299:'s Duluth branch threatening men considered to have pro-German sympathies. The threats "disclosed the existence in Duluth of an organization called the Knights of Liberty, a branch of a nation-wide society whose purpose is to stamp out pro-Germanism by the quickest and most effective methods, without recourse to legal procedure;" "its members are almost wholly business and professional men of high standing, men who beyond the draft age and unfitted by years or physical condition to join the military forces of the nation, are determined to do their bit by suppressing disloyalty and seeing to it that the nation shall not be assailed from within." Their first victim in Duluth was tarred and feathered days later.
44:
773:
324:
A song entitled "Ballad of Olli
Kinkkonen" was performed at the release of the final book in the series. A poem about his life was published by Lynette Reini-Grandell in 2014. Artist Charvis Harrell's painting of Kinkkonen was on display at the New York Mills Regional Cultural Center in 2021.
178:
formed and went searching for him, one man dressed in a military uniform. They found him in his boarding house, preparing to return to
Finland. They demanded the registration papers of the other residents and told Kinkkonen he was wanted by the
211:", a term used for men who refused to join the military. The Knights sent the same list of questions and a warning to the other five men who had renounced their citizenship as well. Kinkkonen was not seen after the event.
288:, encouraged by local, state, and federal government. At the time of Kinkkonen's death, the organization stated it had 2000 members in Duluth, 75,000 members in Minnesota, and over 2,000,000 members nationwide.
279:
The
Knights' actions were part of broader vigilante violence at the time targeting those considered potentially disloyal. They were one of many voluntary nationalist vigilante organizations, including the
3343:
191:. The local newspaper received an anonymous phone call at midnight stating Kinkkonen had been tarred and feathered. They later published a letter from a group called the Knights of Loyalty or
244:
knew the truth behind
Kinkkonen's hanging." Others in the media stated the governor should have done more to stop vigilante violence and "to check the attempt to create a northern Ku-Klux".
187:
where he was interrogated regarding his loyalty to the country; according to those who knew him, he did not know enough
English to be able to answer all the questions. Kinkkonen was then
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Kinkkonen was known to be an easygoing man and was not involved in the labor movement or anti-war movement; some have questioned whether his death was due to
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240:, a local socialist newspaper, also argued that Kinkkonen was killed by the Knights of Liberty, " the chief of police 'unfit for office' and that the
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The
Knights perpetrated a number of other similar tarring-and-feathering incidents around the same time both in nearby northern Wisconsin, and
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took issue with what they saw as the government's inaction, " no real effort was made to determine whether
Kiikonen [
222:
were found on his body. Duluth authorities declared his death a suicide, triggered by his humiliation at the event. Governor
1964:
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On
September 11, 1918, Kinkkonen (who also went by the name Olli Wirta) and five others renounced their rights to
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1132:
Badger state nationalism: World War I, the Ku Klux Klan, and the politics of 'Americanism' in 1915-1930 Wisconsin
353:
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His body was found by a nearby resident two weeks later on
September 30, hanging from a tree outside Duluth in
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398:"Olof in household of Katrina Kiukkanen, "Finland, Church Census and Pre-Confirmation Books, 1657-1915""
338:
259:
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on
September 18, 1918, for renouncing his American citizenship because he wanted to avoid fighting in
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1972:
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offered a $ 500 reward for further information, though the alleged murderers were never charged. The
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374:"Olli Matinp. Kiukkonen in Finland, Church Census and Pre-Confirmation Books, 1657-1915"
3697:
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3464:
3348:
3216:
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601:
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207:) saying that Kinkkonen had been tarred and feathered to serve as "a warning to all
3709:
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1320:
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944:
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200:
180:
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155:
446:"Olli Kiukkonen, United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918"
3682:
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2885:
2671:
2543:
2284:
2252:
1593:
1481:
1043:
872:
843:
314:
A fictionalized account of Kinkkonen's life is featured in Mark Munger's book
263:
17:
1028:
Hannigan, Robert E. (December 31, 2017). "5. The Whole Force of the Nation".
