German bombing of Britain, 1914–1918

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Southend and Shoeburyness on 12 August, with the loss of one Gotha, four others crashing on landing. On 18 August, the largest raid of the war was attempted, despite a warning of unfavourable weather. Twenty-eight aircraft took off and soon encountered the predicted high winds; after nearly two hours in the air they had made so little progress that Zeebrugge was still in sight. After a further hour the English coast came into view, revealing that the Gothas were around 40 mi (64 km) off course. With barely enough fuel left to return to Belgium, the flight commander called off the attack. The high wind caused two aircraft to come down in the North Sea and others ran out of fuel and were lost making forced landings, two coming down in neutral Holland. On 22 August, 15 aircraft set out to attack Margate and Dover. Five turned back over the North Sea and the rest were met by heavy anti-aircraft fire and fighter aircraft over the

763:, fifteen HE and 55 incendiaries being dropped. The Zeppelin, at 9,000 ft (2,700 m), was repeatedly caught by searchlights and all 26 anti-aircraft guns in London opened fire, inducing Mathy to zig-zag and ascend to 11,000 ft (3,400 m). Every shell exploded too low and the falling shell splinters caused alarm and damage on the ground. Three RNAS pilots took off from Yarmouth but had already landed by the time that L13 headed out to sea. Flight Sub-Lieutenant G. W. Hilliard landed at Bacton and was killed when the bombs on board exploded; Flight Lieutenant J. M. R. Cripps came down with engine-failure and jumped clear of his aircraft just before it touched down and suffered no injuries, the aeroplane being hardly damaged. The raid killed 22 people and injured 87; the monetary damage of £534,287 was over one sixth of the total damage inflicted by bombing raids during the war. 631: 156: 457:, where engine-trouble forced him to turn for home. Mulock followed the Zeppelin, climbing steadily to 7,000 ft (2,100 m), as far as the West Hinder lightship but could not catch up. LZ38 attacked Southend again on 26/27 May, dropping seventy bombs, killing three people and wounding three, with no damage to buildings. Five aircraft rose to intercept and failed to find the airship, two being damaged on landing. These four raids killed six people and injured six, causing property damage estimated at £16,898. RNAS aircraft had twice tried to intercept LZ38 but it was either able to out-climb the aircraft or was already at too great an altitude for the aircraft to intercept; the 2035:, both aircraft hitting the other. The Giant turned west and bombed Isleworth, Kew and Brentford, causing damage to several houses, killing ten people and wounding ten. As the Giant flew for home it was attacked over Gravesend and the attacker fired 100 rounds before breaking off the attack after losing his night vision when a tracer bullet hit a propeller blade. Another Giant was spotted on its approach above North Benfleet in Essex; four pilots attacked the Giant whose crew dumped its bombs near Wanstead for no result. The British pilots continued to attack as the Giant turned for home but despite attacks until the Giant reached the coast at Eastchurch, the aircraft flew on. 33: 1764:(12 kg) bomb broke some window panes and the third fell near the Sally Port, wounding five people, one mortally. more bombs were dropped to little effect on Gillingham and several window panes in Luton. A woman was killed and two wounded by a 110 lb (50 kg) bomb but all the other bombs dropped sufficed only to injure a boy and damage some property. South of Chatham two more 26 lb (12 kg) bombs were dropped to no effect. None of the local anti-aircraft guns engaged the bombers which were invisible in the dark. The bombing of the RNAS barracks caused the worst death toll of the war. 513: 1652:. The reason for the relatively large numbers of casualties seems to have been public ignorance as to the threat posed by aerial bombardment in daylight. Lieutenant Charles Chabot, a RFC pilot on leave, recorded that: "Raids hadn't become a very serious thing and everybody crowded out into the street to watch. They didn't take cover or dodge". This was the deadliest air raid of the war and no Gothas were lost. News of the raid was received enthusiastically in Germany and Brandenburg was summoned to Berlin to be awarded the 961: 1072:, took place. These were 660 ft (200 m) long, with a capacity of 2,000,000 cu ft (55,000 m), powered by six engines, capable of operating at 13,000 ft (4,000 m) and could carry up to 4 long tons (4.1 t) of bombs. The ten Zeppelins achieved very little; four turned back early and the rest wandered over a fog-shrouded landscape before giving up. Adverse weather dispersed raids on 30/31 July and 2/3 August. On 8/9 August, two Zeppelins were part of a nine-airship raid on 329: 1917:, with the staff headquarters moving to Ghent. The next raid against England was carried out on 29 October, when three aircraft set out, two diverting to Calais because of the weather and the third dropping its bombs on the Essex coast. The following night a big raid was mounted, the bomb load including large numbers of a new 10 lb (4.5 kg) incendiary bomb. Twenty-two Gothas took off, of which over half released their bombs on Kent, with little effect other than the destruction of a 1274: 884: 2092:

Squadron from Biggin Hill, crewed by Lieutenant Edward Turner and Lieutenant Henry Barwise, which fought a long engagement with the Gotha. This was the first victory of the war for Biggin Hill, for which Turner and Barwise were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. The British estimated that 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) of bombs were dropped, although the German figure was 3,200 lb (1,500 kg); 49 people were killed, 177 injured and damage was put at £117,317.

392: 2118:(The Fire Plan), which involved the use of all of the German heavy bomber fleet, flying in waves over London and Paris and dropping all the incendiaries that they could carry, then returning to base to rearm and attack again until they were either shot down or the crews were too exhausted to fly. The hope was that the two capitals would be destroyed in an inextinguishable blaze, causing the Allies to sue for peace. Thousands of 384:, where it was destroyed by high winds. A four-airship raid by the Army on 17 March ran into fog and was abandoned, one airship bombing Calais and being damaged on landing. On 20 March the three remaining Army airships set off to bomb Paris and one was lost on the return journey. Two Navy raids failed due to bad weather on 14 and 15 April, and it was decided to delay further attempts until the more capable 2217:(the Army title of LZ61). The discrepancy persisted for decades, even though it is clear that the authorities knew that it was SL11. In 1984, Ray Rimell suggested that the reason for this confusion was a calculation by the British authorities that the shooting down of a hated and feared Zeppelin "baby killer" would make better propaganda with the public than the destruction of an almost unknown 1786:(Rfa) 501. On 24 September 16 Gothas set off and 13 reached England, most bombing Dover and other targets in Kent, with only five reaching London. This coincided with an unsuccessful Zeppelin attack on the Midlands. The following night 15 Gothas set out, with similar results, only three aircraft reaching London. One of the bombers came down in the North Sea, probably the victim of a 1508: 215: 1711: 848: 1818:

short supply and many of the guns had fired so many rounds that their barrels were worn out. The Government reallocated new 3 in (76 mm) guns from arming merchant ships against submarines, to the defence of London. The barrage was also proving hazardous to those on the ground, in that week eight people had been killed and another 67 injured by falling fragments.

100:) and hitting military installations was a matter of luck. Civilian casualties made the Zeppelins objects of hatred. British defensive measures made airship raids much riskier and in 1917 they were largely replaced by aeroplanes. The military effect of the raids was small but they caused alarm, disruption to industrial production and the diversion of resources from the 858:

hazardous and several airships were destroyed. By mid-1916, there were 271 anti-aircraft guns and 258 searchlights in England. New types of Zeppelin with improved ceilings restored the German technical advantage but led to further flying and navigation problems; oxygen was needed to fly at high altitude, the extreme cold led to crew fatigue and more faults. German

1602: 315:, loaded with nine rounds of incendiary ammunition, reserved for attacks on airships. Martin hit the FF.29 three times around the cockpits. The German pilot dived away; the British aircraft suffered an engine failure and glided down to land at Eastchurch. On the return journey the German pilot dropped two bombs harmlessly at Cliffe station and flew out to sea. 2008:

bombs on British positions near Gravelines. R25, R26 and R39 crossed the English coast to the north of the Thames Estuary. Misled by the sound of the Giants's engines observers warned that a minimum of fifteen aircraft were aloft and eighty fighters were scrambled. R26 had trouble in two of its engines was forced to turn back by anti-aircraft fire at

1423: 1136:, witnessed by the crews of four of the Navy Zeppelins; there were no survivors. For bringing down the first rigid airship on British soil and the first 'night fighter' victory, Leefe Robinson received the Victoria Cross. The pieces of SL11 were gathered up and sold by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers. 2203:

Several months afterwards, a bottle washed up near Marstrand in Norway with a final report by Loewe. The report described L19 on the water at longitude 3° east. Three engines had broken down and headwinds slowed the return journey. Off the Netherlands rifle-fire had been encountered and three engines

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and another fell harmlessly in mud at the Rochester gasworks. A 110 lb (50 kg) bomb fell near the RNAS barracks in the town and two hit the drill hall, being used for accommodation for several hundred men. The explosions killed 130 sailors and wounded another 88, the tower clock stopping at

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on 15/16 June the short summer nights discouraged further raids for some months and the remaining Army Zeppelins were reassigned to the Eastern and Balkan fronts. The Navy resumed raids on Britain in August. On 9/10 August, four Zeppelins were directed against London; none reached its target and L12

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The raid prompted alarmist stories about German agents using car headlights to guide Zeppelins to their targets. The first Navy attempts to bomb London, made by L8, failed due to poor weather. The first attempt was made on 26 February but was abortive due to headwinds. A second attempt ended when the

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for his Christmas dinner, as the object in the sky rushed past then his garden exploded and knocked him down, causing him superficial injuries. As he got up he saw a crater 10 by 4 ft (3.0 by 1.2 m) where his sprouts had been. The windows of the houses near the explosion had been broken and

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were credited with the victory. The remaining airships dropped their bombs blind, relying on radio bearings for navigational information and none fell on land. An attempt was made to salvage the wreckage of L 70 and most of the structure was brought ashore, providing the British a great deal of

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The following night, the first raid undertaken by Giants unaccompanied by Gothas, took place. Four aircraft from Rfa 501 took off from Gontrode and St denis-Westrem, each with a 2,200 lb (1,000 kg) bomb load. R12 turned back with engine trouble over the Channel and turned back, dumping its

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and others leaving London to sleep in whatever accommodation was available, some in fields. On 30 September 11 Gothas set off to raid London and on 1 October 18 took off, eleven reaching England. Over 14,000 rounds were fired by British anti-aircraft guns without scoring a hit. By now shells were in

