Odor - Knowledge (XXG)

1210:(a polymorphic set of genes which is important for immune-function in humans) is correlated with the ingredients found in perfume. This suggests that humans do, in fact, choose perfumes that complement or enhance their natural scents (their pheromones). This evidence offers support for the hypothesis that perfume is chosen by individuals to advertise their physical health. Research suggests that this advertisement of good health will, in fact, enhance females' attractiveness to the opposite sex as health markers have been shown to do. While strong evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that wearing perfume enhances females' attractiveness to males, little research has been done into the effect of fragrance on males' attractiveness to females. Considerably more research has covered the effect of males' natural odor and females' ratings of attractiveness. Many studies found that odor predicted attractiveness when female raters were not on any form of contraceptive pill. For those who were, there was no relation between attractiveness and body odor. 1127:

emotional processing of olfactory stimuli. Odors can disturb our concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and in general increase a dislike for an environment. Odors can impact the liking for a person, place, food, or product as a form of conditioning. Memories recalled by odors are significantly more emotional and evocative than those recalled by the same cue presented visually or auditorily. Odors can become conditioned to experiential states and when later encountered have directional influences on behavior. Doing a frustrating task in a scented room decreases performance of other cognitive tasks in the presence of the same odor. Nonhuman animals communicate their emotional states through changes in body odor, and human body odors are indicative of emotional state.

1302:. The ovulatory-shift hypothesis argues that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction, relative to low-fertile days of the cycle, to men with characteristics that reflect good genetic quality. Body odor may provide significant cues about a potential sexual partner's genetic quality, reproductive status, and health, with a woman's preferences for particular body odors becoming heightened during her most fertile days. As certain body odors can reflect good genetic quality, woman are more likely to prefer these scents when they are fertile, as this is when they are most likely to produce offspring with any potential mates, with conception-risk being related to a preference for the scent of male symmetry. Men also prefer the scent of women at their fertile cycle points. 814:(VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to the outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur. 301:. The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in the sense of smell. The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas. 150: 63: 342:

MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain.

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workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors.

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complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes.

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maternal odor appears to guide infants toward the breast and to have a calming effect." Body odor is involved in the development of infant–mother attachment and is essential to a child's social and emotional development and evokes feelings of security. Reassurance created by familiar parental body odors may contribute significantly to the attachment process. Human body odors

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contraceptives. When women take a contraceptive pill, this has been found to demolish the cycle attractiveness of odors that men find attractive in normally ovulating women. Therefore, a contraceptive pill affects both women's preferences for scent and also affects their own scents, making their scent less attractive to males than the scent of normally cycling women.

403:. The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings. 476:

instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air.

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women's preferences for the scent of symmetry. Women's preferences for masculine faces is greatest when their fertility is at its highest, and so is the preference for attractive faces. Other scents found to be preferred by women in the most fertile phase of their cycle are the scent for developmental stability, and the scent for dominance.

679:, that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate. 313:, are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time. Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air. 1162:

An odor can cue recall of a distant memory. Most memories that pertain to odor come from the first decade of life, compared to verbal and visual memories which usually come from the 10th to 30th years of life. Odor-evoked memories are more emotional, associated with stronger feelings of being brought

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males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the gay men respond in the same way as straight women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include lesbian women; the results were consistent

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Body odor is a sensory cue critical for mate selection in humans because it is a signal of immunological health. Women prefer men with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and odor different from themselves especially during ovulation. Different MHC alleles are favorable because different

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Odor perception is a complex process involving the central nervous system and can evoke psychological and physiological responses. Because the olfactory signal terminates in or near the amygdala, odors are strongly linked to memories and can evoke emotions. The amygdala participates in the hedonic or

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suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR,

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are affected by the gene, which can be detected in body odor. Female mice and humans have both shown odor preferences for males with MHC-dissimilarity. Research has shown that women prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC genes. In a study, women rated the scent of T-shirts, worn over two nights

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affect (elicited by pheromones), with a potential mate, their liking for, and attraction to, that potential mate will be increased. Although not a typically evolutionary hypothesis, this hypothesis is one that acknowledges how humans have adapted their mating strategies to modern-day societal norms.

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The sense of smell is not overlooked as a way of marketing products. The deliberate and controlled application of scent is used by designers, scientists, artists, perfumers, architects, and chefs. Some applications of scents in environments are in casinos, hotels, private clubs, and new automobiles.

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The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors.

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Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor". Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor

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Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%. A human's odor detection threshold is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants. It was found in

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of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to

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In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation

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assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is, the strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception

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preferences. Those taking a contraceptive pill show no significant preference for the scent of either symmetrical or asymmetrical men, whereas normally cycling women prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men. Males' preferences for women's scent may also change if the woman is taking oral

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is natural in humans. Without perfume or aftershave, humans unconsciously detect people's natural scents: in the form of pheromones. Pheromones are usually detected unconsciously, and it is believed that they have an important influence on human's social and sexual behaviour. There are a number of

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Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase the dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of

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In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect a difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This

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or aversions. The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in the second

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The character of an odor is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as

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A person's odor can increase or decrease ratings of attractiveness because the olfactory receptors in the brain are directly linked with the limbic system, the part of the brain that is thought to be most involved with emotion. This link is important, because if an individual associates positive