973:
847:. Vol. 107, no. 2783. Nation Company. November 2, 1918. p. 501
3034:
2938:
2873:
2076:
525:"Old German Files, 1909–21, victim of Knights of Loyalty: Olli Kiukkonen",
3275:
143:
95:
262:
would later be buried. In 1993, the Finnish-American cultural society,
208:
574:"Finnish immigrant was 'victim of warmongers' 100 years ago in Duluth"
254:
Kinkkonen was buried in an unmarked grave in the indigent section of
147:
602:"Corporate Supported Ethnic Conflict on the Mesabi Range, 1890-1930"
236:] was really a suicide or whether he was strung up by the mob."
958:
Hochschild, Adam (October 2, 2018). "1. Lessons from a Dark Time".
3375:
530:
337:, a German immigrant lynched in Illinois in 1918 as a part of the
550:(in Finnish). No. 219. Duluth. September 20, 1918. p. 1
2790:
1396:
1358:
232:
3344:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
291:
In March 1918, several months before Kinkkonen's death,
3561:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
306:, as well as in California, where they hanged a man.
606:
Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region
258:
in Duluth, a few rows from where the victims of the
113:
Park Hill Cemetery, Duluth, Minnesota, United States
3755:
3574:
3533:
3452:
3406:
3314:
3268:
2535:
1804:
1409:
1104:"Gustaf Landin Tarred and Feathered for Disloyalty"
117:
109:
101:
91:
72:
53:
34:
27:
Finnish-American dockworker who was lynched in 1918
1291:
1031:The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914–24
915:
871:
444:
422:"Olli Kinkkonen, Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002"
420:
396:
372:
48:"Olli Kinkkonen, 1881–1918, victim of warmongers."
266:, placed a marker on Kinkkonen's grave. It reads:
3005:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
270:Olli Kinkkonen. 1881–1918. Victim of Warmongers.
1237:"Pro-Germans Tarred and Feathered, Then Hanged"
268:
1075:"Pro-Germans are Warned by Knights of Liberty"
918:Six feet under: a graveyard guide to Minnesota
756:. Minneapolis, MN. October 6, 1918. p. 10
1399:List of lynching victims in the United States
1370:
787:"League Candidates are Now Busy on the Stump"
315:
105:Lester Park, Duluth, Minnesota, United States
8:
1225:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
1199:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
1173:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
1118:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
1089:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
827:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
801:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
738:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
649:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
514:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
488:– via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
474:"Knights of Liberty Tar and Feather Slacker"
3843:Tarring and feathering in the United States
3828:United States home front during World War I
3435:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
347:, violent 1917 incident in Oklahoma by the
138:(June 10, 1880 – September 18, 1918) was a
3833:September 1918 events in the United States
3403:
3265:
3251:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
2981:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
2787:
1406:
1393:
1377:
1363:
1355:
997:Dailey, Jane (2018). "3. War, 1914–1924".
874:The Progressive Era in Minnesota 1899-1918
500:"Two More Slackers Relinquish Citizenship"
42:
31:
3727:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3187:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
1965:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1335:"Welcome Visiting Artist Charvis Harrell"
961:Lessons from a Dark Time and Other Essays
688:
686:
684:
3556:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1339:New York Mills Regional Cultural Center
813:"Olli Kiukkonen Did Not Commit Suicide"
544:"Suomalainen mies tervattu Duluth'issa"
364:
660:
658:
656:
203:organization and possibly part of the
170:because they did not want to fight in
3193:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3099:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
1159:"Tar and Feathers in Bayfield County"
1098:
1096:
629:
627:
572:Lovrien, Jimmy (September 17, 2018).
275:Knights of Liberty and related events
174:. The night of September 18, a small
7:
3768:Lynching deaths in the United States
2898:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
819:. Duluth. October 4, 1918. p. 1
567:
565:
529:, The National Archives – via
468:
466:
464:
3848:American anti–World War I activists
3429:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3205:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
2987:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
924:Minnesota Historical Society Press
724:"Clews to Knights of Loyalty Crew"
25:
3838:1918 murders in the United States
3329:American Crusade Against Lynching
2975:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
3541:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3324:American anti-lynching activists
3296:Nadir of American race relations
2886:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2822:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1290:Reini-Grandell, Lynette (2014).
