507:(CRC) in 1989, children's rights advocates were left frustrated, believing that a treaty establishing the fundamental rights of children ought to protect them from all forms of military involvement. To achieve this, a small group of human rights campaigners and sympathetic governments began a global campaign for a new treaty, which was adopted in 2000 as the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OPAC).
1028:
a) there is a genuine military need to deploy their unit or ship to an area in which hostilities are taking place; and b) by reason of the nature and urgency of the situation:– i) it is not practicable to withdraw such persons before deployment; or ii) to do so would undermine the operational effectiveness of their ship or unit, and thereby put at risk the successful completion of the military mission and/or the safety of other personnel."
886:
collective efforts of child protection actors. Thousands more were spared the ordeal of recruitment and use – because their country has joined OPAC and put in place measures to protect them. Making sure all boys and girls released and their communities have access to meaningful reintegration – to help them overcome the harrowing experiences they have been through – is essential. But this remains a huge challenge.
142:
40:
2026:
978:
to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, adopted in 1977, with an alteration from fifteen years to eighteen years and some other minor modifications. ("The Parties to the conflict shall take all feasible measures in order
876:
On 21 February 2018 a meeting was held at the UN to mark the treaty's 18th anniversary. The meeting, co-sponsored by Child
Soldiers International, UNICEF, and the governments of Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France and Sierra Leone, was attended by approximately 100 delegates. The Special Representative
1027:
On ratification of the treaty, the UK's binding declaration stated its understanding that, while it would endeavour not to use child recruits in hostilities, the protocol "would not exclude the deployment of members of its armed forces under the age of 18 to take a direct part in hostilities where:
486:
Progress towards ending the use of children for military purposes has been slow, partly because many national armed forces have relied on children to fill their ranks. Initial efforts to limit the participation of children in armed conflict began with the adoption of the
Additional Protocols to the
1023:
As noted above, at the time of OPAC's negotiation, the UK joined the US in actively resisting the majority view of negotiating states that 18 should be the minimum age for all forms of military recruitment. Then, as now, the UK permits its armed forces to enlist from age 16, and allows children to
686:
With initial funding from the
Canadian government, the Coalition organised a series of intergovernmental regional conferences; the African and Latin-American conferences strongly supported the straight-18 principle. The European conference supported an end to the participation of children in armed
990:
measures" which is not a total prohibition on their doing so. Furthermore, refraining from recruiting children under fifteen does not exclude children who volunteer for armed service. During the negotiations over the clause "take a part in hostilities", the word "direct" was added, opening up the
885:
We have really come a long way. Today, 18 years later, we should celebrate the quantifiable progress accomplished. The issue of children and armed conflict has been squarely placed on the international peace and security agenda. Since 2000, at least 130,000 child soldiers were released due to the
499:
to recruit children from age 15 and use them in warfare. In addition, the
Protocols did not prohibit belligerents from using children younger than 15 in hostilities when their participation was not "direct"; for example, as scouts, porters, informants, spies, message-carriers and in other support
639:). With the goal of incorporating the straight-18 principle into the new treaty, the Coalition quickly seeded national affiliates in more than thirty countries. The Coalition worked in alliance with a small group of states actively advocating for the straight-18 principle internationally:
145:
816:
Following OPAC's adoption, the number of states restricting enlistment in law to adults aged over 18 has increased substantially from 83 in 2001 to 155 in 2023, which is 78 percent of UN member states. These include several states where child recruitment had been routine, including
776:
between the negotiating parties, in which the new treaty would not prevent states from recruiting children into their armed forces from age 16 or 17, but would require that "all feasible measures" be taken to ensure that children did not participate "directly" in hostilities.
572:, but by 1998, negotiations floundered as it became clear that governments that had long used under-eighteens in their national armed forces, notably the United States and United Kingdom, were not willing to support a new standard that conflicted with their national practice.
1857:
2023:"Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. Concluding observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
2022:
963:
The treaty allows states the option of raising their minimum enlistment age at any point and depositing an updated binding declaration to that effect with the United
Nations; any state doing so is then bound by the revised minimum age and may not lower
973:
The sentence "States
Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities" was adapted from Article 77.2 of the Additional
1008:
follows the
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict but still accepts cadets between the ages of 13 and 18 (except staff) and sometimes brings them onto ADF bases.
