszynski, R.; Stringer, C.; Hublin, JJ. (2011).
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677:. There is evidence against the presence of a functional accessory olfactory bulb in humans and other higher primates.
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permitting higher brain areas involved in arousal and attention to modify the detection or the discrimination of odors.
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Scott JW, Wellis DP, Riggott MJ, Buonviso N (February 1993). "Functional organization of the main olfactory bulb".
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axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb.
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where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the
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vomeronasal system works in parallel or independently from generic olfactory inputs has not been ruled out yet.
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Interneurons in the external plexiform layer are responsive to pre-synaptic action potentials and exhibit both
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The interneurons in the external plexiform layer perform feedback inhibition on the mitral cells to control
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Spors, H.; Albeanu, D. F.; Murthy, V. N.; Rinberg, D.; Uchida, N.; Wachowiak, M.; Friedrich, R. W. (2012).
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1961:"Calcium-Activated Sustained Firing Responses Distinguish Accessory from Main Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells"
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such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same
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1820:"Activity regulates functional connectivity from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb"
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Linster, Christiane; Cleland, Thomas (17 June 2013). "Spatiotemporal Coding in the
Olfactory System".
898:—is intimately linked with human evolution. However, two genetically different evolutionary lineages,
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Rolls ET (December 2010). "A computational theory of episodic memory formation in the hippocampus".
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Hovis, KR.; Ramnath, R.; Dahlen, JE.; Romanova, AL.; LaRocca, G.; Bier, ME.; Urban, NN. (Jun 2012).
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Olfactory information is sent to the primary olfactory cortex, where projections are sent to the
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of mitral cells and GABAergic granule cells are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called
422:
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Further evidence of the link between the olfactory bulb and emotion and memory is shown through
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sends projections to the accessory olfactory bulb making it the second processing stage of the
340:(forward) part of the brain, as seen in rats. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the
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2296:"Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and the control of appetite"
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1768:"Accessory olfactory bulb function is modulated by input from the main olfactory epithelium"
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Song, C.; Leonard, BE. (2005). "The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression".
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2008:
Smith, RS; Hu, R; DeSouza, A; Eberly, CL; Krahe, K; Chan, W; Araneda, RC (29 July 2015).
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Slotnick, B.; Restrepo, D.; Schellinck, H.; Archbold, G.; Price, S.; Lin, W. (Mar 2010).
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Smith, RS; Hu, R; DeSouza, A; Eberly, CL; Krahe, K; Chan, W; Araneda, RC (29 July 2015).
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Hamilton, K.A.; Heinbockel, T.; Ennis, M.; Szabó, G.; Erdélyi, F.; Hayar, A. (2005).
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filtering out many background odors to enhance the transmission of a few select odors
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The glomeruli layer represents a spatial odor map organized by chemical structure of
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969:"Properties of external plexiform layer interneurons in mouse olfactory bulb slices"
864:
Comparing the structure of the olfactory bulb among vertebrate species, such as the
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Brennan PA, Zufall F (November 2006). "Pheromonal communication in vertebrates".
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344:(bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the
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113:
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384:
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217:
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The olfactory bulb sends olfactory information to be further processed in the
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120:
17:
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510:. Its potential functions can be placed into four non-exclusive categories:
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1994:
1937:
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1371:
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1144:
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2564:"Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species"
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851:
771:
729:
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491:
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275:
132:
45:
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Frank, Marion E.; Fletcher, Dane B.; Hettinger, Thomas P. (2017-09-01).
1324:
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reorganization, disrupted cell growth in the hippocampus, and decreased
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1520:
1503:
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830:
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305:
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1293:"Spatial properties of an EEG event in the olfactory bulb and cortex"
1237:
551:
529:
309:
2515:"Presynaptic modulation of early olfactory processing in Drosophila"
1238:"Modeling the olfactory bulb and its neural oscillatory processings"
1736:
468:. Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including
3867:
1340:"Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory?"
