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702:; upon comparing infants three months after birth, infants born vaginally were reported to have higher oral taxonomic diversity than their cesarean-born counterparts. Further acquisition is determined by diet, developmental accomplishments, general lifestyle habits, hygiene, and the use of antibiotics. Breastfed infants are noted to have higher oral lactobacilli colonization than their formula-fed counterparts. Diversity of the oral microbiome is also shown to flourish upon the eruption of primary teeth and later adult teeth, as new ecological niches are introduced to the oral cavity.
1185:. Dental caries affects between 60 and 90% of children and adults in industrialized countries, and has a more severe effect on less industrialized countries with less capable healthcare systems. An understanding of the oral microbiome, via an examination of the evolution of the oral microbiome, can help science understand past errors and help inform the best path forward in sustainable healthcare interventions that work proactively with the body's natural systems, rather than fighting them with intermittent reactive interventions.
450:. Factors of note that have been found to affect the microbial colonization of the oral cavity include the pH, oxygen concentration and its availability at specific oral surfaces, mechanical forces acting upon oral surfaces, salivary and fluid flow through the oral cavity, and age. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between
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1155:, which began around 400 years ago, there was little change in the composition of the oral microbiota. This period of stability suggests that despite advancements in agriculture and societal structures, the oral microbiome remained relatively constant. This period did not bring about significant shifts in oral microbial communities, indicating a sort of equilibrium had been reached.
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resist removal by saliva. Eventually, they are mostly washed away and destroyed during their trip through the stomach. Salivary flow and oral conditions vary person-to-person, and also relative to the time of day and whether or not an individual sleeps with their mouth open. From youth to old age, the entire mouth interacts with and affects the oral microbiome. Via the
482:. The environment present in the human mouth allows the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.
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743:), salivary polymers and bacterial extracellular products. Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the teeth. This accumulation of microorganisms subject the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial metabolites which results in dental disease. If not taken care of, via brushing or flossing, the plaque can turn into
1005:. There have also been similarities in oral microbiota across hominins, as well as other primate species. While a core microbiome consisting of specific bacteria exists across most individuals, significant variation can arise depending on an individual’s unique environment, lifestyle, physiology, and heritage.
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The oral microbiota is largely related to systemic health, and disturbances in the oral microbiota can lead to diseases in both the oral cavity and the rest of the body. There are many factors that influence the diversity of the oral microbiota, such as age, diet, hygiene practices, and genetics. One
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Unlike other mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, the nature of the top surface of the tongue, due in part to the presence of numerous papillae, provides a unique ecological niche for its microbial inhabits. One important characteristic of this habitat is that the spaces between the papillae tend to
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The mucosa of the oral cavity provides a unique ecological site for microbiota to inhabit. Unlike the teeth, the mucosa of the oral cavity is frequently shedding and thus its microbial inhabitants are both kept at lower relative abundance than those of the teeth but also must be able to overcome the
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is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are
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sp. is also the most frequently identified species among patients with gastric IFI. ... It was once believed that gastric acid could kill microbes entering the stomach and that the unique ecological environment of the stomach was not suitable for microbial colonisation or infection. However,
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The host's immune system controls the bacterial colonization of the mouth and prevents local infection of tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists notably between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host's immune system, enabling the plaque to stay behind in the mouth when other biofilms are washed
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The shifts in the oral microbiome through time have significant implications for modern health. The current lack of diversity in the oral microbiome makes it more susceptible to imbalances and pathogenic invasions. This, in turn, can lead to a range of oral and systemic health issues, from dental
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The oral environment (temperature, humidity, pH, nutrients, etc.) impacts the selection of adapted (and sometimes pathogenic) populations of microorganisms. For a young person or an adult in good health and with a healthy diet, the microbes living in the mouth adhere to mucus, teeth and gums to
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Saliva plays a considerable role in influencing the oral microbiome. More than 800 species of bacteria colonize oral mucus, 1,300 species are found in the gingival crevice, and nearly 1,000 species comprise dental plaque. The mouth is a rich environment for hundreds of species of bacteria since
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In equilibrium, the bacterial biofilm produced by the fermentation of sugar in the mouth is quickly swept away by the saliva, except for dental plaque. In cases of imbalance in the equilibrium, oral microorganisms grow out of control and cause oral diseases such as tooth decay and periodontal
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saliva is mostly water and plenty of nutrients pass through the mouth each day. When kissing, it takes only 10 seconds for no less than 80 million bacteria to be exchanged by the passing of saliva. However, the effect is transitory, as each individual quickly returns to their own equilibrium.