1083:
917:
ensure prior to enlistment that child applicants are "fully informed" of the duties of military service, that their choice to enlist is "genuinely voluntary", and that their parents or legal guardians give their "informed consent";
1864:
2959:
904:
No state party may recruit any person who has yet to attain a minimum age specified by the state (in a binding declaration deposited with the UN on ratification), and in all cases the minimum age must not be lower than 16
949:
States parties must cooperate with each other in the implementation of the treaty and support financially and technically "in the rehabilitation and social reintegration" of persons who were recruited unlawfully as
762:. The US, with British support, continued to insist that it would not support a treaty that prevented it from sending 17-year-olds into battle. According to Becker, the US relented following an intervention from
991:
possibility that child volunteers could be involved indirectly in hostilities, gathering and transmitting military information, helping in the transportation of arms and munitions, provision of supplies, etc.
1555:
531:
While the large majority of states negotiating the protocol were willing to end all military recruitment of children under the age of 18 (the so-called "straight-18" principle), a small number were opposed:
1991:
2829:
579:
Instrumental in gathering high-level support for the treaty was a proposal by children's rights advocates for a major study on the effect of armed conflict on children. The study was proposed by the
2119:
299:
982:
The ICRC commentary on
Protocol I makes clear that it does not require a complete ban on the use of children in conflict. The ICRC had proposed that the Protocol require parties to "take all
979:
that children who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities and, in particular, they shall refrain from recruiting them into their armed forces.")
319:
2324:
956:
The treaty does not prevent states from operating military schools, which are common in many countries, provided that these comply with the legal requirements governing education in the
2604:
1165:
Optional protocols to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography
1130:
416:
under the age of 18; 2) ensure that military recruits are no younger than 16; and 3) prevent recruits aged 16 or 17 from taking a direct part in hostilities. The treaty also forbids
2964:
2279:
1715:
284:
1968:
2824:
483:
ended, the number of armed conflicts grew and the use of children for military purposes surged, affecting as many as 300,000 children worldwide annually by the end of the 1990s.
1741:
1452:
212:
1776:
2969:
2544:
785:
The OPAC treaty has been widely ratified. As of 2023, 173 states had ratified or acceded to the treaty; a further seven states had signed but not yet ratified it (
2289:
2084:
1999:
279:
2109:
528:. Its mandate was to begin negotiations on a new protocol to the Convention that would raise standards regarding the use of children for military purposes.
2684:
2344:
2214:
472:
2774:
1965:"United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict"
1018:
763:
432:
525:
576:
While some of the states opposed to the change said nevertheless that they would not block it, the US insisted on its position, according to Becker.
1524:
1078:
836:
reports that the recruitment of children for military purposes remains widespread, including by armed forces in the three most populous countries –
719:
387:
264:
929:"should not, under any circumstances, recruit or use in hostilities" any child under the age of 18 (the legal force of this is uncertain, however).
524:
was adopted, children's rights advocates and sympathetic governments had persuaded the international community to establish a working group of the
2979:
2974:
2904:
2319:
120:
2914:
2394:
2064:
1826:
1322:
1280:
1068:
957:
521:
504:
453:
428:
345:
314:
1328:
1122:
2994:
2864:
2704:
2644:
1699:
1486:
1422:
1073:
1036:
933:
715:
580:
2056:
1252:
711:, which were all recruiting children aged 16 or 17 into their own armed forces. (As of 2023, all except Luxembourg were still doing so.)
2989:
2984:
2099:
1964:
1286:
190:
2549:
2429:
2889:
2804:
2784:
2764:
2579:
2439:
2239:
2089:
1607:
1390:
1088:
723:
335:
1941:
1745:
1456:
17:
2844:
2809:
2749:
2724:
2654:
2359:
2299:
2169:
2094:
1531:
1516:
2924:
2869:
2854:
2779:
2759:
2629:
2619:
2564:
2559:
2524:
2504:
2294:
2264:
2179:
2164:
1803:
1151:
1005:
584:
424:
2954:
2934:
2819:
2789:
2649:
2594:
2554:
2464:
2419:
2154:
2144:
2104:
304:
248:
1039:
has urged the UK to alter its policy so as to ensure that children cannot take part in hostilities under any circumstances.
2949:
2909:
2859:
2834:
2799:
2794:
2714:
2694:
2679:
2614:
2574:
2514:
2444:
2374:
2339:
2334:
2284:
2254:
2249:
2234:
2219:
1584:
1299:
The participation of Jewish children and youth in warfare was driven by a combination of necessity, honor, and moral duty.