845:
555:
425:. The glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb is the first level of
322:
313:
248:
203:
197:
96:
417:. The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as
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3511:
908:
274:. It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the
271:
4059:
3742:
2752:
327:
Flow of olfactory information from receptors to glomeruli layer
1873:
2634:"Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: An update"
2466:"Odorant-specific modes of signaling in mammalian olfaction"
616:, and granule cells release the inhibitory neurotransmitter
1659:"Phylogenic outline of the olfactory system in vertebrates"
2621:, Oxford University Press, 5th edition (November, 2003).
2010:"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb"
1610:"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb"
962:
960:
958:
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between odors and behavioral responses takes place in the
632:. Therefore, the olfactory bulb plays this role for the
3738:
1959:
Shpak, G.; Zylbertal, A.; Yarom, Y.; Wagner, S. (2012).
239:
aspect. Scale, ventral to dorsal, is approximately 2mm.
1559:
Pressler, R. T.; Inoue, T.; Strowbridge, B. W. (2007).
286:
where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning.
405:, made up of the axons from approximately ten million
372:. In order from surface to the center the layers are:
1502:
Stevenson, Richard J.; Case, Trevor I. (2005-04-01).
1172:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22.
1657:
Taniguchi, K.; Saito, S.; Taniguchi, K. (Feb 2011).
1062:
1060:
713:. The orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus,
336:
In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most
4529:
4472:
4453:
4426:
4396:
4386:
4347:
4319:
4310:
4210:
4185:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4027:
4005:
3981:
3957:
3937:
3894:
3885:
3866:
3814:
3776:
3707:
3668:
3638:
3600:
3562:
3510:
3486:
3457:
3447:
3417:
3356:
3327:
3317:
3259:
3229:
3159:
3110:
3089:
3079:
3050:
2981:
2952:
2899:
2860:
2821:
2787:
1297:
Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
1169:
Neuromarketing: Exploring the Brain of the
Consumer
168:
156:
144:
131:
119:
107:
95:
90:
78:
73:
32:
2685:"Olfaction: Diverse species, conserved principles"
894:"The increase of brain size relative to body size—
401:, the glomerular layer receives direct input from
1338:Haberly, Lewis B.; Bower, James M. (1989-01-01).
452:and some mitral cells. It does not contain many
2337:"Is adult neurogenesis essential for olfaction?"
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1447:"Recognition of the Component Odors in Mixtures"
2112:"Effects of odor on emotion, with implications"
1702:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 335.
1069:"Illuminating Vertebrate Olfactory Processing"
656:, a distinct sensory epithelium from the main
4071:
3754:
2764:
2159:
2157:
2055:
2053:
1813:
1811:
301:Destruction of the olfactory bulb results in
8:
1236:Li, Zhaoping; Hopfield, J. J. (1989-09-01).
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
368:The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered
1024:
1022:
1020:
808:The olfactory bulb is, along with both the
4469:
4393:
4316:
4114:
4105:
4078:
4064:
4056:
3891:
3873:
3761:
3747:
3739:
3454:
3324:
3086:
2771:
2757:
2749:
62:
38:
2700:
2590:
2538:
2489:
2311:
2137:
2127:
2077:
2033:
1984:
1884:
1843:
1791:
1674:
1633:
1584:
1519:
1478:
1092:
1000:
352:, which in mammals separates it from the
2300:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
2209:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1869:"Vomeronasal organ and human pheromones"
2632:Halpern, M; Martínez-Marcos, A (2003).
2062:"Lateralization of olfactory processes"
954:
603:are connected to interneurons known as
517:enhancing sensitivity of odor detection
2619:The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
1404:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
1202:20 Years of Computational Neuroscience
185:
29:
2738:Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator
2443:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183731
2335:Lazarini, F.; Lledo, PM. (Jan 2011).
1393:
1391:
1389:
7:
2060:Royet JP, Plailly J (October 2004).