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The
Neolithic period began around 10,000 years ago and marked a significant turning point in human history. This era saw the shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture and farming. One of the most significant changes during this period was the adoption of carbohydrate-rich diets,
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Due to progress in molecular biology techniques, scientific understanding of oral ecology is improving. Oral ecology is being more comprehensively mapped, including the tongue, the teeth, the gums, salivary glands, etc. which are home to these communities of different microorganisms.
1093:. Weyrich (2021) finds that these observations suggest humans shared an oral microbiota with Neanderthals until at least 3000 years ago. While it is possible that humans and Neanderthals shared oral microbiota from the moment of separation (~700,000 years ago) until their
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in the oral environment. This shift has persisted to the present day, making the modern oral microbiome less diverse than ever before, rendering it less resilient to perturbations in the form of dietary imbalances or invasion by pathogenic bacterial species.
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The human oral microbiome has been a subject of increasing scientific scrutiny, especially in understanding its evolutionary journey. The oral microbiome has undergone significant shifts in composition, particularly during key historical periods like the
659:, which contains certain salivary proteins, on the surface of the teeth, begin the establishment of the biofilm. Upon dental plaque maturation, in which the microbial community grows and diversifies, the plaque is covered in an interbacterial matrix.
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In addition, GI fungal infection is reported even among those patients with normal immune status. Digestive system-related fungal infections may be induced by both commensal opportunistic fungi and exogenous pathogenic fungi. ...
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receptors. Another method of communication involves cell–cell signalling molecules, which are of two classes: those used for intra-species and those used for inter-species signalling. An example of intra-species communication is
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The calculus of the oral cavity is the result of mineralization of and around dead microorganisms; this calculus can then be colonized by living bacteria. Dental calculus can be present on supragingival and subgingival surfaces.
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Adler, Christina J.; Dobney, Keith; Weyrich, Laura S.; Kaidonis, John; Walker, Alan W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Townsend, Grant; Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz; Alt, Kurt W.; Parkhill, Julian; Cooper, Alan (April 2013).
1077:) Neanderthal oral microbiomes have been studied in the greatest detail. A cluster of oral microbiota has been found to be shared across Spanish Neanderthals, foraging humans from ~3000 years ago, and a single wild-caught
825:, among others. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function. High levels of circulating
1167:, starting around 1850, brought about another significant shift in human lifestyle and, consequently, the oral microbiome. The widespread availability of industrially processed flour and sugar led to a predominance of
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As mentioned in prior sections, the human oral microbiome has important implications for the health and wellness of human beings overall, and is often the only surviving health record for ancient populations.
900:. To prevent any possible complication from an altered oral microbiota, it is important to brush and floss every day, schedule regular cleanings, eat a healthy diet, and replace toothbrushes frequently.
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several studies using culture-independent methods confirmed that large numbers of acid-resistant bacteria belonging to eight phyla and up to 120 species exist in the stomach, such as
462:. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function.
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Ancient humans are thought to have maintained a much different oral microbiome landscape than non-human primates, despite having a shared environment. Existing data has found that
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As a diverse environment, a variety of organisms are able to inhabit unique ecological niches present in the oral cavity including the teeth, gingiva, tongue, cheeks, and palates.