1036:University of Pennsylvania Press
771:
506:. September 17, 1918. p. 15
3747:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3381:National Conference on Lynching
2939:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2816:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2157:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1264:Sundquist, Karl; Burkes, Jill.
480:. September 19, 1918. p. 4
36:Olli (Olof) Kiukkonen Kinkkonen
2863:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1185:"Bemidji Store Painted Yellow"
1129:Levi, William (May 12, 2022).
1000:Building the American Republic
966:University of California Press
667:"The other lynching in Duluth"
218:. Several hundred dollars and
142:dockworker and logger. He was
1:
3763:Lynching in the United States
3064:Springfield race riot of 1908
1482:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1386:Lynching in the United States
793:. October 12, 1918. p. 2
527:US, FBI Case Files, 1908–1922
3813:History of Duluth, Minnesota
3808:Lynching deaths in Minnesota
3657:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3588:And you are lynching Negroes
3440:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3175:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3081:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3023:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2869:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1191:. March 30, 1918. p. 11
1081:. March 23, 1918. p. 18
880:Minnesota Historical Society
730:. October 8, 1918. p. 6
700:. April 2017. Archived from
641:. October 1, 1918. p. 6
3818:Events in Duluth, Minnesota
3566:Southern Poverty Law Center
3211:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2839:? Lachenais and four others
2277:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1594:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1294:Approaching the Gate: Poems
1211:"Disloyalists are Punished"
1110:. March 25, 1918. p. 5
1005:University of Chicago Press
870:Chrislock, Carl H. (1971).
3864:
3047:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3017:Phoenix, SC, election riot
2993:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
2945:Benjamin and Mollie French
1266:"Ballad of Olli Kinkkonen"
665:Julin, Chris (June 2001).
282:American Protective League
3354:William O'Connell Bradley
3264:
3093:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2845:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2828:New York City draft riots
2797:
2786:
1405:
1392:
1165:. July 3, 1918. p. 1
1044:10.9783/9780812293289-006
694:"Lynching in Lester Park"
635:"Tarred Alien is Suicide"
457:– via FamilySearch.
433:– via FamilySearch.
409:– via FamilySearch.
385:– via FamilySearch.
354:Opposition to World War I
41:
3823:Finnish-American history
3618:Deaths in police custody
3105:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2916:Chinese massacre of 1871
2834:Detroit race riot (1863)
2469:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2261:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1217:. May 2, 1918. p. 1
1137:James Madison University
974:10.1525/9780520969674-fm
750:"Governor Offers Reward"
669:. Minnesota Public Radio
3599:Battle of Liberty Place
3594:Attack on John Shillady
3582:James Allen (collector)
3415:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3199:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3123:Omaha race riot of 1919
3111:Longview, TX, race riot
3087:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3029:Julia and Frazier Baker
3011:Porter and Spencer (MS)
2963:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
2921:Meridian, MS, race riot
2904:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1877:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1562:Big Nose George Parrott
914:Thornley, Stew (2004).
600:Lubotina, Paul (2015).
3803:Anti-Finnish sentiment
3733:United States v. Shipp
3485:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3316:Anti-lynching movement
3233:Freedom Summer Murders
3163:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3128:Knoxville riot of 1919
1997:Laura and L. D. Nelson
316:
272:
251:or mistaken identity.