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influence interpersonal relationships and are involved in adaptive behaviors, such as parental attachment in infants or partner choice in adults. "Mothers can discriminate the odor of their own child, and infants recognize and prefer the body odor of their mother over that of another woman. This

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Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in a particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a

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There are several scents that reflect good genetic quality that females prefer during the most fertile phase of their cycles. Women prefer the scent of symmetrical men more during the fertile phases of their menstrual cycle than during their infertile phases, with estrogen positively predicting

806:. Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes a nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor. 475:

Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control. An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of

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proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to the olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased

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to produce a fingerprint of whatever volatile chemicals in the local environment. Most electronic noses need to be "trained" to recognize chemicals of interest before it can be used. Many current electronic-nose instruments suffer from problems with reproducibility subject to varying ambient

943:", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly 217:

is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify the smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the

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allele combinations would maximize disease protection and minimize recessive mutations in offspring. Biologically females tend to select mates "who are most likely to secure offspring survival and thus increase the likelihood that her genetic contribution will be reproductively viable."

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is present both in animals and humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans, but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions.

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For example, "technicians at New York City’s Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center disperse vanilla-scented oil into the air to help patients cope with the claustrophobic effects of MRI testing. Scents are used at the Chicago Board of Trade to lower the decibel level on the trading floor."

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with previous findings that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of straight males. According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of

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The human sense of smell is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and

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can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at the receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T).

371:. The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold. 1261:

in fighting off pathogens. Experimental research has shown mixed findings for this idea. The "Red Queen" or "rare-allele" hypothesis suggests that diversity in the MHC gene provides a moving target for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to adapt to MHC

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by men, as more pleasant when smelling those of MHC-dissimilar men. It has also been found that women were reminded more of current or prior partners when smelling odors from men whose MHC was dissimilar to their own. A study of married couples found that MHC

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habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli.

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The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men. Conversely, there are some studies claiming a male advantage. A 2019

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13725:2003. The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit",

399:—as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g., 471:

to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but the judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples.

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are unattractive to others. But studies have shown that a person who is exposed to a particular unpleasant odor can be attracted to others who have been exposed to the same unpleasant odor. This includes odors associated with pollution.

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Duan, Xufang; Block, Eric; Li, Zhen; Connelly, Timothy; Zhang, Jian; Huang, Zhimin; Su, Xubo; Pan, Yi; Wu, Lifang; Chi, Qiuyi; Thomas, Siji; Zhang, Shaozhong; Ma, Minghong; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Chen, Guo-Qiang; Zhuang, Hanyi (2012).

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The study of odors is complicated by the complex chemistry taking place at the moment of a smell sensation. For example, iron-containing metallic objects are perceived to have a distinctive odor when touched, although iron's

1009:, animal rendering factories, and industries processing chemicals (such as sulfur) which have odorous characteristics. Sometimes industrial odor sources are the subject of community controversy and scientific analysis. 2080:

Devriese, S; Winters, W; Stegen, K; Diest, I Van; Veulemans, H; Nemery, B; Eelen, P (2000). "Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: a pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity".

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An odor that is viewed as unpleasant by some people or cultures can be viewed as attractive by others where it is more familiar or has a better reputation. It is commonly thought that those exuding an unpleasant

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If women are taking a contraceptive pill the changes in mate scent preferences over the menstrual cycle are not expressed. If odor plays a role in human mate choice then the contraceptive pill could disrupt

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Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to the subject who smells it. The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks.

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Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction.

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transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site, and

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Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to

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Glindemann, Dietmar; Dietrich, Andrea; Staerk, Hans-Joachim; Kuschk, Peter (2006). "Communication The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines".

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Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as

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of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response.

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Unpleasant odors can arise from specific industrial processes, adversely affecting workers and even residents downwind of the source. The most common sources of industrial odor arise from

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ions that are formed in the sweat-mediated corrosion of iron. The same chemicals are also associated with the smell of blood, as ferrous iron in blood on skin produces the same reaction.

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Gangestad, S. W.; Simpson, J. A.; Cousins, A. J.; Garver- Apgar, C. E.; Christensen, P. N. (2004). "Women's preferences for male behavioural displays change across the menstrual cycle".

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continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of European odor units (OU

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Thornhill, R.; Chapman, J. F.; Gangestad, S. W. (2013). "Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Pattens across the ovulatory cycle".

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Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that

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Thorne, Frances, Fink, Bernhard (2002). "Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness: influence of oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle".

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can detect many thousands of scents based on only minute airborne concentrations of a chemical. The sense of smell of many animals is even better. Some fragrant flowers give off

1139:. Fragrances are commonly used to raise sexual attractiveness and induce sexual arousal. Researchers found that people choose perfume that interacts well with their body odor. 1089:. Worker bees can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves into new quarters, or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened. 492:

Odor intensity is the perceived strength of odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance.

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Herz, Rachel S.; Inzlicht, Michael (2002). "Sex differences in response to physical and social factors involved in human mate selection: The importance of smell for women".

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Singh, P. B.; Herbert, J.; Roser, B.; Arnott, L.; Tucker, D. K.; Brown, R. E. (1990). "Rearing rats in a germ-free environment eliminates their odors of individuality".