731:
1642:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2899:
2879:
2769:
2734:
2729:
2664:
2634:
2624:
2539:
2489:
2474:
2454:
2449:
2414:
2399:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2349:
2329:
2304:
2244:
2209:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2159:
2149:
2134:
2129:
2124:
1032:
833:
632:
612:
380:
1768:
2894:
2884:
2839:
2744:
2739:
2709:
2689:
2669:
2609:
2599:
2569:
2534:
2519:
2499:
2479:
2434:
2424:
2409:
2384:
2314:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2204:
2194:
2139:
1556:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OP/CAC)"
435:
54/263 on 25 May 2000. The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002. The treaty consists of thirteen articles.
2944:
2849:
2814:
2754:
2719:
2659:
2639:
2589:
2509:
2494:
2484:
2459:
2404:
2389:
2354:
2274:
2199:
878:
274:
2874:
2699:
2674:
2584:
2529:
2469:
2309:
2269:
1222:
773:
735:
611:
As negotiations on the new treaty stalled in 1998, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now known as
309:
294:
207:
1125:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict
1048:
447:
413:
405:
402:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
269:
185:
146:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict
33:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
856:
also recruit and use children routinely, especially following a recent surge in child recruitment by militant
769:, although the US and UK continued to insist on their right to recruit children from age 16 (UK) and 17 (US).
438:
As of January 2023, 173 states are party to the protocol. A further 7 states have signed but not ratified it.
1035:, the UK deployed 22 armed forces personnel aged under 18 to Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2010. The
926:
853:
826:
496:
417:
373:
289:
238:
161:
603:
around the world every year. It also called for an end to the recruitment of children by all armed forces.
459:
Throughout history and in many cultures, children have had extensive involvement in military campaigns. In
628:
1889:
Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".
2114:
616:
714:
By 1999, the straight-18 principle enjoyed the support of the large majority of states, as well as the
491:
of children aged under 15 and their direct participation in hostilities, but continued to allow state
1188:
1053:
488:
953:
Any state can leave the treaty at a year's notice, but not if engaged in armed conflict at the time.
921:"take all feasible measures" to ensure that child recruits do not take part directly in hostilities;
727:
409:
2061:
2051:
1834:
1914:
1858:"Engaging nonstate armed groups on the protection of children: Towards strategic complementarity"
1312:
1063:
766:
620:
243:
233:
1479:
1426:
746:
In the final negotiations, only five states still advocated against the straight-18 principle:
1906:
1707:
1613:
1603:
1578:
1396:
1386:
1318:
1276:
1247:
636:
1270:
564:(US). According to Jo Becker, a human rights advocate actively involved in the negotiations:
1898:
1670:
1196:
1058:
624:
595:. The report was particularly concerned with the use of younger children as participants in
1992:"Letter from UK Minister of Defence regarding deployment of under-18s on combat operations"
2068:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1256:
1163:
600:
468:
228:
588:
1192:
1933:
881:, reported on the progress made and still to be achieved since the treaty was adopted:
845:
708:
557:
487:
1949 Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1977 (Art. 77.2). The new Protocols prohibited the
169:
1563:
International Council on Human Rights Policy & International Commission of Jurists
2078:
1918:
1243:
759:
599:, presenting evidence that many thousands of children were being killed, maimed, and
561:
195:
1799:
1200:
932:
States parties to the treaty must report periodically on its implementation to the
822:
672:
464:
361:
202:
1902:
1742:"A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups"
865:
704:
680:
545:
476:
460:
2062:
Guide to the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict
1635:
975:
700:
660:
533:
149:
1910:
1711:
1617:
1400:
1084:
List of international instruments relevant to the worst forms of child labour
1453:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers"
755:
829:
have also entered agreements to stop or scale back their use of children.
39:
857:
818:
668:
648:
553:
492:
480:
1214:
908:
States parties whose armed forces recruit children aged 16 or 17 must:
806:
798:
794:
696:
688:
652:
644:
615:) was established by six human rights and humanitarian organizations (
463:, in Great Britain 250,000 boys under 18 managed to join the army. In
861:
810:
751:
692:
676:
664:
640:
569:
549:
541:
1769:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017"
1385:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 11–31.
1381:
Becker, J (2013). "Campaigning to stop the use of child soldiers".
1480:"Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949"
914:
ensure that "reliable proof of age" is provided before enlistment;
849:
841:
837:
802:
786:
747:
656:
18:
Optional protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict
1827:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child"
844:
and the United States – and the most economically powerful (all
790:
537:
2960:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
1602:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 14.