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on 25 May. Over Belgium the sky was mostly clear and no more than a quarter clouded. There was a light south-westerly wind, no more than 15 mph (24 km/h) at 2,000 ft (610 m), rising to 20 mph (32 km/h) at 9,000 ft (2,700 m). Over south-eastern England, the air

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airfield in August 1916). The number of aircraft varied and in February there were only eight squadrons at less than half-strength; by June the number of squadrons had been cut to six and only 39 Squadron was at full strength and equipped with the B.E.2c aircraft, outclassed on the Western Front but

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which started on 21 March, being used to bomb Calais, Dunkirk, Boulogne and troop concentrations and railways. On 9 May, Rfa 501 suffered a calamity when four aircraft attempted to bomb Dover. High winds caused them to be recalled when over the Channel, by which time fog had covered their base. One

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Encouraged by the lack of night defences, a raid on London was carried out the following night. Of the eleven aircraft which set out, nine reached England and five got as far as London; 18 British defensive sorties were flown but none made contact. The defensive flights were significant in that the

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with Captain C. H. C. Keevil as the observer, attacked three Gothas over Ilford but Keevil was hit by return-fire and killed instantly. British anti-aircraft guns near the coast managed to hit the aircraft of Captain T. Grant of 39 Squadron, who made a forced-landing at Rochford. As the Gothas flew

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caught up with the formation between Dover and Gravelines and attacked a Gotha at 12,000 ft (3,700 m), fired 150 rounds from 150–50 ft (46–15 m) seeing tracer enter the fuselage of the Gotha and black smoke pour from an engine. Leslie was engaged by another Gotha and went into a

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on 2 February he had seen L19 on the water, sinking, about 120 mi (190 km) east of the Spurn lightship. Loewe appealed for rescue but the trawler skipper refused, despite offers of money, fearful of his crew of eight being overpowered by the Germans; a search was conducted but nothing was

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and dropped nine HE and 12 incendiary bombs, achieving a hit with an incendiary on the benzol building, which failed to penetrate inside. A HE bomb fell within 10 ft (3.0 m) and cut the water and electricity supply but the 45,000 imp gal (200,000 L; 54,000 US gal)

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prohibiting the press from reporting anything about attacks not mentioned in official statements. Earlier press reports had contained detailed information about where bombs had fallen. Fifteen sorties were flown against the raiders, only one of which managed to make visual contact with an airship.

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The last attack by Zeppelins on London took place on the night of 19 October 1917. It had been over 12 months since the last Zeppelin raid, during which time the ceiling of German airships had been improved to a height that existing aeroplanes could not reach. Their undersides had also been coated

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seaplanes took off from Zeebrugge at 12:00 p.m. and bombed Dover, hitting Langton Fort, Dover Castle, Shoulder of Mutton battery and "a large number of sheds and barracks" with thirty-two 11 lb (5 kg) bombs at 2:40 p.m. After finishing its bombing run, the UWD turned and made an S-course

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and Leytonstone. Ten people were killed, 48 injured and property damage was estimated at £30,750. Anti-aircraft guns were fired at L10 and a few aircraft took off in pursuit but the Zeppelin suffered no damage. L10 was destroyed a little over two weeks later when it was struck by lightning, caught

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on 7 January 1915, who at first forbade attacks on London, fearing that his relatives in the British royal family might be injured. Following a failed attempt on 13 January 1915, which was abandoned because of the weather, the first successful attempt took place on the night of 19/20 January 1915.

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The last and largest aeroplane raid of the war took place on the night of 19 May 1918, when 38 Gothas and 3 Giants took off against London. Six Gothas were shot down by night-fighters and anti-aircraft fire; a seventh aircraft was forced to land after being intercepted by a Bristol fighter of 141

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Both fighters carried a new gun sight invented by Lieutenant H. B. Neame of the Technical Directorate. The apparatus was an illuminated ring sight with the ring size set for the 77 ft (23 m) wingspan of a Gotha to fill it at 100 yd (91 m), the best range for opening fire. The

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Max Dietrich), L35 and L36 avoided London and the south of England, attacking targets in the Midlands and Tyneside. Halfway across the North Sea, L30 turned back with engine-trouble. The other airships crossed the sea in two groups, the first of five airships arriving between Scarborough and the

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three bursts were sufficient to set fire to L31 and it crashed near Potters Bar with all 19 crew killed, Mathy jumping to his death. His body was found near the wreckage, embedded about 4 in (100 mm) in the ground. Tempest had dived out of the way of the stricken airship and crashed on

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full of whisky. A two-Zeppelin raid the following night failed to bomb London in inclement weather and caused no casualties or damage; another against the north of England on the night of 5/6 April had little effect. One of the three raiders turned back with mechanical problems; the ironworks at

566:. L9 was also blown off course by the weather on the night of 6/7 June, attacking Hull instead of London and causing considerable damage. On the same night a raid by three Army Zeppelins also failed because of the weather; as the airships returned to Evere they ran into RNAS aircraft flying from 2180:

Zeppelin production numbers were in a sequence from LZ1 to LZ112 for airships built during the war. The Navy used the prefix 'L' for their Zeppelins and the Army 'Z', later amended to 'LZ' and not always consistent with the production number used by the Zeppelin firm. Schütte-Lanz airships were

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Airships made 51 bombing raids on Britain during the war in which 557 people were killed and 1,358 injured. The airships dropped 5,806 bombs, causing damage worth £1,527,585. Eighty-four airships took part, of which 30 were either shot down or lost in accidents. Aeroplanes carried out 52 raids,

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did not appreciate the differing wind conditions likely to be met at high altitude. Defence against Zeppelins was haphazard and divided between the RNAS and the RFC, the Navy engaging enemy airships approaching the coast and the RFC responsible once the Zeppelins were over land. The War Office

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A further Gotha raid of 22 aircraft was made on 7 July, resulting in 57 deaths and 193 injuries on the ground. One hundred sorties were flown against the formation, resulting in one Gotha shot down and three damaged for two fighters shot down. Felixstowe and Harwich were bombed on 22 July and

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Koch, suffered an engine failure, was blown over French-held territory and brought down in flames near Compiègne by ground fire. The crew was killed and this was a serious blow to the army air effort because they had accumulated twenty months' experience in L24, SL3 and LZ86. On 23/24 May six

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In December 1915, more P-class Zeppelins and the first of the new Q-class airships were delivered. The Q-class was larger than the P-class, lengthened to 585 ft (178 m), adding two gasbags, improving the ceiling and bomb-load. Better defensive measures of the British made raids more

2080:. A third airship raid took place on 12 April, the altitude at which the airships flew and weather caused navigational problems; although attacks were claimed on towns in the Midlands, most of the bombs fell in open country. Seven people were killed, 20 injured and £11,673 damage was caused. 1575:

At Shorncliff and Cheriton, 17 Canadian soldiers were killed and 93 wounded. At Folkestone a soldier and fifteen men, 31 women and 25 children were killed, eight soldiers, 23 men, 48 women and twelve children were wounded, most of the casualties occurring in Tontine Street, which was full of

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Another 26 lb (12 kg) bomb fell next to the barracks causing minor damage and two 110 lb (50 kg) bombs fell onto open ground in the docks, then three more 26 lb (12 kg) bombs fell, one exploding on the roof of a school causing much damage. The second 26 lb

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made landfall at Westgate in Kent heading south-east. As the aircraft flew over the Isle of Thanet they dropped two 26 lb (12 kg) bombs which fell on a farm. Five more bombs fell in fields and gardens at St Peter's, damaging several windowpanes. One aircraft flew out to sea at

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The first night attack was an experimental raid by five Gothas on 3/4 September against Chatham. The weather was fine with patchy cloud and the wind was less than 10 mph (16 km/h) at 2,000 ft (610 m) and 20 mph (32 km/h) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m). At

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bombs were delivered to bomber bases and the operation was scheduled for August and again in early September 1918 but on both occasions, the order to take off was countermanded at the last moment, perhaps because of the fear of Allied reprisals, Germany being on the brink of surrender.

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which led Böcker into a steep climb, under the impression that he had been engaged by light cruisers and turned north. Soon afterwards, L13 also encountered a trawler, which opened fire. L14 reached England at Cromer then suffered engine-trouble, apparently bombing Norwich but hitting

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3 to turn to night bombing, at first intended to be temporary until re-equipped with improved aircraft but the Gotha G V turned out to be a disappointment, no better than the G IV. The G V and later Gotha models, even the G VII, built to reach an altitude of 20,000–23,000 ft

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On the night of 16/17 June, an attempted raid by six Zeppelins met with some success; two airships were unable to leave their shed due to high winds and two more turned back with engine problems. Of the two that reached England, L42 hit a naval ammunition store in Ramsgate, while

2004:, which was being used as a shelter. After the losses at the end of 1917, the loss of one Gotha and damage to four more in landing accidents led to the suspension of operations against England, pending the reorganisation of the squadron and replacement of aircraft and crews. 4695:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. IV (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4287:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. VI (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4264:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 201:

regularly dropped bombs on Paris. The first raid consisted of five small bombs and a note demanding the immediate surrender of Paris and the French nation. Before the stabilisation of the Western Front, German aircraft made a number of raids on Paris, slightly damaging

1076:. The sixth successful London raid was on 24/25 August, when 13 Navy Zeppelins set out and L31 reached London; flying above low clouds, 36 bombs were dropped in ten minutes on West Ferry Road, Deptford Dry Dock, the station at Norway Street and homes in Greenwich, 1486:, was met with anger by the British population. The raid caused 527 casualties, including 104 deaths, a number of which were children. The striking of a children's school in the raid and the death of a number of students prompted a plaque to be laid with a poem, 863:

believed that the Zeppelins used a layer of inert gas to protect themselves from incendiary bullets and discouraged the use of such ammunition in favour of bombs. Trials of incendiary bullets in mid-1915 at Gosport and Upavon were unimpressive and the explosive

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and L11 scattered a few bombs over Norfolk before heading home. In total, 71 people were killed and 128 were injured. This was the last raid of 1915, as bad weather coincided with the new moon in November and December 1915 and continued into January 1916.