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The oral microbiome, mainly comprising bacteria which have developed resistance to the human immune system, has been known to impact the host for its own benefit, as seen with
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Hultberg B, Lundblad A, Masson PK, Ockerman PA (November 1975). "Specificity studies on alpha-mannosidases using oligosaccharides from mannosidosis urine as substrates".
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Thrush, a common condition caused by overgrowth of the fungus
Candida albicans. Cases are characterized by growth of matted, yellow-white patches of fungus in the mouth.
1089:, and hunter humans in Europe and Africa. Ozga et al. (2019) found that Neanderthals and humans share similar oral microbiota, and are more alike to each other than to
1097:, Weyrich finds that an equally likely hypothesis is that convergent evolution accounted for similar oral microbiotas across Neanderthals and humans for that period.
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Kilian M, Chapple IL, Hannig M, Marsh PD, Meuric V, Pedersen AM, et al. (November 2016). "The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals".
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Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. Bacteria occupy the ecological niche provided by both the
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There are many factors of oral health which need to be preserved in order to prevent pathogenesis of the oral microbiome or diseases of the mouth.
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is charged with their removal. Pathogenic oral microflora have been linked to the production of factors which favor autoimmune diseases such as
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of the plaque is not directly in contact with the enamel of the tooth. Instead, bacteria with the ability to form attachments to the acquired
2586:"Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions"
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The oral microbiome has evolved over time alongside humans, in response to changes in diet, lifestyle, environment, and even the advent of
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not receive much, if any, oxygenated saliva, which creates an environment suitable for microaerophilic and obligate anaerobic microbiota.
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bacteria and the innate host defense system. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases:
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Pietropaoli D, Del Pinto R, Ferri C, Ortu E, Monaco A (August 2019). "Definition of hypertension-associated oral pathogens in NHANES".
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is essential for disrupting harmful plaque formation. Research has shown that flossing is associated with a decrease in the bacteria
257:(microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the
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between family members later in life, archaeological dental calculus is a unique way to trace population structure, movement, and
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practices. Dental plaque is associated with two extremely common oral diseases, dental caries and periodontal disease. Consistent
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The dental plaque is made up of the microbial community that is adhered to the tooth surface; this plaque is also recognized as a
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colonize the mouth around puberty. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases:
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1919:"DUHL Olga Anna (dir.), Amour, sexualité et médecine aux XVe et XVIe siècles, Dijon, Editions Universitaires de Dijon, 2009"
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Microbiota activated CD103 DCS stemming from oral microbiota adaptation specifically drive T17 proliferation and activation
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2646:"Studying ancient human oral microbiomes could yield insights into the evolutionary history of noncommunicable diseases"
1135:. This shift had a profound impact on the oral microbiome. The increase in fermentable carbohydrates led to a surge in
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can grow well in highly acidic environments, and some genotypes may increase the severity of gastric mucosal lesions.
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593:. The oral cavity of a new-born baby does not contain bacteria but rapidly becomes colonized with bacteria such as
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area (supporting structures of the teeth) provides a habitat for a variety of anaerobic species. Bacteroides and
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773:. Bacteria species typically associated with the oral microbiota have been found to be present in women with
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2086:"Anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation"
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which has been shown to be involved in cavity formation. Insufficient brushing and flossing can lead to
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2760:"Exploiting the Oral Microbiome to Prevent Tooth Decay: Has Evolution Already Provided the Best Tools?"
1634:"Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature"
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA (February 2016). "Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota".
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1053:. Human oral microbiota have also been found to be less diverse when compared with other primates.
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disease. Several studies have also linked poor oral hygiene to infection by pathogenic bacteria.
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2323:"Patterns of Oral Microbiota Diversity in Adults and Children: A Crowdsourced Population Study"
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of the most important factors in promoting optimal oral microbiota health is the use of good
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Acquisition of the oral microbiota heavily depends on the route of delivery as an infant –
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Linda
Sherwood, Joanne Willey and Christopher Woolverton, , New York, McGraw Hill, 2013,
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Kort R, Caspers M, van de Graaf A, van Egmond W, Keijser B, Roeselers G (December 2014).