1700:"U.S. Fights Tide on a Move to Raise the Military Service Age"
596:
877:
of the UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict,
1215:"How did Britain let 250000 underage soldiers fight in WW1?"
687:
conflict, but not their recruitment, due to opposition from
420:
from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose.
1314:
Little Soldiers: How Soviet Children Went to War, 1941–1945
503:
When the same limited standards were incorporated into the
1600:
Campaigning for justice: Human rights advocacy in practice
1383:
Campaigning for justice: Human rights advocacy in practice
969:
Commentary of the International Committee of the Red Cross
871:
456:(1989) defines a child as any person under the age of 18.
2071:
UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2003
1825:
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2000).
1272:
Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism
900:
The main obligations of the OPAC treaty are as follows:
945:
Other provisions of the treaty include the following:
427:
adopted the treaty as a supplementary protocol to the
568:
Governments began a series of annual negotiations in
130:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
986:
measures" but final text uses the wording "take all
781:
Extent of ratification and the straight-18 position
134:
126:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
76:
68:
2120:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration
467:, child soldiers fought throughout Europe, in the
2830:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
1478:International Committee of the Red Cross (1977).
2325:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2021:UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008).
1123:"Signatories & Dates of Ratification of the
1169: 25 May 2000. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
911:not compel children to join their armed forces;
607:The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
55: states that have signed, but not ratified
2605:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
2965:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1565:. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012
872:'OPAC turns 18': 18th Anniversary event, 2018
381:
8:
2825:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1275:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 54–55.
32:
1179:Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers".
2280:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1019:Selection and training in the British Army
414:conscription into the military of children
388:
374:
156:
31:
1800:"OPAC Turns 18 a great success at the UN"
1767:United Nations Secretary-General (2017).
1514:ICRC Commentary on Protocol I: Article 77
625:International Federation Terre des Hommes
526:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
412:whereby states agree to: 1) prohibit the
354:Movement to end the use of child soldiers
1079:International Committee of the Red Cross
868:, as well as by militias opposing them.
720:International Committee of the Red Cross
1101:
353:
327:
256:
220:
177:
168:
2970:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2545:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1735:
1733:
1636:"Impact of armed conflict on children"
1629:
1627:
1576:
1509:
1507:
1446:
1444:
2290:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
2085:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1798:Child Soldiers International (2018).
1740:Child Soldiers International (2016).
1693:
1691:
1671:"Ending the military use of children"
1665:
1663:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1451:Child Soldiers International (2012).
1421:Child Soldiers International (2017).
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1069:Convention on the Rights of the Child
958:Convention on the Rights of the Child
633:Quaker United Nations Office (Geneva)
522:Convention on the Rights of the Child
505:Convention on the Rights of the Child
454:Convention on the Rights of the Child
429:Convention on the Rights of the Child
346:Convention on the Rights of the Child
7:
2029:from the original on 24 October 2015
1971:from the original on 6 February 2018
1944:from the original on 4 December 2017
1779:from the original on 25 January 2018
1718:from the original on 5 February 2018
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:from the original on 6 February 2016
1311:Kucherenko, Olga (13 January 2011).
1289:from the original on 6 February 2016
1074:Committee on the Rights of the Child
1037:Committee on the Rights of the Child
934:Committee on the Rights of the Child
758:, the UK and, most trenchantly, the
716:Committee on the Rights of the Child
593:Impact of armed conflict on children
581:Committee on the Rights of the Child
2110:Treaties entered into force in 2002
2685:Treaties of the State of Palestine
2345:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2215:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1806:from the original on 24 March 2018
1249:Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw,
1225:from the original on 21 March 2018
1133:from the original on 25 April 2016
25:
2775:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1492:from the original on 7 March 2017
1181:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1089:Free Children from War conference
772:This change allowed a compromise
724:International Labour Organization
61: states that have not signed
1648:from the original on 8 July 2017
213:Rehabilitation and reintegration
140:
38:
1269:David M. Rosen (January 2005).
1152:United Nations General Assembly
1024:apply aged 15 years, 7 months.
1006:Australian Defence Force Cadets
425:United Nations General Assembly
2980:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
2975:Treaties extended to Greenland
2905:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2320:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1990:Child Soldiers International.
