46:
5469:
1047:, which were faster than letters in the event of an imminent invasion. Her code was based on a financial theme, assigning different amounts of money to possible invasion sites. Mentioning her doctor (almost certain) or dentist (certain) showed Chaudoir's confidence in the information. Asking for the money "straight away", "urgently" or "quickly" identified when the invasion would take place (within a week, a fortnight or a month, respectively).
1002:. Newman Smith, based out of New York and responsible for the US elements of the deception, felt this was an unrealistic story and suggested a large force from the US might conceivably reinforce a bridgehead established by units from the UK. Formations intended for Normandy could be "re-purposed" for the initial invasion. The final plan earmarked two
1068:, did become involved on 5 June, but only in forwarding the message of a fictional sub-agent who he had already identified as unreliable (MI5 hoped that this would cover for, in their opinion, the implausible nature of the story). The agent's report explained that a US division based in Liverpool was preparing to head to Bordeaux.
1097:
South). Axis commanders had considered the idea and conducted exercises in preparation, and training continued in the region after D-Day. Following the
Normandy invasion, the Allies had expected both German divisions in the Bordeaux area to mobilize. In the end, only the 17th SS Panzer Division moved
1031:
Ironside began on 23 May 1944 with the aim of having the threat established by 29 May and continued until 28 June (22 days after the
Normandy landings). It was implemented via double agents, in Britain and the United States, under the control of the Twenty Committee. The operation did not receive any
1088:
German intelligence documents indicate that there was never strong belief that the Allies were ready to land in the
Bordeaux region. Intercepted situation reports suggested that the Germans believed rumours of landings in the area to be "cover operations of small caliber" and part of the cover for a
1063:
Although many messages were sent by agents, the Twenty
Committee considered that Ironside was quite unrealistic and as a result was cautious about promoting it too heavily. Most of the information was sent with words of caution or uncertainty to ensure that the agent would not be compromised. One of
1151:
deception planners were worried about the impact of a theoretical US invasion force on the continuing
Fortitude deception. It was decided that a new story would be presented to the Germans, suggesting that the Allies intended to bolster French resistance in the south of the country. The operation
876:
for the most part used less important agents and added words of caution to the messages they sent, reducing the impact of the story. Allied landings around
Bordeaux may also have seemed implausible because it was beyond air cover from the UK and lacked the normal physical elements (such as naval
1054:
sent to
England in 1941 and turned double shortly after) opened the operation, on 23 May, in a message to his German handlers stating that a friend from the US had identified an expeditionary force, consisting of six divisions, preparing to sail. On 29 May, Bronx sent a telegram identifying an
1071:
Messages were also sent from the US. Rudloff, an agent based in the New York, sent four reports between 2 and 20 June. He identified the six divisions under
Fredendall being sidelined for specialist training in bridge building but not amphibious assault and under heavy security. A last-minute
864:
assault, using
Overlord formations, staged out of the United Kingdom. This would then be followed up with six divisions sailing from the east coast of the United States. Historians disagree on the impact of Ironside on German plans. There is no indication that the operation was successful in
1101:
Historians are divided over whether the deception played a major role in the German response. Most, such as historian Ben McIntyre, agree that
Ironside added to the general picture of confusion for the German commanders. McIntyre quotes senior Allied figures, such as
1130:
John Bevan had asked Newman Smith to retain the threat of a US invasion force beyond 28 June when the initial deception was supposed to have ended. Agent Rudloff sent messages on 10, 12 and 18 July referring to the Ironside force. In mid-July, the Allies began
852:, Ironside was communicated to the Germans via double agents between May and June 1944. Unlike other Bodyguard deceptions, the plan was put across entirely by double agents without support by physical deception. Agent Bronx took the lead with support from
1059:
who had later sworn her to secrecy. According to Bronx, the officer had boasted about an airborne assault in the Bordeaux region that would be in the papers the following morning. The next day he had told her the operation had been delayed by a month.
1117:
cover from the United Kingdom. Historian Terry Crowdy's analysis is that Ironside may have suffered simply from lack of resources. In common with other, higher-impact, Bodyguard deceptions it preyed on a concern that the Allies knew Hitler and the
840:
was an important port for the German war effort and had already been a target of commando raids two years earlier. Ironside intended to play on German fears of an invasion in the region, with the aim of tying down defensive forces following
1055:
invasion targeted at the Bordeaux region within a month, using the code "dentist" to say she was certain of the information. She also sent a follow-up letter explaining that the information came from a drunken British officer in the
941:. After initial attempts at deception planning the department was tasked with bringing Bodyguard to fruition. One of their most useful deception channels was through double agents. During the early stages of the war, the
1006:
divisions for the assault with the supposed reinforcements consisting of six real divisions (the 26th, 94th, 95th, and 104th Infantry, and the 10th and 11th Armored) under the notional command of Lieutenant General
1557:
945:(German intelligence) had sent spies to Britain, but all of them either surrendered or were captured. Some, along with other volunteers, were used as an extensive misinformation network under the control of the
971:
was a 1942 commando raid targeting important shipping in the port. In January 1944, the Allies intercepted communications indicating that German commanders were concerned by the possibility of landings in the
2197:
987:
before advancing to meet formations supposedly part of an invasion of the Mediterranean coast of France (in reality these were fictional landings as well, part of another Bodyguard deception called
4040:
1122:
had discussed. Crowdy suggests that with physical deception, and more effort, Ironside could have succeeded in the same way as deceptions aimed against Calais, Normandy and the Mediterranean.