249:anti-Finnish sentiment
3704:Summer in Mississippi
3651:Mississippi Cold Case
3605:The Birth of a Nation
3546:Civil Rights Memorial
3475:Sidney Johnston Catts
3453:Defenders of lynching
3139:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3117:Elaine, AR, race riot
3075:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3041:Watkinsville lynching
2999:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
2957:Hamburg, SC, massacre
2933:Election riot of 1874
2880:Camilla, GA, massacre
2802:Death of Joseph Smith
1426:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
339:anti-German sentiment
260:1920 Duluth lynchings
3422:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3359:Ella Barksdale Brown
3157:Perry, FL, race riot
3069:Slocum, TX, massacre
2969:Mart and Tom Horrell
2927:Colfax, LA, massacre
2910:Bear River City riot
2760:James Craig Anderson
2560:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2165:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
882:. pp. 174–175.
322:People of the Marsh.
286:Boy Spies of America
189:tarred and feathered
150:, Minnesota, by the
3664:The Ox-Bow Incident
3644:Mississippi Burning
3495:John Trotwood Moore
3151:Tulsa race massacre
3145:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2640:Mack Charles Parker
2568:Willie James Howard
1302:. pp. 58, 63.
579:Duluth News Tribune
401:. 1890. p. 260
377:. 1909. p. 694
242:Duluth News Tribune
136:Kiukkonen Kinkkonen
92:Cause of death
3678:Reconstruction era
3490:John Temple Graves
3334:Jessie Daniel Ames
3281:Indiana White Caps
2951:Ellenton, SC, riot
2874:Reno Brothers Gang
2624:Judge Edward Aaron
1821:Ballie Crutchfield
704:on October 4, 2023
698:Zenith City Online
349:Knights of Liberty
304:Bemidji, Minnesota
297:Knights of Liberty
256:Park Hill Cemetery
228:Nonpartisan League
220:war savings stamps
193:Knights of Liberty
183:. He was taken to
152:Knights of Liberty
76:September 18, 1918
3798:1918 in Minnesota
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3721:They Won't Forget
3638:Lynching postcard
3551:The Legacy Museum
3520:James K. Vardaman
3460:Theodore G. Bilbo
3448:
3447:
3339:Martin C. Ansorge
3260:
3259:
3245:Michael Schwerner
3052:Kemper County, MS
2892:Pulaski, TN, riot
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2485:Shedrick Thompson
2365:Bernice Raspberry
2085:Name unknown (MS)
1989:Name unknown (TX)
1610:Joseph Vermillion
1578:John Wesley Heath
1215:The Duluth Herald
1189:The Duluth Herald
1163:The Duluth Herald
1108:The Duluth Herald
1079:The Duluth Herald
1053:978-0-8122-9328-9
1014:978-0-226-30082-5
983:978-0-520-96967-4
791:The Duluth Herald
728:The Duluth Herald
639:The Duluth Herald
504:The Duluth Herald
478:The Duluth Herald
293:The Duluth Herald
125:
124:
84:Duluth, Minnesota
16:(Redirected from
3855:
3575:Related articles
3525:Thomas E. Watson
3515:Benjamin Tillman
3480:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3404:
3266:
3169:Jim and Mark Fox
2857:Memphis massacre
2792:Multiple victims
2788:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
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2707:
2699:
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2688:Wharlest Jackson
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2013:Zachariah Walker
2008:
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1973:Grant Richardson
1968:
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1936:
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1920:
1917:Earnest Williams
1912:
1904:
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1770:John Henry James
1765:
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1722:Stephen Williams
1717:
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1674:Ephraim Grizzard
1669:
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1634:Brown Washington
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1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1538:Arthur St. Clair
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1498:John W. Stephens
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1418:Francis McIntosh
1407:
1394:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1350:
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1347:
1345:
1331:
1325:
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1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:. pp. 45–47
1126:
1120:
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1117:
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1100:
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393:
387:
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384:
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369:
319:
295:reported on the
224:Joseph Burnquist
195:, a nationalist
168:U.S. citizenship
140:Finnish-American
118:Other names
79:
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3751:
3688:Scottsboro Boys
3570:
3529:
3444:
3402:
3310:
3256:
3221:Harriette Moore
3181:Tate County, MS
2793:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2728:Arthur McDuffie
2726:
2718:
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2646:
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2598:
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2525:Elbert Williams
2523:
2517:Austin Callaway
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2421:Thomas Williams
2419:
2411:
2405:Thomas Bradshaw
2403:
2397:Albert Williams
2395:
2387:
2381:Joseph Upchurch
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
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2339:
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2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2037:George Saunders
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1885:Bunk Richardson
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1800:
1794:Benjamin Thomas
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1754:Joseph H. McCoy
1752:
1746:William Andrews
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1714:Richard Puryear
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
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1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
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1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1570:Charles Thurber
1568:
1560:
1554:Joseph Standing
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1474:Clubfoot George
1472:
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1432:
1424:
1416:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1300:Holy Cow! Press
1289:
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1234:
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1128:
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1123:
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1111:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1038:. p. 102.