1231:
1229:
1166:Prof. Leon Zurawicki (2 Sep 2010).
2265:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.037
985:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.008
541:inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
537:excitatory postsynaptic potentials
25:
1508:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1204:. Vol. 9. pp. 229–242.
607:, which by some theories produce
2400:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06614.x
1784:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07141.x
1291:Freeman, Walter J (1978-05-01).
206:main olfactory bulb cell nuclei.
182:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2221:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010
68:Sagittal section of human head.
2734:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1"
2026:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-15.2015
1977:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4397-11.2012
1836:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2399-11.2012
1626:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-15.2015
1577:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2961-07.2007
1085:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3328-12.2012
464:, which in turn output to the
1:
4334:Anterior perforated substance
3651:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
2653:10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00103-5
1504:"Olfactory imagery: A review"
356:, and which is perforated by
44:Human brain seen from below.
2702:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.022
2683:Ache, BW; Young, JM (2005).
1416:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.009
1356:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90025-8
1309:10.1016/0013-4694(78)90126-8
1210:10.1007/978-1-4614-1424-7_11
753:Olfactory coding in Habenula
579:. They also participate in
558:can result in olfactory and
316:can result in olfactory and
52:, 1543. Olfactory bulbs and
3430:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2431:Annual Review of Physiology
2294:Rolls, ET (November 2012).
2014:The Journal of Neuroscience
1886:10.1016/j.anorl.2010.11.008
1614:The Journal of Neuroscience
1398:Zhaoping, Li (2016-10-01).
4610:
4329:Anterior olfactory nucleus
4015:Anterior olfactory nucleus
2874:lateral geniculate nucleus
2835:anterior olfactory nucleus
2740:. Elsevier. Archived from
2356:10.1016/j.tins.2010.09.006
1406:. Computational modeling.
1043:10.1152/physrev.00021.2005
933:Olfactory ensheathing glia
650:accessory olfactory system
514:discriminating among odors
407:olfactory receptor neurons
235:aspect, right of image is
4094:and associated structures
3876:
3554:Superior cervical cardiac
3247:Superior salivary nucleus
3000:spinal trigeminal nucleus
2313:10.1017/S0029665112000821
2178:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.027
1698:Carlson, Neil R. (2013).
797:anterior cingulate cortex
225:– Internal Plexiform and
216:– External Plexiform and
180:
61:
37:
4418:Nucleus of diagonal band
3879:Primary olfactory cortex
3687:spinal accessory nucleus
3127:pterygopalatine ganglion
2918:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
2641:Progress in Neurobiology
2129:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00066
1867:Trotier, D. (Sep 2011).
768:animal depression models
707:primary olfactory cortex
640:Accessory olfactory bulb
571:External plexiform layer
390:Internal plexiform layer
381:External plexiform layer
295:primary olfactory cortex
4367:Lateral olfactory stria
3989:Medial forebrain bundle
3887:Lateral olfactory stria
3870:areas involved in smell
3069:no significant branches
2971:no significant branches
2811:no significant branches
2344:Trends in Neurosciences
1965:Journal of Neuroscience
1565:Journal of Neuroscience
1344:Trends in Neurosciences
1137:10.1002/jemt.1070240206
1073:Journal of Neuroscience
875:Drosophila melanogaster
618:Gamma-aminobutyric acid
4436:Diagonal band of Broca
4362:Medial olfactory stria
4298:Subthalamic fasciculus
4276:Pallidothalamic tracts
4045:Evolution of olfaction
4007:Medial olfactory stria
3389:Stylopharyngeal branch
3149:submandibular ganglion
3134:Nerve to the stapedius
2513:Wang, JW. (Jan 2012).
2464:Ache, BW. (Sep 2010).
