67:
53:
39:
113:. U.S. law forbids the government from accepting the services of unpaid volunteers. Those employed by the government had to be paid a nominal salary, and the salary establishes their legal relationship as employees of the government. During World War I, about 1,000 such people were employed by the United States. While they received only a dollar in salary from the government, most executives had their salaries paid by the companies.
89:. The concept first emerged in the early 1900s, where various leaders of industry in the United States offered their services to the government during times of war. Later, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many business executives began accepting one-dollar salaries—often in the case of struggling companies or startups—with the potential for further indirect earnings as the result of their ownership of
345:
Executives argue that remuneration through stock instead of salary ties management performance to their financial benefits. The assumption is that stock prices will reflect the actual value of a company, which reflect the management performance of the company. Detractors argue that this incentive may
964:
2226:
1928:
1975:
283:
and stated plans to donate all of his salary during the term. Since then, President Trump donated his salary to various
Federal Departments, fulfilling his campaign promise to do so. However, he did bill the US government, in particular the
2218:
1613:
307:
While many executives who take a one-dollar salary also choose not to take any other forms of compensation, a number earn millions more in bonuses and/or other forms of compensation. For example, in 2010–11
1983:
1176:
85:. One-dollar salaries are used in situations where an executive wishes to work without direct compensation, but for legal reasons must receive a payment above zero, so as to distinguish them from a
2245:
203:
on the Code of Fair
Competition for the Petroleum Industry as Chairman of the Blazer Committee and a second time during World War II as Chairman of District II Refining for President Roosevelt's
2284:
101:
In the early-to-mid-20th century, "dollar-a-year men" were business and government executives who helped the government mobilize and manage
American industry during periods of war, notably
1538:
1507:
2133:
1873:
1741:
1112:"'E Pluribus Unum!' 'One Out of Many' An Oil Company Grows Through Acquisitions, An Address at Lexington by member Paul G. Blazer, American Newcomen Society, copyright 1956 (page 6)"
1814:
1609:
1135:
2155:
1365:
204:
1906:
904:
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2013:
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1308:
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1143:
768:
129:
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1111:
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1953:
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200:
794:
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1097:
1093:
National
Archives Identifier: 7261744 HMS Entry Number: NC-79 28 Records Relating to the Blazer Committee Hearing, 1933 – 1936
1699:
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523:
403:
1430:
1331:
874:
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1357:
285:
2508:
Captains of
Industry Crewing the Ship of State: Dollar-a-Year Men and Industrial Mobilization in WWII Canada, 1939-1942
1896:
2539:
330:, because although stock and option grants are taxed at federal income rates, they may be exempt from some portion of
156:
2093:
896:
2544:
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2339:
2005:
2313:
1077:
529:
509:
66:
2177:
1299:
1294:
669:
339:
52:
1779:
1833:
2468:
Cuff, Robert D. (1967). "A 'Dollar-a-Year Man' in
Government: George N. Peek and the War Industries Board".
260:
Some recent one-dollar salary earners worked in government as well, most notably former
California governor
249:
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1411:
821:
543:
363:
227:
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320:
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231:
196:
195:(1890–1966), served twice as a government salaried dollar-a-year man: from 1933 to 1935 under President
155:
was the first businessman employed for a one-dollar salary. World War I, the
Advisory Commission to the
58:
22:
2195:
1929:"Compensation for Henry Samueli, BROADCOM, Chairman of the Board of Directors (effective May 21, 2003)"
1636:
1406:
140:
was a dollar-a-year man as legal counsel on various congressional committees, befriended U.S. Senator
1304:
467:
164:
128:, Secretary of Labor appointed a five-member Labor Advisory Board, of whom two members came from the
2461:
Serving two masters: Problems in the employment of dollar-a-year and without compensation personnel
457:
453:
241:
160:
2062:
1267:
1230:
1207:
988:
299:, to take up a $ 1 salary. The petition was unsuccessful but gained international media coverage.