350:, who wrote that "The measure of the success will lie not only in the injury which will be caused to the enemy but also in the significant effect it will have in diminishing the enemy's determination to prosecute the war". The campaign was approved by the 987:

providing a stable gun platform suitable for night fighting. Raids were postponed due to a spell of poor weather and by the withdrawal of the majority of Navy Zeppelins to resolve their chronic mechanical unreliability. Three Zeppelins set off to bomb

1132:, flying from Suttons Farm. Robinson fired a drum of ammunition from his Lewis gun on each of three passes. As Robinson emptied the third drum, the airship began to burn from the stern and was quickly enveloped by flames. SL11 fell to the ground near 2071:

On 12 March, five Zeppelins attempted a raid on the Midlands but headwinds caused them to mistake their position and two dropped their bombs in the sea, the rest bombing the Hull area with little effect, their commanders thinking that they were over

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ground crews handling L24 suffered an equipment failure and the ship crashed into a shed, bursting into flames and setting off L17, both being destroyed. German losses during 1916 led to attempts to make airships less vulnerable by increasing their

1996:, set off to warn of a raid but mistaken for exploding bombs; another 11 people were injured by shell splinters from exploded anti-aircraft shells. Many of the other casualties were caused by a 660 lb (300 kg) bomb, which fell on the 947:

found nothing and two failed to return. At dusk on 1 February a Zeppelin, apparently in difficulties, was reported off Cromer. Harwich Force sent several light cruisers and destroyers but found nothing. Captain Martin, of the Grimsby trawler

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dropping 2,772 bombs of 73.5 long tons (74.7 t) weight for the loss of 62 aircraft, killing 857 people, injuring 2,058, and causing £1,434,526 of damage. The German bombing has been called, by some authors, the first Blitz, alluding to

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On 2/3 September, twelve Navy airships and four from the Army attacked England. Rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were over the North Sea. None of the Navy airships reached London and only the Army ship LZ98 and the new

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with no effect. Although these raids had no significant military impact, the psychological effect was considerable. The Navy attempted to follow up the Army's success the following night. Three Zeppelins were directed against London and L9

504:. Seven people were killed and 35 injured; 41 fires were started, burning out seven properties and the total damage was assessed at £ 560,100 Aware of the problems that the Germans were experiencing in navigation, the government issued a 1954:(England Squadron) had an inauspicious new year when, on 17 January, two crews were killed while testing their aircraft. On 25 January, a raid was cancelled because of fog but on 28 January, during the full moon period, 13 Gothas and two 1584:

to France reached 14,500 ft (4,400 m) and attacked a Gotha at point-blank range but his gun failed to fire; by the time he cleared the stoppage the Gothas were out of range. Flight Lieutenant Leslie RNAS, took off from Dover at

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was the first daylight raid on London. As there had been little planning, early attempts to intercept the Gothas were ineffective. In England, 92 aircraft took to the air but few were able to climb high enough to engage the bombers. A

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shoppers; 95 people were killed and 195 injured. As the formation flew out to sea under anti-aircraft gun fire, they were pursued by 33 RFC and 37 RNAS aircraft. Nine RFC aircraft took off from Detling, Bekesbourne and Throwley before

307:(RFC), flown by Second-Lieutenant Montagu Chidson and the gunner, Corporal Martin, overtook the raider near Erith and attacked over Purfleet. Both aircraft were engaged with 22 rounds by anti-aircraft guns and took evasive action. The 1478:

Zeppelins set out to bomb London but were frustrated by high winds and thick cloud. A few bombs were dropped on Suffolk, killing one person and causing £599 damage. German bombing over England on the nights of 13 June, carried out by

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on the east coast of Scotland, the Army Zeppelins attacking London. None of the airships bombed their intended targets; 13 people were killed, 24 injured and much of the £77,113 damage was caused by the destruction of a warehouse in

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The last Zeppelin raid on Britain took place on 5 August 1918, when four Zeppelins bombed targets in the Midlands and the North of England. The airships reached the British coast before dark and were sighted by the Leman Tail

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Max Dietrich), caused the majority of the damage. Despite the ground fog, 22 aircraft took off to find the Zeppelins but none succeeded. Six aircraft were damaged beyond repair and two pilots were killed in landing accidents.

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before losing its way and making several turns, heading over London and dropping bombs on Bromley around midnight. As the bombs began to explode, the Zeppelin was hit by an anti-aircraft shell fired from the guns at either

268:. On 24 December the weather was cloudy, slightly misty with a north-easterly breeze. Proudzynski and Fankenberg in FF.29 no. 204, appeared high over Dover; Tommy Terson looked up from his garden in Leyburne Road, picking 371:

and the surrounding Norfolk villages. Two British aircraft took off but failed to find the airships; four people were killed and 16 injured. Monetary damage was estimated at £7,740 (equivalent to £847,200 in 2023 ).

602:. Despite eight attacks by RNAS aircraft, the airship was towed into Ostend where it was dismantled. The four-Zeppelin raid was repeated on 12/13 August; again only one airship, L10, made landfall, dropping its bombs on 1924:

Poor weather prevented raids in November and the Gotha crews occupied themselves with training flights. To lessen the chance of a raid meeting adverse weather, in December the Germans began to send out a radio-equipped

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The first raid of 1917 took place on the night of 16/17 March. Five high-flying Zeppelins encountered very strong winds and none reached their targets. On the return flight, L39 (army name LZ86 Type R), commanded by

2076:. Another raid was attempted the following night but only one of the three airships reached England, bombing Hartlepool. The bombs killed eight people and an RFC pilot was killed when he flew into Pontop Pike near 206:. The first bombing raids on England were nuisance raids carried out against Channel ports. German press reports mention a raid carried out on 27 October but there is no British record of an incident on this date. 1199:

engaged L32. He fired three drums of incendiary ammunition and started a fire which quickly spread. The Zeppelin narrowly missed Billericay High Street, coming down at Snail's Hall Farm off Green Farm Lane,

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attacked in waves. Casualties were light but over £100,000 of damage was caused, mostly in London. Two Gothas were brought down by anti-aircraft fire and one with an engine disabled, attempted a landing at

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On the night of 30 March/1 April seven Navy and three Army Zeppelins set off to bomb eastern England and London; most turned back with mechanical trouble or because of the weather. L15 was intercepted by

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L15 quickly jettisoned ballast, dropped only three more bombs (one landing on Aldgate High Street, causing much damage) before departing, having suffered engine damage from the shells. L13 bombed around

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from Dunkirk engaged the bombers near the Belgian coast. A captured German airman later said that a Gotha had been shot down off the Belgian coast, one crashed in Belgium and one landed damaged at

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Humber estuary and the other four heading for the Tyne. The bombing was largely ineffective, killed four people, injured 37 and caused £12,482 damage. L34 was shot down in flames off the coast at

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After three more raids were scattered by the weather a five-Zeppelin raid which became known as the Theatreland Raid was launched by the Navy on 13 October. Arriving over the Norfolk coast around

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17 and 18 moved to Mariakerke to the north-west of Ghent. Ghistelles continued as the main diversion airfield and the four bases were levelled to reduce damage to the Gotha undercarriages.

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aerodrome, struck a tree on approach and crashed. The second aircraft came down near Canterbury and in both cases all the crew survived but a third aircraft and crew was reported missing.

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aircraft used included Sopwith Camels, proving that it was practical to fly the type at night. One Gotha failed to return, probably shot down by anti-aircraft fire from Fort Borstal near

1633:

on the crews could see aircraft taking off from airfields as they approached, the air peppered with smoke from anti-aircraft fire. Beyond Southend, the formation was approached by a

426:

on 9/10 May. An Imperial Order dated 12 February authorised the bombing of the London docks, which was interpreted by the German General Staff as permitting bombing targets east of

1813:

took off, killing 40 people and injuring 87 for the loss of one aircraft. By this time the population of London was thoroughly alarmed, with up to 300,000 people seeking shelter in

1084:. Nine people were killed, 40 injured and £130,203 of damage was caused. L31 suffered no damage in the attack but several weeks of repair work were needed following a hard landing. 2088:

aircraft landed safely, the crew of a second survived a crash in which the aircraft was written off and the remaining two crashed with the loss of all but one member of each crew.

5257: 5088: 4470: 2050:; 21 people were killed and 32 injured. Another Giant raid took place on 7 March; five aircraft reached England, one carrying a 2,200 lb (1,000 kg) bomb, which fell on 1850:

Rawlinson ordered all the searchlights in the London area to be switched off, since they would 'give the game away'. A bomb was dropped at around 11:30 p.m. on the heart of the

1139:

The loss of SL11 ended the Army interest in raids on Britain. The Navy persisted and a 12-Zeppelin raid was launched on 23/24 September. Eight older airships bombed targets in

1214:

Werner Peterson, choosing to jump rather than burn to death. Witnesses said Paterson was still clutching the ship's log when he hit the ground. The crew of L32 were buried at

5136: 1345:

made the first German aeroplane raid on London; hoping to hit the Admiralty, six 22 lb (10 kg) bombs were dropped between Victoria station and the Brompton Road.

1238:

despite being at 13,000 ft (4,000 m). Dropping bombs now to shed weight, a large number fell on homes in Botolph Road and Bow Road. As the airship headed towards

1027:. It came down in the sea near Margate, all but one of the crew surviving. Most of the 48 people killed in the raid were victims of a bomb which fell on an Army billet in 1804:

took off but most turned back due to adverse weather. Three people were wounded and £129 damage was caused, for the cost of three Gothas lost and six damaged on landing.

4985: 1992:

The bombing killed 67 people and injured 166; the casualties included 14 dead and 14 injured in stampedes when people queuing for admission to shelters were alarmed by

787:

at Barnes Common, King's Cross and Dollis Hill. The new gun sites proved ineffective, although the airship commanders commented on the improved defences of the city. A

438:

it was illuminated by searchlights, the first such event in the war. Anti-aircraft fire induced Linnarz to dump his bombs on Oxney, to no effect; Flight Sub-Lieutenant

1437:

3 was based temporarily at Ghistelles, which was too close to the Western Front and British aircraft, before moving 40 mi (64 km) back into German-occupied

759:, causing a fire which, despite the attendance of 22 fire engines, caused over half a million pounds damage. Mathy then turned east, dropping his remaining bombs on 5262: 5242: 1348:

There were no further raids in 1916 but the Navy lost three more airships on 28 December. SL12 came back damaged, made a bad landing and was destroyed overnight at

1835:

being reported from around 9:00 p.m. The wind was freshening from the north-west. The commander of the Western sub-section of the London Air Defence Area, Lt-Col.

