396:' semen will contain his particular genetic traits. In fashioning the material the semen imparts, or does not impart, genetic traits in the same way as the determination of sex, where a resemblance to the father will be imparted onto the material if the semen is of a suitable temperature, provided the male principle has established the sex as male. If instead the male principle was hot enough to be imparted but not that of the particular male, Socrates, was not then the movement may either put forth a resemblance to the mother, or it could relapse into that of the father of the father or some other non-immediate ancestor.
377:
Aristotle considers the sexes to be "the first principles of all living things". Given this, the sex of an embryo is determined entirely by the potency of the fertilising semen, which contains the male principle. If this semen lacks heat in fashioning the material present in the female then the male principle cannot take hold, and therefore its opposite principle must take hold. In chapter two
Aristotle provides pieces of observational evidence for this, including the following:
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254:. Aristotle's conception of the soul should not be mistaken for one which takes the soul to be a non-physical substance separate to the body. It instead comprises the ability for some function to be performed, which in the case of bodily development means the ability for organs to perform their bodily functions. Scholar Devin Henry describes Aristotle's view as follows:
319:
258:"Aristotelian souls are not the sorts of things that are capable of being implanted in bodily organs from without (except perhaps intellectual soul). Soul is not an extra ingredient added to the organ over-and-above its structure. Once there is a properly constructed organ it straightaway possess the corresponding soul-function in virtue of its structure."
381:"Again, more males are born if copulation takes place when north than when south winds are blowing; for animals' bodies are more liquid when the wind is in the south, so that they produce more residue – and more residue is harder to concoct; hence the semen of the males is more liquid and so is the discharge of the menstrual fluids in women."
1862:
310:
Chapter 1 is on the subject of bird eggs, with
Aristotle providing explanations for why different birds produce different amounts of eggs, why some birds produce wind-eggs, and why bird eggs are sometimes of two colours. Following an explication of the formation of eggs and how they provide nutrition
241:
Chapters 1–3 of Book II continue the discussion of semen from the end of Book I. As a result of questioning potential ways in which the particular parts of animals might come to be formed, such as semen containing small versions of the bodily organs, before settling on the idea that semen contributes
230:
The remainder of Book I (chapters 17 – 23) is concerned with providing an account of semen and its contribution to the generative process. The primary conclusions reached in this section are, firstly, that semen is not a bodily waste product, but "a residue of useful nutriment", and that because the
144:
has yet to be spoken of. He argues that the efficient cause, or "that from which the source of movement comes" can be addressed with an inquiry into the generation of animals. Aristotle then provides a general overview of the processes of reproduction adopted by the various genera, for instance most
376:
Book IV is primarily on the topic of biological inheritance. Aristotle is concerned with both the similarities between the offspring and parents and the differences that can arise within a particular species as a result of the generative process. Chapters 1 is an account of the origin of the sexes.
306:
Book III covers non-viviparous embryonic development. The first four chapters provide a description and explanation of eggs, while in chapters 5–7 Aristotle responds to other ideas about eggs and some observational difficulties in providing an empirical account of all eggs. The final chapters cover
385:
In chapter 3 Aristotle provides the primary elements of his theory of inheritance and resemblances. Utilising the account of the function of semen from Book II Aristotle describes how the movement of semen upon the proto-embryonic material gives rise to particular traits inherited from one's
856:
271:
The mechanics of the development of the embryo take up much of chapters 4–7, with
Aristotle addressing first the different stages of development at which vivipara and ovipara expel their young. In chapter 5 the theory of soul-imparting is amended slightly, as observations of
342:
give birth from their mouths because "the young of the weasel are very small like those of the other fissipeds, of which we shall speak later, and because they often carry the young about in their mouths. Aristotle states instead that weasels have the same uteruses as other
188:, unlike the majority of vivipara, because due to their spines hedgehogs mate standing upright. The hedgehog's form is that of an animal able to use its spines for self-defence, and so its reproductive organs are situated in such a way as to complement this.