3393:
5391:
3409:
919:
3332:
3304:
2448:
2015:
1550:
3736:
1032:
resources from the Allied navies or airforce, so the deception had no physical element. This meant that Ironside had none of the traditional accompaniments to an invasion, including
5370:
4049:
2870:
4352:
3715:
3024:
2649:
3365:
3311:
2497:
3822:
3318:
2934:
2010:
2344:
1543:
3708:
3155:
3031:
3008:
2388:
266:
3445:
2757:
5515:
3264:
2566:
142:
5263:
955:
was an important port for the German war effort, receiving a great deal of cargo, mostly raw materials, from overseas. It was also a major naval base, with huge
4056:
4019:
3996:
3517:
2439:
2409:
4149:
3209:
918:. The overall aim of Bodyguard was to tie down German forces away from Normandy by threatening other targets. Ironside's specific objective was to tie up the
4005:
3989:
3961:
3729:
2416:
2020:
976:
region of France. The next month, German naval and air units undertook anti-invasion exercises in the area. Ironside was intended to amplify these concerns.
4906:
3973:
3885:
3829:
3792:
3785:
3074:
384:
5510:
3878:
2610:
1711:
396:
3925:
5384:
4012:
2402:
2360:
657:
5233:
3052:
2826:
2589:
2455:
2266:
1036:
flights, bombardment, and naval operations. As a result, the Twenty Committee was cautious about using important agents to pass over the deception.
4128:
2962:
2462:
2374:
2310:
880:
After the operation closed, at the end of June 1944, the threat of invasion from the United States was informally kept alive. It was revisited as
793:
892:
in the Bordeaux region to tie up German forces. Most of Ironside II was ignored by the Germans, whose interest had turned away from the region.
4331:
3843:
2693:
2231:
2080:
287:
4927:
4359:
4105:
3980:
3066:
2897:
2603:
2520:
1525:
1506:
1480:
1461:
1439:
1378:
5160:
4567:
1588:
4453:
3618:
3085:
3081:
3059:
2663:
5075:
4539:
865:
convincing the Germans of imminent Allied plans to invade the Bay of Biscay. On the other hand, Allied planners attributed the delay of a
3871:
3857:
3070:
2085:
1601:
988:
833:
190:
5153:
4609:
2840:
5284:
5031:
4324:
4275:
4033:
3588:
2679:
2527:
2381:
135:
3339:
5400:
4282:
4254:
4071:
3653:
3372:
1619:
1416:
1397:
930:
4595:
5437:
4832:
4532:
3771:
3667:
3503:
3180:
2626:
923:
832:. It complemented efforts to deceive the Germans into believing that the Allies would also land in southern France at this time (
4791:
3563:
4961:
4802:
4627:
4386:
4345:
4238:
4176:
2833:
2702:
2670:
2188:
999:
512:
5197:
4990:
4227:
3350:
5347:
5319:
3678:
3400:
3040:
2771:
2490:
2395:
2280:
271:
5291:
5222:
5047:
4261:
1139:, the August 1944 invasion of southern France. The Ironside story was considered as an option in support of Ferdinand, but
5407:
5340:
4553:
4504:
4268:
3864:
3625:
3416:
2469:
128:
5481:
5377:
4752:
4713:
3632:
3467:
3452:
3379:
3358:
3176:
2854:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2328:
2287:
2259:
774:
571:
5444:
4768:
4720:
4338:
4310:
4163:
3778:
3757:
3278:
2941:
2337:
1106:(chair of the Twenty committee) and Hugh Astor (MI5), who attributed the delayed German response in part to Ironside.
667:
5242:
4446:
2847:
1113:
Part of the problem was that Bordeaux may not have appeared a plausible Allied target because it was out of range of
45:
4738:
4657:
4602:
4490:
4096:
3722:
3646:
3548:
3425:
3297:
3290:
3250:
3223:
2955:
2888:
2555:
2483:
2294:
2224:
1667:
1611:
1119:
1107:
934:
849:
432:
89:
50:
Ironside was one of several plans within the larger Operation Bodyguard deception (contemporary boundaries shown).
5144:
5061:
4846:
4706:
4678:
4511:
4416:
4206:
3639:
2713:
2367:
1688:
552:
493:
422:
211:
1098:
north, and even they were delayed by several days, while the 11th Panzer Division remained to guard the region.