1921:

in Ramsgate. Bombs were dropped on the eastern suburbs of London but many of the incendiaries failed to ignite and five aircraft crashed when attempting to land.

1847:), surmised that the airships were likely to switch off their engines; carried silently on the wind over central London, they would drop their bombs undetected. 1546:

was clear, with patches of mist and cloud, Essex being noticeably overcast. South of the Thames, the cloud was broken and the air was clear over south-east Kent.

1175:, killing another eight people and injuring 30; L31 turned for home. Also coming in from the south was L32, delayed by engine problems. It dropped a few bombs on 668:. Eighteen people were killed and 28 injured; property damage totalled £9,616. Fog and mist prevented British aircraft taking off but anti-aircraft guns fired at 748:

At Euston, L13 began to bomb again; the bomb-load included a 660 lb (300 kg) device, the largest yet carried; which exploded on Bartholomew Close near

288:

at 7,000 ft (2,100 m) and were fired on by anti-aircraft guns as they flew up the Thames, pursued by three aircraft which had taken off from bases at

1962:(Giants) took off into a clear sky but a thick mist began to spread. Six of the Gothas turned back before reaching England and the rest made landfall at about 1660:, Germany's highest military honour. On taking off for the return journey, his aircraft had an engine failure; Brandenburg was severely injured and his pilot, 1733:(6,000–7,000 m), were never delivered in sufficient numbers to make a return to day bombing feasible. Night raids provided a measure of protection from 1338: 453:

Mulock caught up with LZ 38 as it bombed and Linnarz ordered the Zeppelin rapidly to climb before Mulock could attack then turned north, floating above the

5023: 1019:, who was unable to do more than fire a few rounds at extreme range; the Zeppelin was damaged by anti-aircraft fire over Purfleet before being attacked by 56: 464:

On the night of 30/31 May, Linnarz commanded LZ38 on the first London raid; LZ37 was also to be part of the raid but was damaged early on and returned to

155: 1258:. Inspection of the wreckage provided the British with much information about the construction of Zeppelins, which was used in the design of the British 2038:

Rfa 501 attacked again on the night of 16/17 February, four aircraft reached England, one carrying a 2,200 lb (1,000 kg) bomb which, aimed at

2064: 1333:

flying a B.E.2c. L21 was shot down by three aircraft near Yarmouth; Flt Sub-Lieutenant Edward Pulling was credited with the victory and awarded a

1294:

on his 15th raid, reaching London) overcame the weather. Approaching from Suffolk, L31 was picked up by the searchlights at Kelvedon Hatch around

4932: 5252: 1302:

it was quickly picked up by six searchlights. Three aircraft of 39 Squadron were in the air and closed in. A B.E.2c piloted by 2nd Lieutenant

803:

and the corner of Exeter and Wellington Streets, killing 17 people and injuring 20. More bombs were dropped on Holborn, as the airship neared

32: 4978: 4846: 4745: 4726: 4700: 4651: 4632: 4613: 4594: 4575: 4556: 4537: 4499: 4460: 4430: 4411: 4392: 4352: 4333: 4314: 4292: 4269: 4246: 4223: 4200: 4155: 4132: 4113: 4075: 4017: 3972: 3949: 2141:

although defending aircraft were not alerted until 8:50 p.m.. Despite thick cloud, two aircraft intercepted the new L70, which was carrying

1909:

The RNAS and RFC carried out bombing raids on German bomber airfields at St Denis-Westrem and Gontrode, forcing the squadrons to relocate to

1379: 5068: 5046: 5018: 4881: 1844: 1038:

On the night of 2/3 April, a six-airship raid was made by Army and Navy airships, the naval ships against the naval base at Rosyth and the

150: 1262:. One 250 hp (190 kW) engine recovered from the wreck was substituted for two (of four) 180 hp (130 kW) engines on a 1159:) attacked London. L30 did not cross the coast, dropping its bombs at sea. L31 approaching London from the south, dropped a few bombs on 900:

on the night of 31 January/1 February. Poor weather, difficulty in navigating and mechanical problems scattered the aircraft across the

5131: 2277:

Giant had a wingspan twice that of a Gotha, unknown to British pilots, which may have induced them to open fire when well out of range.

233:

The first certain raid on Britain occurred on 21 December; the weather was dull with a slight wind from the south and rain showers. At

5184: 5179: 1754:

and the other joined four aircraft flying up the Thames estuary. A 26 lb (12 kg) bomb from the formation fell on Chatham at

92:

Weather and night flying made airship navigation and accurate bombing difficult. Bombs were often dropped miles off target (a raid on

4827: 4677: 4518: 4181: 4094: 4056: 3998: 1836: 1215: 4666:

Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: Ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege

1866:

a few minutes later but the deception worked; London avoided up to 200 bombs. None of the Zeppelins made it back to their base in

871:

using a mixture of explosive and incendiary rounds were promising and 500,000 Pomeroy bullets were ordered; a mixture of Pomeroy,

5247: 5209: 5013: 4971: 1775: 1580:

and saw the Gothas but their B.E.12s could not climb above 14,000 ft (4,300 m). A ferry pilot taking an aircraft from

1374: 562:

The naval airships also tried to raid London; on 4 June strong winds led the commander of L10 to misjudge his position and bomb

2483: 2039: 1171:, killing seven people and wounding 27. More bombs were dropped on Brixton before crossing the river and dropping 10 bombs on 5156: 4942: 1970:

sorties were flown, resulting in one Gotha being shot down after being subjected to a co-ordinated attack by two Camels from

1827:

with a special non-reflective black paint, rendering them almost invisible to searchlights. Up to eleven Zeppelins including

614:

and L10 became the first Navy airship to reach London. L10 was beset by navigational errors, mistaking the reservoirs of the

129: 1641:

from the rear, hitting the aircraft with gunfire before the combined fire of several Gothas drove off the British fighters.

606:. A third four-Zeppelin raid tried to reach London on 17/18 August but two turned back with mechanical problems, one bombed 4759:

Die deutschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege unter Mitwirkung von 29 Offizieren und Beamten des Heeres-und-Marine-Luftfahrt

5008: 484:; a few minutes later small incendiaries began to fall. These devices, weighing 25 lb (11 kg), were filled with 64: 4765:

The German Air Force in the Great War: Its History, Development, Organisation, Aircraft, Weapons and Equipment, 1914–1918

1283:

The next raid came on 1 October 1916. Eleven Zeppelins were launched at targets in the Midlands and at London. Only L31 (

991:

on 5/6 March but were forced by high winds to divert to Hull, killing 18 people, injuring 52 and causing £25,005 damage.

5141: 1683: 1595: 812: 38: 273:

a neighbour James Banks, up a ladder collecting holly, had been thrown to the ground. The aircraft dropped a bomb near

1334: 101: 4672:] (in German). Translated by Larned, J. Hawley (hbk. facs. repr. Battery Press ed.). Leipzig: K. F. Koehle. 81:(Imperial German Flying Corps) mounted over fifty bombing raids. The raids were generally referred to in Britain as 1568:

Cloud over London caused the Gothas to divert to secondary targets at the Channel port of Folkestone and the nearby

5214: 5169: 5146: 4787: 1910: 1246:

and briefly exchanging fire with a B.E.2c. Despite the efforts of the crew, L33 was forced to the ground at around

808: 788: 104:. Concern about the conduct of the defence against the raids, the responsibility for which was divided between the 970:

Ten home defence squadrons were organised by February 1916, with the defence of London assigned to 19 Squadron at

943:

and fired on with small-arms by Dutch troops. No airships could take off due to high winds, several aircraft from

736:; four men were killed at East Dereham and seven people were injured for no material damage. L13 made landfall at 4670:

Germany's War in the Air: A Review of the Development and the Achievements of our Army Air Force in the World War

1645: 889: 2194:

off Dunwich and off Dover, bombs exploding near the Galloper Lightship being thought to have been dropped by it.

1901:

Three more were carried out to sea and were lost over the Mediterranean with all hands when their fuel ran out.

1362: 1298:

turning away, the airship detoured over Harlow, Stevenage and Hatfield. As the airship neared Cheshunt at about

5063: 760: 193:, when new long-range aircraft became available. During the opening months of the war, a German pilot flying a 1929:

to make weather observations off the English coast. The weather cleared on 5 December, when 19 Gothas and two

1644:

The raid caused 162 deaths and 432 injuries. Among the dead were 18 children, killed by a bomb falling on the

5126: 5114: 4994: 2156: 2084: 2043: 2025: 1020: 868: 776: 443: 2101:

3 and Rfa 501 principally flew in support of the army. The development of the 2.2 lb (1 kg) B-1E

960: 811:

anti-gun mounted on a lorry and manned by naval ratings from disbanded armoured car squadrons sited at the

509:

No ground-based guns fired and no searchlights found the airship; one British pilot was killed on landing.

4406:. Schiffer Military/Aviation History (3rd illus. Schiffer, Atglen PA ed.). Henley-on-Thames: Foulis. 1787: 1129: 800: 756: 575: 376:

airship flew below the cloud base to check its position and found itself over Belgian army positions near

328: 2083:

By the middle of March, the Gotha squadron was once again ready to attack England but had to support the

4936: 4144: 2204:

failed at the same time. "Now, about one o'clock in the afternoon, our last hour is approaching. Loewe."

2077: 1772:. Six raids followed at the end of September. These included the first raids on England by the enormous 1741:

and landing. Many damaged aircraft limped back to their airfields only to be lost in landing accidents.

1569: 1358: 1235: 999: 930: 579: 512: 237: 220: 1089: 430:. This interpretation was formally accepted by the Kaiser on 5 May 1915. LZ38 also attacked Dover and 4947: 2151:

of the German Imperial Navy, as an observer. The Zeppelin was shot down in flames with no survivors.