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Most of the bacterial species found in the mouth belong to microbial communities, called
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occurs as these organisms colonise the dental surface and gingiva. Other strains of
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Microbial inhabitants of humans : their ecology and role in health and disease
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is the material that adheres to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells (mainly
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The evolution of the human oral microbiome can be traced through time via the
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Rickard AH (2008). "Cell-cell
Communication in Oral Microbial Communities".
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Attar N (March 2016). "Microbial ecology: FISHing in the oral microbiota".
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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and often, as in the case of inter-species aggregation, by complementary
888:. In addition, poor dental hygiene has been linked to conditions such as
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651:. While it is said that this plaque is adhered to the tooth surface, the
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Microbiota of the human body : implications in health and disease
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International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
777:. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include
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adhere strongly to the gums and cheeks but not to the teeth. The
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Figure 2: Distribution of fungal genera in different body sites
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between ancient cultures, as well as the spread of disease.
2431:"Review article: fungal microbiota and digestive diseases"
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Wang ZK, Yang YS, Stefka AT, Sun G, Peng LH (April 2014).
1331:"Review article: fungal microbiota and digestive diseases"
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Wang ZK, Yang YS, Stefka AT, Sun G, Peng LH (April 2014).
1081:. Similarities have also been found between a meat-eating
1297:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 713–721.
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of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include
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1956:"Shaping the oral microbiota through intimate kissing"
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accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in
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Sutter VL (1984). "Anaerobes as normal oral flora".
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152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1592:Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G, Jenkinson HF (2014).
2480:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
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1012:from primary caregivers in early childhood, and
759:, proteins involved in colonization of teeth by
1008:Considering that oral bacteria are transferred
485:Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include:
269:Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include:
2386:"Oral health: A window to your overall health"
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2644:Gancz, Abigail S.; Weyrich, Laura S. (2023).
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1443:"Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals"
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1123:particularly the consumption of domesticated
439:is particularly important for oral bacteria.
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1101:Major shifts through archaeological periods
1045:, while humans have greater proportions of
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2435:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1638:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
1335:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1192:Systemic effects of human oral microbiome.
1143:The Medieval period: a period of stability
3646:Physical factors affecting microbial life
3636:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
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212:Learn how and when to remove this message
1813:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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994:(essentially fossilized dental plaque).
765:can produce antibodies that inhibit the
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3422:International Census of Marine Microbes
3397:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
2055:. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
1495:Cui L, Morris A, Ghedin E (July 2013).
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1239:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
474:Oral Microbiology Lab Analysis Report.
2821:Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD)
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1263:. Switzerland: Springer. p. 45.
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3443:Microbiomes of the built environment
2522:(Thesis). University of Louisville.
2321:Burcham, Zachary (7 February 2020).
769:process which can be used to create
677:obstacle of the shedding epithelia.
635:Ecological sites for oral microbiota
150:adding citations to reliable sources
2703:Weyrich, Laura S. (February 2021).
1850:The human microbiota and microbiome
3631:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
2286:Journal of Industrial Microbiology
2229:Sedghi, DiMassa (31 August 2021).
1696:Cui L, Morris A, Ghedin E (2013).
1683:"The Center for Special Dentistry"
1420:10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_1.S62
25:
706:Factors of microbial colonization
48:This article has multiple issues.
3701:
3689:
3664:
3663:
3458:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
3096:
2985:
2984:
1595:Oral microbiology and immunology
972:4, 5-dihydroxy-2, 3-pentanedione
747:(its hardened form) and lead to
126:
78:
37:
2663:10.12688/f1000research.129036.2
968:competence stimulating peptides
137:needs additional citations for
56:or discuss these issues on the
2280:Marsh, PD (1 September 1995).
