498:. In contrast, recent finding suggested the molecular aspects of olfactory dysfunction can be recognized as a hallmark of amyloidogenesis-related diseases and there may even be a causal link through the disruption of multivalent metal ion transport and storage. Doctors can detect damage to the olfactory system by presenting the patient with odors via a scratch and sniff card or by having the patient close their eyes and try to identify commonly available odors like coffee or peppermint candy. Doctors must exclude other diseases that inhibit or eliminate 'the sense of smell' such as chronic colds or sinusitus before making the diagnosis that there is permanent damage to the olfactory system.
136:
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odor sensory neuron can be excited by multiple odor components. It has been proposed that, in an olfactory environment typically composed of multiple odor components (e.g., odor of a dog entering a kitchen that contains a background coffee odor), feedback from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb suppresses the pre-existing odor background (e.g., coffee) via olfactory adaptation, so that the newly arrived foreground odor (e.g., dog) can be singled out from the mixture for recognition.
342:, and olfactory system. In total it has 27 inputs and 20 outputs. An oversimplification of its role is to state that it: checks to ensure odor signals arose from actual odors rather than villi irritation, regulates motor behavior (primarily social and stereotypical) brought on by odors, integrates auditory and olfactory sensory info to complete the aforementioned tasks, and plays a role in transmitting positive signals to reward sensors (and is thus involved in addiction).
40:
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401:
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chronic smelling problems. This increases greatly between people of ages 65 and 80 with about half experiencing significant problems smelling. Then for adults over 80, the numbers rise to almost 75%. The basis for age-related changes in smell function include closure of the cribriform plate, and cumulative damage to the olfactory receptors from repeated viral and other insults throughout life.
276:
199:) or through the throat when the tongue pushes air to the back of the nasal cavity while chewing or swallowing (retro-nasal olfaction). Inside the nasal cavity, mucus lining the walls of the cavity dissolves odor molecules. Mucus also covers the olfactory epithelium, which contains mucous membranes that produce and store mucus, and olfactory glands that secrete
2615:
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cells are different with mitral having low firing-rates and being easily inhibited by neighboring cells, while tufted have high rates of firing and are more difficult to inhibit. How the bulbar neural circuit transforms odor inputs to the bulb to the bulbar responses that are sent to the olfactory cortex can be partly understood by a mathematical model.
502:
on examination. Prevalence rose from 4.2% at age 40–49 to 39.4% at 80 years and older and was higher in men than women, in blacks and
Mexican Americans than in whites and in less than more educated. Of concern for safety, 20% of persons aged 70 and older were unable to identify smoke and 31%, natural gas.
609:
Trauma-related olfactory dysfunction depends on the severity of the trauma and whether strong acceleration/deceleration of the head occurred. Occipital and side impact causes more damage to the olfactory system than frontal impact. However, recent evidence from individuals with traumatic brain injury
501:
Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the general US population was assessed by questionnaire and examination in a national health survey in 2012–2014. Among over a thousand persons aged 40 years and older, 12.0% reported a problem with smell in the past 12 months and 12.4% had olfactory dysfunction
463:
is a rare condition typified by an abnormally heightened sense of smell. Like vision and hearing, the olfactory problems can be bilateral or unilateral meaning if a person has anosmia on the right side of the nose but not the left, it is a unilateral right anosmia. On the other hand, if it is on both
396:
When different odor objects or components are mixed, humans and other mammals sniffing the mixture (presented by, e.g., a sniff bottle) are often unable to identify the components in the mixture even though they can recognize each individual component presented alone. This is largely because each
283:
The main olfactory bulb transmits pulses to both mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odor concentration based on the time certain neuron clusters fire (called 'timing code'). These cells also note differences between highly similar odors and use that data to aid in later recognition. The
626:
Neurodegenerative diseases with well-established genetic determinants are also associated with olfactory dysfunction. Such dysfunction, for example, is found in patients with familial
Parkinson's disease and those with Down syndrome. Further studies have concluded that the olfactory loss may be
540:
Age is the strongest reason for olfactory decline in healthy adults, having even greater impact than does cigarette smoking. Age-related changes in smell function often go unnoticed and smell ability is rarely tested clinically unlike hearing and vision. 2% of people under 65 years of age have
618:
Neurologists have observed that olfactory dysfunction is a cardinal feature of several neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Most of these patients are unaware of an olfactory deficit until after testing where 85% to 90% of early-stage patients showed
630:
Huntington's disease is also associated with problems in odor identification, detection, discrimination, and memory. The problem is prevalent once the phenotypic elements of the disorder appear, although it is unknown how far in advance the olfactory loss precedes the phenotypic expression.
