3287:
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6253:
6195:
6147:
6089:
5291:
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4124:
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1324:, USA is an energy database portal designed to support national development by improving public access to energy information. As well as sharing data, the platform also offers tools to visualize and analyze energy data. Although the World Bank Group has made available a number of dataset and apps, external users and organizations are encouraged to contribute. The concepts of open data and open source development are central to the project. energydata.info uses its own
2106:
2657:, which contributors can use to upload and edit information directly. The same database automatically stores field recordings submitted by the mobile app. Subsequent classification by experts allows normal citizens to document and photograph electrical components and have them correctly identified. The project is experimenting with the use of hobby drones to obtain better information on associated facilities, such as
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1101:
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Kenya, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Congo, Republic of Korea, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet
3306: and satellite images from CM-SAF SARAH. For locations in Europe, this weather data is further "corrected" by country so that it better fits with the output from known PV installations and windfarms. Two 2016 papers describe the methods used in detail in relation to Europe. The first covers the calculation of PV power. And the second covers the calculation of wind power.
240:
have not helped much because the associated information is again not licensed to enable modification and republication. Transparency measures include the 2013 European energy market transparency regulation 543/2013. Indeed, 543/2013 "is only an obligation to publish, not an obligation to license".
232:
remain at the forefront with regard to open energy data. As noted, most energy datasets are collated and published by official or semi-official sources. But many of the publicly available energy datasets carry no license, limiting their reuse in numerical and statistical models, open or otherwise.
1100:
countries: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia,
1622:
calls. Uploaded datasets are screened for integrity using deterministic rules and then subject to confirmation by a moderator. The use of versioning means that any prior state of the database can be accessed (as recommended in this 2012 paper). Hence, the repository is specifically designed to
172:
In terms of open data, a 2017 paper concludes that energy research has lagged behind other fields, most notably physics, biotechnology, and medicine. The paper also lists the benefits of open data and open models and discusses the reasons that many projects nonetheless remain closed. A one-page
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dedication, whereas other contributors are free to select an open data license of their choice. Users can rate data using a five-star system, based on accessibility, adaptability, usefulness, and general quality. Individual datasets can be manually downloaded in an appropriate format, often as
3309:
The website displays an interactive world map to aid the selection of a site. Users can then choose a plant type and enter some technical characteristics. As of
February 2017, only year 2014 data can be served, due to technical restrictions. The results are automatically plotted and are
2290:
In a 2019 publication, OPSD developers describe their design choices, implementation, and provisioning. Information integrity remains key, with each data package having traceable provenance, curation, and packing. From
October 2018, each new or revised data package is assigned a unique
2267:. The licensing conditions for the data itself depends on the source and varies in terms of openness. Previous versions of the datasets and scripts can be recovered in order to track changes or replicate earlier studies. The project also engages with energy data providers, such as
310:
Energy system models are data intensive and normally require detailed information from a number of sources. Dedicated projects to collect, collate, document, and republish energy system datasets have arisen to service this need. Most database projects prefer open data, issued under
117:
Two drivers favor the establishment of such databases. The first is a wish to reduce the duplication of effort that accompanies each new analytical project as it assembles and processes the data that it needs from primary sources. And the second is an increasing desire to make
264:. In 2016 the United Nations issued guidelines for energy statistics. While the definitions and sectoral breakdowns are useful when defining models, the information provided is rarely in sufficient detail to enable its use in high-resolution energy system models.
251:
A December 2017 submission by energy researchers in
Germany and elsewhere highlighted a number of concerns over the re-use of public sector information within the Europe Union. The submission drew heavily on a recent legal opinion covering electricity data.
3805:
122:
energy models more transparent to improve their acceptance by policymakers and the public. Better transparency dictates the use of open information, able to be accessed and scrutinized by third-parties, in addition to releasing the
3120:
reegle offers country profiles which collate and display energy data on a per-country basis for most of the world. These profiles are kept current automatically using LOD techniques. As of 2021, the portal is no longer active.
83:, and cross-border trades, weather information, and similar. They may also offer other energy statistics including fossil fuel imports and exports, gas, oil, and coal prices, emissions certificate prices, and information on
3079:
2158:
Developers collate and harmonize data from a range of government, regulatory, and industry sources throughout Europe. The website and the metadata utilize
English, whereas the original material can be in any one of
5010:
Wiese, Frauke; Schlecht, Ingmar; Bunke, Wolf-Dieter; Gerbaulet, Clemens; Hirth, Lion; Jahn, Martin; Kunz, Friedrich; Lorenz, Casimir; MĂĽhlenpfordt, Jonathan; Reimann, Juliane; Schill, Wolf-Peter (15 February 2019).
4198:"Commission Regulation (EU) No 543/2013 of 14 June 2013 on submission and publication of data in electricity markets and amending Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council"
3516:
formats. Representative output is shown in the thumbnail (on the left), in this case mid-winter dispatch over two days for the whole of
Germany. The horizontal ordering by generation type is first split into
2272:
5576:
Rivera, José; Goebel, Christoph; Sardari, David; Jacobsen, Hans-Arno (2015). "OpenGridMap: An Open
Platform for Inferring Power Grids with Crowdsourced Data". In Gottwalt, S; König, L; Schmeck, H (eds.).
3824:
169:) information requirements for energy planning and finds that most types of data, with the exception of energy expenditure data, are available but nonetheless remain scattered and poorly coordinated.
3329:
A number of studies have been undertaking using the power production datasets underpinning the website (these studies predate the launch of the website), with the bulk focusing on energy options for
114:
and version histories of the datasets they hold. Some projects, as part of their mandate, also try to persuade primary data providers to release their data under more liberal licensing conditions.
2817:. The initial Global Power Plant Database, an open source database of the power plants globally, was released in April 2018. As of May 2021, the portal itself is still under development.
2946:
model, but support for other modeling frameworks is in planning. The PowerGenome utility also pulls from upstream datasets hosted by the Public
Utility Data Liberation project (PUDL) and the
5195:
Kendziorski, Mario; Setje-Eilers, Mona; Kunz, Friedrich (June 2017). "Generation expansion planning under uncertainty: An application of stochastic methods to the German electricity system".
248:, irrespective of the legal status of the information they hold. Database rights not waived by public sector providers significantly restrict the amount of data a user can lawfully access.
3075:
2096:
1. The project website states that data might be subject to proprietary copyright, in which case the primary data owner should be consulted. Only 2 out of 8 data sets have an open license.
5712:
Enhanced decision support for a changing electricity landscape: the GenX configurable electricity resource capacity expansion model — An MIT Energy
Initiative Working Paper — Revision 1.0
3286:
1924:
of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets. A number of download formats, including
3083:
3067:
2985:
862:
2141:
2140:, and the energy economics consultancy Neon Neue Energieökonomik, all from Germany. The first phase of the project, from August 2015 to July 2017, was funded by the
204:
where applicable. Some projects attempt to coordinate their data models in order to harmonize their data and improve its utility. Defining and maintaining suitable
5613:
Rivera, José; Leimhofer, Johannes; Jacobsen, Hans-Arno (March 2017). "OpenGridMap: towards automatic power grid simulation model generation from crowdsourced data".
6735:
4305:
3954:
Bazilian, Morgan; Rice, Andrew; Rotich, Juliana; Howells, Mark; DeCarolis, Joseph; Macmillan, Stuart; Brooks, Cameron; Bauer, Florian; Liebreich, Michael (2012).
3955:
192:
are central to the design and organization of databases. Open energy database projects generally try to develop and adhere to well resolved data models, using
4399:"The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it"
4709:
1762:
1667:
1641:. Open-data licenses are specific to each dataset. Unlike other database projects, users can download the current version (the public tables) of the entire
561:
5236:
Zerrahn, Alexander; Schill, Wolf-Peter; Kemfert, Claudia (1 September 2018). "On the economics of electrical storage for variable renewable energy sources".