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The perceived strength of the odor sensation is measured in conjunction with odor concentration. This can be modeled by the Weber-Fechner law: I = a × log(c) + b, where

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de march, Claire A.; Ryu, sangEun; Sicard, Gilles; Moon, Cheil; Golebiowski, Jérôme (September 2015). "Structure–odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era".

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to members of the opposite, or same, sex. When people find that a particular perfume or aftershave is perceived positively, they may be hard-pressed to change it.

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Doty, Richard L.; Applebaum, Steven; Zusho, Hiroyuki; Settle, R.Gregg (1985). "Sex differences in odor identification ability: A cross-cultural analysis".

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Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value is assigned.

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Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined.

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which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis.

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Sorokowski, Piotr; Karwowski, Maciej; Misiak, Michał; Marczak, Michalina Konstancja; Dziekan, Martyna; Hummel, Thomas; Sorokowska, Agnieszka (2019).

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bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as a chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's

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To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas—

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Glidersleeve, K.; Haselton, M. G.; Fales, M. R. (2014). "Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review".

3532:"Psychology of Fragrance Use: Perception of Individual Odor and Perfume Blends Reveals a Mechanism for Idiosyncratic Effects on Fragrance Choice" 4627:

Garver- Aprgar, C. E.; Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (2008). "Hormonal correlates of women's mid-cycle preference for the scent of symmetry".

2575: 1249:, a preference for mates with a dissimilar MHC composition has been argued to act as a mechanism to avoid infectious diseases. According to the 672:(UNSW). There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method. 3106:

Zarra, T.; Naddeo, V.; Belgiorno, V.; Higuchi, T.; Dutta, N.; Bhuyan, M. (2012), "Instruments and Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement",

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Body odor can provide MHC information. Although less is known about how odor is influenced by MHC genes, possible explanations have been that

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of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response. Experienced individuals, however, such as

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Jacob, Suma; McClintock, Martha K. (February 1, 2000). "Psychological State and Mood Effects of Steroidal Chemosignals in Women and Men".

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The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors".

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Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate.

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The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than a dozen organisms. They are

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by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an

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Lenochová, Pavlína; Vohnoutová, Pavla; Roberts, S. Craig; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Grammer, Karl; Havlíček, Jan (March 28, 2012).

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Salthammer, Tunga; Bahadir, Müfit (2009). "Occurrence, Dynamics and Reactions of Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment".

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is often viewed as having an unpleasant odor, but it is odorless. It is bacteria in the perspiration that causes the odor.

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Epple, Gisela; Herz, Rachel S. (1999). "Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children".

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Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including the following, which identifies 7 primary odors:

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has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a

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Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to

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Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single

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hypotheses concerning why humans wear perfume or aftershave, and whether it amplifies or reduces their natural scents.

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are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe

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Foster, Joshua (2008). "Beauty Is Mostly in the Eye of the Beholder: Olfactory Versus Visual Cues of Attractiveness".

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When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the

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Penn, D. J.; Potts, W. K. (1999). "The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes".

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Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques.

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Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity.

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Cain, W. S.; Gent, J. F. (1991). "Olfactory sensitivity: Reliability, generality, and association with aging".

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Thornhill, R.; Gangestad, S. W. (1999). "The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness?".

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Ober, Carole; Weitkamp, Lowell R.; Cox, Nancy; Dytch, Harvey; Kostyu, Donna; Elias, Sherman (September 1997).

2367:"A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe" 1233:, females opt for mates with an MHC which differs from their own, optimising genes for their offspring. The " 374:

The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It is standardized in

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sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline.

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decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age.

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the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes.

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claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women.

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available to the host. Therefore, the hypothesis proposes that MHC heterozygotes will be superior to MHC

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Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor is diluted to a

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in the host. Another hypothesis suggests that preferences for MHC-dissimilar mates could serve to avoid

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For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific

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Grammer, Karl; Fink, Bernhard; Neave, Nick (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".

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Kuukasjarvi, S.; Eriksson, P. C. J.; Koskela, E.; Mappes, T.; Nissinen, K.; Rantala, M. J. (2004).

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What causes a substance to smell unpleasant may be different from what one perceives. For example,

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developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure. People who cannot smell are said to be

4540:"Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women" 1241:" explanations for these findings fall under the "pathogen hypothesis". Due to differences in MHC 1077:

are odors that are used for communication, and are sometimes called "airborne hormones". A female

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Thornhill, R.; Gangastad, S. W.; Miller, R.; Scheyd, G.; McCollongh, J. K.; Franklin, M. (2003).

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back in time, and have been thought of less often as compared to memories evoked by other cues.

3046: 4900: 4851: 4802: 4761: 4732:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status" 4712: 4601: 4520: 4491:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status" 4471: 4392: 4365: 4308: 4256: 4233: 4166: 4131: 4092: 4049: 4006: 3971: 3936: 3893: 3840: 3805: 3729: 3675: 3657: 3571: 3504: 3439: 3397: 3362: 3321: 3277: 3218: 3169: 3119: 3086: 3028: 2982: 2955: 2917: 2817: 2686: 2567: 2525: 2466: 2431: 2388: 2313: 2262: 2175: 2108: 2035: 1955: 1898: 1844: 1785: 1728: 1687: 1669: 1628: 1589: 1542: 1495: 1443: 1355: 1340: 1195: 803: 645:

of how many hours per year the concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period.

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CEN EN 13725:2003, Air quality – Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry

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If ingredients are listed on a product, the term "fragrance" can be used in a general sense.