622:
Other neurodegenerative diseases that affect olfactory dysfunction include
Huntington's disease, multi-infarct dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. These diseases have more moderate effects on the olfactory system than Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. Furthermore,
389:
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is heavily correlated with the cingulate gyrus and septal area to act out positive/negative reinforcement. The OFC is the expectation of reward/punishment in response to stimuli. The OFC represents the emotion and reward in decision making.
623:
progressive supranuclear palsy and parkinsonism are associated with only minor olfactory problems. These findings have led to the suggestion that olfactory testing may help in the diagnosis of several different neurodegenerative diseases.
382:
The hippocampus (although minimally connected to the main olfactory bulb) receives almost all of its olfactory information via the amygdala (either directly or via the BNST). The hippocampus forms new and reinforces existing memories.
361:
evolution this processing is secondary and therefore is largely unnoticed in human interactions. Allomones include flower scents, natural herbicides, and natural toxic plant chemicals. The info for these processes comes from the
601:, and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, and manganese), can alter the ability to smell. These agents not only damage the olfactory epithelium, but they are likely to enter the brain via the olfactory mucosa.
2475:
Doty, R. L.; Golbe, L. I.; McKeown, D. A.; Stern, M. B.; Lehrach, C. M.; Crawford, D. (1 May 1993). "Olfactory testing differentiates between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic
Parkinson's disease".
2251:
Tjalve, H.; Henriksson, J.; Tallkvist, J.; Larsson, B. S.; Lindquist, N. G. (1996). "Uptake of manganese and cadmium from the nasal mucosa into the central nervous system via olfactory pathways in rats".
1686:"The organization of centrifugal projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral hippocampal rudiment, and piriform cortex to the main olfactory bulb in the hamster: An autoradiographic study"
2142:
Doty, Richard L.; Shaman, Paul; Dann, Michael (March 1984). "Development of the university of pennsylvania smell identification test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function".
251:
Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about odors from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory system of the brain, which is separated from the epithelium by the
1963:"Olfactory object recognition, segmentation, adaptation, target seeking, and discrimination by the network of the olfactory bulb and cortex: computational model and experimental data"
549:
The most common cause of permanent hyposmia and anosmia are upper respiratory infections. Such dysfunctions show no change over time and can sometimes reflect damage not only to the
393:
The anterior olfactory nucleus distributes reciprocal signals between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. The anterior olfactory nucleus is the memory hub for smell.
2964:
139:
This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for olfaction to their relevant endpoints in the human brain.
1521:"Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division: Implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of defensive and reproductive behaviors"
379:
Mitral pulses to the hypothalamus promote/discourage feeding, whereas accessory olfactory bulb pulses regulate reproductive and odor-related-reflex processes.
877:
Igarashi, K. M.; Ieki, N.; An, M.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Nagayama, S.; Kobayakawa, K.; Kobayakawa, R.; Tanifuji, M.; Sakano, H.; Chen, W. R.; Mori, K. (2012-06-06).
60:
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indirectly via the olfactory bulb. The main olfactory bulb's pulses in the amygdala are used to pair odors to names and recognize odor to odor differences.
2647:
2095:"New chemosensory component in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): first-year results for measured olfactory dysfunction"
532:
The common causes of olfactory dysfunction: advanced age, viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, head trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases.
386:
Similarly, the parahippocampus encodes, recognizes and contextualizes scenes. The parahippocampal gyrus houses the topographical map for olfaction.
2957:
745:
Mori, Kensaku, ed. (2014), "Odor and
Pheromone Molecules, Receptors, and Behavioral Responses: Odorant Dynamics and Kinetics (Chapter 2.5.2)",
135:
2287:
Doty, R. L.; Yousem, D. M.; Pham, L. T.; Kreshak, A. A.; Geckle, R.; Lee, W. W. (1997). "Olfactory dysfunction in patients with head trauma".
647:
1419:"Projections from the amygdaloid complex and adjacent olfactory structures to the entorhinal cortex and to the subiculum in the rat and cat"
716:
4011:
553:, but also to the central olfactory structures as a result of viral invasions into the brain. Among these virus-related disorders are the
1575:
259:. Olfactory nerve fibers, which originate in the epithelium, pass through the cribriform plate, connecting the epithelium to the brain's
372:, specifically bed nuclei (BNST), act as the information pathway between the amygdala and hypothalamus, as well as the hypothalamus and
224:
in the epithelium detect odor molecules dissolved in the mucus and transmit information about the odor to the brain in a process called
357:(same-species, cross-species, and cross-species where the emitter is harmed and the sensor is benefited, respectively) signals. Due to
376:. BNST abnormalities often lead to sexual confusion and immaturity. BNST also connects to the septal area, rewarding sexual behavior.