1201:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787
852:and Japan). A large number of
520:By 1994, five years after the
249:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2915:Treaties of the United States
2395:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1903:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837
995:National responses (examples)
891:Provisions of the OPAC treaty
732:Organization of African Unity
511:The campaign for a new treaty
2052:The full text of this treaty
1996:Child Soldiers International
1033:Child Soldiers International
834:Child Soldiers International
613:Child Soldiers International
285:Democratic Republic of Congo
2995:Treaties extended to Jersey
2865:Treaties of North Macedonia
2705:Treaties of the Philippines
2645:Treaties of the Netherlands
1423:"Where are child soldiers?"
3011:
2990:Treaties extended to Aruba
2985:Treaties extended to Macau
2100:Treaties concluded in 2000
1091:(and the Paris Principles)
1016:
445:
404:(OPAC), also known as the
27:2000 United Nations treaty
2550:Treaties of Liechtenstein
2430:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1698:Olson, Elizabeth (2000).
1583:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1317:. OUP Oxford. p. 3.
736:World Council of Churches
139:
37:
2890:Treaties of Turkmenistan
2805:Treaties of South Africa
2785:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2765:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
2580:Treaties of the Maldives
2440:Treaties of the Holy See
2240:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2090:Children in the military
1049:Children in the military
448:Children in the military
280:Central African Republic
2845:Treaties of Switzerland
2810:Treaties of South Sudan
2750:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2725:Treaties of South Korea
2655:Treaties of New Zealand
2360:Treaties of El Salvador
2300:Treaties of Ivory Coast
2170:Treaties of the Bahamas
2095:United Nations treaties
1963:United Nations (2018).
1534:13 October 2007 at the
1519:13 October 2007 at the
1255:6 February 2016 at the
601:psychiatrically injured
2925:Treaties of Uzbekistan
2870:Treaties of East Timor
2855:Treaties of Tajikistan
2780:Treaties of Seychelles
2760:Treaties of San Marino
2630:Treaties of Mozambique
2620:Treaties of Montenegro
2565:Treaties of Madagascar
2560:Treaties of Luxembourg
2525:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
2505:Treaties of Kazakhstan
2295:Treaties of Costa Rica
2265:Treaties of Cape Verde
2180:Treaties of Bangladesh
2165:Treaties of Azerbaijan
927:Non-state armed groups
888:
854:non-state armed groups
827:non-state armed groups
629:Jesuit Refugee Service
583:, commissioned by the
574:
497:non-state armed groups
418:non-state armed groups
2955:2000 in New York City
2935:Treaties of Venezuela
2820:Treaties of Sri Lanka
2790:Treaties of Singapore
2650:Treaties of Nicaragua
2595:Treaties of Mauritius
2555:Treaties of Lithuania
2465:Treaties of Indonesia
2420:Treaties of Guatemala
2155:Treaties of Australia
2145:Treaties of Argentina
2105:Child labour treaties
2057:List of ratifications
1932:British Army (2018).
1154: Session 54
883:
617:Amnesty International
566:
2950:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2910:Treaties of Tanzania
2860:Treaties of Thailand
2835:Treaties of Eswatini
2800:Treaties of Slovenia
2795:Treaties of Slovakia
2715:Treaties of Portugal
2695:Treaties of Paraguay
2680:Treaties of Pakistan
2615:Treaties of Mongolia
2575:Treaties of Malaysia
2515:Treaties of Kiribati
2445:Treaties of Honduras
2375:Treaties of Ethiopia
2340:Treaties of Dominica
2335:Treaties of Djibouti
2285:Treaties of Colombia
2255:Treaties of Cambodia
2250:Treaties of Cameroon
2235:Treaties of Bulgaria
2220:Treaties of Botswana
1856:Geneva Call (2012).
