749:(ITS), meta-analyses have generally found them to have statistically significant effects over no tutoring at all, though one study found them equal to regular classes, while another found them less effective than human tutoring (though whether or not this applies to both online and in-person or just one of them is not confirmed in the article). A separate study found contradicting information, finding that the effect size of human tutoring and an ITS were 0.79 and 0.76, respectively.
376:(educator and psychologist) in 1984 in Two sigmas problem. The effect described by Bloom appears to carry over into online tutoring, although there is limited research to support this conclusion. In a rare study comparing the performance of students with access to online tutoring with that of students who did not have access to online tutoring remarked on the apparent tendency of the availability of online tutoring appeared to encourage students to stay in a course.
733:
peers, regardless of demographic. Research performed Linda Price and her team found that students were less inclined to participate in the course. Another paper by J.J. Arias and their team also found that students in face-to-face courses experienced "statistically significantly higher exam scores and statistically significantly greater improvement on
25:
677:
get used to this. However, face-to-face meetings are not actually essential, since, with training, online tutors can exploit features of the online environment to communicate in new ways, such as by sketching on whiteboards or using a shared online calculator. The learner may be invited to reflect on the discussion or consult specific resources.
147:. Online tutoring may be offered either via a link in an LMS, or directly through the tutoring service's platform, where a subscriber may be required to pay for tutoring time before the delivery of service. Many educational institutions and major textbook publishers sponsor a certain amount of tutoring without a direct charge to the learner.
103:. Definitions associated with online tutoring vary widely, reflecting the ongoing evolution of the technology, the refinement and variation in online learning methodology, and the interactions of the organizations that deliver online tutoring services with the institutions, individuals, and learners that employ the services. This
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The learner, too, may more consciously prepare a message in advance, and may choose to log in to "meet" with the tutor according to his or her own schedule. Both synchronous (live) and asynchronous online tutoring typically preserve an online record of tutor remarks or a tutoring session. The learner
555:
Staff who are inexperienced online will inevitably try to transfer into online tutoring what has worked for them in the past or what they believe is the only valid method for their discipline. Further, the values embedded in many commonly used VLEs contribute to counterproductive behaviors for online
732:
Research in a similar area, online education, has found that generally speaking, students perform better through in-person education than in online education. An article from Chabot
College claims that students in face-to-face classes in 2019 were roughly 3% more likely to succeed than their online
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and the ability to discern learning objectives, and must guide students successfully towards the attainment of those objectives. This form of tutoring may vary from primary instruction to assistance with assigned coursework. It also presupposes a self-motivated and independent learner. The learning
206:
Most commonly, however, individual learners or their parents either purchase tutoring time with a private vendor of online tutoring service. Such time may also be made available through the purchase of a book, access to a library, a textbook publisher, or enrollment in a particular school or school
676:
cues, often considered essential to the tutoring process, are not present. For example, in a text transferred back and forth online (asynchronous paper review), facial expressions, body movements and eye contact are not present. Both the tutor and the learner may need experience with the medium to
520:
Two necessary assumptions about online tutors is that they possess academic qualification sufficient to educate and that they have specific training to meet the challenges of online communication. Online tutors also need to be aware of the stages learners usually employ in the online environment;
508:
Worksheets, online bulletin boards, and threaded discussions are examples of tools for e-tivities. An e-tivity may be an effective learning tool if it has an illustrative title, a stimulus or challenge, involves invitations to learners to post messages, is carefully timed, has postings to which
401:
In both online and face-to-face tutoring, similarities lie in the areas of group dynamics, need for roles within the group and design to encourage in-group interaction. Differences include the need for more facilitation to help structure discussions, with group roles emerging more slowly in the
850:
crisis of 2020 and the ensuing lock downs in many countries have led to increased online tutoring by both established online tutoring agencies as well as traditional schools adapting to the new environment. This has led to challenges on the technological site, but also for teachers not used to
473:
Strategic tutors do more prior planning, including determining the number of learners per group and membership. Smaller groups are more likely to cultivate trust, whereas a larger group provides for greater heterogeneity and promotes interaction and task achievement. Six is reported to be the
422:
Tactical tutors are expected to display sensitivity to group interactions and progress, or the lack thereof, and to respond within an online interaction at critical moments in which their mastery of the subject and ability to explain it is requested by the learner or in which the learner makes
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Effects of tutoring can also depend on a student's accessibility to wifi, their ability to adapt to an online space, and their preference for self-study vs. assisted study. Research found that students may perceive online tutoring as difficult with respect to these factors, such as "technical
724:
A 2005 study found that when it came to computer science studies, students who had online tutors performed about 30% better on an exam, where students who worked from a printed workbook performed about 20% better. A study in a similar field, online coaching, found a fairly large
448:. Offerings vary from sites loosely associated with campuses, to sites directly contracted by and operating in concert with educational institutions, textbook publishers, or libraries. Access to the publisher or campus-provided online tutoring may be limited to just a few hours.
