429:
placement for economically disadvantaged, unemployed and unskilled people of all races. In 1969, Sullivan's concept led to the formation of the
Opportunities Industrialization Centers International (OICI), which would expand its services to international communities based on the "self-help" philosophy that Sullivan founded OIC upon. In 1970, Sullivan established OIC of America, Inc. to serve as a national organization that would associated with OIC affiliate campuses across the United States and provide technical assistance centers for areas where the OIC model was replicated.
25:
412:. The program was developed to provide job training and instruction in life skills to disadvantaged and disenfranchised peoples with few prospects, and helped place participants into the workforce. Sullivan discovered that thousands of African Americans and other Philadelphia residents in lower-income communities were unemployed, despite a surplus in job vacancies during that time. This led to the launch of a "selective patronage" campaign, i.e. a
437:
Although OIC does not serve Black people exclusively, its history as part of the civil rights protests of the 1960s and a boycott to help desegregate white businesses in
Philadelphia, was continued in the 1970s with a Pan-African effort to help establish facilities in several African countries,
428:
Renovations to the dilapidated building were funded through donations from community organizers and citizens, and through a grant given by an anonymous donor. The programs provided by the
Philadelphia center were replicated in other American cities, which provided employment training and job
368:
Education – offers "adult basic education, GED preparation and/or testing services" for students such as " over-age, under-credentialed students" who never got a high school diploma but need GED for a job or further
355:
Vocational training – "a core element of OIC's mission"; for both unemployed and those who have a job and want a better one; "helps lower-skilled workers learn new skills and earn industry-recognized credentials".
365:. Provides "relationship development to intensive case management, academic support, vocational training and credentialing, job placement, and long-term follow-up services". A "structured, yet holistic approach".
347:
As of 2018, OIC website stated it operated "over 30 affiliated centers, 22 in the US and 20 international centers in Africa, Haiti and Poland". A November 1999 article in the
809:
804:
799:
54:
375:
Healthcare – OIC offers vocational training in employment areas such as certified nursing assistant, but also offers "comprehensive, affordable, healthcare".
70:
438:"with the collective cultural capital and philanthropy raised by the people themselves in Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and other nations".
361:
SOAR (skills and opportunities for achievement and responsibility) program to reintegrate into society people released from prison and prevent
676:"Pan-African Connections, Transnational Education, Collective Cultural Capital, and Opportunities Industrialization Centers International"
94:
351:
stated it operated "70 branches nationwide and 46 in 18 other countries." The 2021 website of OIC America listed five programs:
230:
317:
59:
46:
417:
484:
358:
Work readiness – "effective communication, problem solving, resume building, interviewing, and job search skills".
50:
404:
with an education and job training facility to help
African Americans. Its first facility was a converted former
304:
Founded in 1964, OIC operates 38 affiliated centers in 22 states in the US and 20 international centers in
218:
458:
379:
Its schools/facilities usually have OIC in the name, such as "Summit
Academy OIC", "American Indian OIC".
35:
39:
611:
746:
Preliminary results of an evaluation of the
Opportunities Industrialization Center in Philadelphia
63:
754:
703:
695:
649:
553:
409:
320:
studies and workforce development courses focused on helping economically disadvantaged persons,
699:
675:
506:
Hoffman., Jan (3 November 1999). "A Civil Rights
Crusader Takes On the World". New York Times.
74:
687:
286:
372:
Youth development – "engaging" youth "to recognize, utilize, and enhance their strengths."
766:
335:
Renee
Cardwell Hughes became CEO of OIC in January 2020, succeeding Dr. Kevin R. Johnson.
274:
735:
Philadelphia
Opportunities Industrialization Center: Its People, Performance and Promise
793:
707:
638:"From Protest to Progress: The Lesson of the Opportunities Industrialization Centers"
393:
336:
282:
166:
156:
691:
580:
401:
397:
321:
278:
152:
148:
744:
733:
329:
517:
362:
290:
260:
271:
126:
116:
606:
653:
637:
485:"Philadelphia OIC names new CEO, plans to expand training opportunities"
413:
743:
University of
Pennsylvania. School of Public and Urban Policy (1976).
405:
332:
seeking to complete or resume their education and obtain employment.
313:
305:
325:
309:
298:
294:
749:. University of Pennsylvania, School of Public and Urban Policy.
782:
243:
18:
416:
against Philadelphia-area companies that were not practicing
732:
Opportunities Industrialization Center (Philadelphia, Pa.).
316:, according to its website. These are designed to provide
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
16:
Nonprofit adult education and job training organization
453:
451:
541:
631:
629:
238:
226:
208:
198:
186:
172:
162:
132:
122:
112:
400:leader and pastor of the Zion Baptist Church in
277:and job training organization headquartered in
581:"Opportunities Industrialization Center (OIC)"
8:
459:"OIC Opportunities Industrialization Center"
107:
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
106:
810:Vocational education in the United States
738:. Opportunities Industrialization Center.
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:Education companies of the United States
800:1964 establishments in the United States
636:Sullivan, Leon H. (Spring–Summer 1986).
585:The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
680:The Journal of African American History
554:"Sullivan, Leon Howard Jr. (1922-2001)"
447:
762:
752:
257:Opportunities Industrialization Center
108:Opportunities Industrialization Center
607:"Dr. Leon H. Sullivan built a legacy"
7:
45:Please consider converting them to
14:
605:Kendall Wilson (April 27, 2001).
483:Gregg, Cherri (20 January 2020).
259:(usually shortened to “OIC” and
23:
700:10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.1.0044
692:10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.1.0044
518:"Vocational Training. Overview"
418:equal opportunity in employment
674:Franklin, V.P. (Winter 2011).