4227:
2942:
The PowerGenome project aims to provide a coherent dataset covering the United States electricity system. PowerGenome was initially designed to service the
6433:
173:
opinion piece from 2017 advances the case for using open energy data and modeling to build public trust in policy analysis. The article also argues that
165:
of energy data. The 2012 PhD thesis by Chris Davis also discusses the crowdsourcing of energy data in some depth. A 2016 thesis surveyed the spatial (
5710:
4530:. Delft, The Netherlands: Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014
4003:
6702:
3117:) of energy and climate compatible development terms to assist with the tagging of datasets. The glossary also facilitates intelligent web searches.
2703:
The project is motivated by the need to provide datasets for high-resolution energy system models, so that energy system transitions (like the German
273:
3538:
6376:"Optimal design and operation of integrated wind-hydrogen-electricity networks for decarbonising the domestic transport sector in Great Britain"
4278:
1201:, South Africa. Coverage includes South Africa and certain other African countries where the Centre undertakes projects. The website uses the
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2133:
1992:
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781:
671:
502:
276:
5876:
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5468:
5212:
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and
Knowledge (XXG) have a growing set of information related to national energy systems, such as descriptions of individual power stations.
147:
for data processing. These early efforts however remained local to a project and did not involve online publishing or open data principles.
144:
3434:
2479:
OpenEI has been used to classify geothermal resources in the United States. And to publicize municipal utility rates, again within the US.
2407:
2329:
2128:, and related information and to make that data available to energy modelers and analysts. The platform was originally implemented by the
3853:
6793:
5863:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 359. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 189–194.
3544:
1479:, the Netherlands. A key tenet of Enipedia is that data displayed on the wiki is not trapped within the wiki, but can be extracted via
1781:
of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets.
2403:
2301:
In 2017, the Open Power System Data project won the Schleswig-Holstein Open Science Award and the Germany Land of Ideas award.
1468:
4939:. Greenbelt, Maryland, USA: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
2584:
techniques to gather detailed data on electricity network components and then infer a realistic network structure using methods from
1962:
The site hosts electricity datasets related to UK Power Networks' three license areas in London, the East and South East of England.
75:
The databases themselves may furnish information on national power plant fleets, renewable generation assets, transmission networks,
5520:
5331:
4878:
4563:
3466:
July 2017 in German and an English translation followed shortly. The data portal is mandated under the German Energy Industry Act (
3315:
3114:
2947:
2825:
1612:
1490:
A 2010 study describes how community driven data collection, processing, curation, and sharing is revolutionizing the data needs of
1214:
921:
691:
623:
576:
532:
420:
6210:"Renewables, nuclear, or fossil fuels? Scenarios for Great Britain's power system considering costs, emissions and energy security"
2179:
October 2016. As of June 2018, the project offers the following primary packages, for Germany and other European countries:
341:
summarizes projects that specifically publish open energy system data. Some are general repositories while others (for instance,
6916:
6628:
6613:
3566:
3271:, United Kingdom. The website went live during September 2016. The resulting time series are provided under a Creative Commons
2392:
2137:
1997:
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are the formats under which datasets and metadata may be downloaded. The PDF format is for inspection and not machine processing.
676:
209:
5656:
4637:
The OEFamily and the OpenEnergyPlatform (OEP): a framework for research data management and a community database for energy data
4138:
1765:(RTE). The portal was previously known as Open Data RTE. The site offers electricity system datasets under a Creative Commons
6859:
6730:
4740:
2414:
December 2009. While much of its data is from US government sources, the platform is intended to be open and global in scope.
1021:
541:
5395:
1336:
license is preferred for data but other open licenses can be deployed. Users are also bound by the terms of use for the site.
5581:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9424. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 179–191.
2601:
2501:
1472:
1409:
1025:
758:
465:
6620:
260:
National and international energy statistics are published regularly by governments and international agencies, such as the
68:
are preferred, but some projects will house data made public under market transparency regulations and carrying unqualified
6013:
Müller, Richard; Pfeifroth, Uwe; Träger-Chatterjee, Christine; Cremer, Roswitha; Trentmann, Jörg; Hollmann, Rainer (2015).
2464:
on this page). OpenEI also uses LOD methods to populate its definitions throughout the wiki with real-time connections to
6695:
4585:
4549:
4030:
3323:
3280:
2650:
2635:
2256:
1925:
1905:
1495:
1348:
166:
143:
In the mid-1990s, energy models used structured text files for data interchange but efforts were being made to migrate to
2692:
formats. CIM models are well suited for translation into software-specific data formats for further analysis, including
2449:
for processing data can also be shared through the site. In order to build a community around the platform, a number of
5892:
4380:
Annotated as final edited version prior to typesetting. Also covers energy-related greenhouse gas emissions accounting.
3613:
2717:
means that electricity system models must increasingly represent distribution and transmission networks in some detail.
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1758:
95:
4197:
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3649:
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license (which is unfortunately not open data conformant) and the underlying power plant models are published using a
2160:
2125:
1616:
1325:
291:
272:
There are few published standards covering the collection and structuring of high-resolution energy system data. The
261:
2402:
energy data to software developers, analysts, users, consumers, and policymakers. The platform is sponsored by the
2669:
2613:
2585:
1631:
245:
1487:
can be used to obtain data. Enipedia went live in March 2011, judging by traffic figures quoted by Davis.
6934:
6808:
6777:
4326:
3588:
3572:
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3063:
2943:
2814:
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2292:
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796:
52:
17:
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3459:
3391:
3196:
2890:
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2537:
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1853:
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1611:. Registered users can upload and download datasets manually using a web-interface or programmatically via an
1540:
1333:
1277:
1160:
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973:
951:
915:
828:
801:
763:
613:
567:
507:
443:
411:
382:
4280:
Submission on the re-use of public sector information: with an emphasis on energy system datasets — Release 09
6640:
The list is under a Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 license and many of the datasets cited are similarly licensed.
5146:
4011:(PhD). Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015
6990:
4677:
3264:
3157:
2721:
2720:
As of 2017, OpenGridMap techniques have been used to estimate the low voltage network in the German city of
2693:
2129:
1987:
1956:
1941:
1789:
1545:
1376:
1194:
1134:
907:
723:
666:
644:
617:
512:
6536:
6418:
6331:
Mac Dowell, Niall; Staffell, Iain (May 2016). "The role of flexible CCS in the UK's future energy system".
6317:
6252:
6194:
6146:
6088:
6046:"Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validated hourly reanalysis and satellite data"
5853:
5290:
5092:"Start-up costs of thermal power plants in markets with increasing shares of variable renewable generation"
4660:
4361:. New York, NY, USA: Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. 2016.
4312:
4123:
2661:
installations. Transmission line data is also sourced from and shared with OpenStreetMap. Each component
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6970:
6944:
6588:. Bonn, Germany: Bundesnetzagentur für Elektrizität, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen (BNetzA)
6552:
5072:
4454:
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3356:
3311:
3087:
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2681:
2442:
2232:
2168:
1929:
1352:
1206:
961:
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926:
844:
773:
743:
696:
628:
585:
537:
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3468:
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databases, as well as dedicated partners around the world. reegle maintains a comprehensive structured
2677:
2624:
2284:
1603:
repository for storing open energy system model datasets. A dataset is presumed to be in the form of a
1435:
1387:. Again, as of January 2017, four apps are available. Some are web-based and run from a browser.
470:
323:
237:
6434:"Is there still merit in the merit order stack? The impact of dynamic constraints on optimal plant mix"
1550:
520:
326:(ODbL), contains geographic information about energy system components, including transmission lines.
4079:
Pfenninger, Stefan; DeCarolis, Joseph; Hirth, Lion; Quoilin, Sylvain; Staffell, Iain (February 2017).