854:
For those who do have access to the right technology, there is evidence that learning online can be more effective in a number of ways. Some research shows that on average, students retain 25–60% more material when learning online compared to only 8–10% in a classroom.
383:
to evaluate students. Once evaluated, the students are clustered into groups with like capabilities. Once grouped, the students can participate in online tutoring with students with similar capabilities allowing a group setting and participation. The
1136:
Ayers, E., Nugent, R., and Dean, N. (2008) Skill set profile clustering based on student capability vectors computed from online tutoring data. In: EDM2008: 1st
International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 20–21 June 2008, Montreal,
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being two critical benefits. Social networks can be used to connect tutors and students, and can allow students to help each other on a peer-to-peer basis. User-generated content can be created by and used by both tutors and students.
689:
As students become more experienced at working together online, some of the online facilitation roles can be delegated to the students. However, the students will need advice and training in order to become successful collaborators.
835:, and others. All automated tutoring involves an application of some form of artificial intelligence to emulate human tutoring, generate appropriate responses, and guide students interaction from one level of learning to the next.
405:
There is a spectrum of intervention in online discussions from occasional guidance (assignment assistance) to full-scale design and support of learning groups and tasks (instruction). The first of these is known as
443:
In general, academic online tutors are available through various virtual learning environments to help learners answer questions on specific subject matter, to help in the writing of essays, and to assist with
1069:
Hock, M.F., Deshler, D.D., and
Shumaker, J.B. (1999), "Tutoring programs for academically underprepared college students: a review of the literature", . Journal of College Reading and Learning. 29(2), 101-122.
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program, whether or not the campus or student courses are conducted online. In distance learning, tutors may be recruited specifically for the role of teaching and supporting students through online tutoring.
361:, knowledge construction, collaborative or group-based learning, online discussion, transformative learning and communities of learning, as opposed to delivering online content via a transmission medium; and
737:
instructor questions", which is also supported by Price's research. The same research also found "no statistical difference post-test overall nor in the improvement of post-test standardized questions".
1902:
757:
Online tutoring environments are moving beyond those offered by synchronous and asynchronous discussion technology, as often offered by VLEs. New opportunities for online tutoring are offered by
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Salmon, G. and
Lawless, N. (2006) Management Education for the Twenty-first Century in The Handbook of Blended Learning, Bonk. C. J. and Graham, C. R. (eds) Pfeiffer, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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may provide access to newly developed topics that can spur debate. Some online tutoring sites incorporated such tools into their interfaces even before Web 2.0 phenomena were widely discussed.
823:
Online tutoring is one area for the application of various theories and implementations of tutoring provided to students by a computer. Companies involved in automated online tutoring include
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problems, communication barrier, lack of tutee information, and short tutoring duration". There has also been research that found online education performed similarly to in-person education.
227:
online tutoring involves a shared interface, such that both the tutor and the learner (or a group of learners) are online at the same time. This may or may not require the implementation of
203:, connects peers, such as recent or fellow students within a course or subject, tutoring each other, and this may also be conducted as online tutoring over an online conferencing interface.
838:
The comparison of human and machine tutoring is an active area of study. For instance, it is unclear as of this time whether
Cognitive Tutor is effective at improving student performance.
249:
From the very beginning of online tutoring, controversy surrounded several concerns voiced by educators and parents. Researchers recognized that online tutoring required three components:
221:, for instance. It also enables cautious learners to retain control over how they submit questions and request assistance. The learner and the tutor need not be online at the same time.
246:
There are a number of private firms that provide online tutoring. A third-party online tutoring service offering asynchronous one-on-one tutoring was available as early as 1996.
1869:
Scandura, J. M. (2012). The role of automation in instruction: Recent advances in authorIT and TutorIT solve fundamental problems in developing intelligent tutoring systems.