1027:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1003:. Vol. 2.
996:
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984:
957:
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938:
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366:
362:
331:
312:
277:
164:
102:Body discovered
87:
86:, United States
81:
77:
68:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3861:
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3753:
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3736:
3729:
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3717:
3707:
3700:
3698:Stone Mountain
3695:
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3548:
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3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Goodloe Sutton
3507:
3502:
3500:John T. Morgan
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Julian S. Carr
3467:
3465:Cole L. Blease
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
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3408:
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3351:
3349:Flossie Bailey
3346:
3341:
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3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3241:Andrew Goodman
3230:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
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3172:
3166:
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3154:
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3136:
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3125:
3120:
3114:
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3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3035:Pana, IL, riot
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
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2794:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2752:James Byrd Jr.
2748:
2740:
2736:Michael Donald
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2632:Willie Edwards
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2552:Johannes Kunze
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2493:George Armwood
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2413:Winston Pounds
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2221:John Hartfield
2217:
2213:Wesley Everest
2209:
2201:
2197:Wallace Baynes
2193:
2189:Olli Kinkkonen
2185:
2181:Jim McIlherron
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2061:Charles Fisher
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1869:Marie Thompson
1865:
1857:
1849:
1845:J. D. Mayfield
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1682:Samuel J. Bush
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1618:George Meadows
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1506:Alexander Boyd
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1434:Josefa Segovia
1430:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1326:
1308:
1282:
1256:
1242:The L.A. Times
1228:
1202:
1176:
1150:
1121:
1092:
1066:
1052:
1020:
1013:
1007:. p. 86.
989:
982:
968:. p. 13.
950:
932:
926:. p. 20.
906:
888:
862:
830:
804:
778:
766:Newspapers.com
741:
715:
680:
652:
623:
592:
561:
548:Industrialisti
535:
517:
491:
460:
436:
412:
388:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
351:
342:
330:
327:
311:
308:
276:
273:
197:secret society
163:
160:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
80:(aged 38)
74:
70:
69:
66:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
18:Olli Kinkkonen
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3860:
3849:
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3841:
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3694:
3693:Silent Parade
3691:
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3679:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
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3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:Hang 'Em High
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
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3616:
3614:
3613:
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3423:
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3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:Strange Fruit
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:Father Divine
3362:
3360:
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3345:
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3335:
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3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Jim Crow laws