1483:
queries and used to populate new tools. Any programming environment that can download content from a
6448:
6340:
5769:
5255:
5103:
4153:
4024:
3714:
3583:
3059:
2527:
241:
Notwithstanding, 543/2013 does enable downloaded data to be computer processed with legal certainty.
84:
6656:
5764:
Schivley, Greg; Welty, Ethan; Patankar, Neha (19 February 2021). "PowerGenome/PowerGenome: v0.4.1".
4459:
3641:
MERRA-2 stands for Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2. The
233:
Copyright protected material cannot lawfully be circulated, nor can it be modified and republished.
6798:
4527:
2668:
Once sufficient data is available, the transnet software is run to produce a likely network, using
2593:
2151:. The project later received funding for a second phase, from January 2018 to December 2020, with
1624:
91:
5423:
5012:
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5279:
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5127:
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3011:
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upload facility for contributor-controlled resources. US government data is distributed under a
2426:
1491:
1344:
887:
327:
201:
99:
2592:. The scope of the project is worldwide and both distribution and transmission networks can be
1347:. The datasets are tagged and can be easily filtered. A number of download formats, including
6267:
4050:
3894:
3290:
Screenshot showing simulated photovoltaic output for a site in northern Italy for the year 2014
2105:
6813:
6474:
6407:
6356:
6299:
6241:
6183:
6135:
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5271:
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4171:
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1825:
1635:
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299:
193:
6674:
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electricity demand and self-generation time series for representative south German households
1645:
database or any previous version. The development is being led by a cross-project community.
244:
Energy databases with hardware located with the European Union are protected under a general
6885:
6880:
6523:
6513:
6464:
6456:
6397:
6387:
6348:
6289:
6279:
6231:
6221:
6173:
6125:
6115:
6067:
6057:
6018:
5864:
5777:
5622:
5582:
5397:
WREF 2012: OpenEI — an open energy data and information exchange for international audiences
5263:
5200:
5169:
5161:
5111:
5045:
5037:
4641:
4608:
4161:
4102:
4092:
3970:
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3740:
3722:
3518:
3422:
3236:
3130:
3055:
2714:
2710:
1952:
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1604:
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438:
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56:
6017:. Hessen, Germany: EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF).
5682:
4753:(in French). France: Centre National d'Expertise Réseaux, Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
3360:
315:, but some will accept datasets with proprietary licenses in the absence of other options.
6965:
6890:
6849:
6818:
6803:
6711:
4599:
Davis, Chris; Nikolic, Igor; Dijkema, Gerard PJ (October 2010). "Industrial ecology 2.0".
4353:
3670:
Alternative interfaces to the glossary, provided by the Climate Tagger project, include a
3579:
3554:
3501:
3485:
3426:
2673:
2244:
2240:
2220:
1933:
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48:
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and also provides visual information. The electricity market plots and their underlying
2813:
The Power Explorer portal is a part of the larger Resource Watch platform, hosted by the
2197:
covering electrical load, day-ahead electricity spot prices, and wind and solar resources
989:
refers to the protocols offered for accessing the database, both manual and programmatic.
287:
Although this page is about genuinely open data, some important databases remain closed.
6452:
6344:
5773:
5259:
5107:
4157:
3718:
3699:
2950:, so those dependencies need to be met by users. Datasets are occasionally archived on
1096:
The Climate Compatible Growth (CCG) programme provides starter kits for the following 69
6875:
4394:
4250:
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3642:
3438:
Plot from the SMARD site showing electricity generation in Germany in mid-December 2017
3318:
for programmatic dataset recovery using token-based authorization. Examples deploying
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2450:
2118:
1875:
1321:
1013:
1009:
217:
33:
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format) and loaded into data packages with standardized machine-readable metadata (in
111:
6959:
6854:
6844:
5308:[Online platform Open Power System Data receives prize for digital science].
5267:
5131:
4854:[Energy data for all — project "Open Power System Data" started at the EUF].
4620:
4612:
3576:
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3549:
3330:
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2658:
2654:
2581:
2437:
2418:
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2121:
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open source data portal software. A number of data formats are supported, including
1032:
query language. A 2012 paper reviews the use of LOD in the renewable energy domain.
734:
475:
319:
279:(CIM) defines data exchange protocols for low and high voltage electricity networks.
162:
119:
110:
and public upload facilities. Projects usually also maintain a strict record of the
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80:
45:
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have a responsibility to require that data and code be submitted alongside text for
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6209:
5283:
5222:
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2709:) can be better managed, both technically and policy-wise. The rapid expansion of
2705:
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A number of published electricity market modeling analyses are based on OPSD data.
1909:
1017:
41:
6104:"Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output"
5642:
5306:"Online-Plattform "Open Power System Data" erhält Preis für digitale Wissenschaft"
4958:
4825:"Open power system data: a free and open data platform for power system modelling"
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1912:
platform. The Portal offers electricity network datasets under a Creative Commons
6677:– a list of data related projects designed to support open energy system modeling
6518:
6501:
6178:
6161:
6120:
6103:
6062:
6045:
5868:
5586:
4355:
International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) — ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/93
3919:
Groscurth, Helmuth-M (1 July 1995). "Design and management of energy databases".
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4097:
4080:
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3455:
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to ensure that external references to current and prior versions remain stable.
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License and also hosts datasets from other sources which are licensed under the
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1005:
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124:
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6236:
6130:
5165:
4904:
4852:"Energiedaten für alle – Projekt "Open Power System Data" an der EUF gestartet"
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format with or without the associated weather information. The site offers an
2231:
To facilitate analysis, the data is aggregated into large structured files (in
90:
Much of the data is sourced from official or semi-official agencies, including
5797:
5626:
5492:
4081:"The importance of open data and software: is energy research lagging behind?"
3932:
3727:
3451:
3252:
3152:
3106:
3051:
2616:
2152:
2007:
1642:
1628:
902:
545:
6478:
6411:
6360:
6303:
6245:
6187:
6139:
6081:
5896:
5739:
5634:
5275:
5204:
5181:
5123:
5057:
4116:
4055:(MSc). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management
3940:
3736:
1467:
Enipedia lists energy systems data worldwide. Enipedia is maintained by the
40:
for open use. The resulting information is then available, given a suitable
5115:
5013:"Open Power System Data: frictionless data for electricity system modelling"
4390:
3244:
2422:
2399:
2276:
2077:
1945:
1803:
The site hosts electricity, gas, and weather information related to France.
1380:
1198:
640:
593:
312:
229:
69:
29:
6528:
6469:
6402:
6294:
6266:
Heuberger, Clara F; Staffell, Iain; Shah, Nilay; Mac Dowell, Niall (2016).
6072:
5781:
5090:
Schill, Wolf-Peter; Pahle, Michael; Gambardella, Christian (3 April 2017).
4645:
4398:
4175:
4107:
3807:
Consulting with energy scenarios: requirements for scientific policy advice
3779:"Open Power System Data — An Interview with Lion Hirth and Ingmar Schlecht"
3754:
3256:
3247:
located anywhere in the world. The website is a joint project between the
1189:
The Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa is being developed by the
6609:
4798:
3854:"The case for repeatable analysis with energy economy optimization models"
3813:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering.
2417:
OpenEI provides two mechanisms for contributing structured information: a
220:
data. Some sites allow users to comment on and rate individual datasets.
6030:
5457:
Linked open data: the essentials: a quick start guide for decision makers
4772:
3299:
3110:
2609:
1917:
1770:
1608:
1464:
1332:
open source data portal as its web-based platform. The Creative Commons
331:
205:
5491:
Young, Katherine; Bennett, Mitchell; Atkins, Darren (25 February 2014).