4883:
4860:
4112:
3913:
3906:
3570:
3230:
3202:
3195:
2918:
2582:
694:
689:
545:
488:
459:
372:
1076:
transmitter in France. Known to be under German control, when the operator asked about routes to send escaped
1043:, who communicated with her German handlers via letter. From April 1944, she had also begun sending codes as
5305:
5249:
5119:
4979:
4664:
4317:
4213:
4119:
3687:
3555:
3525:
3489:
3474:
3346:
3238:
3216:
3162:
3148:
3130:
2794:
2575:
2303:
2252:
1652:
983:, Allied forces would land in the Bordeaux region. This force would spend around twelve days establishing a
820:, a broad strategic deception plan instigated by the Allies throughout the year to help cover the June 1944
684:
679:
4997:
4890:
4692:
4643:
4546:
4439:
4409:
4192:
4080:
3806:
3597:
3188:
3169:
3139:
2686:
2656:
2050:
1675:
1566:
1110:
dismisses the impact of the operation saying that there is "no evidence that anyone took them seriously".
813:
699:
505:
447:
226:
204:
3660:
5488:
5211:
5054:
4950:
4920:
4876:
4616:
4581:
4574:
4497:
4395:
3836:
3813:
3271:
2808:
2548:
2534:
2217:
2101:
1990:
1739:
1657:
746:
2863:
1056:
476:
437:
5312:
5167:
4818:
4775:
4745:
4671:
4481:
4460:
3386:
2541:
2141:
2126:
2045:
1937:
1919:
1899:
1103:
821:
647:
618:
216:
5430:
5204:
5082:
5038:
4560:
3694:
3460:
2987:
2817:
2801:
2750:
2156:
2146:
2060:
2055:
2037:
1973:
1886:
1809:
1782:
1757:
1132:
1094:
946:
901:
885:
873:
861:
817:
739:
662:
625:
611:
538:
454:
183:
176:
37:
5423:
5256:
5181:
5135:
5105:
5013:
4853:
4518:
4402:
4296:
4247:
4185:
3941:
3892:
3701:
3604:
3325:
2980:
2911:
2778:
2116:
2065:
1961:
1569:
1003:
968:
907:
842:
809:
760:
637:
604:
597:
564:
557:
500:
442:
427:
389:
233:
152:
59:
5468:
991:). The supposed target of Ironside was the mouth of the Gironde estuary, with a landing site at
872:
As Ironside was a marginal operation, and they were worried about exposing agents as false, the
5414:
5298:
5188:
5128:
5089:
5022:
5004:
4970:
4913:
4867:
4811:
4636:
4374:
4366:
4303:
4156:
3750:
3282:
2927:
2904:
2743:
2722:
2432:
2182:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2075:
1925:
1839:
1521:
1502:
1476:
1457:
1435:
1412:
1393:
1374:
1136:
1065:
937:(LCS). The LCS had been set up in 1942 following successes in deception in the Middle East by
915:
889:
857:
767:
725:
718:
711:
531:
517:
321:
278:
197:
5333:
5326:
5270:
4934:
4699:
4685:
4588:
4525:
4476:
4289:
4142:
4089:
3899:
3850:
3764:
2994:
2971:
2504:
2151:
2136:
1803:
1535:
1114:
1077:
1008:
753:
732:
652:
590:
401:
350:
998:
At first, Bevan suggested that the fictional invasion force should stage from the American
5356:
5068:
4983:
4941:
4839:
4782:
4650:
4432:
4423:
3952:
3534:
3510:
3106:
2764:
1798:
1762:
1719:
1624:
1040:
964:
866:
583:
524:
481:
471:
406:
309:
304:
259:
245:
1949:
120:
5363:
4899:
4825:
2877:
2736:
2161:
1967:
1931:
1629:
1495:
1428:
1033:
642:
314:
299:
294:
240:
221:
5504:
5174:
3099:
2948:
2787:
1979:
1913:
1876:
1853:
1767:
1596:
1490:
1473:
Operation Fortitude: The True Story of the Key Spy Operation of WWII That Saved D-Day
973:
956:
938:
829:
340:
171:
70:
5473:
5277:
3577:
3482:
3113:
2476:
2240:
1985:
1955:
1943:
1729:
1573:
853:
825:
1039:
The lead was given to the less important Agent Bronx, a Peruvian socialite named
5112:
5098:
4760:
3436:
3257:
3242:
2596:
1734:
1724:
1449:
911:
357:
330:
4467:
4220:
4199:
3092:
2425:
2353:
1772:
1749:
1702:
1152:
went largely unnoticed and German interest in the Bordeaux region dissipated.
1080:
the handlers replied that they should, from 15 June, be sent toward Bordeaux.
984:
367:
362:
335:
4730:
4135:
3932:
3743:
3541:
3496:
2513:
1871:
1647:
1140:
3017:
888:. The invasion story was replaced with a supposed Allied plan to increase
3001:
2729:
1777:
1044:
952:
906:
Operation Ironside formed part of Operation Bodyguard, a broad strategic
837:
632:
1831:
1639:
1144:
960:
3611:
1090:
942:
3799:
1148:
1051:
992:
980:
1430:
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception
877:
activities and dummy landing craft) associated with an invasion.
2198:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
1409:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
824:. Ironside supported the overall deception by suggesting to the
22:
2213:
2209:
1539:
914:
high command as to Allied intentions during the lead-up to the
124:
1073:
21:
For the 2021 sting operation known as Operation Ironside, see
1371:
Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II
979:
According to the storyline for Ironside, ten days following
929:
Overall planning for Bodyguard and Ironside rested with
967:
and Bordeaux had already been a target for the Allies.