4931: 4890: 4882: 4841: 4833: 4792: 4751: 4743: 4702: 4694: 4663: 4636: 4593: 4551: 4510: 4502: 4463: 4436: 4355: 4347: 4300: 4223: 4213: 4158: 4123: 4084: 4033: 3998: 3928: 3885: 3832: 3797: 3721: 3647: 3637: 3598: 3561: 3551: 3496: 3431: 3389: 3352: 3311: 3295: 3267: 3257: 3208: 3200: 3159: 3151: 3111: 3078: 3020: 2909: 2809: 2676: 2559: 2515: 2505: 2458: 2423: 2378: 2303: 2293: 2252: 2242: 2202: 2165: 2155: 2100: 2062: 2025: 2017: 1945: 1937: 1888: 1878: 1834: 1824: 1775: 1767: 1748:"Perspectives on population-based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment" 1718: 1677: 1659: 1620: 1581: 1534: 1487: 1435: 1400: 1250: 1230: 1225:(MHC) is a genotype found in vertebrates, including humans. MHC is thought to contribute to 1102: 1025: 1002: 226: 222: 114: 86: 3823:

Weeden, Jason (2005). "Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review".

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There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques.

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generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their

75: 2004:

Chaudhury, D; Manella, L; Arellanos, A; Escanilla, O; Cleland, T. A.; Linster, C (2010).

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may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers downwind.

4597: 4296: 4209: 3707: 3633: 3547: 3253: 2844:"Flux Chamber Measurements: Defensible Analytical Data for Evaluating Human Health Risk" 2501: 2419: 2238: 2151: 1933: 1820: 1763: 1608: 1569: 1431: 1258: 4895: 4870: 4846: 4821: 4756: 4731: 4707: 4682: 4640: 4515: 4490: 4440: 4360: 4335: 3652: 3617: 3566: 3531: 3213: 3188: 3164: 3139: 2257: 2222: 2030: 2005: 1950: 1917: 1780: 1747: 1707:"A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception" 1682: 1647: 1624: 1585: 1439: 1335: 1325: 1278: 1043: 368: 294:, can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell. 214: 202: 191: 22: 4667: 3602: 3189:"A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde" 2771: 2520: 2485: 2308: 2281: 2170: 2135: 1893: 1863: 4986: 4980: 4228: 4193: 3962:

Kohl, James (2001). "Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology".

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There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include:

326: 263: 206: 4320: 4178: 4111: 3905: 3852: 3741: 3516: 2813: 2120: 1507: 1024:

The study of odors is a growing field but is a complex and difficult one. The human

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Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity:

499:

is the perceived psychological intensity at the dilution step on the butanol scale,

4871:"Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men" 4613: 4061: 3948: 3451: 2929: 2681: 2664: 2383: 2366: 1350: 995: 940: 623: 480: 468: 420: 270: 179: 134: 3759: 3140:"Discrimination of Complex Mixtures by a Colorimetric Sensor Array: Coffee Aromas" 889: 762: 4002: 3801: 3556: 2606:. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. May 2008. Archived from 2298: 1883: 4116:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

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Wedekind, C.; Penn, D. (2000). "MHC genes, body odours, and odour preferences".

3836: 1875: 1226: 1107: 963: 831: 704: 665: 246: 48: 4822:"MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives" 4797: 4780: 3889: 2486:"Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people" 2462: 1705:

Nordin, Steven; Broman, Daniel A.; Olofsson, Jonas K.; Wulff, Marianne (2004).

4194:"Volatile signals of the major histocompatibility complex in male mouse urine" 4045: 3500: 3435: 3316: 3299: 3115: 2913: 1365: 1283: 1274: 1267: 675:

A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed

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Cain, WS. (1977). "Differential sensitivity for smell: "noise" at the nose".

1673: 1664: 1632: 1593: 1546: 4936: 4919: 4556: 4539: 4088: 3642: 3357: 3340: 2510: 2247: 1941: 1916:

Bushdid, C.; Magnasco, M. O.; Vosshall, L. B.; Keller, A. (March 21, 2014).

1723: 1706: 1345: 1263: 1246: 1131: 1118:, which visualizes odor through color change and creates a "picture" of it. 1074: 1012: 987: 929: 676: 460: 396: 310: 287: 41: 4886: 4855: 4837: 4806: 4765: 4747: 4716: 4698: 4605: 4524: 4506: 4475: 4396: 4304: 4218: 4170: 4127: 4096: 4053: 4010: 3975: 3940: 3932: 3897: 3844: 3809: 3733: 3661: 3575: 3508: 3443: 3401: 3366: 3325: 3262: 3222: 3173: 3032: 3024: 2921: 2821: 2716: 2690: 2571: 2427: 2392: 2317: 2266: 2179: 2160: 2112: 2066: 2039: 1959: 1902: 1874:(1). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. 1848: 1829: 1789: 1732: 1691: 966:

in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect

4904: 4369: 4312: 4237: 4135: 3482:"Family Scents: Developmental Changes in the Perception of Kin Body Odor?" 3281: 3082: 2529: 2470: 1570:"Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory" 1499: 1447: 249:, individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as 2563: 2435: 1254: 1111: 1082: 1047: 1006: 971: 605: 467:

measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an

291: 3991:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

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10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199909)35:2<103::aid-dev3>3.0.co;2-4

2847: 2633: 157:: Under these covers, grit and gravel are settled out of the wastewater. 4276:

Wedekind, C.; Seebeck, T.; Bettens, F.; Paepke, A. J. (June 22, 1995).