2493:
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1171:
956:
739:
725:
719:
553:
533:
389:
309:
16:
Nominal salary used in situations where an executive wishes to work without direct compensation
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978:
499:
269:
2036:
926:
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1118:
633:
619:
369:
296:
316:
made only $ 1 in salary, but earned over $ 77 million in other forms of compensation.
38:
2362:
2009:
1976:"WhatsApp founders Jan Koum and Brian Acton own nearly $ 9 billion in Facebook stock"
639:
603:
589:
519:
327:
176:
141:
125:
117:
2431:
2219:"MicroStrategy CEO reduces pay to $ 1 from $ 875,000 following criticism of stewardship"
982:
1945:
1715:
1387:
1074:"National Recovery Administration: Code of Fair Competition for the Petroleum Industry"
665:
655:
473:
413:
409:
192:
152:
133:
44:
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705:
679:
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649:
629:
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313:
275:
After promising to take only a dollar a year in
November 2016, former U.S. President
236:
137:
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790:
2128:
1681:
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443:
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423:
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276:
245:
219:
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106:
870:
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In 2015, then 15-year-old Corbin Duncan petitioned the
Australian Prime Minister,
179:, wealthy in his own right, served in several government positions on such terms.
81:
A number of top executives in large businesses and governments have worked for a
1244:
1096:. Record Group 232: Records of the Petroleum Administrative Board, 1924 - 1936.
695:
675:
599:
579:
569:
539:
479:
331:
265:
102:
689:
685:
559:
379:
324:
289:
223:
208:
110:
72:
2374:
1664:"IRS Extends Indefinitely Stock Option FICA/FUTA Tax Withholding Moratorium"
1566:
1167:"Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead"
709:
447:
419:
86:
2242:"MicroStrategy's Saylor Reaps a Stock Windfall During Bitcoin's Record Run"
354:
The following people have been employed for annual salaries of one dollar:
761:"A Dollar for Your Thoughts: Silicon Valley's Famed Single-Digit Salaries"
230:", created a rearmament program using "dollar-a-year men". An example was
1901:
593:
573:
493:
489:
2489:
1073:
1010:"The Century-Long History of Tapping Wall Street to Run the Government"
613:
483:
144:, and wound up as a dollar-a-year man in President Truman's cabinet.
2260:"Marvell Tech's CEO, Acting COO Take Salary Cut, Each To Be Paid $ 1"
845:
699:
513:
437:
427:
383:
93:. Many choose to reduce their salary so they can avoid income taxes.
2481:
159:
was staffed largely by dollar-a-year men, including Bernard Baruch,
2447:
583:
373:
212:
90:
1864:"The real story behind Snap CEO Evan Spiegel's $ 1-a-year salary"
1868:
1500:"Brisbane teenager calls on Malcolm Turnbull to take $ 1 salary"
503:
1531:"Why I want the Prime Minister to give up his $ 500,000 salary"
927:"One Dollar a Year Men May Lose Two Months' Pay Because of Tax"
2037:"The Goldman Sachs Crew That's Helping Run Trenton Government"
1571:
2124:"Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg's base salary falls to $ 1"
967:
from the original on April 22, 2018 – via Google Books.
1407:"Is Donald Trump Actually Donating His Presidential Salary?"
2180:. KPCC. Southern California Public Radio. January 6, 2012.
1807:"Musk Gets $ 4.3 Million of Stock Options for Model X Work"
1474:"House panel: Trump's bills to Secret Service 'exorbitant'"
319:
In some cases, in lieu of a salary, the executives receive
21:"Dollar-a-year man" redirects here. For the 1921 film, see
244:, a position for which he served for free. Others include
2446:
Hamm, Sophia; Jung, Michael J.; Wang, Clare (Fall 2015).
1245:"The History of Metropolitan Vancouver - 1965 Chronology"
1037:
The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1562:"The myth of the $ 1 CEO – 1 – executive compensation –"
871:"31 U.S. Code § 1342 – Limitation on voluntary services"
288:, exorbitantly to protect him when he spent his time at
2404:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 72–73.