1923:Genre, Sexualité & Société
1408:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1176:Implications for modern health
690:Acquisition of oral microbiota
1:
3542:Synthetic microbial consortia
3407:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
3307:Host microbe interactions in
284:Propionibacterium propionicus
3140:Microbial population biology
2492:10.1016/0005-2744(75)90216-8
2282:"Dental plaque as a biofilm"
2007:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
904:Issues and areas of research
855:Importance of dental hygiene
2545:Molecular Oral Microbiology
2053:Molecular Oral Microbiology
1560:Molecular Oral Microbiology
1441:Deo PN, Deshmukh R (2019).
945:Intercellular communication
3750:
3402:Marine microbial symbiosis
3228:Kill the Winner hypothesis
3200:Bacteria collective motion
2547:. Caister Academic Press.
2348:10.1038/s41598-020-59016-0
1859:10.1079/9781780640495.0000
1562:. Caister Academic Press.
1460:10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18
1214:Environmental microbiology
1037:maintain higher levels of
359:. The most commonly found
26:
3659:
3438:Microbes in human culture
3094:
2980:
2764:Frontiers in Microbiology
2197:10.1007/s13238-018-0548-1
2137:Journal of Periodontology
1917:Bertrand M (2009-11-26).
1847:Marchesi JR, ed. (2014).
1650:10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x
844:Prevotella melaninogenica
93:toward certain viewpoints
3532:Human Microbiome Project
3243:Microbial biodegradation
2967:Human Microbiome Project
2777:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03323
1224:Human Microbiome Project
1057:Relationship to hominins
1029:Relationship to primates
596:Streptococcus salivarius
3583:Microbiological culture
3578:Microbial DNA barcoding
3387:Antarctic microorganism
3135:Microbial phylogenetics
2939:Disorders and therapies
2103:10.3390/ijerph110706979
2019:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.21
1768:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865
1558:Rogers AH, ed. (2008).
1294:Prescott's Microbiology
1147:Transitioning from the
898:cardiovascular diseases
608:Streptococcus sanguinis
3568:Impedance microbiology
3309:Caenorhabditis elegans
3125:Microbial intelligence
3115:Microbial biogeography
2903:In bacterial vaginosis
2178:Gao, Lu (7 May 2018).
1973:10.1186/2049-2618-2-41
1756:British Dental Journal
1387:sp. etc. Furthermore,
1193:
1183:cardiovascular disease
475:
247:
3614:Microbial dark matter
3558:Dark-field microscopy
3362:Marine microorganisms
3238:Microbial cooperation
2596:(4): 450–455, 455e1.
1853:. Wallingford: CABI.
1191:
1165:Industrial Revolution
1112:Industrial Revolution
974:(DPD), also known as
473:
245:
3233:Microbial consortium
3130:Microbial metabolism
2149:10.1002/JPER.19-0046
1414:(Suppl 1): S62–S66.
1259:Schwiertz A (2016).
931:cancers of the colon
874:Streptococcus mutans
847:are associated with
832:Campylobacter rectus
762:Streptococcus mutans
602:Streptococcus mutans
446:surface and mucosal
366:Entamoeba gingivalis
253:is the study of the
146:improve this article
3336:Seagrass microbiome
2709:Periodontology 2000
2339:2020NatSR..10.2133B
2235:Periodontology 2000
1884:Periodontology 2000
1169:cariogenic bacteria
838:Veillonella parvula
775:bacterial vaginosis
753:periodontal disease
653:microbial community
629:periodontal disease
460:periodontal disease
161:"Oral microbiology"
99:improve the article
3729:Dentistry branches
3573:Microbial cytology
3537:Protein production
3372:Marine prokaryotes
3258:Microbial food web
3188:Protist locomotion
3166:Bacterial motility
3120:Microbial genetics
2513:Fleming C (2016).
2327:Scientific Reports
2299:10.1007/BF01569822
2051:Rogers AH (2008).
1194:
829:to oral pathogens
542:Peptostreptococcus
476:
427:, among others.