5173:
5147:"Prosumage of solar electricity: pros, cons, and the system perspective"
5049:
3675:
3442:
The SMARD site (pronounced "smart") serves electricity market data from
2596:. The project is managed by the Chair of Business Information Systems,
1777:
feed for notifying updates, and an interface for submitting questions.
1217:
for automated downloads. As of March 2017, the portal contained 65
1112:
science archive site, visit that site and search for "ccg starter kit".
345:) are designed to interact with open energy system models in real-time.
6659:(ECEM) — the role that climate change may play on future energy systems
6284:
5305:
5145:
Schill, Wolf-Peter; Zerrahn, Alexander; Kunz, Friedrich (1 June 2017).
4713:
4526:
Davis, Chris; Chmieliauskas, Alfredas; Dijkema, Gerard; Nikolic, Igor.
4424:
3447:
3443:
3302:. More specifically, it uses the 2016 MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset from
3276:
3186:
2465:
2430:
2395:
2114:
1937:
1717:
1600:
1505:
As of April 2019, the site has gone offline pending a move to the
1372:
648:
295:
37:
6374:
Samsatli, Sheila; Staffell, Iain; Samsatli, Nouri J (5 January 2016).
5718:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5197:
2017 14th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
4851:
3223:
1502:
and crowdsourced data can contribute to the solving of global issues.
6756:
6751:
6725:
6668:
6662:
3279:
license. As of February 2017, only the solar model, written in
3268:
3043:
2963:
2951:
2821:
2643:
2639:
2605:
2388:
2310:
2260:
2248:
2109:
Five key data categories packed using OKI frictionless data standards
2063:
1480:
1364:
1109:
1029:
839:
835:
708:
389:
5852:
Bauer, Florian; Recheis, Denise; Kaltenböck, Martin (27 June 2011).
4824:
4635:
4277:
Morrison, Robbie; Brown, Tom; De Felice, Matteo (10 December 2017).
4166:
2113:
The Open Power System Data (OPSD) project seeks to characterize the
161:
A 2012 paper marks the first scientific publication to advocate the
5970:
5250:
5032:
3873:
2724:
and to estimate the high voltage grids in several other countries.
6680:
6665:(oedb) – an open energy system database being developed in Germany
5918:
5659:[Munich researchers are creating a power grid world map].
4933:
MERRA-2: File specification — GMAO Office Note No. 9 (Version 1.1)
3591:– a global non-profit network that promotes and shares information
3433:
3285:
3071:
2990:
2927:
2104:
1788:
license and this is explicitly compatible with the United Kingdom
1476:
867:
64:
2911:
2567:
1588:
1303:
403:
294:(IEA) is widely quoted in policy studies but remains nonetheless
6502:"Market design for long-distance trade in renewable electricity"
6500:
Green, Richard; Pudjianto, D; Staffell, Iain; Strbac, G (2016).
6268:"Quantifying the value of CCS for the future electricity system"
5992:
5546:
4930:
Bosilovich, Michael G; Lucches, Rob; Suarez, M (12 March 2016).
4500:
3646:
3513:
3379:
German, Austrian, and Luxembourg (DE/AT/LU) electricity systems
3319:
3303:
3207:
3086:) environment ministries. Originally released as a specialized
2597:
2236:
2201:
2187:, of conventional power plants and renewable energy power plants
1796:
license (and thereby later versions), and the Open Data Commons
1460:
1384:
1368:
1329:
1202:
930:
700:
632:
581:
484:
107:
6684:
3700:"Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data"
3248:
2251:
files. The datasets can be accessed in real-time using stable
374:
338:
16:
For a list of models that utilize open energy system data, see
6015:
Surface solar radiation data set: heliosat (SARAH) — Edition 1
5403:. Golden, CO, USA: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
5332:"Open Power System Data (OPSD): open platform for energy data"
3661:
The IGO variant is designed for use by international agencies.
3489:
2685:
2434:
2358:
2208:
In addition, the project hosts selected contributed packages:
2002:
1774:
1757:) portal is run by eight partners, led by the French national
1484:
1174:
969:
777:
728:
636:
59:
5971:"Country energy profiles — Clean Energy Info Portal — reegle"
5449:
5447:
5445:
3852:
DeCarolis, Joseph F; Hunter, Kevin; Sreepathi, Sarat (2012).
3698:
Arderne, C; Zorn, C; Nicolas, C; Koks, EE (15 January 2020).
3239:
is a website that can calculate the hourly power output from
1446:
3956:"Open source software and crowdsourcing for energy analysis"
2680:(MST) algorithms. The resulting network can be exported in
2453:
are offered covering energy system data and related topics.
1599:
The Open Energy Platform (OEP) is a collaborative versioned
6653:(DEEP) – an open energy efficiency data platform for Europe
5859:. In HĹ™ebĂÄŤek, JiĹ™Ă; Schimak, Gerald; Denzer, Ralf (eds.).
4474:
3557:– the process of building computer models of energy systems
2794:
1190:
5861:
Environmental Software Systems. Frameworks of eEnvironment
5854:"Data.reegle.info – A New Key Portal for Open Energy Data"
5709:
Jenkins, Jesse D; Sepulveda, Nestor A (27 November 2017).
4252:
Legal aspects of European electricity data — Legal opinion
3090:, reegle was relaunched in 2011 as an information portal.
2634:
license. The processing software is written primarily in
6650:
5825:
4039:
9 discusses in depth the initial development of Enipedia.
3563:– the interpretation of the energy sector in system terms
3030:
1494:
and energy system analysis. A 2012 chapter introduces a
1289:
5361:"OpenEI — Energy Information, Data, and other Resources"
4334:. Paris, France: International Energy Agency (IEA). 2016
2627:. The bulk of the data is being made available under a
2619:
to help the public document electrical devices, such as
2190:
aggregated generation capacity by technology and country
6208:
Pfenninger, Stefan; Keirstead, James (15 August 2015).
5799:
Create capacity expansion model inputs with PowerGenome
5699:
Download page. Newer versions available via same link.
5360:
4074:
4072:
4070:
3407:
2429:
extension) for collaboratively-managed resources and a
2375:
2275:, to encourage them to make their data available under
1948:. The site also offers an API for automated downloads.
1904:
The Open Data Portal is run by UK Power Networks, a GB
6102:
Staffell, Iain; Pfenninger, Stefan (1 November 2016).
6044:
Pfenninger, Stefan; Staffell, Iain (1 November 2016).
2259:
scripts deployed for data processing are available on
44:, for statistical analysis and for building numerical
5805:(webcast). Open Energy Modelling Initiative (openmod)
4881:[Open platform makes energy data available].
3847:
3845:
2700:
about the resulting network for visual confirmation.
1008:(LOD), a method of publishing structured data on the
5683:"Global power plant database — Data — Version 1.0.0"
3066:
development topics. reegle was launched in 2006 by
2239:
format). The same data is usually also provided as
212:
of data includes, but is not limited to, the use of
6904:
6868:
6827:
6786:
6765:
6744:
6718:
5608:
5606:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
3390:market data visuals and underlying time series are
1506:
150:The first energy information portal to go live was
6162:"How does wind farm performance decline with age?"
5847:
5845:
5843:
5500:. USA: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
5355:
5353:
4672:
4670:
3629:project also holds datasets for African countries.
2608:, Germany. The project maintains a website and a
5657:"MĂĽnchner Forscher erstellen Stromnetz-Weltkarte"
4905:"Background and history – Open power system data"
3804:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016).
3476:) section §111d, introduced as an amendment on 13
6027:Contains datasets from 1983 to 2013. File size
4879:"Offene Plattform macht Energiedaten zugänglich"
3541:(CKAN) – a web-based open data management system
3294:The project relies on weather data derived from
2954:. A video describing the project is available.
2142:Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
1471:, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management,
6621:"Freely available datasets of energy variables"
6432:Staffell, Iain; Green, Richard (January 2016).