1700:Physiology of behavior
1242:Biological Cybernetics
924:
861:
328:
240:
4460:Hippocampal formation
4406:Substantia innominata
4291:Lenticular fasciculus
3929:Periamygdaloid cortex
3917:Hippocampal formation
3907:EC-hippocampus system
2482:10.1093/chemse/bjq045
2079:10.1093/chemse/bjh067
1463:10.1093/chemse/bjx031
892:
884:computational problem
849:
825:Clinical significance
370:cellular architecture
326:
201:
3237:Facial motor nucleus
2933:parasympathetic root
1676:10.1292/jvms.10-0316
1079:(41): 14102–14108a.
888:convergent evolution
789:orbitofrontal cortex
783:Orbitofrontal cortex
726:Associative learning
695:orbitofrontal cortex
658:olfactory epithelium
628:have a relay in the
470:periglomerular cells
354:olfactory epithelium
280:orbitofrontal cortex
211:– Glomerular layer;
4594:Otorhinolaryngology
4554:Schaffer collateral
4465:Hippocampus anatomy
4281:Thalamic fasciculus
3549:Recurrent laryngeal
3394:Pharyngeal branches
3172:Posterior auricular
3020:trigeminal ganglion
2583:2011NatCo...2..588B
2116:Front Syst Neurosci
2110:Kadohisa M (2013).
1930:10.1038/nature05404
1922:2006Natur.444..308B
1571:(41): 10969–10981.
810:subventricular zone
427:synaptic processing
308:, while irritative
4482:Hippocampus proper
4156:Olfactory tubercle
3824:Olfactory receptor
3801:Sustentacular cell
3532:Superior laryngeal
3399:Tonsillar branches
3097:Intermediate nerve
2913:oculomotor nucleus
2592:10.1038/ncomms1593
2531:10.1002/dneu.20936
1521:10.3758/BF03196369
1254:10.1007/BF00200803
1125:Microsc. Res. Tech
862:
804:Adult neurogenesis
685:Further processing
609:lateral inhibition
591:Granule cell layer
581:lateral inhibition
566:Lateral inhibition
423:olfactory receptor
413:, a region of the
393:Granule cell layer
329:
253:bulbus olfactorius
241:
102:bulbus olfactorius
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4449:
4448:
4382:
4381:
4374:Olfactory trigone
4306:
4305:
4286:Ansa lenticularis
4220:Centrum semiovale
4206:
4205:
4151:Nucleus accumbens
4053:
4052:
4023:
4022:
4001:
4000:
3912:Entorhinal cortex
3858:Olfactory trigone
3736:
3735:
3664:
3663:
3630:Posterior gastric
3525:pharyngeal plexus
3520:Pharyngeal branch
3443:
3442:
3307:Scarpa's ganglion
3295:lateral lemniscus
3290:striae medullares
3273:vestibular nuclei
3261:Vestibulocochlear
3255:
3254:
1219:978-1-4614-1423-0
1179:978-3-540-77828-8
762:Depression models
654:vomeronasal organ
646:vomeronasal organ
626:sensory receptors
624:where peripheral
550:while irritative
202:Coronal image of
196:
195:
191:
16:(Redirected from
4601:
4579:Olfactory system
4470:
4441:Stria terminalis
4394:
4317:
4263:External capsule
4227:Internal capsule
4146:Ventral striatum
4115:
4106:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4040:Olfactory system
3969:Stria terminalis
3949:Habenular nuclei
3945:Stria medullaris
3924:Prepyriform area
3892:
3874:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3682:nucleus ambiguus
3656:Solitary nucleus
3646:Nucleus ambiguus
3625:Anterior gastric
3572:Inferior cardiac
3502:Auricular branch
3497:Meningeal branch
3455:
3435:Solitary nucleus
3425:Nucleus ambiguus
3404:Lingual branches
3325:
3319:Glossopharyngeal
3242:Solitary nucleus
3122:Greater petrosal
3087:
2937:ciliary ganglion
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2745:
2722:
2704:
2679:
2677:
2671:. Archived from
2638:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2166:Behav. Brain Res
2161:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2020:(30): 10773–85.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1916:(7117): 308–15.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1620:(30): 10773–85.