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queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the

1063: 1051: 948: 856: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 729: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 595: 551: 424: 230: 138: 3790:

European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

3204: 3155: 2665:"Improvement of odor intensity measurement using dynamic olfactometry" 2193:

Crabtree, R.H. (1978). "Copper(I) – Possible Olfactory Binding-Site".

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is negligible. According to a 2006 study, this smell is the result of

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Potts, W. K; Manning, C. J.; Wakeland, E. K.; Hughes, A. L. (1994).

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Belgiorno, Vincenzo; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Zarra, Tiziano, eds. (2012).

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Dalton, P (2002). "Odor, irritation and perception of health risk".

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

2223:"Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants" 1538: 1527:

Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science

1523:"Some Special Tests in Regard to the Delicacy of the Sense of Smell" 4351: 4037: 3694:

Larsson, M.; Willander, J. (2009). "Autobiographical odor memory".

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instruments work by combining output from an array of non-specific

664:

The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber and

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has been found to reverse the MHC-dissimilarity odor preference.

636:

Though the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted.

383:. Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OU 1918:"Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli" 1286:

differed between spouses more than chance would dictate. Taking

1218:

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences

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Other analytic methods can be subdivided into the physical, the

245:

measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal

225:, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as 195: 4820:

Roberts, C. S.; Gosling, L. M.; Carter, V.; Petrie, M. (2008).

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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Benzo, Maurizio; Mantovani, Alice; Pittarello, Alberto (2012).

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The perception of odors, or sense of smell, is mediated by the

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Ferdenzi, Camille; Schaal, Benoist; Roberts, S. Craig (2010).

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Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)

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Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell

4957:"What Can Covid-19 Teach Us About the Mysteries of Smell?" 4781:"Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans?" 419:

a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of

3676:"Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction" 1609:"Olfactory Threshold, in Relation to Age, Sex or Smoking" 1293: 337:

site for the binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978,

3618:"Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women" 2282:"The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?" 4285:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Madaras, Lynda; Madaras, Area; Sullivan, Simon (2007).

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Van Harreveld, A. P.; Heeres, P.; Harssema, H. (1999).

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Singer, A. G.; Beauchamp, G. K.; Yamazaki, K. (1997).

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Wysocki, C.J.; Dorries, K.M.; Beauchamp, G.K. (1989).

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Wang, J.; Luthey-Schulten, Z.; Suslick, K. S. (2003).

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Axel, Richard (1995). "The molecular logic of smell".

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concentration or intensity of any single constituent.

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can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms

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Dunbar, Robin Ian MacDonald; Barrett, Louise (2007).

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Science in 1 minute: How does an electronic nose work

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Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1648:"Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis" 186:

that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has

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Women's preferences for body odor change with their

