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the part of the industry. It monitored anti-tobacco organizations. It created an information service for the purpose of accumulating and disseminating intelligence on anti-smoking activities. It was used to identify and enlist allies around the world for the tobacco industry, to perform studies and research whose results would be helpful, and to rebut data and allegations from anti-smoking forces. The organization worked closely with TI in carrying out this mission.
83:
The
American tobacco industry, working with its counterparts in other countries around the world, organised ICOSI, later renamed INFOTAB for the purpose of coordinating the worldwide response of the industry to anti-tobacco activities. INFOTAB was used to formulate and publish a consensus position on
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Similar behavior was demonstrated by the top seven biggest U.S. tobacco company CEOs, dubbed the "seven dwarfs", testifying together before the U.S. Congress during a hearing on the regulation of tobacco products on April 14, 1994, in which they collectively denied, under oath, the addictive nature
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The plan formed when major tobacco companies met together to form a unified defense against anti-smoking legislation. They agreed that they would not voluntarily make certain concessions about smoking and, if legislation was passed to force them, they would agree to sue. In particular, they decided
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between the U.S. tobacco industry and various states' attorneys general. U.S. tobacco companies were compelled to publicly disclose approximately 40 million pages of previously confidential documents. During the course of the
Minnesota Attorney General litigation (State of Minnesota, et al.) the
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that they would not concede the point that smoking has adverse health effects and would instead attempt to create controversy, lest they be held legally liable for the deaths of smokers. They also formulated coordinated activities to promote the social acceptability of smoking.
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report at the time claiming that it has the ability to be more addictive than heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines. Several of the tobacco executives also lied under oath, falsely stating that their companies did not manipulate nicotine levels in cigarettes.
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in the United
Kingdom "to develop a defensive smoking and health strategy, to avoid our countries and/or companies being picked off one by one, with a resultant domino effect." They agreed to create a front organization, the
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Operation
Berkshire was created as a unified defensive strategy among international tobacco companies. The code name was initially suggested in a confidential memorandum to the then President of
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William K. Howell director and vice
President of Philip Morris is credited with the marketing success of Marlboro cigarettes, after introducing the Marlboro man to the International world.
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249:
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Mr. Campbell : ... Phillip Morris does not add nicotine to our cigarettes. Phillip Morris does not manipulate nor independently control the level of nicotine in our products.
301:"Sugar Industry Influence on the Scientific Agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research's 1971 National Caries Program: A Historical Analysis of Internal Documents"
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60:, in 1981), which operated through an internationally coordinated network of national manufacturers' associations to delay measures for
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district court ordered the domestic parties to establish a document depository in
Minnesota for the documents produced in that action.
95:, opposed the funding of such projects as tobacco cessation programs and also withheld knowledge about the effects of cigarettes.
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516:"Hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health and the Environment". April 14, 1994 – via PBS
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Lauran
Neergaard (July 31, 1995). "Waxman Says Philip Morris Manipulated Nicotine in Cigarettes". Associated Press.
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Mr. James
Johnston: : ... We do not add or otherwise manipulate nicotine to addict smokers....
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268:"United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler"
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449:"Tobacco CEO's Statement to Congress 1994 News Clip "Nicotine is not addictive.""
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590:"Decades of deceit: Document discovery in the Minnesota tobacco litigation"
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is the name of a program initiated in 1976 by seven of the world's major
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189:""Operation Berkshire": the international tobacco companies' conspiracy"
243:: United States' Factual Memorandum Pursuant to Order # 470, Section V"
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656:
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The purpose of ICOSI/INFOTAB is described in a document entitled "
43:, the CEOs of the tobacco companies met in secret in June 1977 at
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The conspiracy was discovered in
November 1998, as part of the
413:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 142.
605:
State of
Minnesota, et al. v. Philip Morris, Inc., et al.
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United States District Court for the District of Columbia
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United States District Court for the District of Columbia
114:, by the then Chairman of Imperial Tobacco in the UK,
607:, No. C1-94-8565 (2d Dist. Minn.) (Ramsey County).
88:Tobacco companies, via their participation in the
584:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
578:, Peter Hanauer, and Deborah E. Barnes, editors,
77:US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies
241:United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.
616:"The truth about big tobacco in its own words"
237:United States of America (September 2, 2004).
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8:
588:Ciresi, MV; Walburn, RB; Sutton, TD (1999).
433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
187:Francey, Neil; Simon Chapman (2000-08-05).
410:Casino Women: Courage In Unexpected Places
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407:Chandler, Susan, and Jones, Jill (2011).
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50:International Committee on Smoking Issues
492:"Nicotine: Harder to Kick...Than Heroin"
54:International Tobacco Information Centre
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23:aimed at promoting "controversy" over
299:; Laura A. Schmidt (March 10, 2015).
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266:Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006).
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130:, despite at least one published
490:Sandra Blakeslee (1987-03-29).
1:
677:Tobacco in the United States
318:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798
594:William Mitchell Law Review
496:The New York Times Magazine
153:Master Settlement Agreement
108:Philip Morris International
100:Master Settlement Agreement
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90:National Cancer Institute
632:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.313
350:Shatenstein, S. (2001).
205:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.371
193:British Medical Journal
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75:in the context of the
73:Brown & Williamson
352:"Smoke In Their Eyes"
93:Tobacco Working Group
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52:(ICOSI) (renamed the
35:At the invitation of
581:The Cigarette Papers
284:on October 23, 2013.
369:10.1136/tc.10.4.398
295:Cristin E. Kearns;
168:"Truth" ad campaign
69:Conspiracy Notebook
25:smoking and disease
17:Operation Berkshire
39:, the Chairman of
572:Stanton A. Glantz
538:Missing or empty
420:978-0-8014-5014-3
297:Stanton A. Glantz
45:Shockerwick House
21:tobacco companies
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657:Tobacco Archives
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311:(3): e1001798.
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566:External links
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479:on 2010-06-13.
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71:" produced by
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112:Hugh Cullman
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146:The Insider
31:Description
666:Categories
612:Glantz, SA
600:: 477–566.
540:|url=
502:2013-03-01
454:2013-03-01
393:2013-03-01
362:(4): 398.
174:References
163:Propaganda
518:Frontline
469:"YouTube"
429:cite book
650:10926570
614:(2000).
531:cite web
388:73289035
337:25756179
223:10926602
139:See also
128:nicotine
641:1118313
379:1747610
328:4355299
214:1118337
58:INFOTAB
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417:
386:
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148:(film)
384:S2CID
282:(PDF)
271:(PDF)
246:(PDF)
646:PMID
544:help
435:link
415:ISBN
333:PMID
219:PMID
636:PMC
628:doi
624:321
620:BMJ
374:PMC
364:doi
323:PMC
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209:PMC
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