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1004:
964:
634:olfactory system
577:back propagation
562:hallucinations.
508:substantia nigra
488:olfactory cortex
466:olfactory cortex
456:, rather mostly
438:functional group
411:olfactory mucosa
377:Glomerular layer
346:cribriform plate
320:hallucinations.
257:neural structure
231:Top of image is
188:edit on Wikidata
66:
54:olfactory tracts
42:
30:
27:Neural structure
21:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4558:
4525:
4463:
4458:
4445:
4422:
4411:Nucleus basalis
4389:basal forebrain
4378:
4357:Olfactory tract
4343:
4302:
4268:Extreme capsule
4247:Optic radiation
4202:
4181:
4165:Globus pallidus
4137:Caudate nucleus
4127:Dorsal striatum
4095:
4084:
4054:
4049:
4019:
3997:
3977:
3953:
3933:
3902:Piriform cortex
3881:
3862:
3853:Olfactory tract
3816:Olfactory nerve
3810:
3772:
3767:
3737:
3732:
3703:
3660:
3634:
3596:
3558:
3506:
3482:
3439:
3413:
3377:lesser petrosal
3372:tympanic plexus
3352:
3313:
3278:cochlear nuclei
3251:
3225:
3163:
3155:
3112:
3106:
3075:
3046:
2977:
2948:
2895:
2856:
2850:olfactory tract
2817:
2783:
2777:
2732:
2729:
2682:
2675:
2636:
2631:
2614:
2612:Further reading
2609:
2608:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2215:(4–5): 627–47.
2206:
2205:
2201:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2109:
2108:
2095:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1971:(18): 6251–62.
1958:
1957:
1953:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1830:(23): 7907–16.
1817:
1816:
1809:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1451:Chemical Senses
1444:
1443:
1439:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1028:
1027:
1018:
966:
965:
956:
951:
929:
896:encephalization
844:
839:
827:
806:
793:piriform cortex
785:
776:neuroplasticity
755:
747:episodic memory
738:
723:
703:piriform cortex
687:
642:
622:sensory systems
568:
504:locus coeruleus
479:
403:afferent nerves
366:
358:olfactory nerve
334:
291:piriform cortex
270:, the sense of
230:
221:
212:
207:
192:
69:
57:
56:outlined in red
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:Perforant path
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:Fascia dentata
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4339:Olfactory bulb
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4312:Rhinencephalon
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:Corona radiata
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:Posterior limb
4239:
4234:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
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4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
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4172:
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4159:
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4153:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3836:Olfactory bulb
3833:
3832:
3831:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3666:
3665:
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3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
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3633:
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3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3285:Cochlear nerve
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3194:Parotid plexus
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3139:Chorda tympani
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:olfactory bulb
2839:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2781:cranial nerves
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:on 2014-11-07.
2728:
2727:External links
2725:
2724:
2723:
2680:
2678:on 2017-11-07.
2647:(3): 245–318.
2629:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2554:
2505:
2456:
2421:
2388:Eur J Neurosci
2377:
2327:
2306:(4): 488–501.
2286:
2242:
2199:
2153:
2093:
2049:
2000:
1951:
1900:
1859:
1807:
1778:(6): 1108–16.
1772:Eur J Neurosci
1758:
1737:10.1038/nn1039
1715:
1709:978-0205239399
1708:
1690:
1649:
1600:
1551:
1514:(2): 244–264.
1494:
1457:(7): 537–546.
1437:
1385:
1350:(7): 258–264.
1330:
1303:(5): 586–605.
1283:
1248:(5): 379–392.
1225:
1218:
1192:
1178:
1158:
1108:
1056:
1016:
979:(3): 819–829.