2871:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
5232:
4960:
4801:
4626:
4385:
4237:
4175:
4079:
4070:
3951:
3677:
3587:
3435:
3138:
3129:
2887:
2712:
2565:
2327:
2320:
2174:
2094:
2036:
2029:
2003:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1864:
1848:
1830:
1823:
1791:
1748:
1710:
1701:
1666:
1638:
1610:
1587:
1580:
111:
103:
95:
85:
77:
65:
55:
30:
1494:
1427:
926:Panzer divisions deployed in the south of France.
828:that the Allies would subsequently land along the
1497:Double Cross: The True Story of The D-Day Spies
1019:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1026:Coded message sent by Agent Bronx, 29 May 1944
2225:
1551:
869:moving to Normandy in part to the deception.
136:
8:
2190:British Intelligence in the Second World War
1330:
1328:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1166:
1164:
1021:Send £50 quickly. I have need of a dentist.
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1176:
860:. Ironside's story included an initial two-
4076:
3135:
2324:
2232:
2218:
2210:
2033:
1891:
1827:
1707:
1584:
1558:
1544:
1536:
1351:
1349:
143:
129:
121:
27:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1434:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1390:Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign
1160:
5516:United Kingdom intelligence operations
4057:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1712:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
1475:(1. publ. ed.). London: Collins.
4928:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
4360:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
4006:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3962:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3067:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1520:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley.
1518:Cockleshell Heroes: The Final Witness
115:Agents Bronx, Tate, Rudloff and Garbo
7:
4050:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3082:Rape during the liberation of France
1064:the most critical Bodyguard agents,
4276:German invasion of the Netherlands
2556:Weather events during World War II
14:
5511:World War II deception operations
4907:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1501:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
267:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
16:1944 military deception operation
5467:
44:
205:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
5154:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2864:Territorial changes of Germany
2772:Indonesian National Revolution
1093:(in itself a deception called
1:
4554:Japanese invasion of Thailand
4505:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4269:German invasion of Luxembourg
2650:Mediterranean and Middle East
4461:Invasion of the Soviet Union
4150:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
3468:Independent State of Croatia
1456:. New York: Overlook Press.
1392:. London: St Ermin's Press.
5445:End of World War II in Asia
5285:Western invasion of Germany
4792:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
4769:Second Battle of El Alamein
4339:Hundred Regiments Offensive
4311:Battle of the Mediterranean
4164:Italian invasion of Albania
2338:Air warfare of World War II
1343:Hesketh (1999), pp. 237–240
1219:Macintyre (2012), pp. 34–37
1170:Latimer (2001), pp. 218–232
884:in mid-July as support for
816:in 1944. It formed part of
5532:
5371:Naval bombardment of Japan
4739:First Battle of El Alamein
4658:Battle of Christmas Island
4603:Japanese invasion of Burma
4367:Italian invasion of Greece
4283:German invasion of Belgium
4255:German invasion of Denmark
4228:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
4097:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2361:Comparative military ranks
1612:London Controlling Section
1182:Levine (2011), pp. 261–262
935:London Controlling Section
899:
850:London Controlling Section
90:London Controlling Section
81:December 1943 – March 1944
20:
5460:
5292:Bratislava–Brno offensive
5223:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4847:Allied invasion of Sicily
4707:Aleutian Islands campaign
4679:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4617:Greek famine of 1941–1944
4512:Second Battle of Changsha
4417:German invasion of Greece
4262:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
2604:North and Central Pacific
2247:
1689:Soviet military deception
1684:
1210:Macintyre (2012), pp. 331
212:Combined Bomber Offensive
164:
43:
35:
4884:Allied invasion of Italy
4861:Solomon Islands campaign
4610:Third Battle of Changsha
4207:First Battle of Changsha
4113:Second Sino-Japanese War
3053:German military brothels
2919:United States war crimes
1426:Howard, Michael (1990).
1261:Holt (2005), pp. 560–561
1135:, a cover deception for
910:intended to confuse the
5306:Second Guangxi campaign
5161:Philippines (1944–1945)
4665:Battle of the Coral Sea
4568:Fall of the Philippines
4214:Battle of South Guangxi
4120:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
3526:Italian Social Republic
1653:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
1471:Levine, Joshua (2011).
1407:Holt, Thaddeus (2005).
1388:Hesketh, Roger (1999).
808:was a Second World War
4891:Armistice of Cassibile
4693:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4644:Battle of the Java Sea
4547:Attack on Pearl Harbor
4447:Syria–Lebanon campaign
4440:Battle of South Shanxi
4410:Invasion of Yugoslavia
4193:Battle of the Atlantic
3807:Korean Liberation Army
3520:(until September 1943)
3477:(until September 1944)
3455:(until September 1944)
2051:D-Day naval deceptions
1516:Rees, Quentin (2010).
1369:Crowdy, Terry (2008).