2950:
824:"Topographic organization of tufted cell axonal projections in the hamster main olfactory bulb: An intrabulbar associational system"
1591:
3429:
1095:"Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex"
2058:
Mahmoudi, Morteza; Suslick, Kenneth S. (2012). "Protein fibrillation and the olfactory system: speculations on their linkage".
19:
This article is about the olfactory system in vertebrates, particularly humans. For the sense of smell in other lifeforms, see
3444:
2640:
439:
Olfactory problems can be divided into different types based on their malfunction. The olfactory dysfunction can be total (
3459:
1209:"Sniffing out the contributions of the olfactory tubercle to the sense of smell: Hedonics, sensory integration, and more?"
55:
1144:"An experimental study of the ventral striatum of the golden hamster. II. Neuronal connections of the olfactory tubercle"
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577:
is associated with olfactory disturbance. Most viral infections are unrecognizable because they are so mild or entirely
123:
system, because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called
879:"Parallel Mitral and Tufted Cell Pathways Route Distinct Odor Information to Different Targets in the Olfactory Cortex"
4144:
195:
Odor molecules can enter the peripheral pathway and reach the nasal cavity either through the nostrils when inhaling (
2619:
2436:"Olfactory Testing as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease: Development of Optimal Discrimination Criteria"
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3434:
2901:
2732:
221:
181:
109:
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1258:"Effect of putative pheromones on the electrical activity of the human vomeronasal organ and olfactory epithelium"
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112:. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances, while the accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli.
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2765:
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812:, p. 182, "The Study of Humans Uncovers Novel Aspects in Brain Organization of Olfaction (Chapter 9.2)"
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directly associated with specific organs. Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an
1352:"Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation"
1962:
455:. An inability to recognize odors despite a normally functioning olfactory system is termed olfactory
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1363:
947:
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185:
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CHEN, M; LANDER, T; MURPHY, C (May 2006). "Nasal health in Down syndrome: A cross-sectional study".
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3553:
3538:
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3299:
936:"Dynamic Optimization of Odor Representations by Slow Temporal Patterning of Mitral Cell Activity"
510:
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3021:
2710:
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2187:"More than smell–COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis"
2167:
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suggests that smell loss can occur with changes in brain function outside of olfactory cortex.
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associated with intellectual disability, rather than any
Alzheimer's disease-like pathology.
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1974:
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1741:"The differential projections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in mammals"
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O'Doherty, J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Rolls, E. T.; Hornak, J.; Andrews, C. (January 2001).
471:) results in anosmia on the same side as the destruction. Also, irritative lesion of the
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McKeown, D A; Doty, R L; Perl, D P; Frye, R E; Simms, I; Mester, A (1 October 1996).
2382:
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1811:
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that bind to odor molecules, causing an electrical response that spreads through the
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1994:
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1947:
1908:"A model of olfactory adaptation and sensitivity enhancement in the olfactory bulb"
1849:
Boyd, Alison M.; Sturgill, James F.; Poo, Cindy; Isaacson, Jeffry S. (2012-12-20).
1835:
1193:
1079:
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894:
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578:
323:
256:
245:
157:
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120:
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1631:"Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex"
761:
2532:
1978:
1866:
1320:
959:
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4016:
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3801:
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3205:
3134:
2692:
554:
409:
327:
2348:
2232:
Doty, RL; Hastings, L. (2001). "Neurotoxic exposure and olfactory impairment".
1474:"Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis"
684:
400:
4169:
4124:
3988:
3983:
3955:
3935:
3859:
3819:
3766:
3751:
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3139:
3129:
3036:
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2110:
785:"How Does Your Nose Do What It Does? The Inner Workings Of Our Sense Of Smell"
594:
590:
486:, infection, inhalation of toxic fumes, or neurodegenerative diseases such as
460:
452:
331:
2199:
2093:
Hoffman, Howard; Rawal, Shristi; Li, Chuan-Ming; Duffy, Valerie (June 2016).
1986:
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20:
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1128:
1024:
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920:
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2420:
2324:"Post-traumatic olfactory loss and brain response beyond olfactory cortex"
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1939:
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1607:
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1403:
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855:
839:
822:
Schoenfeld, Thomas A.; Marchand, James E.; Macrides, Foteos (1985-05-22).