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
928:
925:
843:
840:
838:
835:
826:
823:
805:
802:
784:
781:
764:
763:
754:
751:
737:
734:
722:
719:
697:(OFC) and the
686:
683:
641:
638:
593:
592:
573:
572:
567:
564:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
478:
475:
399:neural circuit
395:
394:
391:
388:
382:
379:
365:
362:
333:
330:
282:(OFC) and the
245:olfactory bulb
194:
193:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
33:Olfactory bulb
26:
24:
18:Olfactory Bulb
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Limbic system
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:Dentate gyrus
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Anterior limb
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Basal ganglia
4098:
4093:
4089:
4088:basal ganglia
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:Vagal trunks
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3489:jugular fossa
3485:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3460:jugular fossa
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3409:Carotid sinus
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:otic ganglion
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:jugular fossa
3355:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:jugular fossa
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:lingual nerve
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:septal nuclei
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2695:(3): 417–30.
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:0-19-515956-X
2624:
2620:
2617:Shepherd, G.
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Dev Neurobiol
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:(4): 679–92.
2393:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:(2): 180–96.
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2072:(8): 731–45.
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:(4): 184–90.
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:(5): 519–25.
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:(2): 139–47.
1668:
1664:
1663:J Vet Med Sci
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:(2): 142–56.
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:(2): 409–33.
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
921:
917:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:modern humans
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
881:
880:antennal lobe
877:
876:
871:
867:
859:
858:
857:Tyrannosaurus
853:
848:
841:
837:Other animals
836:
834:
832:
824:
822:
818:
815:
811:
803:
801:
798:
794:
790:
782:
780:
777:
773:
769:
761:
760:
759:
752:
750:
748:
745:formation of
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
682:
678:
676:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
605:granule cells
602:
598:
590:
589:
588:
585:
582:
578:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
371:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
299:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
234:
228:
224:
219:
215:
210:
205:
200:
189:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4531:White matter
4428:White matter
4349:White matter
4338:
4274:
4212:White matter
3993:Hypothalamus
3973:Hypothalamus
3846:mitral cells
3835:
3777:Microanatomy
3162:stylomastoid
3114:facial canal
3068:
2970:
2884:optic chiasm
2844:
2810:
2742:the original
2737:
2692:
2688:
2673:the original
2644:
2640:
2618:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2525:(1): 87–99.
2522:
2518:
2508:
2476:(7): 533–9.
2473:
2469:
2459:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2350:(1): 20–30.
2347:
2343:
2330:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2256:
2253:Neuroscience
2252:
2245:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2169:
2165:
2119:
2115:
2069:
2066:Chem. Senses
2065:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1728:
1725:Nat Neurosci
1724:
1718:
1699:
1693:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1407:
1403:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1245:
1241:
1201:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1168:
1161:
1128:
1124:
1076:
1072:
1034:
1031:Physiol. Rev
1030:
976:
973:Neuroscience
972:
919:
915:Homo sapiens
913:
907:
900:Neanderthals
893:
873:
866:leopard frog
863:
855:
828:
819:
814:neurogenesis
807:
786:
765:
756:
739:
724:
688:
679:
670:hypothalamus
663:
643:
630:diencephalon
601:mitral cells
594:
586:
574:
534:
526:
480:
462:mitral cells
450:interneurons
443:
431:
415:nasal cavity
396:
367:
350:ethmoid bone
335:
300:
288:
266:involved in
252:
244:
242:
227:Granule cell
222:
213:
208:
151:A14.1.09.429
139:birnlex_1137
101:
49:
4474:Grey matter
4455:Archicortex
4398:Grey matter
4321:Grey matter
4110:Grey matter
4092:human brain
3806:Tufted cell
3709:Hypoglossal
3090:Near origin
2889:optic tract
2470:Chem Senses
920:H. sapiens'
742:hippocampus
736:Hippocampus
711:hippocampus
699:hippocampus
545:ipsilateral
500:hippocampus
454:cell bodies
385:Mitral cell
303:ipsilateral
284:hippocampus
218:Mitral cell
91:Identifiers
4573:Categories
3784:Epithelium
3302:Vestibular
3214:mandibular
3187:stylohyoid
3177:Suprahyoid
3102:Geniculate
3040:mandibular
3030:ophthalmic
2983:Trigeminal
2901:Oculomotor
2571:Nat Commun
2437:: 339–63.