1322:Hesketh (1999), p. 104
1286:Hesketh (1999), p. 103
1089:main Allied thrust at
1072:deception involved an
1023:
674:Air and Sea operations
467:Anglo-Canadian Sector
346:Anglo-Canadian Sector
5055:Second Battle of Guam
4951:Bengal famine of 1943
4921:Second Battle of Kiev
4877:Battle of the Dnieper
4582:Battle of Wake Island
4454:East African campaign
4396:Battle of South Henan
4041:atrocities by Germans
3814:Korean Volunteer Army
2795:Occupation of Germany
2549:Music in World War II
1658:List of Ops (B) staff
1334:Crowdy (2008), p. 285
1313:Crowdy (2008), p. 284
1196:Howard (1990), p. 125
706:Supporting operations
5341:Surrender of Germany
4819:Battle of West Hubei
4776:Guadalcanal campaign
4746:Battle of Stalingrad
4672:Battle of Madagascar
3446:Albania protectorate
3233:(formerly Swaziland)
2942:Wehrmacht war crimes
2758:Expulsion of Germans
2542:Art and World War II
2440:British contribution
2389:Governments in exile
1900:John Cecil Masterman
822:invasion of Normandy
158:(Battle of Normandy)
5431:Potsdam Declaration
5320:Italy (Spring 1945)
5083:Liberation of Paris
4540:Siege of Sevastopol
3558:(until August 1944)
3461:Wang Jingwei regime
3283:from September 1943
3243:from September 1944
3181:from September 1944
3041:Romanian war crimes
3032:Persecution of Jews
3018:Croatian war crimes
2988:Japanese war crimes
2802:Occupation of Japan
2751:First Indochina War
2463:Military production
2375:Declarations of war
1974:Werner von Janowski
1887:Double-Cross System
1783:George Vander Sluis
1758:Louis Dalton Porter
1411:. London: Phoenix.
1355:Holt (2005), p. 618
1295:Holt (2005), p. 287
1277:Holt (2005), p. 559
1133:Operation Ferdinand
1120:German High Command
1095:Operation Fortitude
902:Operation Bodyguard
886:Operation Ferdinand
818:Operation Bodyguard
60:Political deception
38:Operation Bodyguard
5424:Surrender of Japan
5257:Battle of Iwo Jima
5106:Belgrade offensive
4519:Siege of Leningrad
4403:Battle of Shanggao
4332:British Somaliland
4297:Dunkirk evacuation
4248:Norwegian campaign
4186:Invasion of Poland
4013:Japanese prisoners
2981:Italian war crimes
2912:British war crimes
2827:Soviet occupations
2611:South-West Pacific
2498:Allied cooperation
2456:Military equipment
1962:Nathalie Sergueiew
1581:Deception planning
1570:military deception
1373:. Oxford: Osprey.
1237:Rees (2010), p. 75
1228:Rees (2010), p. 74
989:Operation Vendetta
969:Operation Frankton
908:military deception
843:Operation Overlord
834:Operation Vendetta
812:undertaken by the
810:military deception
806:Operation Ironside
501:Normandy massacres
390:Operation Chastity
154:Operation Overlord
31:Operation Ironside
5498:
5497:
5456:
5455:
5299:Battle of Okinawa
5198:Burma (1944–1945)
5032:Mariana and Palau
4812:Tunisian campaign
4637:Fall of Singapore
4561:Fall of Hong Kong
4304:Battle of Britain
4157:Operation Himmler
4066:
4065:
3730:Dutch East Indies
3373:Southern Rhodesia
3125:
3124:
3025:Genocide of Serbs
2928:German war crimes
2905:Soviet war crimes
2898:Allied war crimes
2744:Division of Korea
2723:Chinese Civil War
2521:Strategic bombing
2433:Manhattan Project
2207:
2206:
2183:Bodyguard of Lies
2170:
2169:
1999:
1998:
1926:Roman Czerniawski
1920:Juan Pujol García
1860:
1859:
1840:David Strangeways
1824:Operational units
1819:
1818:
1697:
1696:
1527:978-1-84868-861-2
1508:978-1-4088-1990-6
1482:978-0-00-731353-2
1463:978-1-58567-381-0
1441:978-0-521-40145-6
1380:978-1-84603-135-9
1137:Operation Dragoon
1057:Four Hundred Club
916:Normandy landings
890:French resistance
802:
801:
658:Mantes-Gassicourt
322:Normandy landings
119:
118:
56:Operational scope
5523:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5474:World portal
5472:
5471:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5334:Prague offensive
5329:
5327:Battle of Berlin
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5271:Vienna offensive
5266:
5259:
5252:
5250:Battle of Manila
5245:
5225:
5216:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5034:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4993:
4991:Korsun–Cherkassy
4986:
4975:
4953:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4833:Bombing of Gorky
4828:
4821:
4814:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4700:Battle of Midway
4695:
4688:
4686:Battle of Gazala
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4596:Battle of Borneo
4591:
4589:Malayan campaign
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4533:Bombing of Gorky
4528:
4526:Battle of Moscow
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4378:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4290:Battle of France
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4143:Munich Agreement
4138:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4099:
4092:
4077:
4059:
4052:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4028:Soviet prisoners
4022:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3968:German prisoners
3964:
3944:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3504:French Indochina
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3428:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3351:from August 1944
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3136:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3077:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2995:Nanjing Massacre
2990:
2983:
2974:
2972:Nuremberg trials
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2576:Asia and Pacific
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2505:Mulberry harbour
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2340:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2034:
1895:Twenty Committee
1892:
1828:
1804:Jasper Maskelyne
1708:
1585:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1512:
1500:
1486:
1467:
1454:Deception in War
1445:
1433:
1422:
1403:
1384:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1115:fighter aircraft
1078:prisoners of war
1027:
1009:Lloyd Fredendall
947:Twenty Committee
874:Twenty Committee
433:La Haye-du-Puits
418:American Sector
326:American Sector
272:Merville Battery
252:Airborne assault
159:
155:
145:
138:
131:
122:
112:Executed by
48:
28:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5466:
5464:
5452:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5385:Atomic bombings