2363:"Citigroup's Pandit Takes $ 1 in Compensation for 2010"
1268:"Zuckerberg's One-Dollar Salary: Why Do CEOs Do That?"
124:
employed several dollar-a-year men. On June 19, 1933,
2312:. Investor.apple.com. January 7, 2009. Archived from
120:, working for Theodore Roosevelt. After Pinchot, the
2338:. Investor.apple.com. April 16, 2007. Archived from
1744:. About.telus.com. December 31, 1999. Archived from
1742:"TELUS Annual Report 2011 – CEO letter to investors"
945:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
279:
donated the first three months of his salary to the
817:"Vanderlip Leaves Biggest Bank and Will Aid McAdoo"
346:drive short-term planning over long-term planning.
2094:"Zynga CEO volunteers to reduce his salary to $ 1"
846:"Why some of America's top CEOs take a $ 1 salary"
1780:"13 top executives who make a $ 1 salary or less"
728:(Chairman of the Office of Production Management)
240:, who was appointed Director of Licences for the
2240:Kharif, Olga; Contiliano, Tom (April 24, 2024).
1828:
1826:
1824:
1666:. Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP. Archived from
2006:"10-Q Watch: Yahoo's Acquisitions; Yang Salary"
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
136:, was a dollar-a-year man. Progressive lawyer
791:"10 High-Powered Executives with $ 1 Salaries"
323:. In the United States, this approach impacts
2454:. Vol. 32, no. 3. pp. 941–972.
8:
1940:
1938:
984:Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor
2463:(PhD dissertation). Princeton University.
2448:"Making Sense of One Dollar CEO Salaries"
1332:"Tax-Smart Billionaires Who Work For $ 1"
897:"How World War I Transformed Washington"
211:worked in a canteen for U.S. sailors in
2178:"How does a dollar a year salary work?"
1616:from the original on September 24, 2015
1510:from the original on September 10, 2016
1394:from the original on November 15, 2016.
1295:"How does a dollar a year salary work?"
751:
476:(former President of the United States)
122:United States Department of Agriculture
2290:from the original on September 7, 2012
2184:from the original on February 2, 2014.
2016:from the original on February 10, 2009
1956:from the original on November 15, 2016
1909:from the original on February 20, 2017
1857:
1855:
1817:from the original on January 16, 2014.
1643:from the original on September 7, 2009
1635:Mayerowitz, Scott (December 3, 2008).
1541:from the original on February 19, 2018
963:. New York. July 6, 1918. p. 16.
844:Crockett, Zachary (December 8, 2019).
771:from the original on February 16, 2013
31:Notable earners of one-dollar salaries
2381:from the original on February 2, 2017
1897:"15 top executives with $ 1 salaries"
1840:from the original on December 7, 2012
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1311:from the original on February 2, 2014
1255:from the original on January 3, 2017.
303:Instances of alternative compensation
7:
2248:from the original on April 29, 2024.
1876:from the original on August 18, 2017
1786:from the original on August 16, 2015
1608:Herbst, Moira (September 14, 2007).
1356:Chandler, Adam (November 16, 2016).
1179:from the original on August 26, 2012
1142:. September 20, 1926. Archived from
1080:from the original on August 8, 2014.
797:from the original on January 6, 2013
394:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2229:from the original on July 26, 2024.
2217:Heath, Thomas (September 8, 2014).
2206:from the original on June 28, 2015.
2073:from the original on March 19, 2018
1946:"How common is Trump's $ 1 salary?"
1716:"How common is Trump's $ 1 salary?"
1560:Brush, Michael (January 17, 2012).
1419:from the original on June 26, 2017.
1388:"How common is Trump's $ 1 salary?"
1368:from the original on March 19, 2018
1293:Ferguson, Kevin (January 6, 2012).
1136:"Fuller Explains Refusal of Salary"
1100:from the original on April 2, 2015.
1034:Cipriano Venzon, Anne, ed. (1999).
937:from the original on March 20, 2018
907:from the original on March 20, 2018
877:from the original on March 12, 2014
2156:"HP CEO Meg Whitman's salary: $ 1"
2136:from the original on April 2, 2014
2104:from the original on April 9, 2013
2035:Chen, David W. (October 4, 2006).