1863: 1191:

The Zeppelin then came under anti-aircraft fire as it dropped bombs on Aveley and South Ockendon. At

1031:. The following night two Navy Zeppelins, diverted from London by the weather, bombed targets in the 1016: 940: 720: 203: 1284: 1273: 912:; 61 people were reported killed and 101 injured. Fifteen of the fatalities occurred in the town of 5219: 5204: 2051: 2032: 1971: 1883: 1795: 1625: 1621: 1448: 1330: 983: 979: 415: 308: 76: 2214: 883: 5164: 5151: 5109: 5078: 4914: 4661: 4302: 2055: 2047: 1814: 1629: 1529:

aircraft in March and after a period of working up, the squadron had 18 Gothas in three flights (

1144: 1073: 872: 749: 571: 347: 304: 301: 97: 4530:

Imagining Future War: The West's Technological Revolution and Visions of Wars to Come, 1880–1914

1167:

and was then illuminated by searchlights. Forty-one bombs were dropped in rapid succession over

1128:

one of the three aircraft in the sky that night came into range, a B.E.2c piloted by Lieutenant

264:

Ludwig v. Frankenberg und Proschlitz, dropped two bombs into the sea near the Admiralty Pier in

4956: 799:, which continued to London and began bombing over Charing Cross, the first bombs striking the 391: 4906: 4861: 4842: 4823: 4799: 4794:

The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4768: 4741: 4722: 4696: 4673: 4647: 4628: 4609: 4590: 4571: 4552: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4478: 4456: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4371: 4348: 4329: 4310: 4288: 4265: 4242: 4237:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4219: 4214:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4196: 4177: 4151: 4128: 4109: 4090: 4071: 4052: 4035: 4013: 3994: 3968: 3945: 2541: 1975: 1859: 1851: 1791: 1655: 1259: 1251: 716: 334: 224: 105: 4767:] (in German) (trans. abr. ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 719:

light vessel and caught L14 at low altitude. One of the trawlers fired eight rounds from its

652:

and Woolwich, and LZ74 was forced to drop weight on its approach and scattered 39 bombs over

5056: 4896: 2104: 2031:

One Giant approaching London was attacked at 12,000 ft (3,700 m) by a B.E.12 from

1986: 1978: 1634: 1399: 1196: 1069: 1032: 784: 683:

ironworks. L9 arrived at the coast at Port Mulgrave, between Whitby and Kettleness at about

554: 385: 269: 133: 128:

of the Second World War. The defence organisation developed by the British foreshadowed the

4283:

The War in the Air Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force Appendices

5119: 4027: 2264: 2109: 2021: 1993: 1982: 1840: 1769: 1303: 1263: 1254:. The airship was set alight and the crew headed south before being arrested by police at 1049: 583: 518: 493: 447: 161: 117: 52: 4757: 2218: 1855: 86: 1886:

in western France by pursuing aeroplanes, two came down and were destroyed by fire near

5073: 4364: 3961: 2498: 2152: 2142: 1957: 1894: 1699: 1679: 1671: 1649: 1552:

3 dispatched 12 Gothas to bomb London but two Gothas were forced to turn back over the

1315: 1243: 1201: 1156: 1152: 1061: 971: 896:

The first raid of 1916 was carried out by the German Navy. Nine Zeppelins were sent to

864: 859: 796: 669: 587: 538: 439: 406: 368: 360: 356: 183:("Ostend Carrier Pigeon Detachment"), a cover name for an elite air unit, commanded by 4644:

Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884–1939

4532:. War, Technology and History. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. 214: 5236: 4918: 4689: 4281: 4258: 4235: 4212: 1967: 1870:. Blown by the increasing gale, one was brought down by French anti-aircraft guns at 1828: 1702:. Two Gothas were shot down almost immediately and a third was shot down over Dover. 1638: 1483: 1289: 1148: 1117: 1097: 901: 867:

attracted little official interest. Experiments undertaken in 1916 by the RFC at the

741: 607: 522: 454: 427: 297: 293: 190: 48: 17: 4792: 2028:

and Margate. Three houses were damaged and a farm building at Rawreth were damaged.

715:

Böcker) flew across the North Sea together. Two armed trawlers were waiting off the

277:, which broke some glass. A British pilot took off but failed to find the aircraft. 5083: 1997: 1926: 1891: 1734: 1479: 1140: 1039: 1008: 917: 729: 696:

but failed to explode. L9 crossed the coast on its homeward journey at Sandsend at

680: 641: 570:, Belgium. LZ38 was destroyed on the ground and LZ37 was intercepted in the air by 343: 274: 196: 59:. After several attacks by seaplanes, the main campaign began in January 1915 with 4901: 586:; two nuns and all but one of the Zeppelin's crew died. Warneford was awarded the 4404:

The Zeppelin in Combat: A History of the German Naval Airship Division, 1912–1918

1003:

for Zeebrugge, being the first aircraft to reach Dover and return at 4:30 p.m. A

177:

on 25 August and 2 September. In the first month of the war, Germany formed the

4691:

The War in the Air Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4423:

Zeppelin Blitz: The German Air Raids on Great Britain during the First World War

4260:

The War in the Air Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

2493: 2134: 2017: 1887: 1591: 1121: 1101: 1028: 1024: 1004: 975: 780: 661: 619: 501: 2267:

described the raid as "the beginning of a new epoch in the history of warfare".

1507: 1112:

and subjected to an intense but ineffective barrage. It was lost in cloud over

346:, deputy chief of the German Naval Staff, in August 1914. These were backed by 4865: 4039: 2009: 1738: 1675: 1526: 1512: 1326: 1239: 1113: 905: 839:. L16 and L11 had gone even further off course; L16 dropped up to 50 bombs on 828: 792: 657: 615: 590:

for his achievement and Zeppelins were withdrawn from their bases in Belgium.

480:

before turning west over Southend. London police were warned of a raid around

397: 364: 289: 109: 4803: 4772: 4625:

German G-Type Bombers of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes

4375: 2545: 1674:, the first U-class Zeppelin, was intercepted near Harwich and attacked by a 875:

and Buckingham bullets brought the defending aircraft their first victories.

582:

on the Zeppelin, setting it on fire. LZ37 crashed into the convent school of

4910: 4839:

Tumult in the Clouds: The British Experience of the War in the Air 1914–1918

2130: 2059: 2001: 1918: 1914: 1875: 1710: 1691: 1556:

due to mechanical difficulties. Ten bombers were sighted by the crew of the

1553: 1222: 1176: 1168: 1081: 995: 897: 847: 832: 824: 687:

and dropped six bombs with no result. The Zeppelin reached the ironworks at

665: 649: 640:

Two Army Zeppelins bombed London on 7/8 September, SL2 dropped bombs on the

599: 563: 534: 530: 285: 125: 113: 4482: 4345:

Gott Strafe England: The German Air Assault against Great Britain 1914–1918

4326:

Gott Strafe England: The German Air Assault against Great Britain 1914–1916

1353: 169:

On 6 August 1914, the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed the Belgian city of

4963: 1615:

due to a poor weather forecast but a third raid on 13 June, taking off at

1601: 827:

and near Woolwich later on. L14 dropped bombs on Otterpool Army Camp near

5028: 1937: 1342: 1231: 1184: 1093: 840: 816: 804: 737: 733: 653: 645: 624: 611: 594: 505: 485: 431: 423: 170: 82: 60: 4721:(facs. repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Sampson Low. 4146:

First Blitz: The Secret German Plan to Raze London to the Ground in 1918

4125:

First Blitz: The Secret German Plan to Raze London to the Ground in 1918

700:

three RNAS pilots from Redcar had taken off but failed to make contact.

280:

Christmas Day was fine with a light breeze from the south-south-west. At

4646:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013: 1867: 1832: 1461:

15 and 16 to Gontrode east of the town. When more Gothas were supplied

1438: 1349: 1227: 1208:

All 22 men of the crew were killed, with some, including the commander

1180: 1164: 1133: 1105: 1096:

to attack the capital from the north-west. It dropped a few bombs over

909: 836: 725: 603: 497: 473: 419: 312: 174: 1831:, approached London from the north, with a few bombs falling north of 3942:

Blueprint for Victory: Britain's First World War Blitzkrieg Air Force

1687: 1581: 1267: 1255: 1172: 1160: 1077: 988: 944: 913: 567: 550: 542: 381: 377: 351: 93: 4822:. A Windsock Datafile Special. Berkhamstead: Albatros Publications. 4511:

Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy during the First World War

4068:

The Baby Killers: German Air Raids on Britain in the First World War

1278:

British propaganda postcard, entitled "The End of the 'Baby-Killer'"

965:

Ordnance Survey map of Airship raid 31 March/1 April 1916 on England

4193:

The First Blitz: The German Air Campaign Against Britain, 1917–1918

1422: 598:

was damaged by ground fire near Dover and came down in the sea off

359:

but were diverted south by strong winds and dropped their bombs on

4820:

The Last Flight of the L48: The True Story of Theberton's Zeppelin

3340: 3338: 2164:

technical information; the bodies of the crew were buried at sea.

2073: 1709: 1600: 1506: 1452: 1421: 1272: 1054: 1044: 959: 882: 846: 629: 526: 511: 469: 465: 458: 390: 327: 265: 213: 154: 31: 4549:

In Search of the Zeppelin War: The Archaeology of the First Blitz

1371:) a daylight bombing offensive against Britain using aeroplanes. 164:, London) commemorating a First World War Zeppelin raid on London 2647: 2645: 2160: 1612: 1311:

landing, though without injury, possibly suffering from anoxia.

546: 4967: 1690:

flown by Pierce Watkins. The Zeppelin came down in flames near

1314:

A raid on 27/28 November by L13, L14, L16, L21, L22, L24, L30,

461:

had a rate of climb of about 500 ft/min (150 m/min).

3993:. Windsock Datafile (56). Berkhamstead: Albatros Productions. 2997: 2995: 1862:

but the ground defences remained silent. Another bomb fell on

693: 489: 380:. The Zeppelin was riddled by small-arms fire and landed near 4453:

The Rise of the Bomber: RAF–Army Planning 1919 to Munich 1938

1011:

aircraft tried to intercept the remaining FF.33s but failed.

173:, killing nine civilians. Ten more died in a night attack on 3355: 3353: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2777: 2775: 1068:

On 28/29 July the first raid to include L31, one of the new

284:

Proudzynski and Fankenberg reappeared in FF.29 no. 203 over

3538: 3536: 3252: 3250: 1493:

Had ceased their task and were listening with bated breath,

779:

defences installed since the September raid by Admiral Sir

3298: 3296: 3294: 3269: 3267: 3265: 2762: 2760: 2596: 2594: 1052:

were bombed with casualties of one dead and nine injured.

2569: 2567: 2394: 2392: 2062:, who had written the lyrics of the popular wartime song 246:, carrying four 4.4 lb (2 kg) bombs, flown by 4951:. Vol. XI, no. 849. 3 July 1919. p. 895. 2307: 2305: 1989:

bomber over Britain; both pilots were awarded the DFC.