2259:: 233–43.
1824:J Neurosci
949:References
938:Phantosmia
595:The basal
446:astrocytes
261:vertebrate
121:NeuroNames
4521:Subiculum
4198:Claustrum
3841:glomeruli
3722:Branches
3670:Accessory
3590:posterior
3577:Pulmonary
3263:(CN VIII)
3204:zygomatic
3182:digastric
3065:Branches
3035:maxillary
3026:Branches
2967:Branches
2954:Trochlear
2924:Branches
2823:Olfactory
1530:1531-5320
1471:1464-3553
1424:2352-1546
1410:: 30–39.
1364:0166-2236
1317:0013-4694
1262:1432-0770
993:0306-4522
943:Nobiletin
870:lab mouse
842:Evolution
675:glomeruli
614:glutamate
597:dendrites
560:gustatory
496:neocortex
458:dendrites
419:glomeruli
332:Structure
318:gustatory
268:olfaction
264:forebrain
85:Olfactory
4584:Cerebrum
4193:Amygdala
4119:Striatum
4086:Rostral
3965:Amygdala
3711:(CN XII)
3585:anterior
3542:internal
3537:external
3476:inferior
3471:superior
3467:Ganglia
3367:Tympanic
3346:inferior
3341:superior
3337:Ganglia
3219:cervical
3199:temporal
3083:(CN VII)
3052:Abducens
2942:inferior
2928:superior
2903:(CN III)
2789:Terminal
2719:12078554
2711:16269360
2669:31122845
2661:12951145
2601:22158443
2549:21688402
2500:20519266
2451:23190074
2416:36990333
2408:19200078
2372:40745757
2364:20980064
2322:22989943
2281:32020391
2273:23357118
2237:42450349
2229:15925697
2194:13605251
2186:20307583
2148:24124415
2088:15466819
2044:26224860
1995:22553031
1938:17108955
1895:21377439
1854:22674266
1802:20377623
1745:12665798
1685:20877153
1644:26224860
1595:17928438
1546:43129982
1538:16082803
1489:28641388
1432:27989941
1103:23055479
1051:16601265
1011:15896912
927:See also
868:and the
852:endocast
772:dendrite
730:amygdala
721:Amygdala
715:thalamus
691:amygdala
666:amygdala
492:amygdala
477:Function
434:odorants
342:inferior
276:amygdala
133:NeuroLex
46:Vesalius
4544:Fimbria
4132:Putamen
4090:of the
4028:General
3726:lingual
3718:Nucleus
3694:Cranial
3678:Nuclei
3672:(CN XI)
3620:Hepatic
3602:Abdomen
3458:Before
3328:Before
3321:(CN IX)
3269:Nuclei
3164:foramen
3061:Nucleus
3054:(CN VI)
3016:Course
2991:Nuclei
2963:Nucleus
2956:(CN IV)
2909:Nuclei
2880:Course
2870:Nuclei
2864:(CN II)
2841:Course
2831:Nuclei
2807:Course
2797:Nuclei
2579:Bibcode
2577:: 588.