1805:Durisin, Megan (August 10, 2013).
1778:Gillet, Rachel (August 14, 2015).
1637:"The Other Side of the $ 1 Salary"
1529:Duncan, Corbin (October 2, 2015).
1274:from the original on April 3, 2013
116:The first known such employee was
14:
2361:Dash, Eric (September 24, 2010).
2043:from the original on June 8, 2011
1330:Wood, Robert W. (April 5, 2014).
1266:Tuttle, Mike (February 3, 2012).
759:Isaac, Mike (February 10, 2012).
350:Notable one-dollar salary earners
268:, and former New York City mayor
234:, the owner and publisher of the
207:. During World War II, socialite
2514:(Thesis). University of Calgary.
2452:Contemporary Accounting Research
2092:Grubb, Jeffrey (April 5, 2013).
264:, former Massachusetts governor
201:National Recovery Administration
189:Ashland Oil and Refining Company
65:
51:
37:
1431:"Trump-O-Meter: Take no salary"
1405:Nguyen, Tina (March 13, 2017).
1165:Pace, Eric (October 28, 1993).
1040:. Routledge. pp. 203–204.
873:. Legal Information Institute.
334:(typically 7.65%) used to fund
205:Petroleum Administration of War
1610:"The Elite Circle of $ 1 CEOs"
524:President of the United States
404:President of the United States
1:
2196:"The 3.55 Billion Dollar Man"
1862:Wells, Nick (March 1, 2017).
2430:Kimes, Mina (June 1, 2011).
1227:Canada's Digital Collections
1204:Canada's Digital Collections
957:"Exit the Dollar-a-Year Man"
130:Amalgamated Clothing Workers
2470:The Business History Review
2459:Reagan, Michael D. (1959).
2432:"A $ 1 CEO isn't a bargain"
157:Council of National Defense
2563:
1390:. BBC. November 14, 2016.
20:
1535:The Sydney Morning Herald
1062:– via Google Books.
183:New Deal and World War II
2505:Stewart, Jeremy (2013).
2402:The Arsenal of Democracy
1834:"Google SEC Filing 2006"
1782:. Business Insider Inc.
1300:The Madeleine Brand Show
833:– via Google News.
670:Marvell Technology Group
2063:"The Dollar-a-Year Man"
1358:"The Dollar-a-Year Man"
1223:"John Wilson McConnell"
1200:"Clarence Decatur Howe"
250:Austin Cotterell Taylor
175:Massachusetts Governor
2400:Baime, Albert (2014).
1506:. September 26, 2015.
822:The Owosso Argus-Press
642:(Mayor of Los Angeles)
544:Governor of New Jersey
364:Governor of California
228:Minister of Everything
1952:. November 14, 2016.
1687:The Future of Success
1233:on November 27, 2009.
987:. Doubleday. p.
716:William Clay Ford Jr.
624:Capital One Financial
610:N. R. Narayana Murthy
360:Arnold Schwarzenegger
281:National Park Service
262:Arnold Schwarzenegger
232:John Wilson McConnell
197:Franklin D. Roosevelt
59:Arnold Schwarzenegger
23:The Dollar-a-Year Man
2336:"Apple's 2007 Proxy"
2310:"Apple's 2009 Proxy"
2278:"Apple's 2012 Proxy"
1986:on February 20, 2017
1690:. A. Knopf. p.
1670:on November 9, 2013.
1662:Margolis, Steven M.
1124:on December 1, 2008.
825:. September 25, 1917
574:Chrysler Corporation
468:Broadcom Corporation
165:Herbert Bayard Swope
132:union, of whom one,
2266:. January 16, 2008.
2223:The Washington Post
2166:on October 1, 2011.
1748:on February 4, 2013
1722:. November 14, 2016
1684:(January 9, 2001).
1249:vancouverhistory.ca
1210:on August 31, 2009.