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
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3112:
3109:
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3100:
3097:
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3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:Walker family
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
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3009:
3006:
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3000:
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2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2769:
2768:Ahmaud Arbery
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Yusef Hawkins
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:Betty Gardner
2717:
2713:
2712:Marian Pyszko
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Carol Jenkins
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Vernon Dahmer
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:George W. Lee
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:James Cameron
2458:
2454:
2453:George Hughes
2450:
2446:
2445:J. C. Collins
2442:
2438:
2437:Leonard Woods
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
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1245:. May 3, 1918
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64:June 10, 1880
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19:
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3710:Sundown town
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3612:The Clansman
3610:
3603:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3398:Ida B. Wells
3386:Paul Robeson
3291:Ku Klux Klan
3237:James Chaney
3227:Anniston, AL
2851:Plummer Gang
2806:Joseph Smith
2704:Henry Marrow
2664:Frank Morris
2592:Willie Earle
2501:Cordie Cheek
2429:Henry Choate
2349:Dan Anderson
2309:Raymond Byrd
2293:Samuel Smith
2245:Willie Baird
2188:
2125:Frank Little
2117:Paulo Boleta
2045:Robert Perry
2021:Mary Jackson
1981:King Johnson
1933:James Hodges
1853:George White
1837:Walker Davis
1738:Jacob Henson
1666:Robert Lewis
1626:Ellen Watson
1514:Jim Williams
1490:Wyatt Outlaw
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1319:– via
1315:February 16,
1313:. Retrieved
1293:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1259:
1249:February 12,
1247:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1107:
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1030:
1023:
999:
992:
960:
953:
943:– via
937:. Retrieved
922:. St. Paul:
917:
909:
899:– via
895:February 16,
893:. Retrieved
878:. St. Paul:
873:
865:
855:– via
851:February 18,
849:. Retrieved
842:
833:
821:. Retrieved
816:
807:
795:. Retrieved
790:
781:
764:– via
758:. Retrieved
754:Star Tribune
753:
744:
732:. Retrieved
727:
718:
706:. Retrieved
702:the original
697:
671:. Retrieved
643:. Retrieved
638:
614:. Retrieved
609:
605:
595:
583:. Retrieved
577:
552:. Retrieved
547:
538:
526:
520:
508:. Retrieved
503:
494:
482:. Retrieved
477:
451:. Retrieved
439:
427:. Retrieved
415:
403:. Retrieved
391:
379:. Retrieved
367:
321:
313:
301:
292:
290:
278:
269:
253:
246:
241:
237:
231:
213:
205:Ku Klux Klan
185:Congdon Park
165:
135:
131:
127:
126:
110:Burial place
78:(1918-09-18)
29:
3793:1918 deaths
3742:(1999 film)
3626:(1936 film)
3505:James Rolph
3407:Legislation
3370:Flag Salute
2810:Hyrum Smith
2656:Lemuel Penn
2648:Louis Allen
2616:Emmett Till
2600:Lamar Smith
2576:Recy Taylor
2509:Claude Neal
2357:Will Sherod
2341:John Carter
2317:James Clark
2269:Henry Lowry
2141:Ell Persons
2029:Rob Edwards
2005:Will Porter
1861:David Wyatt
1829:George Ward
1706:Henry Smith
1602:Amos Miller
1586:Eliza Woods
1522:David Jones
1466:Bill Sketoe
1450:Joshua Boyd
1410:Before 1900
1344:February 6,
1321:Archive.org
1275:February 6,
1221:February 6,
1195:February 6,
1169:February 6,
1143:February 6,
1114:February 6,
1085:February 6,
1059:February 8,
945:Archive.org
939:February 6,
901:Archive.org
857:Archive.org
823:February 6,
797:February 6,
734:February 6,
645:February 6,
616:February 6,
585:February 6,
554:February 6,
510:February 6,
484:February 6,
317:Suomalaiset
216:Lester Park
181:draft board
172:World War I
156:World War I
3787:Categories
3756:Categories
3683:Red Summer
3376:N.A.A.C.P.
3301:Red Shirts
3133:Red Summer
2672:James Reeb
2544:Felix Hall
2536:After 1940
2285:Joe Pullen
2253:Roy Belton
2205:Will Brown
2109:Jeff Brown
2069:John Evans
2053:? Anderson
1957:"Pie" Hill
1925:Jim Miller
1901:Slab Pitts
1893:Ed Johnson
1730:Amos Hicks
1650:Dick Lundy
1642:Jim Taylor
1270:ResearchTV
1135:(Thesis).