2540:3246013
2491:2924424
2139:3794443
2035:4518052
1986:6622135
1946:4431624
1918:Bibcode
1845:3483887
1793:3745274
1753:8289755
1635:4518052
1586:6672850
1480:5863551
1380:3947494
1372:2475938
1278:7932310
1270:2551392
1153:6135866
1145:8457726
1094:3752119
1002:2383877
850:Fossil
831:anosmia
705:of the
554:of the
548:anosmia
409:in the
348:of the
338:rostral
312:of the
310:lesions
306:anosmia
293:of the
259:of the
255:) is a
237:lateral
114:D009830
74:Details
50:Fabrica
4539:Alveus
4387:Other
3829:neuron
3794:mucosa
3789:glands
3699:Spinal
3639:Nuclei
3610:Celiac
3564:Thorax
3487:After
3451:(CN X)
3418:Nuclei
3357:After
3230:Nuclei
3209:buccal
3111:Inside
3081:Facial
2985:(CN V)
2825:(CN I)
2791:(CN 0)
2717:
2709:
2689:Neuron
2667:
2659:
2625:
2599:
2547:
2537:
2498:
2488:
2449:
2414:
2406:
2370:
2362:
2320:
2279:
2271:
2235:
2227:
2192:
2184:
2146:
2136:
2122:: 66.
2086:
2042:
2032:
1993:
1983:
1944:
1936:
1910:Nature
1893:
1852:
1842:
1800:
1790:
1751:
1743:
1706:
1683:
1642:
1632:
1593:
1583:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1487:
1477:
1469:
1430:
1422:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1323:
1315:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1216:
1185:4 July
1176:
1151:
1143:
1101:
1091:
1049:
1009:
999:
991:
878:, the
693:, the
552:lesion
530:retina
506:, and
484:filter
364:Layers
278:, the
233:dorsal
229:layer.
220:layer;
80:System
4186:Other
3868:Brain
3770:Smell
3615:Renal
3449:Vagus
2862:Optic
2715:S2CID
2676:(PDF)
2665:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2412:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2340:(PDF)
2277:S2CID
2233:S2CID
2190:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1749:S2CID
1542:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1325:77765
1274:S2CID
1149:S2CID
854:of a
556:uncus
436:like
387:layer
314:uncus
272:smell
249:Latin
223:Green
204:mouse
186:[
175:77624
97:Latin
4237:Genu
4035:Odor
3512:Neck
2779:The
2707:PMID
2657:PMID
2623:ISBN
2597:PMID
2545:PMID
2496:PMID
2447:PMID
2404:PMID
2360:PMID
2318:PMID
2269:PMID
2225:PMID
2182:PMID
2144:PMID
2084:PMID
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1934:PMID
1891:PMID
1850:PMID
1798:PMID
1741:PMID
1704:ISBN
1681:PMID
1640:PMID
1591:PMID
1534:PMID
1526:ISSN
1485:PMID
1467:ISSN
1420:ISSN
1368:PMID
1360:ISSN
1321:PMID
1313:ISSN
1266:PMID
1258:ISSN
1214:ISBN
1187:2015
1174:ISBN
1141:PMID
1099:PMID
1047:PMID
1007:PMID
989:ISSN
909:Homo
902:and
740:The
668:and
539:and
243:The
209:Blue
163:5538
146:TA98
109:MeSH
4502:CA4
4497:CA3
4492:CA2
4487:CA1
4175:GPi
4170:GPe
3160:At
3010:TMN
2995:PSN
2935:of
2697:doi
2649:doi
2587:doi
2535:PMC
2527:doi
2486:PMC
2478:doi
2439:doi
2396:doi
2352:doi
2308:doi
2261:doi
2257:236
2217:doi
2174:doi
2170:215
2134:PMC
2124:doi
2074:doi
2030:PMC
2022:doi
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1926:doi
1914:444
1881:doi
1877:128
1840:PMC
1832:doi
1788:PMC
1780:doi
1733:doi
1671:doi
1630:PMC
1622:doi
1581:PMC
1573:doi
1516:doi
1475:PMC
1459:doi
1412:doi
1352:doi
1305:doi
1250:doi
1206:doi
1133:doi
1089:PMC
1081:doi
1039:doi
997:PMC
981:doi
977:133
599:of
490:,
214:Red
170:FMA
158:TA2
126:279
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