1146:on November 3, 2012
1054:on February 2, 2017
454:F. Thomson Leighton
312:'s founder and CEO
242:Wartime Trade Board
161:Robert S. Brookings
2540:Wages and salaries
2367:The New York Times
2244:. Bloomberg News.
2012:. August 9, 2007.
1980:The Economic Times
1480:. October 18, 2022
1172:The New York Times
1140:The New York Times
979:Josephson, Matthew
933:. March 14, 1919.
740:Peppercorn (legal)
720:Ford Motor Company
554:Oracle Corporation
534:Whole Foods Market
390:David Lloyd George
215:at such a salary.
2545:Lists of salaries
2530:Corporate finance
2411:978-0-547-71928-3
2342:on April 13, 2014
2316:on April 13, 2014
2132:. April 2, 2014.
1895:Fox, Emily Jane.
1612:. Bloomberg L.P.
1047:978-0-8153-3353-1
901:Politico Magazine
500:Jeremy Stoppelman
270:Michael Bloomberg
218:In Canada during
191:founder and CEO,
97:Dollar-a-year men
83:one-dollar salary
2552:
2515:
2513:
2501:
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2455:
2442:
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2416:
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2237:
2231:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:. Archived from
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2089:
2083:
2082:
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2050:
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2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:. Archived from
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1892:
1886:
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1648:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1605:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1574:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1489:
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1470:
1464:
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1316:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:. Archived from
1218:
1212:
1211:
1206:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1117:. Archived from
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1050:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
975:
969:
968:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
931:Sacramento Union
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
793:. 14clicks.com.
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
756:
634:Urban Outfitters
620:Richard Fairbank
370:Darren Entwistle
297:Malcolm Turnbull
69:
55:
41:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2482:10.2307/3112648
2467:
2458:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2423:Further reading
2420:
2419:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
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2343:
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2239:
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2216:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2069:. May 8, 2002.
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2010:paidContent.org
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1894:
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1740:
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1644:
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1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:on June 6, 2013
1559:
1558:
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1456:"Trump-O-Meter"
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731:
726:William Knudsen
640:Richard Riordan
604:Hewlett-Packard
590:Mark Zuckerberg
520:John F. Kennedy
352:
336:Social Security
305:
258:
256:Recent examples
185:
177:Alvan T. Fuller
173:
150:
142:Harry S. Truman
126:Frances Perkins
118:Gifford Pinchot
99:
79:
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62:
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2476:(4): 404–420.
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1270:. WebProNews.
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666:Sehat Sutardja
663:
656:Michael Saylor
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474:Herbert Hoover
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414:Sears Holdings
410:Edward Lampert
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286:Secret Service
257:
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193:Paul G. Blazer
184:
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153:Bernard Baruch
149:
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134:Sidney Hillman
98:
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71:
64:
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45:Herbert Hoover
43:
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2535:Tax avoidance
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2039:. p. 2.
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2015:
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2007:
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1998:
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1682:Reich, Robert
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1198:Bailey, Art.
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706:Vikram Pandit
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681:
680:Alphabet Inc.
677:
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664:
661:
660:MicroStrategy
657:
654:
651:
650:Pharmacyclics
647:
646:Robert Duggan
644:
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630:Richard Hayne
628:
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564:Alphabet Inc.
561:
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550:Larry Ellison
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321:stock options
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314:Larry Ellison
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138:Max Lowenthal
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2340:the original
2330:
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2314:the original
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2292:. Retrieved
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2129:The Guardian
2127:
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2097:
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2075:. Retrieved
2066:
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2045:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:February 20,
1988:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1979:
1970:
1960:November 14,
1958:. Retrieved
1949:
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1913:February 20,
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1900:
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1867:
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1668:the original
1657:
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1639:. ABC News.
1630:
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1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
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1362:The Atlantic
1361:
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1298:
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1276:. Retrieved
1261:
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1231:the original
1226:
1221:James, Mel.