332:Peptostreptococcus
248:
3677:
3676:
3448:Food microbiology
3341:Soil microbiology
3280:Microbial synergy
3248:Microbial ecology
2998:
2997:
2721:10.1111/prd.12353
2554:978-1-904455-24-0
2529:10.18297/etd/2445
2448:10.1111/apt.12665
2248:10.1111/prd.12393
1896:10.1111/prd.12098
1868:978-1-78064-049-5
1807:Wilson M (2005).
1605:978-1-55581-673-5
1569:978-1-904455-24-0
1348:10.1111/apt.12665
1270:978-3-319-31248-4
884:, and eventually
755:. In the case of
548:Propionibacterium
372:Trichomonas tenax
338:Propionibacterium
264:hydrochloric acid
251:Oral microbiology
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3741:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3667:
3666:
3468:Human microbiome
3392:Coral microbiome
3326:Plant microbiome
3100:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2988:
2987:
2857:Human microbiota
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2779:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2665:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2580:
2559:
2558:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2475:
2469:
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2450:
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2360:
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2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2184:Protein and Cell
2175:
2169:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2096:(7): 6979–7000.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:10.4000/gss.1001
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1751:
1738:
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1727:
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1693:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
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1629:
1618:
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1492:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:Candida albicans
1350:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1234:Theodor Rosebury
1219:Human microbiota
617:gingival crevice
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
112:
106:
82:
81:
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40:
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3740:
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3713:
3712:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3655:
3592:
3546:
3426:
3377:Marine protists
3350:
3331:Root microbiome
3314:
3223:Biological pump
3204:
3154:
3101:
3092:
3034:
3029:
2999:
2994:
2976:
2955:
2951:Faecal transfer
2934:
2859:
2854:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2602:10.1038/ng.2536
2590:Nature Genetics
2582:
2581:
2562:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
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2279:
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2228:
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2129:
2083:
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2078:
2063:
2050:
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2004:
2003:
1999:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1762:(10): 657–666.
1753:
1752:
1741:
1702:Genome Medicine
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1631:
1630:
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1606:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1543:
1501:Genome Medicine
1494:
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1435:
1405:
1404:
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1328:
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1320:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1199:
1178:
1161:
1153:Medieval period
1145:
1120:
1103:
1059:
1031:
1026:
992:dental calculus
984:
947:
906:
857:
757:dental cavities
729:
708:
692:
683:
674:
665:
663:Dental calculus
645:
637:
506:Bifidobacterium
480:dental cavities
468:
466:Oral microflora
296:Bifidobacterium
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
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198:
155:
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143:
131:
116:
110:
107:
96:
83:
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12:
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3672:
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3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3609:Deep biosphere
3606:
3604:Bioremediation
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:DNA sequencing
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
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3522:
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3440:
3434:
3432:
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3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Marine viruses
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3302:Quorum sensing
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:microbial loop
3255:
3253:Microbial cyst
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:run-and-tumble
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
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3102:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:Microorganisms
3030:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2978:
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2869:
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2861:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2815:External links
2813:
2810:
2809:
2750:
2695:
2633:
2560:
2553:
2535:
2505:
2486:(1): 156–163.
2470:
2441:(8): 751–766.
2421:
2401:
2372:
2313:
2292:(3): 169–175.
2272:
2241:(1): 107–131.
2221:
2190:(5): 488–500.
2170:
2143:(8): 866–876.
2127:
2076:
2061:
2040:
2013:(3): 132–133.
1997:
1946:
1909:
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1819:
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1688:
1673:
1619:
1604:
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1453:(1): 122–128.
1433:
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1341:(8): 751–766.
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1058:
1055:
1051:Proteobacteria
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Pre-Mesolithic
1022:
983:
980:
964:quorum sensing
959:polysaccharide
946:
943:
905:
902:
856:
853:
728:
727:Role in health
725:
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691:
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3453:Microbial oil
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:Human related
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Picoeukaryote
3415:
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3300:
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3287:
3286:
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3275:Microbial mat
3273:
3269:
3266:
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3261:
3260:
3259:
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3081:
3079:
3076:
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3071:
3069:
3068:Nanobacterium
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Cyanobacteria
3056:
3054:
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2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:(1): 90–100.