2543:Ueno, H; Amano, S; Merecka, B; Kośmider, J (2009). 459:When measuring odor, there is a difference between 1568:AMOORE, JOHN E.; VENSTROM, DELPHA (January 1966). 309:Odors that a person is used to, such as their own 3138:Suslick, B. A.; Feng, L.; Suslick, K. S. (2010). 3075:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook: Belgiorno/Odour 2658: 2656: 2654: 2601:"Guidelines on Odour Pollution & Its Control" 1294:Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle 2791: 2789: 951:studies to substantiate its claims are lacking. 54:"Odour" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4730:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005). 4683:"Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness" 4489:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005). 4198:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3622:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3616:Berglund, H.; Lindstrom, P.; Savic, I. (2006). 2766:Oracle Education Foundation (August 25, 2010). 1809:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1114:. An example of this type of technology is the 1062:) released from the human skin on contact with 511:is the intercept constant (0.5 by definition). 3689: 3687: 3187:Feng, L.; Musto, C.J.; Suslick, K. S. (2010). 3110:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 31–83, 2881:Young, Christopher A. (2010). "What Smells?". 1607:VENSTROM, DELPHA; AMOORE, JOHN E. (May 1968). 1194:Both men and women use perfume to boost their 253:, age, state of health, and personal history. 4569: 4567: 2136:"Is the Olfactory Receptor A Metalloprotein?" 8: 4687:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 4409:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2006:"Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli" 1803:Rouquier, S; Blancher, A; Giorgi, D (2000). 33:"Aroma" redirects here. For other uses, see 3077:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1862:Gilad, Y; Przeworski, M; Lancet, D (2004). 4278:"MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans" 4253:Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology 3417:"Human olfactory communication of emotion" 2978:What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys 1752:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1190:Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness 297:Odor perception is a primary evolutionary 47:"Stench" redirects here. For the gas, see 40:"Scent" redirects here. For the film, see 4935: 4894: 4845: 4796: 4755: 4706: 4587: 4555: 4514: 4359: 4227: 4217: 3879: 3715: 3651: 3641: 3565: 3555: 3356: 3315: 3271: 3261: 3212: 3163: 2680: 2519: 2509: 2382: 2307: 2297: 2256: 2246: 2169: 2159: 2094: 2029: 1949: 1892: 1882: 1838: 1828: 1779: 1722: 1681: 1663: 1034:that move downwind and are detectable by 916:Learn how and when to remove this message 789:Learn how and when to remove this message 4869:Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (1998). 3783:"Human pheromones and sexual attraction" 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2802:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2329: 2327: 1521:Bailey, E. H. S.; Powell, L. M. (1883). 935:Odor molecules transmit messages to the 170:. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are 3298:; McCauley, Clark; Rozin, Paul (1999). 3012:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2663:Jiang, J; Coffey, P; Toohey, B (2006). 1461: 1459: 1457: 1383: 4402: 4340:The American Journal of Human Genetics 1208:major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 437:if the source is at a high temperature 278:Smell acuity compared to other animals 3236:Zald, David H.; Pardo, J. V. (1997). 7: 3415:Chen, D; Haviland-Jones, J. (2000). 2770:. ThinkQuest Library. Archived from 854:adding citations to reliable sources 727:adding citations to reliable sources 507:is the chemical concentrations, and 4955:Jarvis, Brooke (January 28, 2021). 4598:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x 4077:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 3758:. Tabithamiller.com. Archived from 2981:(Revised ed.). HarperCollins. 4641:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.007 4441:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.01.003 2768:"Your Sense of Smell – The Senses" 1625:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb01364.x 1586:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb15424.x 1440:10.1038/scientificamerican1095-154 503:is the Weber-Fechner coefficient, 369:detection or recognition threshold 109:caused by one or more volatilized 14: 4779:Alvergne, A.; Lummaa, V. (2010). 2641:Chemical Engineering Transactions 1173:Visual merchandising § Scent 3868:The Journal of Social Psychology 3726:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03934.x 3108:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook 2105:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00003 1772:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04597.x 1223:Major histocompatibility complex 1206:In 2001, a study found that the 830: 703: 640:Interpretive dispersion modeling 479:Field measurement with portable 190:in direct contact with the air. 4785:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4336:"HLA and Mate Choice in Humans" 2846:. Ceschmidt.com. Archived from 2814:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009 974:with the scent of rotten eggs, 841:needs additional citations for 714:needs additional citations for 456:, and the chemosensory method. 440:If the source has high humidity 2682:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464474 2552:Water Science & Technology 2384:10.1080/10473289.1999.11499900 982:, may be used in the mixture. 524:1 – very weak (odor threshold) 1: 4681:Rikowski, K. Grammer (1999). 4668:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00005-7 3674:Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2005) 3603:10.1016/s1090-5138(02)00095-8 2743:. MFE.govt.nz. Archived from 2703: 2333: 1465: 1393:Flavour and Fragrance Journal 958:, which can result in death. 670:University of New South Wales 434:If the source is under vacuum 4656:Evolution and Human Behavior 4629:Evolution and Human Behavior 4429:Evolution and Human Behavior 4003:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3802:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3756:"Miller, Tabitha M.A. Smell" 3591:Evolution and Human Behavior 3557:10.1371/journal.pone.0033810 2299:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020146 2280:Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004). 2227:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2207:10.1016/0022-1902(78)80071-2 2140:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1884:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020005 1492:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90067-3 1038:more than a kilometer away. 4151:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3837:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.635 3489:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3424:Perceptual and Motor Skills 3382:Developmental Psychobiology 2869:UNSW wind tunnel dimensions 1711:Pregnant Women Chem. Senses 1137:can also affect mate choice 257:Smell acuity by age and sex 5008: 4798:10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.003 4385:Neuroendocrinology Letters 3964:Neuroendocrinology Letters 3890:10.3200/socp.148.6.765-774 2998:– via Google Boeken. 