6333:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
4221:
4219:
3480:October 2016. Four table formats are offered:
1054:Climate Compatible Growth and OpTIMUS projects
379:Climate Compatible Growth and OpTIMUS projects
6671:– an open source energy use monitoring project
6569:Terms of use for the BNetzA SMARD data portal.
5154:Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy
4244:
4242:
3521:and conventional generation and then based on
1339:As of January 2017, the database held 131
555:
6696:
5494:Geothermal exploration case studies on OpenEI
4566:. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011
2155:replacing Flensburg University as a partner.
1623:interoperate with energy system models. The
1126:Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa
8:
6160:Staffell, Iain; Green, Richard (June 2014).
5663:(in German). Essen, Germany. 5 December 2016
4690:(in French). French Government. October 2011
4640:. Berlin, Germany: Reiner Lemoine Institut.
4139:"Energy scientists must show their workings"
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3569:– a European-based energy modeling community
1752:
1746:
1116:Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa
404:Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa
5615:Computer Science — Research and Development
5463:. Vienna, Austria: edition mono/monochrom.
5454:Bauer, Florian; Kaltenböck, Martin (2012).
3609:
3462:license. The site itself was launched on 3
3249:Department of Environmental Systems Science
2833:
1012:so that it can be networked and subject to
658:
6703:
6689:
6681:
4304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4229:Energy databases: protection and licensing
3773:
3771:
3637:
3635:
2824:with various research partners, including
1036:Climate Compatible Growth starter datasets
347:
302:have called for this situation to change.
6527:
6517:
6468:
6401:
6391:
6293:
6283:
6235:
6225:
6177:
6129:
6119:
6071:
6061:
5923:reegle — clean energy information gateway
5249:
5031:
4458:
4165:
4106:
4096:
3872:
3744:
3726:
3098:
2461:
2456:Most of the data on OpenEI is exposed as
2223:time series for Europe, generated by the
1016:. The overarching concept is termed the
494:
6380:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
5521:"Nationwide Utility Rates Now on OpenEI"
4052:Open geospatial data for energy planning
3101:on this page). Sources of data include
1920:, a newsfeed, and a data request form.
1541:Flensburg University of Applied Sciences
1343:datasets, the great majority related to
508:Flensburg University of Applied Sciences
216:to track the provenance of incoming and
4137:Pfenninger, Stefan (23 February 2017).
3690:
3601:
3539:Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network
1004:Three of the projects listed work with
981:
6657:European Climatic Energy Mixes project
4850:Fischer, Kathrin (10 September 2015).
4577:
4541:
4451:Linked data in renewable energy domain
4297:
4235:. Berlin, Germany: JBB Rechtsanwaelte.
4202:Official Journal of the European Union
4022:
3496:. The maximum sampling resolution is
3340:
3134:
2967:
2843:
2731:
2684:(separate files for nodes and lines),
2486:
2398:, run by the US government, providing
2314:
2175:(OKF). The website was launched on 28
1969:
1810:
1784:The portal uses the French Government
1652:
1535:Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
1516:
1394:
1228:
1119:
1039:
1020:. Technically, such projects support
503:Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
145:relational database management systems
6651:De-risking Energy Efficiency Platform
3645:data is provided unencumbered by the
2224:
1383:. Some datasets are also offered as
1316:The energydata.info project from the
1261:includes visualization and analytics
894:
603:
455:includes visualization and analytics
349:Open energy system database projects
224:Dataset copyright and database rights
7:
5310:idw — Informationsdienst Wissenshaft
5304:Fischer, Kathrin (26 January 2017).
4877:Freist, Roland (14 September 2015).
4258:. Berlin, Germany: JBB Rechtsanwälte
4196:European Commission (15 June 2013).
3785:. Cambridge, United Kingdom. c. 2016
3626:
2820:Power Explorer is also supported by
2408:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2406:(DOE) and is being developed by the
2330:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1498:(SoSE) perspective and outlines how
433:
306:Open energy system database projects
6794:Climate change mitigation scenarios
5826:"Clean Energy Info Portal — reegle"
5428:SLA Government Information Division
4739:Balter, Emmanuelle (19 June 2017).
4449:Abanda, Henry; Tah, Joseph (2012).
3545:Climate change mitigation scenarios
3529:user guide is updated as required.
978:DE, AT, and LU electricity systems
791:
6441:IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
5689:. Washington DC, USA. 6 April 2018
5519:Scanion, Bill (7 September 2011).
5422:Garvin, Peggy (12 December 2009).
4989:Open Knowledge International (OSI)
4963:Open Knowledge International (OKI)
4226:Boecker, Lina (21 November 2016).
3783:Open Knowledge International (OSI)
2404:United States Department of Energy
1807:UK Power Networks Open Data Portal
14:
4885:(in German). Bad Aibling, Germany
4718:Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
4657:DOI resolves to latest version.
3310:available for download in hourly
1763:Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
1668:Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
653:GB Distribution Network Operator
79:for electricity loads, dispatch,
6940:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6629:Open Energy Modelling Initiative
6614:Open Energy Modelling Initiative
6535:
6417:
6316:
6272:Energy and Environmental Science
6251:
6193:
6145:
6087:
5796:Schivley, Greg (26 March 2020).
5289:
5268:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.07.004
5071:
4799:"Legal – Open Power System Data"
4659:
4613:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00281.x
4311:
4122:
3567:Open Energy Modelling Initiative
3458:are released under a permissive
2649:OpenGridMap provides a tailored
2519:electricity grid data worldwide
2200:a script to filter and download
2167:. Datasets follow the emerging
820:
786:electricity grid data worldwide
753:
6860:Integrated assessment modelling
5424:"New Gateway: Open Energy Info"
4856:Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
4773:"Data – Open Power System Data"
4634:HĂĽlk, Ludwig (9 October 2023).
4564:"Enipedia:About — Architicture"
3261:Centre for Environmental Policy
1745:The Open Data Energy Networks (
1108:The datasets are hosted on the
398:focus on non‑western countries
36:, and republish energy-related
6393:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.032
6227:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.102
5951:. Vienna, Austria: REEEP. 2015
5551:Technical University of Munich
5312:(in German). Bayreuth, Germany
5042:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.097
4858:(in German). Bayreuth, Germany
3612:project persuaded four German
2713:and the anticipated uptake of
2602:Technical University of Munich
2502:Technical University of Munich
2204:MERRA-2 satellite weather data
2028:western European power system
1473:Delft University of Technology
1410:Delft University of Technology
759:Technical University of Munich
713:western European power system
466:Delft University of Technology
1:
6023:10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/SARAH/V001
4607:(5): 707–726, October 2010 .
4601:Journal of Industrial Ecology
4249:Jaeger, Till (24 July 2017).
3614:transmission system operators
3178:worldwide hourly PV and wind
3074:with funding from the Dutch (
2829:
2828:, Global Energy Observatory,
2598:TUM Department of Informatics
2410:(NREL). OpenEI launched on 9
2269:transmission system operators
2138:Technische Universität Berlin
1998:Technische Universität Berlin
1906:Distribution Network Operator
1496:system of systems engineering
935:worldwide hourly PV and wind
677:Technische Universität Berlin
460:
96:transmission system operators
6773:Open energy system databases
6519:10.5547/01956574.37.SI2.agia
6179:10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.041
6121:10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068
6063:10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.060
5869:10.1007/978-3-642-22285-6_21
5587:10.1007/978-3-319-25876-8_15
5562:Terms of use last amended 25
5547:"OpenGridMap — Terms of use"
5394:Brodt-Giles, Debbie (2012).
4501:"Energy Data — Terms of use"
4425:"Power — OpenStreetMap Wiki"
3113:(driven by an LOD-compliant
2665:is verified by a moderator.