844:The Nation
839:"The Week"
760:August 25,
708:August 16,
360:References
341:during WWI
121:Olli Wirta
60:1880-06-10
3673:(musical)
2389:Joe Smith
2333:Tom Payne
2301:L. Q. Ivy
2229:Jay Lynch
2077:Leo Frank
1805:1900–1940
817:The Truth
238:The Truth
201:vigilante
3740:Vendetta
3276:Lynching
3247:) (1964)
2812:) (1844)
1786:Sam Hose
673:June 17,
329:See also
209:slackers
96:Lynching
3269:General
1658:Joe Coe
1530:Jo Reed
612:(1): 45
453:May 21,
429:May 23,
405:May 21,
381:May 21,
264:Työmies
144:lynched
67:Finland
3671:Parade
3659:(1965)
3534:Memory
3253:(1964)
3229:(1961)
3223:(1952)
3213:(1946)
3207:(1945)
3201:(1943)
3195:(1937)
3189:(1933)
3183:(1932)
3177:(1930)
3171:(1927)
3165:(1923)
3159:(1922)
3153:(1921)
3147:(1920)
3141:(1920)
3135:(1919)
3119:(1919)
3113:(1919)
3107:(1919)
3101:(1918)
3095:(1917)
3089:(1916)
3083:(1912)
3077:(1911)
3071:(1910)
3060:(1908)
3054:(1906)
3043:(1905)
3037:(1899)
3031:(1898)
3025:(1898)
3019:(1898)
3013:(1897)
3007:(1892)
3001:(1892)
2995:(1891)
2989:(1880)
2983:(1879)
2977:(1879)
2971:(1878)
2965:(1878)
2959:(1876)
2953:(1876)
2947:(1876)
2941:(1874)
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2912:(1868)
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2876:(1868)
2865:(1866)
2859:(1866)
2853:(1864)
2847:(1864)
2841:(1863)
2830:(1863)
2824:(1862)
2818:(1858)
2770:(2020)
2762:(2011)
2754:(1998)
2746:(1989)
2738:(1981)
2730:(1979)
2722:(1978)
2714:(1975)
2706:(1970)
2698:(1968)
2690:(1967)
2682:(1966)
2674:(1965)
2666:(1964)
2658:(1964)
2650:(1964)
2642:(1959)
2634:(1957)
2626:(1957)
2618:(1955)
2610:(1955)
2602:(1955)
2594:(1947)
2586:(1946)
2578:(1944)
2570:(1944)
2562:(1943)
2554:(1943)
2546:(1941)
2527:(1940)
2519:(1940)
2511:(1934)
2503:(1933)
2495:(1933)
2487:(1932)
2479:(1931)
2471:(1931)
2463:(1930)
2455:(1930)
2447:(1928)
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2023:(1912)
2015:(1911)
2007:(1911)
1999:(1911)
1991:(1911)
1983:(1911)
1975:(1910)
1967:(1909)
1959:(1909)
1951:(1909)
1943:(1909)
1935:(1909)
1927:(1909)
1919:(1907)
1911:(1907)
1903:(1906)
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1863:(1903)
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1306:
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1011:
980:
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886:
449:. 1918
425:. 1918
310:Legacy
148:Duluth
3217:Harry
531:Fold3
162:Death
3714:list
3624:Fury
3306:Jews
3219:and
2935:(AL)
1346:2024
1317:2024
1304:ISBN
1277:2024
1251:2024
1223:2024
1197:2024
1171:2024
1145:2024
1116:2024
1087:2024
1061:2024
1048:ISBN
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978:ISBN
941:2024
928:ISBN
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884:ISBN
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762:2022
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710:2018
675:2015
647:2024
618:2024
587:2024
556:2024
512:2024
486:2024
455:2019
431:2019
407:2019
383:2019
284:and
199:and
132:Olof
128:Olli
73:Died
54:Born
1040:doi
970:doi
233:sic
146:in
3789::
3243:,
3239:,
2808:,
1337:.
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1268:.
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1187:.
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1106:.
1095:^
1077:.
1046:.
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683:^
655:^
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626:^
608:.
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564:^
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502:.
476:.
463:^
320::
158:.
134:)
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1348:.
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972::
947:.
903:.
859:.
768:.
712:.
677:.
620:.
610:3
589:.
558:.
130:(
62:)
58:(
20:)
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