2490:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2463:10.1037/0096-1523.17.2.382 1229:in animals and humans. In 1170: 812:Volatile organic compounds 649:Sampling from area sources 184:olfactory receptor neurons 31: 20: 3501:10.1007/s10886-010-9827-x 3436:10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.771 3116:10.1002/9781118481264.ch3 2952:Odor sensation and memory 2914:10.1007/s00420-002-0312-x 1975:"The Scent of a Molecule" 1116:colorimetric sensor array 305:Habituation or adaptation 153:Odor control covers at a 3339:Herz, Rachel S. (2004). 2055:CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 1665:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00242 448:Other analytical methods 415:/m≡40 ppb/v n-butanol). 182:. There are millions of 99:see spelling differences 4026:The American Naturalist 3643:10.1073/pnas.0600331103 3317:10.1093/chemse/24.6.713 2511:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976 2248:10.1073/pnas.1111297109 2010:Behavioral Neuroscience 1942:10.1126/science.1249168 1652:Frontiers in Psychology 1613:Journal of Food Science 1574:Journal of Food Science 1200:Olfactory communication 668:such as the one at the 547:Hedonic tone assessment 4887:10.1098/rspb.1998.0380 4838:10.1098/rspb.2008.0825 4748:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332 4699:10.1098/rspb.1999.0717 4507:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332 4456:Psychological Bulletin 4305:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087 4219:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2210 4128:10.1098/rstb.1994.0154 3933:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1559 3825:Psychological Bulletin 3781:Grammer, Karl (2005). 3263:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119 3025:10.1002/anie.200602100 2428:10.1126/science.836592 2161:10.1073/pnas.262792899 2067:10.1002/clen.200900015 1830:10.1073/pnas.040580197 1815:(6). PNAS: 2870–2874. 1235:heterozygote advantage 221:Most odors consist of 158: 155:sewage treatment plant 78: 72:Jan Brueghel the Elder 68:Allegory of the Senses 35:Aroma (disambiguation) 4937:10.1093/beheco/arh050 4576:Psychological Science 4557:10.1093/beheco/arg043 4089:10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269 3921:Hormones and Behavior 3358:10.1093/chemse/bjh025 3083:10.1002/9781118481264 2954:. New York: Praeger. 2950:Engen, Trygg (1991). 2883:Pollution Engineering 2796:Auffarth, B. (2013). 1724:10.1093/chemse/bjh040 1196:sexual attractiveness 1171:Further information: 454:gas chromatographical 152: 65: 27:Odor (disambiguation) 3762:on December 31, 2012 2747:on November 22, 2012 2564:10.2166/wst.2009.112 2195:J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem 850:improve this article 723:improve this article 358:Measuring techniques 176:olfactory epithelium 95:Commonwealth English 21:For other uses, see 4875:Biological Sciences 4826:Biological Sciences 4297:1995RSPSB.260..245W 4210:1997PNAS...94.2210S 3708:2009NYASA1170..318L 3696:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 3634:2006PNAS..103.8269B 3548:2012PLoSO...733810L 3254:1997PNAS...94.4119Z 2871:. Odour.unsw.edu.au 2850:on February 8, 2013 2581:on November 5, 2016 2502:1989PNAS...86.7976W 2420:1977Sci...195..796C 2239:2012PNAS..109.3492D 2152:2003PNAS..100.3035W 1934:2014Sci...343.1370B 1821:2000PNAS...97.2870R 1764:2009NYASA1170..514H 1432:1995SciAm.273d.154A 1420:Scientific American 1312:disassortative mate 1288:oral contraceptives 1097:Most artificial or 1093:Advanced technology 481:field olfactometers 346:Evolutionary impact 4962:The New York Times 4924:Behavioral Ecology 4544:Behavioral Ecology 4163:10.1007/bf01014099 3430:(3 Pt 1): 771–81. 2741:"Odour Assessment" 2351:2015-05-05 at the 1973:Kean, Sam (2017). 1157:sexual orientation 956:anaphylactic shock 622:– roses (see also 615:dry cleaning fluid 159: 111:chemical compounds 79: 4832:(1652): 2715–22. 3296:Wrzesniewski, Amy 3205:10.1021/ja910366p 3156:10.1021/ac902823w 2961:978-0-275-94111-6 2774:on August 8, 2011 1928:(6177): 1370–72. 1356:Olfactory fatigue 1341:Machine olfaction 1185:Scent preferences 926: 925: 918: 900: 804:throat irritation 799: 798: 791: 773: 683:Indirect sampling 321:Genetic component 223:organic compounds 192:Odorous molecules 4999: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4881:(1399): 927–33. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4800: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4693:(1422): 869–74. 4678: 4672: 4671: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4591: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4468:10.1037/a0035438 4451: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4291:(1359): 245–49. 4282: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4221: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4122:(1317): 369–78. 4107: 4101: 4100: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3883: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3719: 3691: 3682: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3645: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3569: 3559: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3461:on March 4, 2016 3460: 3454:. Archived from 3421: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3265: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3193:J. Am. Chem. Soc 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2660: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2613:on April 9, 2009 2612: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2574:. Archived from 2549: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2523: 2513: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2414:(4280): 796–98. 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2362: 2356: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2301: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2260: 2250: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2163: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2098: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2022:10.1037/a0020293 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1953: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1886: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1832: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1685: 1667: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1480:Neuropsychologia 1475: 1469: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405:10.1002/ffj.3249 1388: 1300:menstrual cycles 1245:' resistance to 1231:sexual selection 1103:chemical sensors 1026:olfactory system 1003:sewage treatment 921: 914: 910: 907: 901: 899: 858: 834: 826: 794: 787: 783: 780: 774: 772: 731: 707: 699: 327:seven-helix-turn 227:hydrogen sulfide 205:, a part of the 115:olfactory system 87:American English 59: 52: 45: 38: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4977: 4976: 4967: 4965: 4954: 4951: 4949:Further reading 4946: 4945: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4736:Biology Letters 4729: 4728: 4724: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4589:10.1.1.371.3266 4573: 4572: 4565: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4495:Biology Letters 4488: 4487: 4483: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4401: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4023: 4022: 4018: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3881:10.1.1.616.6443 3865: 3864: 3860: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3717:10.1.1.656.6053 3693: 3692: 3685: 3673: 3669: 3628:(21): 8269–74. 