2714:
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2650:F1000Research
2647:
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1209:Dental plaque
1207:
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1196:
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976:autoinducer-2
973:
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883:
882:tooth disease
879:
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733:Dental plaque
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689:
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550:
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524:Lactobacillus
520:
519:
518:Fusobacterium
514:
513:
508:
507:
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501:
496:
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490:
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472:
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314:Lactobacillus
310:
309:
308:Fusobacterium
304:
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292:
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286:
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163: –
162:
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157:Find sources:
151:
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135:This article
133:
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100:
94:
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87:This article
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76:
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68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
44:
35:
34:
30:
19:
3724:Microbiology
3619:Microswimmer
3513:in pregnancy
3497:
3463:Nylon-eating
3346:Spermosphere
3308:
3107:Microbiology
2925:Human virome
2898:In pregnancy
2882:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2653:
2649:
2593:
2589:
2544:
2538:
2515:
2508:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2419:, p. 713–721
2393:. Retrieved
2389:
2330:
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2187:
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2093:
2089:
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2010:
2006:
2000:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1922:
1912:
1890:(1): 80–92.
1887:
1883:
1877:
1849:
1809:
1802:
1777:10722/239520
1759:
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1338:
1334:
1293:
1260:
1254:
1229:Microbiology
1179:
1162:
1146:
1121:
1104:
1071:Neanderthals
1067:Homo erectus
1060:
1043:Fusobacteria
1032:
1014:horizontally
1007:
1000:
996:
985:
948:
907:
890:osteoporosis
873:
862:oral hygiene
858:
849:hypertension
842:
836:
830:
822:Cryptococcus
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
786:Cladosporium
784:
778:
760:
740:
736:
730:
721:
717:
713:
709:
693:
684:
675:
666:
646:
638:
613:streptococci
606:
600:
594:
591:Cryptococcus
571:Cladosporium
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
530:Leptotrichia
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
484:
477:
441:
435:. Bacterial
424:Cryptococcus
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
388:Cladosporium
386:
380:
370:
364:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
320:Leptotrichia
318:
312:
306:
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276:
270:
268:
250:
249:
226:
208:
202:October 2019
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
108:
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
29:Oral ecology
3734:Microbiomes
3651:Siderophore
3412:Phycosphere
3268:viral shunt
2865:Human flora
2390:Mayo Clinic
2333:(1): 2133.
1681:Dorfman J.
1644:(10): 384.
1091:chimpanzees
1083:Neanderthal
1035:chimpanzees
816:Penicillium
792:Aspergillus
672:Oral mucosa
621:spirochetes
587:Penicillium
575:Aspergillus
566:Veillonella
554:Selenomonas
536:Peptococcus
512:Eubacterium
500:Bacteroides
488:Actinomyces
418:Penicillium
394:Aspergillus
356:Veillonella
344:Selenomonas
326:Peptococcus
302:Eubacterium
290:Bacteroides
272:Actinomyces
259:human mouth
3718:Categories
3551:Techniques
3382:Microalgae
3290:microbiota
3285:Microbiome
3073:Prokaryote
2395:2019-04-16
1960:Microbiome
1246:References
1181:caries to
1095:extinction
1079:chimpanzee
1075:Denisovans
1047:Firmicutes
1010:vertically
988:sequencing
886:tooth loss
851:in human.
827:antibodies
810:Alternaria
767:cariogenic
749:gingivitis
741:S. sanguis
583:Alternaria
581:, Glomus,
448:epithelium
412:Alternaria
172:newspapers
91:unbalanced
53:improve it
27:See also:
18:Oral flora
3624:biohybrid
3478:dysbiosis
3295:holobiont
3193:amoeboids
3176:twitching
2972:OpenBiome
2946:Dysbiosis
2930:Mycobiota
2786:1664-302X
2745:227132686
2729:1600-0757
2672:2046-1402
2610:1546-1718
2165:155089995
2071:170922278
1966:(1): 41.