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1923:
1472:
Dong, Hong-Wei; Petrovich, Gorica D; Swanson, Larry W (December 2001).
1055:
495:
456:
440:
433:
149:
2434:
Doty, Richard L.; Bromley, Steven M.; Stern, Matthew B. (March 1995).
1592:
10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1998)8:6<608::aid-hipo3>3.0.co;2-7
1536:
3660:
3378:
3368:
3074:
1907:
1039:
483:
335:
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that line the nasal cavity). The primary components of the layers of
1040:"Modeling the olfactory bulb and its neural oscillatory processings"
747:
The
Olfactory System: From Odor Molecules to Motivational Behaviors
464:
sides of the nose it is called bilateral anosmia or total anosmia.
318:
The olfactory tubercle connects to numerous areas of the amygdala,
3604:
3406:
3319:
3314:
3088:
2998:
2973:
2754:
1646:
522:
472:
288:
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229:
212:
165:
134:
89:
683:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001),
4139:
3892:
2921:
93:
2946:
2629:
3119:
2564:"Olfactory function in young adolescents with Down's syndrome"
217:
Action potential propagated by olfactory stimuli in an axon.
619:
decreased activity in central odor processing structures.
467:
Destruction to olfactory bulb, tract, and primary cortex (
451:), or can be characterized by spontaneous sensations like
1262:
The
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2625:
1142:
Newman, Richard; Winans, Sarah
Schilling (1980-05-15).
991:"Neuronal systems controlling mitral cell excitability"
148:
The peripheral olfactory system consists mainly of the
1851:"Cortical Feedback Control of Olfactory Bulb Circuits"
1796:"The capacity of humans to identify odors in mixtures"
1207:
Wesson, Daniel W.; Wilson, Donald A. (January 2011).
934:
Friedrich, Rainer W.; Laurent, Gilles (2001-02-02).
436:. Anosmia can occur on both sides or a single side.
4162:
4107:
4076:
4045:
3997:
3964:
3916:
3878:
3810:
3708:
3701:
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2868:
2844:
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2701:
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2568:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
2391:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
54:
49:
32:
589:Chronic exposure to some airborne toxins such as
1684:Davis, Barry J.; Macrides, Foteos (1981-12-10).
1519:Dong, Hong-Wei; Swanson, Larry W. (2004-04-12).
1576:"Functional differentiation in the hippocampus"
1356:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1256:Monti-Bloch, L.; Grosser, B.I. (October 1991).
1739:Scalia, Frank; Winans, Sarah S. (1975-05-01).
2958:
2641:
1350:Zald, David H.; Pardo, José V. (1997-04-15).
8:
2387:"Olfactory threshold in Parkinson's disease"
1038:Li, Zhaoping; Hopfield, J. J. (1989-09-01).
710:
708:
478:Damage to the olfactory system can occur by
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1574:Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard I. (1998).
1417:Krettek, J. E.; Price, J. L. (1977-04-15).
3705:
3521:
3402:
3102:
3093:
2994:
2965:
2951:
2943:
2778:
2760:
2648:
2634:
2626:
685:"The Organization of the Olfactory System"
104:(i.e., smelling). Olfaction is one of the
38:
2587:
2451:
2410:
2357:
2347:
2208:
2198:
2118:
2034:
1882:
1794:Laing, D.G.; Francis, G.W. (1989-11-01).
1393:
1375:
1232:
1167:
1118:
1014:
910:
2019:"The Olfactory System and Its Disorders"
1213:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
717:"Taste, Smell, and Touch: Lecture Notes"
650:for their work on the olfactory system.
509:
399:
119:) are often referred to together as the
2322:Pellegrino, Robert (17 February 2021).
675:
1967:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
345:The amygdala (in olfaction) processes
71:
29:
3183:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
760:Rodriguez-Gil, Gloria (Spring 2004),
648:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
475:results in olfactory hallucinations.
7:
3168:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
2521:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
2301:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210061014
1745:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1690:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1525:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1423:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1148:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
828:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
809:
763:The Sense of Smell: A Powerful Sense
528:and Olfactory tracts outlined in red
3163:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
2266:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00021.x
2017:Doty, Richard (12 February 2009).
1093:Ikemoto, Satoshi (November 2007).
164:(layers of thin tissue covered in
44:Components of the olfactory system
14:
3178:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
3173:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
2385:; Marsden, C D (1 January 1987).