217:
online tutoring is tutoring offered in a format in which the learner submits a question and the tutor responds at a later time. This is appropriate to detailed review of
494:, is one aspect of strategic tutoring. E-tivities promote peer group learning and result in less online tutoring time. E-tivities have the following characteristics:
1123:
Kersaint, Gladis; Dogbey, James, Barber, Jeff, and
Kephart, David (2011). The effect of Access to an Online Tutorial Service on College Algebra Student Outcomes.
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321:
and learning setting. Learning centers at post-secondary school campuses may incorporate either e-moderating or one-to-one online tutoring, or both, creating a
1961:
Collison, G., Elbaum, B., Haavind, S. & Tinker, R. (2000). Facilitating online learning: Effective strategies for moderators. Atwood
Publishing, Madison.
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1973:
Palloff, R. M. & Pratt, K. (2007). (2nd edition). Building online communities: Effective strategies for the virtual classroom. John Wiley and Sons.
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smallest size for good online work, and fifteen is the maximum for full participation. For strategic online tutoring, full participation depends upon
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How reliable is the interface? Will it accommodate the discussion of the tutored material at a comparable level to a traditional classroom setting?
1955:
Bender, T. (2003). Discussion-based online teaching to enhance student learning: Theory, practice and assessment. Stylus: Sterling, Virginia.
985:
960:
933:
908:
1423:"What are tutors' perceptions of an online tutoring project—Digital Learning Companion—During the COVID-19 pandemic? A case study in Taiwan"
525:(help) that is appropriate for learners at each stage. Salmon (2004) suggests five stages for learning and scaffolding appropriate to each:
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1967:
Kozar, O (2012) The use of synchronous online tools in private
English language teaching in Russia, Distance Education, 33(3), p 415-420
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1926:
297:, tutoring is considered to be adult-to-adult guidance within a specific course or subject for the clear purpose of advancing learning
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How does a parent or teacher know that the online tutor is qualified to give help, as opposed to simply giving answers to the learner?
1167:
Garrison, D. R and
Anderston, T. (2003) E-learning in the 21st Century: framework for research and practice, London: Routledge Falmer
64:
1149:
Jacques, D., and Salmon, G (2007) Learning in Groups: A Handbook for on and off line environments, Routledge, London and New York.
187:
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they are based on one key topic or question to make online e-moderating easy and to provide motivation, engagement and purpose.
115:
An institution, website or individual can offer online tutoring through an internal or external tutoring website or through a
1964:
Hewitt, B. L. (2010). The online writing conference: a guide for teachers and tutors. Boynton/Cook
Heinemann, Portsmouth, NJ.
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Online tutoring is practiced using many different approaches for distinct sets of users. The distinctions are in content and
1970:
Mama, R. (2001) Preparing social work students to work in culturally diverse settings, Social Work Education 20 (3): 373-82
1018:
Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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provide the advantage of the human voice, ease of use and mobile access to instruction (Salmon and Edisiringha 2008), and
1421:
Tran, Khanh Nguyen Phuong; Weng, Cathy; Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan; Astatke, Melese; Tran, Nguyen-Phuong-Dung (2023-03-08).
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aspect of tutoring outweighs the teaching aspect. E-moderating usually refers to group online or web-based learning that
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and learners participate from separate physical locations. Aside from space, participants can also be separated by time.
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Use scaffolding (supporting ideas) that facilitates collaborative learning in preference to providing direct instruction
124:
818:
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166:, defined as the facilitation of the achievement of goals of independent learning, learner autonomy, self-reflection,
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the perceived indifference of an online tutor to a learner's developmental issues that reach beyond a single session;
42:
35:
1009:
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
781:
Online tutors may use Web 2.0 applications to render their online tutoring more flexible and current. For example,
116:
1000:
Salmon, G. (2004). (2nd edition). E-moderating: The key to teaching and learning online. London: Routledge Falmer.
522:
1856:
Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995). Cognitive tutor: Lesson learned.
2016:
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Assuming the online tutor is qualified as an instructor, how does online tutoring relate to course instruction?
1716:"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems on college students' academic learning"
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179:
774:
344:
218:
191:
167:
926:
Universities in the Networked Society: Cultural Diversity and Digital Competences in Learning Communities
385:
380:
1765:"The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems"
479:
183:
1611:
Roschelle, Jeremy; Cheng, Britte Haugan; Hodkowski, Nicola; Neisler, Julie; Haldar, Lina (2020-04-29).