1216:
1208:the original
1203:
1193:
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1144:the original
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764:
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434:Eric Schmidt
424:Tesla Motors
400:Donald Trump
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325:personal tax
318:
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294:
277:Donald Trump
274:
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246:E. P. Taylor
235:
226:, Canada's "
220:World War II
217:
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100:
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2385:January 29,
2264:MarketWatch
2098:VentureBeat
1836:. Sec.gov.
1412:Vanity Fair
1014:Smithsonian
855:January 10,
696:Terry Semel
676:Sergey Brin
600:Meg Whitman
580:Mark Pincus
570:Lee Iacocca
540:Jon Corzine
530:John Mackey
480:Jack Dorsey
266:Mitt Romney
187:Kentucky's
148:World War I
103:World War I
2524:Categories
2346:January 3,
2320:January 3,
2294:January 3,
2047:August 26,
2020:January 3,
1880:August 17,
1844:January 3,
1790:August 15,
1752:January 2,
1701:0375411127
1620:August 22,
1582:January 2,
1460:PolitiFact
1435:PolitiFact
1315:January 4,
1278:January 4,
1183:January 2,
1058:January 2,
850:The Hustle
829:January 3,
801:January 3,
775:January 4,
746:References
686:Steve Jobs
560:Larry Page
510:Jerry Yang
380:David Filo
290:Mar-A-Lago
224:C. D. Howe
209:Doris Duke
111:Korean War
109:, and the
73:Steve Jobs
2498:154842124
2437:March 20,
2375:0362-4331
2200:USA Today
2160:CNN Money
2108:April 15,
2077:March 18,
1811:Bloomberg
1567:MSN Money
1372:March 18,
1305:89.3 KPCC
1019:March 20,
994:March 18,
941:March 19,
911:March 19,
881:March 19,
710:Citigroup
420:Elon Musk
328:liability
87:volunteer
2379:Archived
2285:Archived
2246:Archived
2227:Archived
2204:Archived
2182:Archived
2140:April 2,
2134:Archived
2102:Archived
2071:Archived
2041:Archived
2014:Archived
1954:Archived
1950:BBC News
1907:Archived
1902:CNNMoney
1874:Archived
1838:Archived
1815:Archived
1784:Archived
1726:June 28,
1720:BBC News
1647:July 25,
1641:Archived
1614:Archived
1539:Archived
1508:Archived
1504:ABC News
1417:Archived
1392:Archived
1366:Archived
1341:June 21,
1309:Archived
1272:Archived
1253:Archived
1177:Archived
1150:July 24,
1098:Archived
1078:Archived
981:(1952).
965:Archived
935:Archived
905:Archived
875:Archived
795:Archived
769:Archived
734:See also
594:Facebook
542:(former
522:(former
494:WhatsApp
490:Jan Koum
402:(former
392:(former
362:(former
340:Medicare
171:Interwar
2490:3112648
1484:July 7,
1478:AP News
614:Infosys
484:Twitter
2496:
2488:
2408:
2373:
2067:Forbes
1698:
1336:Forbes
1044:
700:Yahoo!
514:Yahoo!
458:Akamai
438:Google
428:SpaceX
384:Yahoo!
310:Oracle
163:, and
2512:(PDF)
2494:S2CID
2486:JSTOR
2288:(PDF)
2281:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
765:Wired
690:Apple
584:Zynga
374:TELUS
213:Egypt
91:stock
2439:2015
2406:ISBN
2387:2017
2371:ISSN
2348:2013
2322:2013
2296:2013
2142:2014
2110:2013
2079:2018
2049:2008
2022:2013
1992:2017
1962:2016
1915:2017
1882:2017
1869:CNBC
1846:2013
1792:2015
1754:2013
1728:2018
1696:ISBN
1649:2009
1622:2015
1584:2013
1547:2018
1516:2018
1486:2024
1442:2018
1374:2018
1343:2024
1317:2013
1280:2013
1185:2013
1152:2010
1060:2013
1042:ISBN
1021:2018
996:2018
943:2018
913:2018
883:2014
857:2024
831:2013
803:2013
777:2013
504:Yelp
448:Snap
338:and
248:and
2478:doi
1572:MSN
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