422:. The former is due to malformed reproductive material present in the female, and for the latter it is particular relations of the size of the animal, the moisture of reproductive materials, and the heat of semen. Chapter 5 presents the causes of
464:
of intra-species differences that arise later in development, in contrast with the earlier books' systematic use of teleology. Others have suggested that Book V does utilise causation other than material to a considerable extent.
94:. In general, each book covers a range of related topics, however there is also a significant amount of overlap in the content of the books. For example, while one of the two principal topics covered in book I is the function of
199:
copulate in a short space of time, and chapter 7 provides an explanation for why serpents intertwine during coition. Chapters 8–11 focus on female reproductive organs, and in particular the differences in viviparous and
212:
is internal and the testes external, and their locations among various species. Concluding this section on the reproductive parts of animals is an overview from chapters 14–16 of the generative faculties of
444:
Aristotle takes Book V to be an investigation of "the qualities by which the parts of animals differ." The subjects addressed by this book are a miscellaneous range of animal parts, such as
426:, which is an inadequate separation of multiple young during gestation. Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the causes of other birth defects, and why males are allegedly more likely to suffer from
227:. This section contains an admission of an observational uncertainty, with Aristote stating that observations of insect coition are not yet detailed enough to classify into types.
2085:
1384:
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of males and females are also investigated. Through chapters 2–5 Aristotle successively describes the general reproductive features common to each sex, the differences in
456:(chapter 7). The apparent lack of a single causal scheme or subject matter for these discrete topics has led to disagreement in how this book relates to the rest of the
1137:
791:, edited by Jonathan Barnes, translated by A. Platt, 6. print., with Corr., 1:pp. 1111–1218. Bollingen Series, 71,2. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Univ. Pr, 1995.
262:
The generative capacity of semen in imparting the soul is its heat, with semen itself being "a compound of breath and water". It is the component of breath (
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upon the material substratum present in the egg, as the female reproductive residue itself contains no active principle for the motion required to form an
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against those of fish. The descriptive account of eggs is completed in chapter 4, which describes the growth of some eggs after they have been laid.
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bodily emissions produced by females during copulation are not of a similar nutritive character, semen must be the efficient cause of offspring.
284:
apparently thought, that "children are nourished in the uterus by sucking some lump of flesh", in actuality unborn vivipara are nourished by the
798:, edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos, pp. 368–84. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy 42. Chichester, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
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Chapter 6 addresses the order in which the parts of an embryo come about, and in chapter 7 Aristotle argues that, contrary to what
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consists of five books, which are themselves split into varying numbers of chapters. Most editions of this work categorise it with
276:
show that the female, unassisted, is able to impart the nutritive aspect of the soul, which
Aristotle claims is its lowest portion
1354:
366:
slime which can form others of the same kind, they are also formed "in connexion with putrefaction and admixture of rain-water."
172:
in particular, and why some animals do not have external reproductive organs. The latter provides clear examples of
Aristotle's
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434:, why animals are born headfirst, and on the length of gestation being proportional to the length of life, respectively.
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Chapter 1 begins with
Aristotle claiming to have already addressed the parts of animals, referencing the author's work
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362:, which are said to generate spontaneously. While it is possible for some of the Testacea, such as mussels, to emit a
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produced by ovipara. This is continued in chapters 12 and 13, where
Aristotle discusses the reasons the
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Nielsen, Karen. 'The
Private Parts of Animals: Aristotle on the Teleology of Sexual Difference'.
765:
735:"'What's Teleology Got To Do With It?' A Reinterpretation of Aristotle's Generation of Animals V"
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812:. SUNY Series in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999.