644:
Focus efforts on tutoring and moderating processes and methods and away from details of the technology
601:
Refocusing discussion, particularly where there are many contributions that stray from a central point
1668:
1364:
Chisadza, Carolyn; Clance, Matthew; Mthembu, Thulani; Nicholls, Nicky; Yitbarek, Eleni (April 2021).
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Gain facility with the medium of online communication and with the specific user interface to be used
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manifest errors. They are more likely than strategic tutors to be employed in one-on-one interfaces.
335:
318:
232:
159:
1366:"Online and face-to-face learning: Evidence from students' performance during the Covid-19 pandemic"
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support group learning within the technology without the need for face-to-face meetings or pictures;
2021:
1158:
Salmon, G. and Edirisingha, P. (2008) Podcasting for Learning in Universities, OUP/SHRE Buckingham.
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doubts as to the academic qualifications of the online tutor, even if certified by a corporation.
240:
952:
Supporting Online Students: A Practical Guide to Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Services
435:
tutoring can provide help at the moment the learner becomes conscious of a problem and logs in.
257:(educational method), encompassing both instructional and social support or group development;
1884:"High School Mathematics intervention report: Carnegie Learning Curricula and Cognitive Tutor®"
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451:
Other major concerns of parents or teachers in making use of online tutoring services include:
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1212:
1191:"Results from the evaluation of the effectiveness of an online tutor on expression evaluation"
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904:
770:
322:
272:
175:
1628:"Learning and Satisfaction in Webinar, Online, and Face-to-Face Instruction: A Meta-Analysis"
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Provide authentic situations for tutors to practice weaving, summarizing, and giving feedback
427:
tutoring allows a tutor to convey insight into strengths and weaknesses of a learner's work.
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can be expensive and slow, yielding to the cost-effectiveness and speed of online resources).
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they can optimise student engagement if they are authentic and relevant learning activities;
294:
1976:
Salmon, G. (2002). E-tivities. The key to active online learning. London: Routledge Falmer.
1958:
Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. London: Longman.
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1518:
1812:"What Is Web 2.0? Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software"
832:
365:
358:
228:
140:
1519:"Face-to-Face Versus Online Tutoring Support in Humanities Courses in Distance Education"
1232:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Non-Face-to-Face Coaching"
978:
Learning Management Systems and Instructional Design: Best Practices in Online Education
1455:
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373:
268:
96:
46:
1991:
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1478:
Kraft, Matthew A.; List, John A.; Livingston, Jeffrey A.; Sadoff, Sally (2022-05-01).
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Schon, D.A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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teaching online and parents not used to working from home with their children around.
2010:
1715:
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Model the online communication behavior expected of learner participants and students
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is also a way of adding extra value and service to traditional educational services (
199:
171:
132:
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1324:
1597:
1480:"Online Tutoring by College Volunteers: Experimental Evidence from a Pilot Program"
924:
Smyrnova-Trybulska, Eugenia; Kommers, Piet; Morze, Nataliia; Malach, Josef (2019).
1684:
1343:"Online vs. Face-to-Face: A Comparison of Student Outcomes with Random Assignment"
584:
Highlighting contributions that link with others in ways the group has not noticed
1780:
631:
The key features for staff development are online and face-to-face in character:
802:
726:
624:
add knowledge and correct misconceptions in a timely manner where necessary; and
41:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1438:
1903:"Online tutors boosting incomes as demand surges due to coronavirus lockdowns"
1308:
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Web 2.0 encompasses the use of the web in increasingly interactive ways, with
334:
Inheriting the role of the tutor, the online tutor must have excellent online
314:
261:
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difficulties that might arise between remote tutors and a local learner; and
306:
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unlike traditional face-to-face tutoring, online tutoring requires a usable
120:
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of 0.77 for online coaching, with its cognitive effects being the largest.
509:
others can add, and summaries, critiques or feedback from the e-moderator.
143:. Some of these are paid systems but some are free and open source such as
578:
Collecting snippets up from different messages and/or present in a new way
388:
are then run again to track the changes in capability and track learning.
144:
1667:
Fang, Ying; Ren, Zhihong; Hu, Xiangen; Graesser, Arthur C. (2019-11-26).