1259:Pan Books 2004 p.603
1054:Military recruitment
832:Despite this trend,
516:Initial negotiations
489:military recruitment
121:UN Secretary-General
49: states parties
2940:Treaties of Vietnam
2930:Treaties of Vanuatu
2920:Treaties of Uruguay
2900:Treaties of Ukraine
2880:Treaties of Tunisia
2770:Treaties of Senegal
2735:Treaties of Romania
2730:Treaties of Moldova
2665:Treaties of Nigeria
2635:Treaties of Namibia
2625:Treaties of Morocco
2540:Treaties of Lesotho
2490:Treaties of Jamaica
2475:Treaties of Ireland
2455:Treaties of Iceland
2450:Treaties of Hungary
2415:Treaties of Grenada
2400:Treaties of Germany
2380:Treaties of Finland
2370:Treaties of Estonia
2365:Treaties of Eritrea
2350:Treaties of Ecuador
2330:Treaties of Denmark
2305:Treaties of Croatia
2245:Treaties of Burundi
2210:Treaties of Bolivia
2190:Treaties of Belgium
2185:Treaties of Belarus
2175:Treaties of Bahrain
2160:Treaties of Austria
2150:Treaties of Armenia
2135:Treaties of Andorra
2130:Treaties of Algeria
2125:Treaties of Albania
2067:2 June 2021 at the
1527:¶ 3183–3191 also ¶
1193:1997BuAtS..53f..32W
825:. Approximately 60
728:European Parliament
585:UN General Assembly
410:multilateral treaty
34:
2895:Treaties of Uganda
2885:Treaties of Turkey
2840:Treaties of Sweden
2745:Treaties of Rwanda
2740:Treaties of Russia
2710:Treaties of Poland
2690:Treaties of Panama
2670:Treaties of Norway
2610:Treaties of Monaco
2600:Treaties of Mexico
2570:Treaties of Malawi
2535:Treaties of Latvia
2520:Treaties of Kuwait
2500:Treaties of Jordan
2480:Treaties of Israel
2435:Treaties of Guyana
2425:Treaties of Guinea
2410:Treaties of Greece
2385:Treaties of France
2315:Treaties of Cyprus
2260:Treaties of Canada
2230:Treaties of Brunei
2225:Treaties of Brazil
2205:Treaties of Bhutan
2195:Treaties of Belize
2140:Treaties of Angola
1704:The New York Times
1634:Machel, G (1996).
1598:Becker, J (2013).
1429:on 1 February 2018
1064:Military personnel
767:Madeleine Albright
764:Secretary of State
742:Final negotiations
621:Human Rights Watch
587:, and produced by
2945:Treaties of Yemen
2850:Treaties of Syria
2815:Treaties of Spain
2755:Treaties of Samoa
2720:Treaties of Qatar
2660:Treaties of Niger
2640:Treaties of Nepal
2590:Treaties of Malta
2510:Treaties of Kenya
2495:Treaties of Japan
2485:Treaties of Italy
2460:Treaties of India
2405:Treaties of Ghana
2390:Treaties of Gabon
2355:Treaties of Egypt
2275:Treaties of Chile
2200:Treaties of Benin
1554:Brett, R (2005).
1324:978-0-19-161099-8
1282:978-0-8135-3568-5
1167: A/RES/54/263
637:Save the Children
473:Jewish resistance
398:
397:
341:Optional protocol
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
3002:
2875:Treaties of Togo
2700:Treaties of Peru
2675:Treaties of Oman
2585:Treaties of Mali
2530:Treaties of Laos
2470:Treaties of Iraq
2310:Treaties of Cuba
2270:Treaties of Chad
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:on 18 April 2018
1998:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1891:The RUSI Journal
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:on 22 March 2015
1869:
1863:. Archived from
1862:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:. Archived from
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1737:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1667:
1658:
1657:
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1595:
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1511:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:. Archived from
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:. Archived from
1418:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1266:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1119:
1059:Recruit training
941:Other provisions
896:Main obligations
390:
383:
376:
336:Paris Principles
172:
157:
144:
143:
96:10 ratifications
88:12 February 2002
60:
54:
48:
42:
35:
21:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2075:
2074:
2069:Wayback Machine
2048:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1824:
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1819:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1748:on 8 March 2019
1739:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1697:
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1689:
1679:
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1669:
1668:
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1541:
1536:Wayback Machine
1523:website of the
1521:Wayback Machine
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1459:on 8 March 2019
1450:
1449:
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1393:
1380:
1379:
1344:
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1292:
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1257:Wayback Machine
1242:
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1015:
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997:
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943:
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609:
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469:Warsaw Uprising
450:
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394:
170:
141:
64:
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58:
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2013:
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2201:
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2148:
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2138:
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2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1837:on 2 May 2013
1836:
1832:
1831:www.ohchr.org
1828:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1778:
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1763:
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1666:
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1630:
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1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:9780804774512
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1488:
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1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:9780804774512
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
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1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:Norman Davies
1240:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1148:
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1128:
1126:
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1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
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1050:
1047:
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1042:
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1038:
1034:
1031:According to
1029:
1025:
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1007:
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994:
992:
989:
985:
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977:
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895:
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869:
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860:movements in
859:
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839:
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828:
824:
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808:
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