3615: 3614: 3610: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3199:(12): 4046–47. 3186: 3185: 3181: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3019:(42): 7006–09. 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2496:(20): 7976–78. 2483: 2482: 2478: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2355:. sipe-rtd.info 2353:Wayback Machine 2344: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1539:10.2307/3623630 1520: 1519: 1515: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1455: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1321: 1296: 1275:microbial flora 1220: 1192: 1187: 1175: 1169: 1124: 1122:Behavioral cues 1099:electronic nose 1095: 1072: 1022: 976:tert-Butylthiol 947:and controlled 922: 911: 905: 902: 859: 857: 847: 835: 824: 795: 784: 778: 775: 732: 730: 720: 708: 697: 685: 659: 657:Direct sampling 651: 642: 577: 561: 549: 539:6 – intolerable 536:5 – very strong 490: 450: 414: 410: 393: 387:by definition. 386: 382: 365: 360: 351:Gordon Shepherd 348: 323: 307: 280: 259: 174:present in the 168:olfactory nerve 164: 147: 145:Odor physiology 137:or to refer to 76:Museo del Prado 60: 53: 46: 39: 32: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4910: 4861: 4812: 4771: 4722: 4673: 4662:(3): 175–201. 4646: 4619: 4563: 4530: 4481: 4462:(5): 1205–59. 4446: 4416: 4375: 4352:10.1086/515511 4346:(3): 497–504. 4326: 4268: 4261: 4243: 4204:(6): 2210–14. 4184: 4157:(5): 1667–82. 4141: 4102: 4083:(9): 1269–71. 4067: 4046:10.1086/303166 4038:10.1086/303166 4016: 3981: 3954: 3911: 3858: 3815: 3773: 3747: 3683: 3667: 3608: 3581: 3522: 3472: 3407: 3372: 3331: 3287: 3248:(8): 4119–24. 3228: 3179: 3150:(5): 2067–73. 3130: 3124: 3098: 3092:978-1118481264 3091: 3065: 3038: 3001: 2988:978-1557047694 2987: 2967: 2960: 2935: 2892: 2873: 2861: 2835: 2808:(8): 1667–79. 2785: 2758: 2732: 2708: 2696: 2650: 2624: 2592: 2558:(7): 1339–42. 2535: 2476: 2441: 2398: 2357: 2338: 2323: 2272: 2233:(9): 3492–97. 2212: 2185: 2146:(6): 3035–39. 2126: 2096:10.1.1.320.169 2083:Psychosom. Med 2072: 2045: 1996: 1965: 1908: 1854: 1795: 1738: 1717:(5): 391–402. 1697: 1638: 1619:(3): 264–265. 1599: 1580:(1): 118–128. 1560: 1513: 1470: 1453: 1410: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1326:Aroma compound 1322: 1320: 1317: 1295: 1292: 1279:volatile acids 1219: 1216: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1168: 1165: 1123: 1120: 1094: 1091: 1071: 1068: 1050:(for example, 1044:vapor pressure 1021: 1018: 924: 923: 838: 836: 829: 823: 820: 797: 796: 711: 709: 702: 696: 693: 684: 681: 658: 655: 650: 647: 641: 638: 634: 633: 627: 617: 608: 599: 593: 587: 576: 575:Categorization 573: 560: 557: 548: 545: 541: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 489: 486: 449: 446: 442: 441: 438: 435: 412: 411:/m, where 1 OU 408: 392: 389: 384: 380: 364: 361: 359: 356: 347: 344: 322: 319: 306: 303: 279: 276: 258: 255: 203:olfactory bulb 198:to the brain. 163: 162:Sense of smell 160: 146: 143: 66:"Smell", from 23:Odor (surname) 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5004: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4933: 4930:(4): 579–84. 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4791:(3): 171–79. 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4742:(3): 256–59. 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4635:(4): 223–32. 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4582:(3): 203–07. 4581: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4553: 4550:(5): 668–78. 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501:(3): 256–59. 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4435:(3): 216–21. 4434: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4391:(4): 291–97. 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4262:9780198568308 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032:(2): 145–64. 4031: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997:(2): 135–42. 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3970:(5): 309–21. 3969: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3874:(6): 765–74. 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3831:(5): 635–53. 3830: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796:(2): 135–42. 3795: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702:(1): 318–23. 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3597:(5): 359–64. 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542:(3): e33810. 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495:(8): 847–54. 3494: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3388:(2): 103–07. 3387: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3351:(3): 217–24. 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3310:(6): 713–21. 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3125:9781118481264 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908:(5): 283–90. 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2675:(5): 675–83. 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:(2): 382–91. 2456: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2377:(6): 705–15. 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2089:(6): 751–59. 2088: 2084: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2061:(6): 417–35. 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016:(4): 490–99. 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1984: 1980: 1979:Distillations 1976: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758:(1): 514–30. 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486:(5): 667–72. 1485: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426:(4): 154–59. 1425: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1399:(5): 342–61. 1398: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1371:Scented water 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Chemoreceptor 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:heterozygotes 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1167:Use in design 1166: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:1-octen-3-one 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:limbic system 933: 931: 920: 917: 909: 906:December 2019 898: 895: 891: 888: 884: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: – 866: 862: 861:Find sources: 855: 851: 845: 844: 839:This section 837: 833: 828: 827: 821: 819: 815: 813: 807: 805: 793: 790: 782: 779:December 2019 771: 768: 764: 761: 757: 754: 750: 747: 743: 740: – 739: 735: 734:Find sources: 728: 724: 718: 717: 712:This section 710: 706: 701: 700: 694: 692: 688: 682: 680: 678: 673: 671: 667: 662: 656: 654: 648: 646: 639: 637: 631: 628: 625: 621: 618: 616: 612: 609: 607: 603: 602:Camphoraceous 600: 597: 594: 592:– rotten eggs 591: 588: 585: 582: 581: 580: 574: 572: 568: 564: 559:FIDOL factors 558: 556: 553: 546: 544: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 487: 485: 482: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 457: 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