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Focus on peer dialogue around models that are applicable in many settings
501:
they can take any form of structured participative group work online; and
445:
351:
302:
254:
104:
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Use fellow tutors as a resource when online development hits an obstacle
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Redirecting questions to stimulate critical thinking and deeper learning
1566:"Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Meta-Analytic Review"
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782:
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310:
100:
89:
1833:"Wolfram Alpha Launches Problem Generator To Help Students Learn Math"
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focuses on achieving goals of independent learning, learner autonomy,
275:
to maintain both the hardware and the software sides of the operation.
154:
online, then receiving instruction from a single tutor, also known as
1731:
151:
128:
85:
1342:
1612:
1293:"Face-to-face versus online tutoring support in distance education"
1291:
Price, Linda; Richardson, John T. E.; Jelfs, Anne (February 2007).
372:
The main advantage of private one-to-one tutoring was described by
354:
and peer learning to enrich learning within the online environment;
1927:"The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how"
1613:
Evaluation of an Online Tutoring Program in Elementary Mathematics
298:
136:
81:
150:
Tutoring may take the form of a group of learners simultaneously
1272:"Enrollments and Success Rates: Face-to-Face vs. Online Classes"
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coordinates and organizes the implementation of the service; and
236:
1042:"Tutoring Online: Increasing Effectiveness with Best Practices"
18:
1888:
U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences
1341:
Arias, J. J.; Swinton, John; Anderson, Kay (September 2018).
598:
Acknowledging the variety of ideas expressed in contributions
559:
The key competencies needed by tutors are the abilities to:
1669:"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of ALEKS on learning"
1347:
e-Journal of Business Education and Scholarship of Teaching
235:. Some online tutoring services may also use telephonic or
1979:
Redding, L (2009) "On-line tutoring?" Home Tutoring Online
1883:
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Reviewing team performance and reflecting on contributions
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Online tutors can take a similar approach using podcasts.
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The prior design of online activities, sometimes known as
301:
in an area of study. Generally, a tutor is an academic, a
1049:
National Association for Developmental Education Digest
693:
Advice and training for self-led teams should include:
1626:
Ebner, Christian; Gegenfurtner, Andreas (2019-09-03).
903:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 151.
1714:
Steenbergen-Hu, Saiying; Cooper, Harris (May 2014).
397:
Differences between online and face-to-face tutoring
668:
Dealing with characteristics of online environments
99:, as well as in tutoring styles and tutor-training
901:The Rowman & Littlefield Guide for Peer Tutors
672:Online interaction is essentially verbal, so that
279:The questions raised by online tutoring include:
1871:Technology, instruction, cognition and learning.
1035:
1033:
587:Agreeing or disagreeing with group contributions
309:who has responsibility for teaching in a degree/
1564:Kulik, James A.; Fletcher, J. D. (March 2016).
1125:Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning
700:Developing a shared sense of vision and purpose
88:, virtual, or networked, environment, in which
761:systems and multi-user virtual environments.
590:Correcting misunderstandings or insufficiency
575:Emphasizing a point to show wider application
186:. These functions of moderation are based on
107:-based service is a form of micropublishing.
8:
1175:
1173:
1145:
1143:
610:Reinforcing important contributions or ideas
1427:Universal Access in the Information Society
703:Allocating roles, task and responsibilities
681:can use this record for future reference.
1739:
1643:
1454:
1397:
1247:
1206:
797:Research is just beginning on the use of
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Teaching via a remote computer connection
1230:Kim, Yucheon; Lee, Songyi (2023-06-18).
569:perceive and interpret online behaviors;
1523:Arts and Humanities in Higher Education
1517:Richardson, John T.E. (February 2009).
891:
1992:"Parents outsource to tutors in India"
1901:Morales, Neil Jerome (24 March 2020).
1286:
1284:
1109:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1102:
1040:Turrentine, P.; MacDonald, L. (2006).
119:(LMS). Online environments applied in
1336:
1334:
980:. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 179.
7:
1858:The journal of the learning sciences
809:as Second Life tutors and learners.
521:these stages determine the kinds of
706:Communicating openly and frequently
379:Research is being completed using
14:
1890:. What Works Clearinghouse. 2013.
1720:Journal of Educational Psychology
621:classify participants' knowledge;
482:to guarantee full participation.
197:Another form of tutoring, called
566:provide scaffolding (see above);
439:Private online tutoring services
123:could also involve the use of a
23:
1189:Kumar, Amruth N. (2005-02-23).
928:. Cham: Springer. p. 172.