1111:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004
715:Boroditsky, Lera (27 July 1999),
3430:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
2613:
691:(2nd ed.), Sunderland, MA:
443:), incomplete (partial anosmia,
16:Sensory system used for smelling
3158:Visual system (sense of vision)
1303:Keverne, Eric B. (1999-10-22).
1225:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.004
506:Causes of olfactory dysfunction
115:The senses of smell and taste (
1007:10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007180
989:Shepherd, G. M. (1963-08-01).
895:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0154-12.2012
783:Bushak, Lecia (5 March 2015),
1:
3300:Auditory perception (hearing)
2254:Pharmacology & Toxicology
2072:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.007
1490:10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00079-0
749:, Tokyo: Springer, p. 32
494:. These conditions can cause
3946:Olfactory reference syndrome
3723:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
2533:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.12.035
2156:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90269-5
1979:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.009
1867:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.020
1812:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90041-3
1321:10.1126/science.286.5440.716
1274:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90255-4
960:10.1126/science.291.5505.889
447:, or microsmia), distorted (
4145:Sensory processing disorder
3315:Gustation (taste or flavor)
3305:Equilibrioception (balance)
1961:Zhaoping, Li (2016-10-01).
585:Exposure to toxic chemicals
279:Details of olfaction system
4207:
4099:Supernumerary phantom limb
3435:Infrared sensing in snakes
3295:Visual perception (vision)
2902:Anterior olfactory nucleus
2349:10.1038/s41598-021-83621-2
614:Neurodegenerative diseases
432:Loss of smell is known as
110:accessory olfactory system
18:
3850:Microwave auditory effect
3017:Transduction (physiology)
2763:
2144:Physiology & Behavior
2111:10.1007/s11154-016-9364-1
1800:Physiology & Behavior
995:The Journal of Physiology
228:. Olfactory neurons have
222:Olfactory sensory neurons
66:
37:
3855:Music-specific disorders
3211:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
2766:Primary olfactory cortex
2234:Clin Occupat Environ Med
2193:. bjaa041 (7): 609–622.
422:Olfactory receptor cells
232:(tiny hairs) containing
3835:Auditory verbal agnosia
3689:Juxtacapillary receptor
2876:Medial forebrain bundle
2774:Lateral olfactory stria
2757:areas involved in smell
2099:Rev Endocr Metab Disord
2060:Trends in Biotechnology
1305:"The Vomeronasal Organ"
883:Journal of Neuroscience
3830:Auditory hallucination
3440:Surface wave detection
3045:Multimodal integration
2932:Evolution of olfaction
2894:Medial olfactory stria
2453:10.1006/neur.1995.0011
2200:10.1093/chemse/bjaa041
2036:10.1055/s-0028-1124025
1912:Biological Cybernetics
1478:Brain Research Reviews
1377:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119
1099:Brain Research Reviews
1044:Biological Cybernetics
660:Olfactic communication
567:influenza-like illness
529:
480:traumatic brain injury
424:
280:
242:olfactory nerve fibers
218:
140:
68:Anatomical terminology
4089:Phantom limb syndrome
4037:Tactile hallucination
3226:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
3027:Active sensory system
2816:Periamygdaloid cortex
2804:Hippocampal formation
2794:EC-hippocampus system
2580:10.1136/jnnp.61.4.412
2185:Parma V (June 2020).
2023:Seminars in Neurology
1906:Li, Z. (1990-02-01).
1757:10.1002/cne.901610105
1702:10.1002/cne.902030310
1435:10.1002/cne.901720409
1160:10.1002/cne.901910204
840:10.1002/cne.902350408
513:
428:Clinical significance
403:
313:parahippocampal gyrus
278:
216:
138:
3898:Labyrinthine fistula
3865:Spatial hearing loss
3564:Campaniform sensilla
3279:Somatosensory cortex
2622:at Wikimedia Commons
2490:10.1212/WNL.43.5.962
2403:10.1136/jnnp.50.1.88
551:olfactory epithelium
301:orbitofrontal cortex
226:sensory transduction
203:found in the mucus.