2653:web application, layered on
2171:standard being developed by
1792:(OGL), the Creative Commons
1759:transmission system operator
1427:global materials and energy
489:global materials and energy
127:for the models in question.
100:electricity market operators
55:. Permissive licenses like
6840:Electric power transmission
6353:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.043
5945:Turning data into knowledge
4991:. Cambridge, United Kingdom
4965:. Cambridge, United Kingdom
4742:La plateforme Open Data Rte
4714:"Open Data Energy Networks"
4328:Key world energy statistics
4098:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.046
3975:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.032
3883:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.004
3650:Goddard Space Flight Center
3093:reegle offers and utilizes
2469:
1213:. The site also offers an
1105:Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
854:
718:
292:International Energy Agency
155:
151:
92:national statistics offices
26:Open energy system database
7007:
6619:De Felice, Matteo (2020).
6461:10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2407613
5336:Deutschland Land der Ideen
5166:10.5547/2160-5890.6.1.wsch
4747:The platform Open Data RTE
3504:can be downloaded in PDF,
3500:. Market data visuals or
3128:
2961:
2696:. Transnet also displays
2308:
1748:Open Data Réseaux Énergies
1659:Open Data Energy Networks
1632:object-relational database
1046:Climate Compatible Growth
940:
208:is also a key issue. The
154:in late 2009, followed by
15:
6925:
6809:Mathematical optimization
6778:Open energy system models
6675:Domain‑wide data projects
6579:BNetzA (September 2021).
5740:"PowerGenome/PowerGenome"
5687:World Resources Institute
5627:10.1007/s00450-016-0317-4
4584:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4548:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4049:Berndtsson, Carl (2016).
4029:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4005:Making Sense Of Open Data
3933:10.1080/00908319508946093
3728:10.1038/s41597-019-0347-4
3608:For example, in 2016 the
3589:Open Knowledge Foundation
3573:Open energy system models
3296:meteorological reanalysis
2815:World Resources Institute
2747:World Resources Institute
2173:Open Knowledge Foundation
2169:frictionless data package
2124:fleets, their associated
2092:
2088:
2003:Neon Neue Energieökonomik
1916:compatible license, with
1769:compatible license, with
1649:Open Data Energy Networks
1469:Energy and Industry Group
982:
797:World Resources Institute
681:Neon Neue Energieökonomik
556:Open Data Energy Networks
342:
53:open energy system models
18:Open energy system models
5238:European Economic Review
5205:10.1109/eem.2017.7981891
4405:. Oxford, United Kingdom
3616:to adopt open licensing.
3469:Energiewirtschaftsgesetz
2046:dataset-specific
408:University of Cape Town
322:project, which uses the
277:Common Information Model
5338:. Berlin, Germany. 2017
5116:10.1038/nenergy.2017.50
4475:"Welcome — Energy Data"
3265:Imperial College London
3158:Imperial College London
2670:statistical correlation
2389:Open Energy Information
2130:University of Flensburg
2082:/Open-Power-System-Data
1988:University of Flensburg
1976:Open Power System Data
1957:Open Government Licence
1790:Open Government Licence
1551:Reiner Lemoine Institut
1546:University of Flensburg
1195:University of Cape Town
1135:University of Cape Town
908:Imperial College London
724:US Department of Energy
667:University of Flensburg
645:Keyhole Markup Language
521:Reiner Lemoine Institut
513:University of Flensburg
5782:10.5281/zenodo.4552835
5525:Renewable Energy World
4985:"Tabular Data Package"
4909:Open Power System Data
4829:Open Power System Data
4803:Open Power System Data
4777:Open Power System Data
4646:10.5281/zenodo.8421265
3610:Open Power System Data
3439:
3357:Federal Network Agency
3291:
3259:, Switzerland and the
3088:internet search engine
2874:US electricity system
2698:descriptive statistics
2110:
2064:open-power-system-data
1966:Open Power System Data
1928:files, are supported:
1753:
1747:
1351:files, are supported:
1191:Energy Research Centre
849:US electricity system
659:Open Power System Data
290:Data collected by the
134:General considerations
6912:Energy Modeling Forum
6610:Open energy data wiki
5815:MP4 webcast 00:10:55.
4002:Davis, Chris (2012).
3437:
3289:
3283:, has been released.
2694:power grid simulation
2678:minimum spanning tree
2612:page and provides an
2528:proprietary copyright
2108:
1908:(DNO), hosted on the
1686:French energy system
1523:Open Energy Platform
598:French energy system
324:Open Database License
210:life-cycle management
3652:research laboratory.
2711:renewable generation
2674:Voronoi partitioning
2580:OpenGridMap employs
2219:and wind generation
2126:transmission network
2054:dataset and version
1951:The portal uses the
1513:Open Energy Platform
1345:developing countries
1152:countries in Africa
495:Open Energy Platform
428:countries in Africa
375:CCG starter datasets
236:Measures to enforce
87:costs and benefits.
32:methods to collect,
6799:Computer simulation
6663:OpenEnergy Database
6604:Further information
6582:SMARD.de User guide
6453:2016ITPSy..31...43S
6345:2016IJGGC..48..327M
6237:20.500.11850/105689
6131:20.500.11850/120087
5899:on 29 February 2008
5893:"Partners — reegle"
5774:2021zndo...4552835S
5661:energate messenger+
5260:2018arXiv180207885Z
5108:2017NatEn...217050S
4158:2017Natur.542..393P
3830:on 21 December 2016
3719:2020NatSD...7...19A
3298:models and weather
2183:details, including
1708:French and English
1589:openenergy-platform
1070:numerous countries
350:
268:Published standards
238:market transparency
228:Issues surrounding
202:published standards
175:scientific journals
6917:openmod initiative
6835:Electricity market
6612:maintained by the
6506:The Energy Journal
6285:10.1039/C6EE01120A
5993:"Renewables.ninja"
5579:Energy Informatics
4397:(7 October 2021).
3440:
3292:
3243:installations and
3241:solar photovoltaic
3141:Renewables, ninja
3064:climate compatible
2764:global power data
2756:under development
2594:reverse engineered
2427:Semantic MediaWiki
2111:
1500:agent-based models
1492:industrial ecology
815:global power data
348:
6953:
6952:
6814:Scenario analysis
6669:OpenEnergyMonitor
6557:Bundesnetzagentur
5973:. Vienna, Austria
5919:"reegle glossary"
5878:978-3-642-22284-9
5828:. Vienna, Austria
5728:MITEI‑WP‑2017‑10.
5596:978-3-319-25876-8
5527:. Nashua, NH, USA
5470:978-3-902796-05-9
5430:. Dayton, OH, USA
5214:978-1-5090-5499-2
4911:. Berlin, Germany
4883:Mittelstands Wiki
4831:. Berlin, Germany
4805:. Berlin, Germany
4779:. Berlin, Germany
4403:Our World in Data
4368:978-92-1-056520-2
4286:. Berlin, Germany
3820:978-3-8047-3550-7
3432:
3431:
3234:
3233:
3228:/renewables-ninja
3097:(LOD) (described
3060:energy efficiency
3041:
3040:
2940:
2939:
2811:
2810:
2715:electric vehicles
2642:and is hosted on
2578:
2577:
2460:(LOD) (described
2386:
2385:
2103:
2102:
1902:
1901:
1826:UK Power Networks
1817:Open Data Portal
1743:
1742:
1720:.reseaux-energies
1694:Licence Ouverte (
1670:(RTE) and others
1597:
1596:
1579:dataset-specific
1457:
1456:
1314:
1313:
1187:
1186:
1094:
1093:
1002:
1001:
687:dataset-specific
609:UK Power Networks
528:dataset-specific
330:projects such as
300:Oxford University
298:. Researchers at
256:Energy statistics
85:energy efficiency
6998:
6943:
6942:
6935:Economics models
6933:
6932:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6682:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6521:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6472:
6438:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6405:
6395:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6297:
6287:
6278:(8): 2497–2510.