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5228:
5221:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5134:
5127:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5088:
5081:
5076:Eastern Romania
5074:
5069:Warsaw Uprising
5067:
5062:Tannenberg Line
5060:
5053:
5048:Western Ukraine
5046:
5037:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4978:
4969:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4840:Battle of Kursk
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4728:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:St Nazaire Raid
4649:
4642:
4635:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4475:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4433:Anglo-Iraqi War
4431:
4424:Battle of Crete
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4381:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4353:Eastern Romania
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4171:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4095:
4088:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3914:Western Ukraine
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3858:Northeast China
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3564:Slovak Republic
3562:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3535:Empire of Japan
3533:
3524:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3444:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3121:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3080:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3047:Sexual violence
3046:
3039:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2765:Greek Civil War
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2590:South-East Asia
2588:
2581:
2574:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2449:Military awards
2447:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2208:
2203:
2166:
2090:
2025:
2004:Fictional units
1995:
1902:
1881:
1856:
1844:
1815:
1799:Ernest Townsend
1787:
1763:Ellsworth Kelly
1744:
1720:Geoffrey Barkas
1693:
1680:
1662:
1634:
1625:Dennis Wheatley
1606:
1576:
1564:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1470:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1260:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1128:
1086:
1041:Elvira Chaudoir
1029:
1025:
1017:
965:Gironde estuary
904:
898:
867:panzer division
848:Planned by the
803:
798:
785:
572:Verrières Ridge
494:Le Mesnil-Patry
417:
415:Ground campaign
325:
288:American Sector
255:British Sector
254:
160:
157:
153:
151:
149:
86:Planned by
73:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5529:
5527:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5404:
5401:South Sakhalin
5397:
5396:
5395:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5201:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5035:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4880:
4873:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4826:Battle of Attu
4822:
4815:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4575:Battle of Guam
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4498:Battle of Kiev
4494:
4487:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4009:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:United Kingdom
3993:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3965:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:British Empire
3394:United Kingdom
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3235:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3210:Czechoslovakia
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3107:Rape of Manila
3103:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3063:
3056:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2878:United Nations
2874:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2737:Decolonization
2733:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2410:United Kingdom
2406:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:Günther Schütz
1935:
1932:Roger Grosjean
1929:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1630:Ronald Wingate
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1513:
1507:
1491:Macintyre, Ben
1487:
1481:
1468:
1462:
1446:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1336:
1324:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1263:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1198:
1184:
1172:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1127:
1124:
1108:Michael Howard
1104:John Masterman
1085:
1082:
1050:Agent Tate (a
1034:reconnaissance
1018:
1016:
1013:
957:submarine pens
900:Main article:
897:
894:
856:, Rudloff and
845:in June 1944.
800:
799:
797:
796:
784:
783:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
703:
702:
697:
695:Pierres Noires
692:
687:
682:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
623:
616:
615:
614:
602:
595:
588:
575:
574:
569:
562:
555:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
510:
509:
508:
498:
497:
496:
491:
489:Villers-Bocage
479:
474:
465:
464:
463:
462:
452:
451:
450:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Brécourt Manor
412:
411:
410:
409:
404:
394:
393:
392:
376:
375:
373:Port-en-Bessin
370:
365:
360:
355:
344:
343:
338:
333:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
284:
283:
276:
275:
274:
269:
249:
248:
243:
238:
231:
224:
222:Transport Plan
219:
214:
209:
208:
207:
202:
195:
188:
174:
165:
162:
161:
150:
148:
147:
140:
133:
125:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5528:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:Kuril Islands
5405:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:Syrmian Front
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:Market Garden
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4980:Monte Cassino
4977:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:Baltic states
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:United States
3987:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:Quốc dân Đảng
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:Liechtenstein
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:United States
3407:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:Comfort women
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084: /