162:olfactory epithelium
23:. For machines, see
3684:Nociceptin receptor
3554:Merkel nerve ending
3539:Mechanotransduction
2340:2021NatSR..11.4043P
1635:Nature Neuroscience
1368:1997PNAS...94.4119Z
952:2001Sci...291..889F
492:Alzheimer's disease
488:Parkinson's disease
295:which includes the
244:at the back of the
234:olfactory receptors
4046:Nociception (pain)
3638:Olfactory receptor
3590:Photoreceptor cell
3544:Lamellar corpuscle
3468:Photomorphogenesis
3330:nociception (pain)
3022:Sensory processing
2711:Olfactory receptor
2688:Sustentacular cell
2328:Scientific Reports
1924:10.1007/BF00201449
1056:10.1007/BF00200803
721:Psych.Stanford.edu
693:Sinauer Associates
530:
425:
309:olfactory tubercle
281:
219:
141:
4178:
4177:
4163:Biases and errors
4158:
4157:
4094:Somatoparaphrenia
4063:Pain dissociation
3908:Ménière's disease
3840:Cortical deafness
3718:Visual impairment
3697:
3696:
3559:Bulbous corpuscle
3549:Tactile corpuscle
3517:sensory receptors
3509:
3508:
3392:
3391:
3345:
3344:
3310:Olfaction (smell)
3264:Vestibular cortex
3246:Cerebral cortices
3083:
3082:
3070:Motion perception
2940:
2939:
2910:
2909:
2888:
2887:
2799:Entorhinal cortex
2745:Olfactory trigone
2618:Media related to
2440:Neurodegeneration
1537:10.1002/cne.20002
1315:(5440): 716–720.
946:(5505): 889–894.
889:(23): 7970–7985.
727:on 9 October 2016
414:Nasal epithelium
364:vomeronasal organ
201:metabolic enzymes
182:olfactory neurons
170:epithelial tissue
82:
81:
77:
25:Machine olfaction
4198:
4191:Olfactory system
3825:Auditory agnosia
3757:Optic neuropathy
3706:
3574:Stretch receptor
3522:
3420:Magnetoreception
3415:Electroreception
3403:
3325:mechanoreception
3274:Gustatory cortex
3269:Olfactory cortex
3103:
3094:
3012:Sensory receptor
2995:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2927:Olfactory system
2856:Stria terminalis
2836:Habenular nuclei
2832:Stria medullaris
2811:Prepyriform area
2779:
2761:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2620:Olfactory system
2617:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2295:(9): 1131–1140.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1861:(6): 1161–1174.
1846:
1840:
1839:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1484:(1–2): 192–246.
1469:
1463:
1462:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1379:
1362:(8): 4119–4124.
1347:
1341:
1340:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1171:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
986:
980:
979:
931:
925:
924:
914:
874:
868:
867:
819:
813:
807:
801:
800:
799:
797:
780:
774:
773:
772:
770:
757:
751:
750:
742:
736:
735:
734:
732:
723:, archived from
712:
703:
702:
701:
699:
680:
545:Viral infections
469:brodmann area 34
370:Stria terminalis
293:olfactory cortex
253:cribriform plate
190:olfactory nerves
178:olfactory glands
174:mucous membranes
117:gustatory system
86:olfactory system
74:edit on Wikidata
42:
33:Olfactory system
30:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4199:
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4180:
4179:
4174:
4154:
4103:
4072:
4041:
3993:
3960:
3912:
3874:
3806:
3797:Stereoblindness
3738:Color blindness
3693:
3670:
3647:
3619:
3578:
3526:Mechanoreceptor
3515:
3505:
3501:Machine hearing
3496:Computer vision
3491:Robotic sensing
3477:
3454:
3388:
3341:
3283:
3259:Auditory cortex
3240:
3187:
3150:Sensory systems
3144:
3079:
3031:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2941:
2936:
2906:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2820:
2789:Piriform cortex
2768:
2749:
2740:Olfactory tract
2703:Olfactory nerve
2697:
2659:
2654:
2610:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2474:
2473:
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2428:
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2321:
2320:
2316:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2191:Chemical Senses
2184:
2183:
2179:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2066:(12): 609–610.
2057:
2056:
2052:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1848:
1847:
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1678:
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1568:
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1471:
1470:
1466:
1416:
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1411:
1349:
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1297:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1037:
1036:
1032:
988:
987:
983:
933:
932:
928:
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821:
820:
816:
808:
804:
795:
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782:
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706:
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695:
682:
681:
677:
673:
656:
637:
616:
607:
587:
547:
538:
526:Olfactory bulbs
508:
430:
374:pituitary gland
340:auditory cortex
297:piriform cortex
273:
265:olfactory bulbs
209:
146:
133:
78:
45:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4193:
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4159:
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4155:
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4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4077:Proprioception
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
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3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3653:Thermoreceptor
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:Taste receptor
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Proprioception
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:Trigeminal (V)
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3107:Sensory organs
3100:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2938:
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2924:
2918:
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2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
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2898:
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2890:
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2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2723:Olfactory bulb
2720:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2608:External links
2606:
2604:
2603:
2574:(4): 412–414.