6263:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6239:
6229:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6181:
6166:Renewable Energy
6157:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6133:
6123:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6085:
6075:
6065:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5895:. Archived from
5889:
5883:
5882:
5858:
5849:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5451:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5391:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5253:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5199:. pp. 1–7.
5192:
5186:
5185:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5087:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5035:
5017:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4169:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4076:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4010:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3900:on 19 April 2016
3899:
3893:. Archived from
3876:
3867:(6): 1845–1853.
3861:Energy Economics
3858:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3823:. Archived from
3812:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3748:
3730:
3704:
3695:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3606:
3528:
3499:
3479:
3465:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3394:
3341:
3300:satellite images
3274:
3237:Renewables.ninja
3230:
3227:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3135:
3131:Renewables.ninja
3125:Renewables.ninja
3095:linked open data
3056:renewable energy
3037:
3034:
3032:
2968:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2893:
2844:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2732:
2633:
2629:Creative Commons
2574:
2571:
2569:
2555:Web application
2540:
2487:
2458:linked open data
2413:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2315:
2281:Creative Commons
2225:Renewables.ninja
2178:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2119:western European
2084:
2081:
2079:
2068:
2065:
1970:
1953:Creative Commons
1923:
1915:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1856:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1698:
1653:
1607:, together with
1593:
1590:
1517:
1508:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1395:
1342:
1318:World Bank Group
1310:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1291:
1244:World Bank Group
1229:
1220:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1120:
1104:
1099:
1081:
1040:
1014:semantic queries
1006:linked open data
954:
895:Renewables.ninja
831:
804:
766:
731:, open licenses
604:Open Data Portal
570:
439:World Bank Group
414:
385:
351:
197:
102:. Data is also
67:
57:Creative Commons
28:projects employ
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6921:
6900:
6864:
6850:Energy planning
6823:
6819:System dynamics
6804:Energy modeling
6782:
6761:
6740:
6714:
6712:Energy modeling
6709:
6647:
6633:
6631:
6618:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6562:
6560:
6559:. Bonn, Germany
6551:BNetzA (2017).
6550:
6549:
6545:
6534:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6308:
6306:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5215:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5070:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4959:"Data Packages"
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4720:. Paris, France
4708:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4679:Licence Ouverte
4676:
4675:
4668:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4507:. New York, USA
4505:energydata.info
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4481:. New York, USA
4479:energydata.info
4473:
4472:
4468:
4460:10.1.1.690.9922
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4395:Ritchie, Hannah
4389:
4388:
4384:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4167:10.1038/542393a
4141:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4078:
4077:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3707:Scientific Data
3702:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3676:alphabetic view
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3640:
3633:
3627:energydata.info
3624:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3555:Energy modeling
3535:
3526:
3497:
3477:
3463:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3339:
3272:
3222:
3206:
3162:
3133:
3127:
3029:
2995:
2966:
2960:
2926:
2910:
2891:
2842:
2793:
2781:
2738:Power Explorer
2730:
2631:
2566:
2538:
2485:
2474:Knowledge (XXG)
2411:
2374:
2366:
2313:
2307:
2279:(for instance,
2221:capacity factor
2176:
2162:
2147:
2145:
2099:
2076:
2062:
2012:
1968:
1921:
1913:
1876:ukpowernetworks
1874:
1854:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1786:Licence Ouverte
1778:
1766:
1716:
1696:
1651:
1639:version control
1587:
1571:model-oriented
1555:
1515:
1445:
1393:
1340:
1302:
1288:
1235:energydata.org
1227:
1225:energydata.info
1218:
1173:
1161:
1118:
1102:
1097:
1079:
1038:
998:
952:
912:
872:
829:
802:
764:
684:
568:
550:model-oriented
525:
434:energydata.info
412:
383:
308:
285:
270:
258:
226:
214:version control
195:
187:
185:Database design
141:
136:
130:
63:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6993:
6991:Systems theory
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6958:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6876:Hartmut Bossel
6872:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6645:External links
6643:
6642:
6641:
6616:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6571:
6543:
6492:
6424:
6386:(1): 447–475.
6366:
6323:
6258:
6214:Applied Energy
6200:
6152:
6094:
6036:
6005:
5984:
5962:
5935:
5910:
5884:
5877:
5839:
5817:
5788:
5756:
5730:
5701:
5674:
5648:
5602:
5595:
5568:
5566:November 2016.
5538:
5511:
5483:
5469:
5441:
5414:
5377:
5349:
5323:
5296:
5228:
5213:
5187:
5137:
5082:
5020:Applied Energy
5002:
4976:
4950:
4922:
4896:
4869:
4842:
4816:
4790:
4764:
4731:
4701:
4666:
4626:
4591:
4555:
4518:
4492:
4466:
4441:
4416:
4382:
4367:
4345:
4318:
4269:
4238:
4215:
4188:
4129:
4066:
4041:
3987:
3946:
3927:(4): 445–457.
3921:Energy Sources
3911:
3841:
3819:
3796:
3767:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3663:
3654:
3631:
3618:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3582:that are also
3575:– a review of
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3326:are provided.
3232:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3129:Main article:
3126:
3123:
3039:
3038:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2962:Main article:
2959:
2956:
2938:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2728:Power Explorer
2726:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2391:(OpenEI) is a
2384:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2309:Main article:
2306:
2303:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1605:database table
1595:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1322:Washington, DC
1312:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1185:
1184:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
990:
983:
980:
979:
976:
959:
956:
949:
943:
937:
936:
933:
924:
918:
913:
911:
910:
905:
899:
897:
891:
890:
885:
882:
876:
873:
871:
870:
865:
859:
857:
851:
850:
847:
842:
833:
826:
823:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
799:
794:
792:Power Explorer
788:
787:
784:
771:
768:
761:
756:
750:
749:
746:
741:
732:
726:
721:
715:
714:
711:
694:
688:
685:
683:
682:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
655:
654:
651:
626:
620:
611:
606:
600:
599:
596:
579:
573:
565:
558:
552:
551:
548:
535:
529:
526:
524:
523:
518:
515:
510:
505:
499:
497:
491:
490:
487:
482:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
441:
436:
430:
429:
426:
423:
417:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
393:
387:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
337:The following
307:
304:
284:
281:
269:
266:
257:
254:
225:
222:
186:
183:
140:
137:
135:
132:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7003:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:Energy policy
6974:
6972:
6971:Energy models
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6946:
6945:Energy models
6938:
6936:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:Organizations
6903:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Mark Jacobson
6884:
6882:
6881:Joe DeCarolis
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:Energy policy
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Energy market
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6630:
6626:
6625:openmod forum
6622:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6584:
6583:
6575:
6572:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6538:
6530:
6529:10044/1/52978
6525:
6520:
6515:
6512:(SI2): 5–22.
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6470:10044/1/23805
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6403:10044/1/27742
6399:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6324:
6319:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6295:10044/1/34750
6291:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6259:
6254:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6114:: 1224–1239.
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6095:
6090:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6073:10044/1/39122
6069:
6064:
6059:
6056:: 1251–1265.
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6037:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6006:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5936:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5801:
5800:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5745:
5741:
5738:PowerGenome.
5734:
5731:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5569:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5484:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:Nature Energy
5093:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5003:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4923:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4870:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4843:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4735:
4732:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4430:
4429:OpenStreetMap
4426:
4420:
4417:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4204:. L 163: 1–12
4203:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:(7642): 393.