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Chapters 5 and 6 are a response to what
Aristotle takes to be falsely-held beliefs of other
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ancestors. Semen contains the general male principle, and contains in addition that of the
246:) for the parts to come into being as they are. This is the basis for the imparting of the
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676:"Aristotle's Biology was not Essentialist" in Philosophical issues in Aristotle's biology
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679:. Allan Gotthelf, James G. Lennox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
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539:. Georgios Anagnostopoulos ed. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 374.
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Tuana, Nancy. 'The Weaker Seed. The Sexist Bias of
Reproductive Theory'.
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for the embryo in chapter 2, in chapter 3 Aristotle compares the eggs of
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Henry, Devin. . 'How Sexist Is Aristotle's Developmental Biology?'
716:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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106:), this account is not finalised until partway through book II.
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460:. Some scholars take the Book only to be concerned only with
358:, in successive order. Chapter 11 concerns the generation of
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288:. Chapter 8 discusses cross-breeding of species, and the
63:, the collection of texts traditionally attributed to
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production of young, and the differing states of the
67:(384–322 BC). The work provides an account of animal
819:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 16 July 2021.
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concerning the process of procreation. For example,
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among blooded animals, the causes of differences of
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536:'Generation of Animals' in A companion to Aristotle
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307:the development of hitherto unmentioned animals.
414:Chapter 4 develops this theory for the cases of
350:Chapters 7–10 cover the generative processes of
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810:Aristotle on Artifacts: A Metaphysical Puzzle
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733:Gotthelf, Allan; Leunissen, Mariska (2010).
176:approach to causation, as it is applied to
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430:. Chapters 8–10 concern the production of
59:) is one of the biological works of the
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787:Aristotle. 'Generation of Animals'. In
714:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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153:of a male and female of the same
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826:53, no. 4–5 (2008): pp. 373–405.
1380:On Length and Shortness of Life
789:The Complete Works of Aristotle
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523:, trans. A. Platt, 734a35-734b4
970:Correspondence theory of truth
124:, have addressed three of the
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1316:Constitution of the Athenians
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712:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
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2192:Missing heritability problem
1218:On Generation and Corruption
663:, trans. A. Platt, 778a18-19
650:, trans. A. Platt, 766b33-37
637:, trans. A. Platt, 763b23-24
598:, trans. A. Platt, 746a20-21
497:, trans. A. Platt, 721a15-16
36:On the Generation of Animals
18:On the Generation of Animals
861:public domain audiobook at
833:3, no. 1 (1988): pp. 35–59.
392:male whose semen it is, so
128:pertaining to animals, the
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1078:Potentiality and actuality
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180:. He argues that the male
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1822:Commentaries on Aristotle
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510:, trans. A. Platt, 726a26
796:A Companion to Aristotle
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585:, trans. A. Platt, 736a1