2554:
2527:(5): 741–745.
2511:
2484:(5): 962–965.
2467:
2426:
2373:
2314:
2279:
2260:(6): 347–356.
2243:
2224:
2177:
2150:(3): 489–502.
2134:
2105:(2): 221–240.
2085:
2050:
2029:(1): 074–081.
2000:
1953:
1918:(4): 349–361.
1898:
1841:
1806:(5): 809–814.
1786:
1731:
1696:(3): 475–493.
1676:
1621:
1586:(6): 608–619.
1566:
1531:(4): 396–433.
1511:
1464:
1429:(4): 723–752.
1409:
1342:
1295:
1268:(4): 573–582.
1248:
1219:(3): 655–668.
1199:
1154:(2): 193–212.
1134:
1085:
1050:(5): 379–392.
1030:
1001:(1): 101–117.
981:
926:
869:
834:(4): 503–518.
814:
802:
775:
752:
737:
704:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
655:
652:
636:
633:
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606:
603:
586:
583:
546:
543:
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507:
504:
429:
426:
406:Olfactory bulb
272:
269:
238:sensory neuron
208:
205:
145:
142:
132:
129:
106:special senses
98:sensory system
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
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4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Hallucination
4133:
4131:
4130:Derealization
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Asomatognosia
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Hyperesthesia
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Astereognosis
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
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3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Labyrinthitis
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
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3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
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3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3625:Chemoreceptor
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:Photoreceptor
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Slit sensilla
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3384:Visceral pain
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3336:
3335:thermoception
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Visual cortex
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Olfactory (I)
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:spinal nerves
3195:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Consciousness
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:10.1038/82959
1644:
1641:(1): 95–102.
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:2027.42/50010
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
811:
806:
803:
792:
791:
790:Medical Daily
786:
779:
776:
765:
764:
756:
753:
748:
741:
738:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
705:
694:
690:
686:
679:
676:
670:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
649:
646:won the 2004
645:
641:
640:Linda B. Buck
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
569:, as well as
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
542:
535:
533:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
261:limbic system
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
75:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4068:Phantom pain
4053:Hyperalgesia
4027:Hypoesthesia
3845:Hearing loss
3666:TRP channels
3643:Osmoreceptor
3610:Photopigment
3534:Baroreceptor
3473:Gravitropism
3445:Frog hearing
3425:Echolocation
3221:Facial (VII)
3172:
2926:
2880:Hypothalamus
2860:Hypothalamus
2733:mitral cells
2664:Microanatomy
2571:
2567:
2557:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2446:(1): 93–97.
2443:
2439:
2429:
2397:(1): 88–89.
2394:
2390:
2381:Quinn, N P;
2376:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2190:
2180:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2026:
2022:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1751:(1): 31–55.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1105:(1): 27–78.
1102:
1098:
1088:
1047:
1043:
1033:
998:
994:
984:
943:
939:
929:
886:
882:
872:
831:
827:
817:
805:
794:, retrieved
788:
778:
767:, retrieved
762:
755:
746:
740:
729:, retrieved
725:the original
720:
696:, retrieved
689:Neuroscience
688:
678:
644:Richard Axel
638:
629:
625:
621:
617:
608:
588:
579:asymptomatic
548:
539:
531:
518:
500:
477:
466:
438:
431:
410:Mitral cells
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
378:
368:
344:
324:hypothalamus
317:
292:
286:
282:
257:ethmoid bone
250:
246:nasal cavity
220:
210:
207:Transduction
194:
186:nerve fibers
158:nasal cavity
154:ethmoid bone
147:
125:transduction
121:chemosensory
114:
85:
83:
4150:Synesthesia
4058:Hypoalgesia
4032:Paresthesia
4017:Formication
4012:CMT disease
3979:Hypergeusia
3802:Visual snow
3777:Photophobia
3772:Papilledema
3762:Oscillopsia
3748:Hemeralopia
3615:Aureochrome
3450:Toad vision
3374:Suffocation
3288:Perceptions
2693:Tufted cell
2383:Rossor, M N
2334:(1): 4043.
2289:Arch Neurol
1580:Hippocampus
605:Head trauma
573:. Notably,
555:common cold
412:3: Bone 4:
328:hippocampus
299:(posterior
291:houses the
50:Identifiers
4170:Pareidolia
4125:Allochiria
4108:Multimodal
3989:Parageusia
3984:Hypogeusia
3956:Phantosmia
3936:Hyperosmia
3880:Vestibular
3860:Palinopsia
3820:Amblyaudia
3767:Palinopsia
3752:Nyctalopia
3676:Nociceptor
3483:Artificial
3206:Optic (II)
3037:Perception
2986:Processes
2978:perception
2671:Epithelium
2240:: 547–575.