408:on 19th and Oxford Streets in
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
318:General Education Development
642:Yale Law & Policy Review
392:OIC was founded on 1964, by
826:
281:, with offices located in
279:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
177:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
268:OIC International, Inc.
283:New Haven, Connecticut
138:; 60 years ago
136:January 26, 1964
612:Philadelphia Tribune
463:oicinternational.org
264:OIC of America, Inc.
579:Jason T. Bartlett.
339:was OIC's founder.
188:Number of locations
109:
765:has generic name (
542:https://saoic.org/
433:Programs in Africa
410:North Philadelphia
194:20 (international)
192:38 (United States)
324:communities, and
261:doing business as
254:
253:
105:
104:
97:
55:Several templates
817:
786:
785:
783:Official website
770:
764:
760:
758:
750:
739:
719:
718:
716:
714:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
633:
624:
623:
621:
619:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
550:
544:
539:
533:
532:
530:
528:
522:oicofamerica.org
514:
508:
507:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
480:
474:
473:
471:
469:
455:
287:Washington, D.C.
250:
247:
245:
222:
146:
144:
139:
110:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
78:
67:
27:
26:
19:
825:
824:
820:
819:
818:
816:
815:
814:
790:
789:
781:
780:
777:
761:
751:
742:
731:
728:
726:Further reading
723:
722:
712:
710:
673:
672:
668:
658:
656:
635:
634:
627:
617:
615:
604:
603:
599:
589:
587:
578:
577:
573:
563:
561:
560:. 21 April 2008
552:
551:
547:
540:
536:
526:
524:
516:
515:
511:
505:
504:
500:
490:
488:
487:. KYW NEWSRADIO
482:
481:
477:
467:
465:
457:
456:
449:
444:
435:
390:
385:
345:
275:adult education
242:
233:
216:
215:
214:Sheila Ireland
211:
201:
193:
189:
182:
178:
142:
140:
137:
101:
90:
84:
81:
69:
58:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
823:
821:
813:
812:
807:
802:
792:
791:
788:
787:
776:
775:External links
773:
772:
771:
740:
727:
724:
721:
720:
666:
648:(2): 364–374.
625:
597:
571:
545:
534:
509:
498:
475:
446:
445:
443:
440:
434:
431:
426:
425:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:
376:
373:
370:
366:
359:
356:
349:New York Times
344:
341:
252:
251:
240:
236:
235:
228:
224:
223:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
103:
102:
85:September 2022
47:full citations
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
822:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
784:
779:
778:
774:
768:
763:|author=
756:
748:
747:
741:
737:
736:
730:
729:
725:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
667:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
630:
626:
614:
613:
608:
601:
598:
586:
582:
575:
572:
559:
558:BlackPast.org
555:
549:
546:
543:
538:
535:
523:
519:
513:
510:
502:
499:
486:
479:
476:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
441:
439:
432:
430:
423:
422:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Leon Sullivan
387:
382:
380:
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:
350:
342:
340:
338:
337:Leon Sullivan
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
249:
246:.oicofamerica
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
220:
213:
207:
204:United States
203:
197:
191:
185:
181:United States
175:
171:
168:
167:Leon Sullivan
165:
161:
158:
157:United States
154:
150:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
99:
96:
88:
76:
75:documentation
72:
65:
64:documentation
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
745:
734:
711:. Retrieved
686:(1): 51–61.
683:
679:
669:
657:. Retrieved
645:
641:
616:. Retrieved
610:
600:
588:. Retrieved
584:
574:
562:. Retrieved
557:
548:
537:
525:. Retrieved
521:
512:
501:
489:. Retrieved
478:
466:. Retrieved
462:
436:
427:
402:Philadelphia
398:civil rights
391:
378:
348:
346:
334:
303:
267:
263:
256:
255:
234:Job training
173:Headquarters
153:Pennsylvania
149:Philadelphia
113:Company type
91:
82:
71:Citation bot
33:
330:adolescents
231:GED testing
217:(President/
200:Area served
794:Categories
442:References
363:recidivism
291:Burma Camp
210:Key people
143:1964-01-26
51:verifiable
755:cite book
708:142075897
424:Expansion
406:jailhouse
369:training.
272:nonprofit
127:Education
117:Nonprofit
36:bare URLs
713:21 March
659:21 March
654:40239221
527:21 March
491:21 March
468:21 March
343:Programs
322:minority
227:Services
123:Industry
40:link rot
618:July 3,
590:July 3,
564:July 3,
414:boycott
388:Origins
383:History
270:) is a
239:Website
163:Founder
141: (
133:Founded
706:
698:
652:
326:adults
314:Poland
306:Africa
289:, and
60:reFill
704:S2CID
696:JSTOR
650:JSTOR
310:Haiti
299:Ghana
295:Accra
34:uses
767:help
715:2021
661:2021
620:2017
592:2017
566:2017
529:2021
493:2021
470:2021
396:, a
328:and
312:and
266:and
248:.org
68:and
688:doi
244:www
219:CEO
147:in
796::
759::
757:}}
753:{{
702:.
694:.
684:96
682:.
678:.
644:.
640:.
628:^
609:.
583:.
556:.
520:.
461:.
450:^
420:.
308:,
301:.
297:,
293:,
285:,
179:,
155:,
151:,
769:)
717:.
690::
663:.
646:4
622:.
594:.
568:.
531:.
495:.
472:.
221:)
145:)
98:)
92:(
87:)
83:(
79:.
77:)
73:(
66:)
62:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.