191:Chapter 6 describes why
184:has its testes near its
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1190:Sophistical Refutations
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1434:On Indivisible Lines
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452:(chapter 3) and the
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61:Corpus Aristotelicum
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448:(chapter 1),
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424:superfetation
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2152:Genetic code
2086:the Americas
2062:Quantitative
2032:Cytogenetics
2027:Conservation
1920:Introduction
1817:Neoplatonism
1543:Theophrastus
1401:Protrepticus
1294:and politics
1265:
1105:
1092:
1088:hypokeimenon
1086:
1070:
1053:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1013:Hylomorphism
1005:
983:
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718:, retrieved
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443:
437:
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413:
405:olive baboon
387:
384:
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369:
368:
349:
329:
324:least weasel
309:
305:
299:
298:
277:
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240:
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174:teleological
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108:
103:
99:
87:
86:
69:reproduction
56:
48:
44:
35:
34:
29:
28:
26:
2132:Epigenetics
1693:Duns Scotus
1533:Dicaearchus
1523:Aristoxenus
1282:Metaphysics
1275:Metaphysics
1261:Progression
1228:On the Soul
1223:Meteorology
1025:Magnanimity
991:Four causes
781:Works Cited
659:Aristotle,
646:Aristotle,
633:Aristotle,
620:Aristotle,
607:Aristotle,
594:Aristotle,
581:Aristotle,
519:Aristotle,
506:Aristotle,
493:Aristotle,
480:Aristotle,
416:deformities
221:cephalopods
126:four causes
2266:Categories
2137:Geneticist
2111:South Asia
2057:Population
2037:Ecological
2006:Amino acid
1986:Nucleotide
1961:Chromosome
1775:Hursthouse
1649:Maimonides
1615:Avicennism
1266:Generation
1238:On Animals
1165:Categories
985:Eudaimonia
720:2021-09-08
469:References
446:eye colour
389:particular
352:selachians
345:quadrupeds
336:Anaxagoras
332:scientists
282:Democritus
2052:Molecular
2047:Microbial
2022:Classical
1810:Platonism
1765:MacIntyre
1627:Averroism
1605:Al-Farabi
1563:Critolaus
1507:Followers
1484:Economics
1464:Mechanics
1429:On Plants
1424:On Colors
1419:On Breath
1370:On Dreams
1360:On Memory
1123:Haecceity
1101:Syllogism
1072:Phronesis
964:Catharsis
913:Aristotle
824:Phronesis
803:Phronesis
770:170241609
762:0031-8868
742:Phronesis
563:cite book
555:244353992
450:body hair
420:offspring
290:sterility
274:wind-eggs
215:crustacea
202:oviparous
73:gestation
65:Aristotle
2277:Genetics
2251:Category
2177:Heredity
2147:Genomics
1991:Mutation
1981:Heredity
1945:Glossary
1935:Timeline
1909:Genetics
1855:Category
1780:Nussbaum
1750:Brentano
1622:Averroes
1610:Avicenna
1600:Al-Kindi
1573:Erymneus
1469:Problems
1365:On Sleep
1332:Rhetoric
1311:Politics
1256:Movement
1118:Quiddity
979:accident
906:Overview
863:LibriVox
695:14242750
408:grooming
394:Socrates
360:testacea
197:serpents
182:hedgehog
138:material
77:heredity
1930:History
1925:Outline
1698:Scotism
1686:Thomism
1337:Poetics
1246:History
1208:Physics
1200:Physics
1157:Organon
1085: (
1031:Mimesis
975:Essence
831:Hypatia
428:defects
340:weasels
244:dunamis
225:insects
178:biology
155:species
151:coition
147:blooded
83:Content
2096:Europe
2081:Africa
2015:Fields
2001:Allele
1976:Genome
1740:Newman
1733:Modern
1642:Jewish
1292:Ethics
1185:Topics
1055:Philia
1049:Mythos
923:Lyceum
768:
760:
693:
683:
553:
543:
364:liquid
265:pneuma
252:embryo
223:, and
210:uterus
170:testes
140:, the
136:, and
134:formal
104:sperma
2221:Lists
2101:Italy
1940:Index
1805:Plato
1770:Smith
1755:Adler
1251:Parts
1148:Works
1107:Telos
1094:ousia
1019:Lexis
1007:Hexis
952:Arete
918:Logic
766:S2CID
738:(PDF)
313:birds
294:mules
130:final
96:semen
53:Latin
41:Greek
1760:Foot
1394:Lost
758:ISSN
691:OCLC
681:ISBN
569:link
551:OCLC
541:ISBN
432:milk
356:bees
248:soul
206:eggs
195:and
193:fish
186:loin
160:The
100:gone
75:and
33:(or
27:The
1971:RNA
1966:DNA
750:doi
403:An
292:of
51:);
2268::
2074:of
1091:,
764:.
756:.
746:55
744:.
740:.
689:.
565:}}
561:{{
549:.
322:A
296:.
132:,
102:,
79:.
71:,
55::
43::
39:;
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1097:)
977:–
891:e
884:t
877:v
772:.
752::
697:.
571:)
557:.
326:.
278:.
218:,
145:'
98:(
47:(
20:)
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