4151:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4108:10044/1/56796
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:Energy Policy
4082:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4042:
4032:
4026:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:Energy Policy
3957:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:remote-sensed
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:energy system
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:Energy system
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Crowdsourcing
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:Data license
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3331:Great Britain
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:Data license
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:Code license
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:Data license
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2925:
2923:Mailing list
2922:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2887:Data license
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:Code license
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:powerexplorer
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:Data license
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:Code license
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:OpenStreetMap
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:CC BY 3.0 IGO
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:crowdsourcing
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:CC BY 3.0 IGO
2536:
2534:Data license
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:Code license
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
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366:Data formats
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320:OpenStreetMap
316:
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313:free licenses
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283:Non-open data
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46:energy system
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6986:Open science
6891:John Laitner
6828:Applications
6772:
6632:. Retrieved
6624:
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3119:
3092:
3050:information
3048:clean energy
3042:
3012:clean energy
2941:
2934:/powergenome
2916:/PowerGenome
2850:PowerGenome
2819:
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2719:
2706:Energiewende
2704:
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2667:
2659:photovoltaic
2648:
2621:transformers
2590:graph theory
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2493:OpenGridMap
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1022:RESTful APIs
1018:semantic web
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888:clean energy
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246:database law
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235:
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42:open license
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6896:John Weyant
6339:: 327–344.
6172:: 775–786.
5342:15 December
5316:15 December
5244:: 259–279.
5026:: 401–409.
4757:19 December
4724:19 December
4694:19 December
4374:17 December
4338:15 December
4290:13 December
4181:26 February
4146:Nature News
4091:: 211–215.
4025:cite thesis
3969:: 149–153.
3834:19 December
3584:open source
3498:15 min
3456:time series
3376:Scope/type
3219:Repository
3210:.renewables
3175:Scope/type
3082:), and UK (
3078:), German (
3008:Scope/type
2907:Repository
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2840:PowerGenome
2804:Repository
2761:Scope/type
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2483:OpenGridMap
2344:Scope/type
2287:licenses).
2265:MIT license
2195:time series
2185:geolocation
2144:(BMWi) for
2122:power plant
2073:Repository
2025:Scope/type
1841:Scope/type
1828:and others
1683:Scope/type
1568:Scope/type
1424:Scope/type
1299:Repository
1258:Scope/type
1149:Scope/type
1067:Scope/type
821:PowerGenome
754:OpenGridMap
572:compatible
517:Next Energy
369:Scope/type
190:Data models
179:peer review
125:source code
81:spot prices
77:time series
6960:Categories
6634:1 December
6563:22 January
6553:"Data use"
6309:2 February
5998:2 February
5251:1802.07885
5033:1812.10405
4995:31 October
4969:31 October
4835:28 October
4809:28 October
4783:28 October
4528:"Enipedia"
4511:17 January
4485:17 January
4409:5 November
4391:Roser, Max
4262:13 October
4208:1 December
3874:2001.10858
3789:31 October
3686:References
3452:Luxembourg
3253:ETH Zurich
3245:wind farms
3153:ETH Zurich
3107:World Bank
2785:preferred
2617:mobile app
2586:statistics
2542:preferred
2271:(TSO) and
2215:simulated
2153:ETH Zurich
2134:DIW Berlin
2008:ETH Zurich
1993:DIW Berlin
1643:PostgreSQL
1636:subversion
1629:PostgreSQL
1290:energydata
1280:preferred
1221:datasets.
1175:energydata
1165:preferred
1028:, and the
903:ETH Zurich
806:preferred
672:DIW Berlin
546:PostgreSQL
446:preferred
416:preferred
139:Background
112:provenance
6981:Open data
6745:Open data
6479:0885-8950
6412:0360-3199
6361:1750-5836
6304:1754-5692
6246:0306-2619
6220:: 83–93.
6188:0960-1481
6140:0360-5442
6082:0360-5442
6029:3.6
5786:Snapshot.
5635:1865-2042
5276:0014-2921
5182:2160-5882
5132:157104710
5124:2058-7546
5078:Postprint
5058:0306-2619
4651:9 October
4621:154914379
4534:7 October
4455:CiteSeerX
4434:6 January
4300:cite book
4117:0301-4215
3941:0090-8312
3737:2052-4463
3713:(1): 19.
3672:tree view
3519:renewable
3460:CC BY 4.0
3419:Language
3393:CC BY 4.0
3115:thesaurus
3099:elsewhere
3054:covering
3003:inactive
2892:CC BY 4.0
2782:CC BY 4.0
2462:elsewhere
2423:MediaWiki
2347:US focus
2165:languages
1914:CC BY 4.0
1893:Language
1863:Metadata
1855:CC BY 4.0
1800:license.
1794:CC BY 2.0
1767:CC BY 2.0
1729:Language
1705:Metadata
1697:CC BY 2.0
1461:wiki-site
1419:inactive
1401:Enipedia
1334:CC BY 4.0
1278:CC BY 4.0
1199:Cape Town
1162:CC BY 4.0
1090:see text
953:CC BY 4.0
920:website,
878:website,
830:CC BY 4.0
803:CC BY 4.0
748:US focus
690:website,
622:website,
614:CC BY 4.0
575:website,
569:CC BY 2.0
531:website,
444:CC BY 4.0
419:website,
413:CC BY 4.0
328:Wikimedia
296:paywalled
230:copyright
158:in 2011.
70:copyright
30:open data
6787:Concepts
6487:12921210
5556:11 April
5066:56895468
4580:cite web
4544:cite web
4176:28230147
3891:59143900
3755:31941897
3533:See also
3403:Website
3344:Project
3203:Website
3138:Project
3111:glossary
3026:Website
2971:Project
2899:Website
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2830:Enipedia
2790:Website
2735:Project
2722:Garching
2610:Facebook
2558:URL TBA
2547:Website
2490:Project
2425:and the
2371:Website
2318:Project
2059:Website
1973:Project
1922:Re-users
1918:metadata
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1866:English
1814:Project
1779:Re-users
1771:metadata
1718:opendata
1713:Website
1656:Project
1609:metadata
1584:Website
1520:Project
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1465:database
1449:.tudelft
1447:enipedia
1398:Project
1391:Enipedia
1285:Website
1232:Project
1170:Website
1123:Project
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1043:Project
958:website
812:various
809:website
770:website
461:Enipedia
452:various
449:website
425:various
395:various
392:archive
360:License
354:Project
332:Wikidata
218:cleansed
206:metadata
38:datasets
6592:20 July
6449:Bibcode
6341:Bibcode
5770:Bibcode
5722:6 April
5667:6 April
5284:3484041
5256:Bibcode
5223:9492795
5104:Bibcode
4570:21 July
4154:Bibcode
4059:7 March
4035:Chapter
4015:21 July
3980:17 June
3760:4 March
3746:6962213
3715:Bibcode
3674:and an
3448:Austria
3444:Germany
3423:English
3371:active
3368:Status
3355:German
3277:BSD-new
3187:BSD-new
3170:active
3167:Status
3033:.reegle
3000:Status
2974:reegle
2866:active
2863:Status
2753:Status
2614:Android
2511:active
2508:Status
2466:DBPedia
2447:Scripts
2445:files.
2431:dataset
2421:(using
2396:website
2378:.openei
2339:active
2336:Status
2321:OpenEI
2273:ENTSO-E
2255:. The
2227:project
2193:hourly
2020:active
2017:Status
1959:(OGL).
1938:GeoJSON
1897:English
1844:GB DNO
1836:active
1833:Status
1737:English
1678:active
1675:Status
1625:backend
1601:dataset
1563:active
1560:Status
1416:Status
1373:GeoJSON
1328:of the
1253:active
1250:Status
1144:active
1141:Status
1080:CC0 1.0
1062:active
1059:Status
945:German
649:GeoJSON
560:French
384:CC0 1.0
363:Access
6966:Energy
6869:People
6757:Reegle
6752:OpenEI
6726:MARKAL
6719:Models
6485:
6477:
6410:
6359:
6302:
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