671:References
595:pesticides
591:herbicides
461:Hyperosmia
453:phantosmia
418:Glomerulus
332:brain stem
160:, and the
144:Peripheral
3966:Gustatory
3918:Olfactory
3782:Photopsia
3728:Amaurosis
3702:Disorders
3595:Cone cell
3514:Types of
3125:Inner ear
3060:Cognition
3050:Awareness
2999:Sensation
2974:Sensation
2728:glomeruli
2478:Neurology
1987:2352-1546
1973:: 30–39.
1932:1432-0770
1875:0896-6273
1820:0031-9384
1765:0021-9967
1710:0021-9967
1655:1097-6256
1600:1050-9631
1545:0021-9967
1443:0021-9967
1386:0027-8424
1329:0036-8075
1178:0021-9967
1064:1432-0770
968:0036-8075
903:0270-6474
848:0021-9967
810:Mori 2014
665:Sinusitis
563:influenza
559:hepatitis
355:kairomone
347:pheromone
197:olfaction
131:Structure
102:olfaction
100:used for
96:, is the
21:Olfaction
4185:Category
3951:Parosmia
3941:Hyposmia
3931:Dysosmia
3870:Tinnitus
3812:Auditory
3787:Polyopia
3743:Diplopia
3600:Rod cell
3398:Nonhuman
3351:Internal
3192:Sensory
3098:External
3007:Stimulus
2990:concepts
2852:Amygdala
2549:21198608
2541:16647527
2506:41865918
2368:33597627
2219:32564071
2172:30923277
2129:27287364
2080:22998929
2045:19214935
1995:27989941
1893:23259951
1781:46084419
1726:21901628
1671:52848707
1663:11135651
1616:32384692
1561:24651099
1553:15022261
1506:21122983
1498:11750933
1459:24976754
1337:10531049
1290:46330425
1243:20800615
1129:17574681
1025:14056480
976:11157170
921:22674272
796:6 August
769:27 March
731:6 August
698:7 August
654:See also
599:solvents
575:COVID-19
521:, 1543.
515:Vesalius
449:dysosmia
445:hyposmia
359:cerebrum
351:allomone
320:thalamus
305:amygdala
172:are the
150:nostrils
4120:Agnosia
3999:Tactile
3974:Ageusia
3926:Anosmia
3888:Vertigo
3792:Scotoma
3733:Anopsia
3194:cranial
3065:Feeling
2915:General
2598:8890783
2498:8492953
2462:7600189
2421:3819760
2412:1033256
2359:7889874
2336:Bibcode
2309:9311357
2274:9000264
2210:7337664
2164:6463130
2120:5033684
1948:6241381
1940:2310788
1884:3725136
1836:2926752
1828:2628992
1773:1133226
1718:6274922
1608:9882018
1404:9108115
1364:Bibcode
1309:Science
1282:1892788
1234:3005978
1194:7019544
1186:7410591
1120:2134972
1080:7932310
1072:2551392
1016:1359412
948:Bibcode
940:Science
912:3636718
864:5544527
856:2582006
635:History
519:Fabrica
496:anosmia
457:agnosia
441:anosmia
434:anosmia
271:Central
263:at the
255:of the
240:to the
188:of the
3710:Visual
3661:Cilium
3407:Animal
3379:Nausea
3369:Thirst
3364:Hunger
3236:Spinal
3075:Qualia
2716:neuron
2681:mucosa
2676:glands
2596:
2589:486586
2586:
2547:
2539:
2504:
2496:
2460:
2419:
2409:
2366:
2356:
2307:
2272:
2217:
2207:
2170:
2162:
2127:
2117:
2078:
2043:
1993:
1985:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1855:Neuron
1834:
1826:
1818:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1504:
1496:
1457:
1451:838896
1449:
1441:
1402:
1392:
1384:
1335:
1327:
1288:
1280:
1241:
1231:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1127:
1117:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1023:
1013:
974:
966:
919:
909:
901:
862:
854:
846:
571:herpes
484:cancer
353:, and
336:retina
311:, and
184:, and
3605:ipRGC
3460:Plant
3320:Touch
3135:Mouth
3089:Human
2755:Brain
2657:Smell
2545:S2CID
2502:S2CID
2168:S2CID
1991:S2CID
1944:S2CID
1832:S2CID
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