4471:

Buttlar-Brandenfels, Horst Julius Freiherr Treusch von

4087:

The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918

3325: 3323: 952:, returned to port on 3 February and reported that at 450:, carried two incendiary bombs and two hand-grenades. 4347:. Vol. II (2nd pbk. ed.). Warwick: Helion. 888:

Zeppelin bomb dropped on Edinburgh, displayed at the

311:

carried by the F.B.4 jammed and Martin resorted to a

4328:. Vol. I (2nd pbk. ed.). Warwick: Helion. 4176:. Crowood Aviation. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. 1737:

and anti-aircraft fire but they greatly complicated

831:, killing 14 soldiers, injuring 12 and later bombed 740:

and flew straight to London in clear skies, bombing

703:

L11 had turned back early with engine trouble; L13 (

656:, before heading on to London and dropping bombs on 5210:

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

5195: 5097: 5037: 5001: 4385:

Zeppelin! A Battle for Air Supremacy in World War I

1694:in Suffolk; Watkins was credited with the victory. 1590:spin, losing contact with the formation. Nine RNAS 1427:

Contemporary illustration of a Gotha crew in action

755:More bombs fell on the textile warehouses north of 189:Wilhelm Siegert, to be used for the bombing of the 4791: 4756: 4688: 4370:(2nd ed.). London, New York: Andrew Melrose. 4363: 4280: 4257: 4234: 4211: 4143: 3960: 2213:SL11 was described officially and in the press as 1242:it continued to lose height, coming under fire at 795:was put out of action by three bombs dropped from 492:rope. About 120 bombs were dropped on a line from 4606:The German Giants: The German R-Planes, 1914–1918 4551:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing (The History Press). 4108:. Windsock Datafile (83). Berkhamsted: Albatros. 2540:. No. 40, 759. 23 January 1915. p. 10. 1985:, the first victory for night-fighters against a 1686:flown by Lt F. D. Holder and Sgt S. Ashby, and a 1611:An attack on 5 June was diverted to Sheerness in 752:, destroying several houses and killing two men. 4738:Zeppelin over Suffolk: The Final Raid of the L48 2046:. An aircraft attacked the following night, hit 775:the Zeppelins encountered nearer London the new 1488: 4933:Historical footage of Zeppelins in World War I 4858:Zeppelin Nights: London in the First World War 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 2492:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). 1104:before it was picked up by a searchlight over 692:was not affected. Another bomb hit a store of 635:British map plotting the raid of 7/8 September 355:Two Zeppelins were to attack targets near the 77:Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches 4979: 4425:(ebook ed.). Stroud: The History Press. 1821: 342:Proposals to bomb Britain were first made by 8: 5258:Aerial operations and battles of World War I 4860:(e-book ed.). London: The Bodley Head. 3906: 3882: 3858: 3810: 3786: 3762: 3698: 3674: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3431: 3419: 3344: 3314: 3241: 3229: 3169: 3157: 3133: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3001: 2986: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2910: 2845: 2833: 2739: 2715: 2703: 2675: 2651: 2612: 2523: 2323: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2146: 2119: 2113: 2102: 2096: 1955: 1949: 1930: 1808: 1799: 1781: 1773: 1727: 1716: 1661: 1653: 1547: 1536: 1530: 1520: 1472: 1462: 1456: 1442: 1432: 1414:) commanded by Hauptmann Ernst Brandenburg. 1409: 1403: 1393: 1387: 1372: 1366: 1319: 1209: 1092:achieved their objective. SL11 came in over 934: 921: 710: 704: 674: 410: 259: 253: 247: 241: 194: 184: 178: 74: 68: 4150:(paperback ed.). London: Corgi Books. 4047:Cole, Christopher; Cheesman, E. F. (1984). 3989:Bruce, J. M. (1996). Rimmell, R. L. (ed.). 3617:, pp. 224, 159–160, 150, 216, 220–221. 1843:Aviator's Licence No. 3 and brother of Sir 1807:The following night seven Gothas and three 1497:By the broken thunder of the German Death. 4986: 4972: 4964: 4492:The First Blitz: Bombing London During WWI 1874:on 18 October near the German frontier at 1375:Kampfgeschwader der Obersten Heeresleitung 1266:-built machine, the hitherto underpowered 252:Stephan von Proudzynski and his observer ( 223:floaplane, seen atop the German submarine 4959:. Essex Record Office. 23 September 2016. 4900: 1726:The improved British air defences forced 1491:Those tiny school babes, our little ones. 578:, who dropped six 9 kg (20 lb) 4604:Haddow, G. W.; Grosz, Peter M. (1988) . 4362:Rawlinson, Alfred; Scott, Percy (1923). 4174:Aeroplanes of the Royal Aircraft Factory 3918: 3834: 3822: 3798: 3774: 3722: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3407: 3395: 3205: 3193: 3097: 3013: 2817: 2766: 2727: 2687: 2663: 2636: 2585: 2558: 2470: 2296: 2190:The army airship LZ77 was heard between 1495:For the blotting out of the glorious sun 982:in April 1916, which was also allocated 4509:Dockrill, M.; French, D., eds. (1996). 4034:. Penguin Special S8. London: Penguin. 2519: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2347: 2289: 2173: 1250:in a field close to New Hall Cottages, 112:, led to a parliamentary inquiry under 5263:Battles and military actions in London 5243:Strategic bombing conducted by Germany 4740:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. 4568:German Aircraft of the First World War 3894: 3870: 3846: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3710: 3686: 3491: 3479: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3302: 3285: 3273: 3217: 3181: 3145: 3121: 3085: 3061: 2898: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2829: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2751: 2691: 2600: 2573: 2536:"Plea For Aeroplanes at King's Lynn". 2458: 2398: 2383: 2371: 2335: 2311: 2133:30 mi (48 km) north-east of 1451:4.3 mi (7 km) south-west of 1035:, killing 22 people and injuring 130. 679:Loew) against the benzol plant at the 593:After an ineffective attack by L10 on 405:The Army received the first of these, 4880:Goebel, Stefan; White, Jerry (2016). 4719:German Air Raids on Britain 1914–1918 4570:(2nd rev. ed.). London: Putnam. 4010:London 1914–1917: The Zeppelin Menace 3963:The Influence of Air Power on History 3256: 3109: 3073: 2974: 2934: 2922: 2446: 2359: 939:Odo Loewe) was last seen low off the 7: 4307:A History of the World War 1914–1918 4049:The Air Defence of Britain 1914–1918 3329: 2624: 1798:. On 28 September 25 Gothas and two 1221:L33 dropped a few incendiaries over 472:LZ38 crossed the English coast near 151:Strategic bombing during World War I 2239:beobachter Oberleutnant der Reserve 2233:Flugzeugführer Leutnant der Reserve 2230:German records noted the deaths of 1195:a B.E.2c piloted by 2nd Lieutenant 434:on 16/17 May, where, over Dover at 324:German plans for a bombing campaign 5185:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 5180:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 4841:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 4837:Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (1997). 4627:. Charleston, SC: Aeronaut Books. 4587:Zeppelin! The German Airship Story 4566:Grey, P. L.; Thetford, O (1987) . 4547:Faulknor, N.; Durrani, N. (2008). 4528:Echevarria II, Antulio J. (2007). 4012:. Campaign (193). Oxford: Osprey. 2181:always 'SL', from 'SL1' to 'SL22'. 1482:and airships, among which was the 1116:but caught by the searchlights at 852:Crater of a Zeppelin bomb in Paris 25: 4589:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 4387:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4383:Rimell, Raymond Laurence (1984). 1666:Freiherr von Trotha, was killed. 1402:), was formed, consisting of six 1337:, the other pilots receiving the 1048:Skinningrove and a colliery near 517:The Home Counties (1889–1965) 1. 5220:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section 4882:"London and the First World War" 4608:(3rd ed.). London: Putnam. 4585:Griehl, M.; Dressel, J. (1990). 4366:The Defence of London: 1915–1918 4191:Hyde, Andrew (18 October 2012). 2490:"consistent series" supplied in 1878:, another was forced to land at 1822:'Silent' Zeppelin raid on London 1776:Zeppelin-Staaken Riesenflugzeuge 1147:, while four M-class Zeppelins ( 488:and the exterior was wrapped in 4813:– via Archive foundation. 4782:– via Archive Foundation. 4712:– via Archive Foundation. 4513:. London: The Hambledon Press. 4378:– via Archive Foundation. 4297:– via Archive Foundation. 4274:– via Archive Foundation. 4251:– via Archive Foundation. 4228:– via Archive Foundation. 4167:– via Archive Foundation. 3984:– via Archive Foundation. 2484:Gross Domestic Product deflator 2042:, fell half a mile away on the 1329:by 2nd Lieutenant Ian Pyott of 1306:engaged the Zeppelin at around 807:it was engaged by a new French 145:Early German long-range bombing 73:(Navy Aviation Department) and 5157:United States Army Air Service 5132:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) 5024:Aircraft of the Central Powers 5019:Aircraft of the Entente Powers 4402:Robinson, Douglas H. (1994) . 130:ground-controlled interception 1: 5253:World War I strategic bombing 4902:10.1080/03058034.2016.1216758 4085:Fredette, Raymond H. (1976). 2494:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?" 1854:, destroying the premises of 627:and was lost with all hands. 180:Brieftauben Abteilung Ostende 5142:Imperial Russian Air Service 4477:. New York: Harcourt Brace. 4195:. Pen & Sword Military. 4123:Hanson, Neil (19 May 2008). 813:Honourable Artillery Company 446:(RNAS), flying an Avro from 43:(illustration by W. Malchin) 5205:Imperial German Air Service 2065:Keep the Home Fires Burning 1721:3 in front of a Gotha, 1917 1535:). Operation Turk's Cross ( 923:Kapitänleutnant der Reserve 712:Kapitänleutnant der Reserve 618:for the Thames and bombing 442:, a Canadian member of the 39:Newcastle-Elswick upon Tyne 5279: 5215:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 4455:. Stroud: Fonthill Media. 4032:The Air Defence of Britain 3944:. Stroud: Fonthill Media. 3627:Rawlinson & Scott 1923 3615:Rawlinson & Scott 1923 3603:Rawlinson & Scott 1923 3591:Rawlinson & Scott 1923 2588:, pp. 67, 69, 68, 73. 980:39 (Home Defence) Squadron 148: 4303:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry 3959:Boyne, Walter J. (2003). 2245:bordschütze Unteroffizier 1646:Upper North Street School 1564:making landfall at about 890:National Museum of Flight 869:School of Musketry, Hythe 709:Heinrich Mathy) and L14 ( 4943:"The Brock Bullet Claim" 4717:Morris, Joseph (1993) . 4642:Hippler, Thomas (2013). 4324:Parker, N. J. (2019a) . 