799:multi-user virtual environments
793:Multi-user virtual environments
607:Providing fresh starting points
343:is based on constructivist and
253:online tutors adopt a specific
231:and/or the learner to download
1763:VanLEHN, Kurt (October 2011).
1570:Review of Educational Research
627:close discussions and move on.
1:
1685:10.1080/01443410.2018.1495829
949:Crawley, Anita (2012-01-31).
1990:Philips, S. (October 2005).
1781:10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
747:intelligent tutoring systems
125:virtual learning environment
1297:Studies in Higher Education
899:Sanford, Daniel R. (2020).
819:intelligent tutoring system
595:Summarize, which includes:
117:learning management systems
2038:
1484:AEA Papers and Proceedings
1439:10.1007/s10209-023-00976-1
1370:African Development Review
816:
720:Effects of online tutoring
1309:10.1080/03075070601004366
955:. John Wiley & Sons.
827:, with its module called
697:Establishing ground rules
486:Design for group learning
469:Strategic online tutoring
412:strategic online tutoring
207:system. This is known as
190:or social-constructivist
174:or group-based learning,
162:. This is often known as
1769:Educational Psychologist
1645:10.3389/feduc.2019.00092
1582:10.3102/0034654315581420
1535:10.1177/1474022208098303
551:Training and development
546:Critical success factors
418:Tactical online tutoring
408:tactical online tutoring
350:focuses on using online
1382:10.1111/1467-8268.12520
1208:10.1145/1047124.1047422
572:weave, which includes:
184:communities of practice
180:transformative learning
111:Concept and definitions
1673:Educational Psychology
1632:Frontiers in Education
1496:10.1257/pandp.20221038
1376:(Suppl 1): S114–S125.
775:user-generated content
538:Knowledge construction
459:cultural communication
239:communication, and/or
229:browser-based software
192:principles of learning
168:knowledge construction
829:The Problem Generator
529:Access and motivation
478:and efficient use of
345:social-constructivist
1931:World Economic Forum
976:Kats, Yefim (2013).
870:Live online tutoring
753:Current developments
613:Providing an archive
535:Information exchange
532:Online socialization
336:communication skills
233:proprietary software
160:live online tutoring
1195:ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
476:robust connectivity
386:capability matrices
381:capability matrices
319:vocational teaching
241:video communication
1277:. October 5, 2023.
1249:10.3390/su15129727
865:Distance education
805:) and the role of
410:and the second as
80:is the process of
1679:(10): 1278–1292.
1127:, v.19 n1 p25-44.
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962:978-1-118-19284-9
935:978-3-030-05025-2
910:978-1-5381-3551-8
771:social networking
712:Meeting deadlines
604:Signaling closure
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176:online discussion
127:platform such as
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813:Automated tutors
745:With regards to
709:Offering support
635:Online training
402:online setting.
330:State of the art
295:higher education
260:online tutoring
145:Google+ Hangouts
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1236:Sustainability
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1092:on 2014-09-05
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1839:. 2013-10-18
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1051:. p. 4
803:Second Life
727:effect size
541:Development
523:scaffolding
516:Scaffolding
429:Synchronous
347:principles;
225:Synchronous
156:many-to-one
2022:E-learning
2011:Categories
1912:2020-05-07
1843:2013-10-26
1837:TechCrunch
1741:10161/9536
1353:(2): 1–23.
1096:2014-11-03
886:References
817:See also:
556:tutoring.
492:e-tivities
315:university
299:competence
262:management
211:tutoring.
209:one-on-one
141:Blackboard
55:April 2010
47:footnoting
1789:0046-1520
1750:1939-2176
1701:150353509
1693:0144-3410
1654:2504-284X
1615:(Report).
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1447:1615-5289
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1317:0307-5079
1258:2071-1050
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1055:March 15,
880:Tutorials
735:post-test
674:nonverbal
480:bandwidth
307:professor
152:logged in
121:education
1797:16188384
1465:37361675
1408:38607902
1325:16906507
1105:cite web
859:See also
848:COVID-19
842:COVID-19
783:podcasts
446:research
392:Practice
352:dialogue
303:lecturer
255:pedagogy
105:Internet
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82:tutoring
43:citation
1998:18 July
1907:Reuters
1873:9: 3-8.
1817:18 July
1598:7398389
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787:blogs
137:WebCT
133:Sakai
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1939:2020
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