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073: /
3072:
3069: /
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:Camp brothels
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:The Holocaust
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:forced labour
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:Marshall Plan
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2641:Eastern Front
2638:
2635:
2634:Western Front
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:Puppet states
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:Naval history
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
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2417:United States
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2006:
2002:
1992:
1991:Mutt and Jeff
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:Eddie Chapman
1978:
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1914:Johnny Jebsen
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:Double agents
1905:
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1884:
1878:
1877:Starfish site
1875:
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1854:Beach Jumpers
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1768:David Slepian
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1676:Peter Fleming
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1597:Dudley Clarke
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1424:
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1418:0-7538-1917-1
1414:
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1401:
1399:0-316-85172-8
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974:Bay of Biscay
970:
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948:
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939:Dudley Clarke
936:
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830:Bay of Biscay
827:
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516:
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506:Ardenne Abbey
504:
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353:
349:
348:
347:
342:
341:Pointe du Hoc
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
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201:
200:
196:
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187:
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179:
175:
173:
172:Atlantic Wall
170:
169:
168:
163:
156:
146:
141:
139:
134:
132:
127:
126:
123:
114:
110:
107:May–July 1944
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Bay of Biscay
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
5482:Bibliography
5465:
5278:Project Hula
5243:Vistula–Oder
5212:
5145:
5136:
5120:
5090:
5039:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4971:
4868:
4783:
4759:
4729:
4480:
4373:
4318:North Africa
4020:Soviet Union
3974:Soviet Union
3900:Soviet Union
3668:Vatican City
3578:Vichy France
3483:German Reich
3380:Soviet Union
3366:South Africa
3359:Sierra Leone
3312:Newfoundland
3131:Participants
3114:Marocchinate
2818:
2809:
2779:
2657:North Africa
2618:Indian Ocean
2477:Nazi plunder
2368:Cryptography
2241:World War II
2196:
2189:
2181:
2070:
1986:Josef Jakobs
1956:Wulf Schmidt
1950:Gösta Caroli
1944:Arthur Owens
1808:
1740:Steven Sykes
1602:Victor Jones
1574:World War II
1517:
1496:
1472:
1453:
1450:Latimer, Jon
1429:
1408:
1389:
1370:
1362:Bibliography
1339:
1318:
1291:
1282:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1129:
1112:
1100:
1087:
1070:
1062:
1049:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1020:
997:
978:
951:
928:
905:
881:
879:
871:
847:
805:
804:
787:
786:
779:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
704:
700:Audierne Bay
673:
672:
626:
619:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
576:
565:
558:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
482:
466:
414:
413:
378:
377:
351:
345:
320:
319:
286:
285:
279:
260:
251:
250:
234:
228:Postage Able
227:
198:
191:
184:
177:
166:
18:
5213:Bodenplatte
5099:Gothic Line
4325:West Africa
3872:Philippines
3851:Netherlands
3716:Czech lands
3654:Switzerland
3598:Afghanistan
3549:Philippines
3417:Puerto Rico
3333:Philippines
3319:New Zealand
3305:Netherlands
3258:Free France
3009:Prosecution
2810:Osoaviakhim
2680:West Africa
2664:East Africa
2311:Conferences
2102:Accumulator
2081:Quicksilver
1968:Dušan Popov
1735:Peter Proud
1725:Tony Ayrton
1126:Ironside II
882:Ironside II
748:Houndsworth
668:La Rochelle
5505:Categories
5313:West Hunan
5146:Pointblank
4482:Silver Fox
4468:Summer War
4221:Winter War
4200:Phoney War
3981:Azerbaijan
3942:Yugoslavia
3837:Luxembourg
3679:Resistance
3426:Yugoslavia
3291:Luxembourg
3093:Sook Ching
2889:War crimes
2491:Technology
2484:Opposition
2426:Lend-Lease
2403:Australian
2396:Home front
2354:Blitzkrieg
2304:Casualties
2295:Commanders
2267:Operations
2142:Hardboiled
2127:Chettyford
2046:Copperhead
2030:Operations
1976:(Watchdog)
1970:(Tricycle)
1964:(Treasure)
1773:Bill Blass
1750:Ghost Army
1703:Camouflage
1668:D Division
1620:John Bevan
1156:References
1000:East Coast
985:bridgehead
931:John Bevan
896:Background
794:Cemeteries
648:Saint-Malo
217:Pointblank
5378:Manchuria
5264:Indochina
5040:Bagration
4491:Lithuania
4136:Anschluss
3933:Viet Minh
3830:Lithuania
3772:Hong Kong
3542:Manchukuo
3497:Azad Hind
3156:Australia
2956:Aftermath
2819:Paperclip
2714:Aftermath
2514:Total war
2382:Diplomacy
2345:In Europe
2157:Scherhorn
2147:Mincemeat
2061:Fortitude
2056:Ferdinand
2038:Bodyguard
1982:(Zig-Zag)
1940:(Rainbow)
1872:Paradummy
1730:Hugh Cott
1648:Noel Wild
1589:'A' Force
1141:Noel Wild
1045:telegrams
1015:Operation
788:Aftermath
741:Bulbasket
690:Cherbourg
627:Tractable
540:Charnwood
455:Cherbourg
379:Logistics
185:Fortitude
178:Bodyguard
5489:Category
5438:document
5348:document
5205:Ardennes
5189:Budapest
5137:Crossbow
5015:Overlord
4854:Smolensk
4072:Timeline
3907:Slovakia
3893:Thailand
3744:Ethiopia
3709:Bulgaria
3633:Portugal
3571:Thailand
3453:Bulgaria
3231:Eswatini
3224:Ethiopia
3177:Bulgaria
3002:Unit 731
2963:Response
2780:Keelhaul
2730:Cold War
2703:Americas
2694:timeline
2687:Atlantic
2567:Theaters
2192:(Vol. 5)
2117:Boardman
2086:Zeppelin
2071:Ironside
2066:Graffham
2016:American
1952:(Summer)
1928:(Brutus)
1916:(Artist)
1778:Art Kane
1493:(2012).