3907:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3883:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3859:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3811:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3787:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3763:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3699:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3675:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3528:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3516:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3504:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3432:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3420:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3345:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3315:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3242:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3230:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3170:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3158:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3134:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3050:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3038:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3026:Cole & Cheesman 1984 3002:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2987:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2971:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2959:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2947:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2911:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2846:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2834:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2740:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2716:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2704:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2676:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2652:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2613:Cole & Cheesman 1984 2524:Cole & Cheesman 1984 1897:in south-west France at 1783:Riesenflugzeug-Abteilung 761:Liverpool Street station 116:and the creation of the 55:was carried out against 5248:Aviation in World War I 5147:Royal Italian Air Corps 5127:Australian Flying Corps 5115:Royal Naval Air Service 4995:Aviation in World War I 4957:"Zeppelins over Essex!" 4755:Neumann, G. P. (1920). 4687:Jones, H. A. (2009b) . 4343:Parker, N. J. (2019) . 4279:Jones, H. A. (2009e) . 4256:Jones, H. A. (2009c) . 4233:Jones, H. A. (2009a) . 4210:Jones, H. A. (2009d) . 3967:. Gretna, LA: Pelican. 2263:In 1938, Air Commodore 2085:German spring offensive 2044:Royal Hospital, Chelsea 1966:Over a hundred British 1794:and George Williams of 1538:Unternehmen Türkenkreuz 1368:Unternehmen Türkenkreuz 777:London Air Defence Area 444:Royal Naval Air Service 249:Flugzeugführer Leutnant 243:I. Seeflieger-Abteilung 210:First attack on Britain 120:(RAF) on 1 April 1918. 70:Marine-Fliegerabteilung 37:German airships attack 5176:Japanese air services 4818:Rimell, R. L. (2006). 4475:Zeppelins Over England 4421:Storey, N. R. (2015). 4142:Hanson, Neil (2009) . 4070:. London: Leo Cooper. 4066:Fegan, Thomas (2002). 2250: 2244: 2242:Kurt Paul Kleeman and 2238: 2232: 2148:Führer der Luftschiffe 2147: 2120: 2114: 2103: 2097: 1956: 1950: 1931: 1809: 1800: 1782: 1774: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1662: 1654: 1626:35 (Training) Squadron 1608: 1548: 1537: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1503:Operation Turk's Cross 1500: 1473: 1463: 1457: 1443: 1433: 1429: 1410: 1404: 1394: 1388: 1373: 1367: 1363:Operation Turk's Cross 1341:. The following day a 1320: 1280: 1218:on 27 September 1916. 1210: 1130:William Leefe Robinson 1065: 967: 935: 922: 893: 854: 721:QF 1-pounder 'pom-pom' 711: 705: 675: 637: 559: 500:and then north toward 411: 402: 339: 260: 254: 248: 242: 240:seaplane no. 203 from 230: 195: 185: 179: 166: 75: 69: 44: 5106:British air services 5069:Aerial reconnaissance 4937:European Film Gateway 4623:Herris, Jack (2014). 4127:. London: Doubleday. 4104:Grosz, Peter (2000). 4089:. New York: Harvest. 2236:Han-Hennig Parschau, 2078:Dipton, County Durham 2058:: among the dead was 1998:Odhams printing works 1979:Charles (Sandy) Banks 1713: 1604: 1570:Shorncliffe Army Camp 1525:3 received the first 1510: 1502: 1425: 1276: 1216:Great Burstead Church 1058: 1000:Friedrichshafen FF.33 963: 886: 850: 783:, which included new 633: 610:in the belief it was 515: 400:for its Zeppelin fund 396:Advertisement by the 394: 331: 238:Friedrichshafen FF.29 217: 158: 87:Schütte-Lanz airships 35: 18:Operation Turkenkreuz 4490:Castle, Ian (2015). 4451:Baughen, G. (2016). 4172:Hare, P. R. (1999). 3940:Baughen, G. (2014). 3761:, pp. 116–117; 3506:, pp. 302, 323. 2973:, pp. 111–117; 2925:, pp. 147, 149. 2299:, pp. 212, 245. 2112:, led to a project, 1864:Grove Park, Lewisham 1815:Underground stations 1606:Types of German bomb 1352:by strong winds. At 1211:Oberleutnant-zur-See 941:West Frisian Islands 300:(Gunbus no. 664) of 204:Notre Dame Cathedral 51:air campaign of the 5161:Greek air services 5002:People and aircraft 4662:Hoeppner, E. W. von 4309:. Faber and Faber. 4008:Castle, I. (2008). 3921:, pp. 335–336. 3897:, pp. 437–438. 3873:, pp. 413–414. 3861:, pp. 423–426. 3837:, pp. 195–196. 3813:, pp. 407–411. 3801:, pp. 192–193. 3789:, pp. 400–401. 3765:, pp. 390–393. 3749:, pp. 360–361. 3737:, pp. 359–360. 3725:, pp. 181–182. 3701:, pp. 385–388. 3677:, pp. 355–357. 3653:, pp. 162–166. 3581:, pp. 146–147. 3557:, pp. 143–144. 3530:, pp. 332–333. 3518:, pp. 325–327. 3494:, pp. 127–128. 3482:, pp. 224–226. 3470:, pp. 107–108. 3458:, pp. 103–106. 3422:, pp. 250–254. 3386:, pp. 139–141. 3374:, pp. 138–139. 3362:, pp. 475–479. 3347:, pp. 243–246. 3317:, pp. 237–238. 3259:, pp. 113–116. 3244:, pp. 201–205. 3196:, pp. 204–209. 3172:, pp. 184–185. 3160:, pp. 178–183. 3136:, pp. 174–176. 3112:, pp. 117–118. 3064:, pp. 222–226. 2989:, pp. 118–120. 2901:, pp. 141–142. 2872:, pp. 383–385. 2860:, pp. 129–135. 2784:, pp. 119–121. 2754:, pp. 118–119. 2694:, pp. 352–353. 2486:figures follow the 2248:Alfred Dickhaut of 2192:8:40 and 10:40 p.m. 2052:Warrington Crescent 1905:Further Gotha raids 1884:Bourbonne-les-Bains 1788:Sopwith 1½ Strutter 1622:Bristol F.2 Fighter 1449:Sint-Denijs-Westrem 984:North Weald Bassett 757:St Paul's Cathedral 422:on 29/30 April and 309:Vickers machine gun 132:system used in the 27:Part of World War I 5152:Romanian Air Corps 5137:French Air Service 5110:Royal Flying Corps 5079:Flight over Vienna 4889:The London Journal 4856:White, J. (2014). 4736:Mower, M. (2008). 4494:. Oxford: Osprey. 4051:. London: Putnam. 3641:, p. 149–150. 3593:, p. 214–215. 2105:Elektronbrandbombe 2056:Paddington station 2048:St Pancras station 2024:and at sea at the 1976:Second Lieutenants 1724: 1648:primary school in 1630:John Cole-Hamilton 1609: 1518: 1430: 1395:England Geschwader 1392:3), nicknamed the 1281: 1260:R33-class airships 1066: 968: 904:, bombing Tipton, 894: 855: 638: 572:Reginald Warneford 560: 403: 348:Alfred von Tirpitz 340: 305:Royal Flying Corps 231: 167: 45: 5228: 5227: 5170:Naval Air Service 5064:Bombing of cities 5047:Strategic bombing 4848:978-0-340-63845-3 4747:978-1-84415-737-2 4728:978-1-84342-149-8 4702:978-1-84342-415-4 4653:978-1-107-03794-6 4634:978-1-935881-26-1 4615:978-0-85177-812-9 4596:978-1-85409-045-4 4577:978-0-85177-809-9 4558:978-0-7524-4182-5 4539:978-0-275-98725-1 4501:978-1-4728-1529-3 4462:978-1-78155-493-7 4432:978-0-7509-6321-3 4413:978-0-88740-510-5 4394:978-0-920002-27-8 4354:978-1-911628-39-2 4335:978-1-911628-37-8 4316:978-0-304-93653-3 4294:978-1-84342-411-6 4271:978-1-84342-416-1 4248:978-1-84342-414-7 4225:978-1-84342-413-0 4202:978-1-78159-124-6 4157:978-0-552-15548-9 4134:978-0-385-61170-1 4115:978-1-902207-25-4 4077:978-0-85052-893-0 4019:978-1-84603-245-5 3974:978-1-58980-034-2 3951:978-1-78155-392-3 3410:, pp. 1–224. 3398:, pp. 60–61. 3305:, pp. 56–58. 3276:, pp. 20–22. 3220:, pp. 78–79. 3208:, pp. 37–39. 3076:, pp. 30–34. 2913:, pp. 83–85. 2706:, pp. 64–67. 2654:, pp. 56–58. 2615:, pp. 51–55. 2603:, pp. 98–99. 2473:, pp. 50–54. 2461:, pp. 88–89. 2449:, pp. 13–15. 2425:, pp. 53–54. 2401:, pp. 17–18. 2374:, pp. 62–63. 2324:Liddell Hart 1934 2095:After this raid, 1951:Englandgeschwader 1860:Piccadilly Circus 1678:flown by Captain 1628:flown by Captain 1252:Little Wigborough 1070:R-class Zeppelins 750:Smithfield Market 388:were in service. 386:P-class Zeppelins 335:recruiting poster 16:(Redirected from 5270: 5165:Army Air Service 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4922: 4904: 4886: 4869: 4852: 4833: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4797: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4762: 4751: 4732: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4683: 4657: 4638: 4619: 4600: 4581: 4562: 4543: 4524: 4505: 4486: 4466: 4436: 4417: 4398: 4379: 4369: 4358: 4339: 4320: 4298: 4286: 4275: 4263: 4252: 4240: 4229: 4217: 4206: 4187: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4138: 4119: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4043: 4028:Charlton, Lionel 4023: 4004: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3955: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2300: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2150: 2140: 2123: 2117: 2108: 2100: 2040:Victoria station 1987:heavier-than-air 1965: 1961: 1953: 1934: 1900: 1881: 1873: 1856:Swan & Edgar 1837:Alfred Rawlinson 1812: 1803: 1785: 1779: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1731: 1720: 1665: 1659: 1635:Sopwith Triplane 1618: 1596:St Denis Westrem 1588: 1579: 1567: 1563: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1524: 1476: 1466: 1460: 1446: 1436: 1413: 1407: 1400:England Squadron 1397: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1370: 1323: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1249: 1213: 1207: 1197:Frederick Sowrey 1194: 1190: 1183:before crossing 1127: 1111: 1060:The wreckage of 1033:north of England 955: 938: 925: 774: 767:Theatreland Raid 747: 714: 708: 699: 690: 686: 678: 555:County of London 483: 479: 437: 414: 283: 270:Brussels sprouts 263: 261:Fähnrich zur See 257: 251: 245: 236: 200: 188: 182: 134:Second World War 89:were also used. 80: 72: 21: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5197: 5191: 5120:Royal Air Force 5099: 5093: 5039: 5033: 4997: 4992: 4955: 4941: 4929: 4884: 4879: 4855: 4849: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4786: 4777: 4775: 4754: 4748: 4735: 4729: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4686: 4680: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4546: 4540: 4527: 4521: 4508: 4502: 4489: 4469: 4463: 4450: 4447: 4445:Further reading 4442: 4440: 4433: 4420: 4414: 4401: 4395: 4382: 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4323: 4317: 4301: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4255: 4249: 4232: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4190: 4184: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4135: 4122: 4116: 4103: 4097: 4084: 4078: 4065: 4059: 4046: 4026: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3952: 3939: 3930: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832:, p. 130; 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576:, p. xxxi. 2572: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2522:, p. 117; 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2482:United Kingdom 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2265:Lionel Charlton 2262: 2258: 2229: 2225: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2138: 2110:incendiary bomb 1983:George Hackwill 1963: 1958:Riesenflugzeuge 1946: 1932:Riesenflugzeuge 1907: 1898: 1879: 1871: 1845:Henry Rawlinson 1841:Royal Aero Club 1824: 1810:Riesenflugzeuge 1801:Riesenflugzeuge 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1722: 1708: 1616: 1607: 1586: 1577: 1565: 1561: 1542: 1516: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1474:Kapitänleutnant 1428: 1420: 1377: 1321:Kapitänleutnant 1307: 1304:Wulstan Tempest 1299: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1247: 1205: 1192: 1188: 1125: 1109: 1064: 1050:Bishop Auckland 994:On 19 March, a 966: 953: 936:Kapitänleutnant 892: 881: 853: 772: 769: 745: 706:Kapitänleutnant 697: 688: 684: 676:Kapitänleutnant 636: 584:Sint-Amandsberg 558: 557:shown in yellow 519:Buckinghamshire 494:Stoke Newington 481: 477: 448:Westgate-on-Sea 435: 401: 338: 326: 321: 281: 234: 229: 212: 165: 162:Farringdon Road 153: 147: 142: 118:Royal Air Force 53:First World War 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5196:Central Powers 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5098:Entente Powers 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5074:Fokker Scourge 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4939: 4928: 4927:External links 4925: 4924: 4923: 4895:(3): 199–218. 