1941:2104-3736
1708:(7): 63.
1614:840878148
1507:(7): 63.
1381:Neisseria
1313:886600661
1149:Neolithic
1108:Neolithic
1018:admixture
982:Evolution
927:arthritis
923:psoriasis
917:. There,
737:S. mutans
700:caesarian
560:Treponema
350:Treponema
111:June 2015
103:talk page
59:talk page
3696:Medicine
3669:Category
3588:Staining
3520:placenta
3150:Virology
3145:Mycology
3083:Protozoa
3053:Bacteria
2990:Category
2920:Salivary
2910:Placenta
2804:30687294
2770:: 3323.
2737:33226710
2690:37065506
2681:10090864
2628:23416520
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2457:24612332
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2267:34463991
2216:29736705
2157:31090063
2122:25014248
2035:31853510
2027:26853115
1992:25408893
1904:26662484
1829:54931635
1786:27857087
1734:23899327
1668:23963608
1533:23899327
1479:31110428
1383:sp. and
1365:22101484
1357:24612332
1204:Biofilms
1197:See also
1110:and the
1063:hominins
978:(Al-2).
955:adhesins
951:biofilms
894:diabetes
870:flossing
798:Fusarium
771:vaccines
657:pellicle
579:Fusarium
494:Arachnia
437:adhesion
433:biofilms
429:Bacteria
400:Fusarium
361:protists
278:Arachnia
3708:Biology
3682:Portals
3218:Biofilm
3210:Ecology
3181:gliding
3078:Protist
3048:Archaea
2960:Related
2795:6338091
2656:: 109.
2619:3996550
2358:7005749
2335:Bibcode
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2258:8457218
2207:5960472
2113:4113856
1983:4233210
1794:3732555
1725:3978422
1659:6526728
1524:3978422
1470:6503789
1428:6372039
1372:Candida
1151:to the
1125:cereals
1087:Belgium
1061:Of the
1003:cooking
939:breasts
780:Candida
698:versus
696:vaginal
649:biofilm
382:Candida
186:scholar
97:Please
89:may be
3525:uterus
3508:vagina
3473:asthma
3355:Marine
3319:Plants
3159:Motion
3040:Groups
2915:Uterus
2893:Vagina
2802:
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2784:
2743:
2735:
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1467:
1426:
1363:
1355:
1311:
1301:
1267:
1133:barley
911:larynx
819:, and
804:Glomus
745:tartar
719:away.
681:Tongue
589:, and
563:, and
421:, and
406:Glomus
377:Genera
353:, and
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
3641:Omics
3597:Other
3498:mouth
3483:fecal
3088:Virus
3063:Fungi
2883:Mouth
2741:S2CID
2520:(PDF)
2461:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2031:S2CID
1925:(2).
1790:S2CID
1379:sp.,
1361:S2CID
1129:wheat
1127:like
935:lungs
919:mucus
915:lungs
444:tooth
193:JSTOR
179:books
3503:skin
3493:lung
2888:Skin
2878:Lung
2800:PMID
2782:ISSN
2733:PMID
2725:ISSN
2686:PMID
2668:ISSN
2624:PMID
2606:ISSN
2549:ISBN
2496:PMID
2453:PMID
2363:PMID
2304:PMID
2263:PMID
2212:PMID
2153:PMID
2118:PMID
2067:OCLC
2057:ISBN
2023:PMID
1988:PMID
1937:ISSN
1900:PMID
1863:ISBN
1825:OCLC
1815:ISBN
1782:PMID
1730:PMID
1664:PMID
1610:OCLC
1600:ISBN
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2772:doi
2717:doi
2676:PMC
2658:doi
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2192:doi
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2098:doi
2015:doi
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1927:doi
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