1452:(2001).
1004:Overlord
953:Bordeaux
933:and the
862:division
838:Bordeaux
762:Jedburgh
685:La Caine
638:Chambois
633:Hill 262
612:Hill 140
606:Totalize
599:Bluecoat
578:Breakout
566:Goodwood
559:Atlantic
553:2nd Odon
477:Bréville
443:Carentan
438:Saint-Lô
428:Graignes
402:Mulberry
385:American
235:Tarbrush
192:Zeppelin
99:Bordeaux
66:Location
36:Part of
5415:Shumshu
5182:Hungary
5129:Estonia
5113:Lapland
5091:Dragoon
5024:Neptune
5006:Ichi-Go
4972:Tempest
4914:Changde
4869:Cottage
4761:Jubilee
4477:Finland
4375:Compass
4081:Prelude
4034:Finland
3920:Vietnam
3886:Romania
3758:Germany
3737:Estonia
3723:Denmark
3702:Belgium
3695:Austria
3688:Albania
3619:Ireland
3605:Andorra
3589:Neutral
3556:Romania
3490:Hungary
3475:Finland
3347:Romania
3239:Finland
3217:Denmark
3163:Belgium
3149:Algeria
2855:Romania
2841:Hungary
2597:Pacific
2321:General
2275:Leaders
2260:Battles
2253:Outline
2132:Cockade
2122:Cascade
2112:Bertram
2107:Barclay
2076:Titanic
2021:British
1922:(Garbo)
1832:R Force
1640:Ops (B)
1145:Ops (B)
961:U-boats
920:17th SS
826:Germans
776:Wallace
769:Dragoon
727:Titanic
720:Samwest
713:Dingson
643:Falaise
620:Lüttich
547:Jupiter
533:Windsor
519:Martlet
513:Douvres
448:Hill 30
397:British
310:Detroit
305:Chicago
280:Mallard
199:Titanic
167:Prelude
78:Planned
5392:Debate
5364:Taipei
5357:Borneo
4935:Tarawa
4129:Europe
4090:Africa
3879:Poland
3865:Norway
3844:Malaya
3823:Latvia
3765:Greece
3751:France
3647:Sweden
3612:Bhutan
3340:Poland
3326:Norway
3298:Mexico
3265:Greece
3251:France
3189:Canada
3170:Brazil
3140:Allies
3086:Serbia
3075:Poland
2848:Poland
2834:Baltic
2627:Europe
2329:Topics
2281:Allied
2152:Pastel
2137:Forfar
2011:Allied
1958:(Tate)
1946:(Snow)
1934:(Fido)
1865:Decoys
1567:Allied
1524:
1505:
1479:
1460:
1438:
1415:
1396:
1377:
1147:, the
1091:Calais
1084:Impact
963:. The
943:Abwehr
814:Allies
778:&
755:Loyton
734:Cooney
680:Ushant
592:Spring
352:Gambit
315:Elmira
300:Boston
295:Albany
246:Fabius
96:Target
5168:Leyte
4998:Narva
4984:Anzio
4942:Makin
4900:Burma
4784:Torch
4753:Rzhev
4714:Kiska
3800:Korea
3786:Japan
3779:Italy
3661:Tibet
3640:Spain
3518:Italy
3279:Italy
3272:India
3196:China
3071:Japan
2671:Italy
2583:China
2535:Women
2175:Books
2095:Other
1849:Other
1792:Other
1149:SHAEF
1066:Garbo
993:Royan
981:D-Day
858:Garbo
780:Hardy
663:Paris
653:Brest
585:Cobra
526:Epsom
483:Perch
460:Naval
407:Pluto
358:Sword
331:Omaha
261:Tonga
241:Tiger
5234:1945
4962:1944
4803:1943
4731:Blue
4721:Attu
4628:1942
4387:1941
4239:1940
4177:1939
4106:Asia
3953:POWs
3793:Jews
3511:Iraq
3437:Axis
3387:Tuva
3203:Cuba
2288:Axis
2162:Span
1810:more
1522:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1143:and
1052:Dane
959:for
924:11th
922:and
912:Axis
854:Tate
472:Caen
368:Gold
363:Juno
336:Utah
104:Date
23:ANOM
1572:in
1074:MI6
836:).
5507::
4982:/
1348:^
1327:^
1300:^
1266:^
1242:^
1201:^
1187:^
1175:^
1163:^
1011:.
995:.
949:.
4485:)
4479:(
3353:)
3349:(
3285:)
3281:(
3245:)
3241:(
3183:)
3179:(
2233:e
2226:t
2219:v
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1530:.
1511:.
1485:.
1466:.
1444:.
1421:.
1402:.
1383:.
144:e
137:t
130:v
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