4871: 4870: 4853: 4847: 4834: 4828: 4815: 4788:Raleigh, W. A. 4784: 4752: 4746: 4733: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4684: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4633: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4595: 4582: 4576: 4563: 4557: 4544: 4538: 4525: 4519: 4506: 4500: 4487: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4412: 4399: 4393: 4380: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4321: 4315: 4299: 4293: 4276: 4270: 4253: 4247: 4230: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4156: 4139: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4101: 4095: 4082: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4024: 4018: 4005: 3999: 3986: 3973: 3956: 3950: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3911: 3909:, p. 440. 3899: 3887: 3885:, p. 416. 3875: 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 397. 3839: 3827: 3825:, p. 194. 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3777:, p. 188. 3767: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 359. 3703: 3691: 3689:, p. 351. 3679: 3667: 3665:, p. 166. 3655: 3643: 3631: 3629:, p. 224. 3619: 3607: 3605:, p. 216. 3595: 3583: 3571: 3569:, p. 135. 3559: 3547: 3545:, p. 264. 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3446:, p. 263. 3436: 3434:, p. 260. 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3349: 3334: 3332:, p. 184. 3319: 3307: 3290: 3278: 3261: 3246: 3234: 3232:, p. 198. 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3148:, p. 238. 3138: 3126: 3124:, p. 227. 3114: 3102: 3100:, p. 179. 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 149. 3042: 3040:, p. 145. 3030: 3028:, p. 124. 3018: 3016:, p. 137. 3006: 3004:, p. 122. 2991: 2979: 2963: 2961:, p. 110. 2951: 2939: 2937:, p. 147. 2927: 2915: 2903: 2886: 2884:, p. 105. 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2822: 2820:, p. 117. 2810: 2808:, p. 123. 2798: 2796:, p. 121. 2786: 2771: 2769:, p. 109. 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2690:, p. 77; 2680: 2668: 2656: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2590: 2578: 2563: 2551: 2528: 2512: 2499:MeasuringWorth 2488:MeasuringWorth 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2338:, p. 452. 2328: 2316: 2314:, p. 164. 2301: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2256: 2223: 2206: 2196: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2153:Egbert Cadbury 2143:Peter Strasser 1974:RFC, flown by 1945: 1942: 1906: 1903: 1823: 1820: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1700:Isle of Thanet 1680:Robert Saundby 1656:Pour le Mérite 1605: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1489: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1285:Heinrich Mathy 1277: 1244:Kelvedon Hatch 1202:Great Burstead 1059: 1021:Alfred Brandon 964: 887: 880: 877: 865:Pomeroy bullet 860:meteorologists 851: 801:Lyceum Theatre 789:13-pounder gun 768: 765: 634: 588:Victoria Cross 576:Morane Parasol 539:Greater London 516: 468:. Flying from 440:Redford Mulock 395: 361:Great Yarmouth 357:Humber estuary 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 218: 211: 208: 159: 146: 143: 141: 138: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5275: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4829:1-902207-79-3 4825: 4821: 4816: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4704: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4681: 4679:0-89839-195-4 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4520:1-85285-099-X 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4183:1-86126-209-4 4179: 4175: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4096:0-15-682750-6 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4058:0-370-30538-8 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 4000:0-948414-75-8 3996: 3992: 3987: 3976: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3920: 3919:Robinson 1994 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3835:Fredette 1976 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823:Fredette 1976 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799:Fredette 1976 3795: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3775:Fredette 1976 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723:Fredette 1976 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3663:Fredette 1976 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651:Fredette 1976 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639:Fredette 1976 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3579:Fredette 1976 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567:Fredette 1976 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555:Fredette 1976 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543:Fredette 1976 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3468:Fredette 1976 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456:Fredette 1976 3452: 3449: 3445: 3444:Fredette 1976 3440: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3408:Charlton 1938 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396:Fredette 1976 3392: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3288:, p. 53. 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206:Fredette 1976 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194:Robinson 1994 3190: 3187: 3184:, p. 83. 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098:Robinson 1994 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3014:Robinson 1994 3010: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 14. 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2949:, p. 10. 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2848:, p. 73. 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836:, p. 73. 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818:Robinson 1994 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767:Robinson 1994 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2742:, p. 69. 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730:, p. 84. 2729: 2728:Robinson 1994 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 68. 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:Robinson 1994 2684: 2681: 2678:, p. 60. 2677: 2672: 2669: 2666:, p. 74. 2665: 2664:Robinson 1994 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:Robinson 1994 2633: 2630: 2627:, p. 26. 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586:Robinson 1994 2582: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2561:, p. 67. 2560: 2559:Robinson 1994 2555: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2526:, p. 24. 2525: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471:Robinson 1994 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437:, p. 54. 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413:, p. 53. 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386:, p. 17. 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2362:, p. 99. 2361: 2356: 2353: 2350:, p. 49. 2349: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2326:, p. 76. 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Fredette 1976 2293: 2290: 2284: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157:Robert Leckie 2154: 2149: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2115:Der Feuerplan 2111: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:night-fighter 1960: 1959: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1719: 1712: 1706:Night bombing 1705: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1639:Sopwith Camel 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1560:lightship at 1559: 1555: 1550: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1514: 1509: 1498: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1480:Gotha Bombers 1475: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1447:13 and 14 to 1445: 1440: 1435: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1405:Kampfstaffeln 1401: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1291: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Victoria Park 1233: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1203: 1198: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1120:as it bombed 1119: 1118:Waltham Abbey 1115: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:London Colney 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Claude Ridley 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 996:Gotha UWD 120 992: 990: 985: 981: 977: 976:Hainault Farm 973: 972:Sutton's Farm 962: 958: 951: 946: 942: 937: 932: 928: 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:Black Country 899: 891: 885: 878: 876: 874: 870: 866: 861: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 766: 764: 762: 758: 753: 751: 743: 742:Golders Green 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 713: 707: 701: 695: 682: 677: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 632: 628: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608:Ashford, Kent 605: 601: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537:(now part of 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Hertfordshire 520: 514: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 455:Goodwin Sands 451: 449: 445: 441: 433: 429: 428:Charing Cross 425: 421: 417: 416:Erich Linnarz 413: 408: 399: 393: 389: 387: 383: 379: 373: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 349: 345: 336: 330: 323: 318: 316: 314: 310: 306: 303: 299: 298:Vickers F.B.4 295: 294:Isle of Grain 291: 287: 278: 276: 271: 267: 262: 256: 250: 244: 239: 228: 227: 222: 219:Example of a 216: 209: 207: 205: 199: 198: 192: 191:Channel Ports 187: 181: 176: 172: 163: 160:A plaque (61 157: 152: 144: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 102:Western Front 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 79: 78: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 42: 40: 34: 30: 19: 5230: 5198:air services 5100:air services 5084:Bloody April 5051: 4946: 4892: 4888: 4873: 4872: 4857: 4838: 4819: 4809:23 September 4807:. 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Knowledge

German bombing of Britain, 1914–1918

Index