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179:
77:
36:
1210:. The site consisted of mainly bronze artifacts and pottery and 27 horse skeletal remains. Further excavation in 1983 at Guoxianyaozi uncovered a total of 31 burials dated to the 6th to 5th century BC revealing strong north Mongoloid features. These generally decreased towards the south, and skeletal remains of east and north Mongoloid type can be seen from finds in
1198:. These finds are important as they are associated with the development of snake pattern designs on the decoration of weapon and animal-depicting artifacts which later would become a characteristic style of the Ordos. The skeletal remains at Taohongbala (桃紅巴拉) tomb dated to between the 7th and 6th centuries BC are generally identified as belonging to the
492:
1071:
1385:. It is generally thought to be their homeland, however when exactly they came to occupy the region is unclear, and it might have been much earlier than traditionally thought, as suggested by archaeological finds. As the Xiongnu expanded southward into Yuezhi territory around 160 BC under their leader
1214:
and
Yinniugou dated to around the 7th century BC, amounting to a total of 117 burials. Many bronze weapons of these cultures are similar to those of Chinese style. Depictions of the Ordos people tend to show straight hair. This is especially true of archaeological finds from
1018:, the capital of Inner Mongolia. The river turns south, enters the loess plateau and forms a gorge at least 200 feet below the surrounding hills. There are no large towns in this region. There is a dam apparently called Wanjia and another further south and then the
1868:, p. 125 "The Mongoloid types of the Transbaikal area and Central and Eastern Mongolia are strongly contrasted with the Europoid type displayed at the same time by the Scythian nomads occupying Western Mongolia and their predecessors of the Bronze age."
1393:. It is thought the Xiongnu also occupied the Ordos area during the same period, when they came in direct contact with the Chinese. From there, the Xiongnu conducted numerous devastating raids into Chinese territory (167, 158, 142, 129 BC). The
897:
Rainfall and therefore population decreases rapidly as one moves north. The Wei River valley on the south is densely populated and is one of the ancient centers of
Chinese civilization. The north is grassland and desert
524:
cuts southwesternly across the center of the Ordos region, roughly separating the sparsely populated north (or "upper Ordos", which is actually lower in elevation than the "lower Ordos" south) — considered the
607:, are all located on these riverside plains along the Hetao region. Throughout Chinese history, the Hetao region was of major strategic importance and therefore hotly contested against various
1281:
is controversial; for some scholars they are the same, and for others different. Many buried metal artefacts have emerged on the surface of the land as a result of the progressive
1002:. Here there is an irrigated area between the mountains and river and desert to the southeast. Near the center of the northern stretch is the large town and irrigated area of
1030:
from the east and the Wei River from the west. At its juncture with the Wei the Yellow River turns east toward the North China Plain. One can go upstream on the Wei with the
1119:. The lower Wei valley is still one of the most densely populated areas in China. Rulers based in the Wei valley had an advantage since the mountains to the east made a
1409:
commandery in 127 BC. Prior to the campaign, there were already commanderies established earlier by Qin and Zhao until they were overrun by the
Xiongnu in 209 BC.
1261:
The Ordos are mainly known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. The Ordos culture of about 500 BC to AD 100 is known for its "Ordos bronzes", blade weapons,
1115:
By about 1000 BC Chinese civilization was centered on the west side of the North China Plain with an extension up the Wei valley and a northern extension up the
1078:
Although this rectangular area is obvious on a map, the north and south of the area are so different that the region cannot be said to have a common history.
858:
largely forms a southern side of the imperfect rectangle formed by these curves of the Yellow River, flowing about 560 kilometers (348 mi) through the
2154:
600:
2036:
Kozłowski, J. K., "The problem of the so-called Ordos culture in the light of the
Palaeolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia", 1982,
1096:
The north and west, the grassland and desert, belongs historically and culturally to nomads. The region had been occupied by humans since at least
1889:
1824:
1525:
1492:
1112:" element. They seemed to have a masterful knowledge of Upper Palaeolithic technology, producing blades as much as fifteen centimeters long.
970:. It runs east with the Tengger Desert in Inner Mongolia to the north and hills to the south. It turns north through dry country to past the
719:
773:
1206:, uncovered in 1979 and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, is considered the only Xiongnu site along the northern slope of
871:
372:
1983:
575:) and "east loop" (within Inner Mongolia, further divided into "front loop" and "back loop") sections. The Inner Mongolian cities of
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2014:
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affinity. The weapons, found in tombs throughout the steppes of the Ordos, are very close to those of the
Scythians, known on the
1139:
the economic center of China had shifted to the Yangzi valley and the Wei region became partly dependent of food imported up the
2147:
2001:
1904:"Europoid faces in some depictions of the Ordos, which should be attributed to a Scythian affinity", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, p125
1158:, as known from their skeletal remains and artifacts, the Ordos culture is thought to have been the most eastern extension of
2103:
2095:
255:
98:
94:
49:
141:
1847:
account, both from the 1970s. Bunker, 200, sees them as the same, or rather the Ordos people as a subgroup of the
Xiongnu.
271:
113:
1354:), who shared a similar "art of the steppes," but appear to have been Mongoloids. They may also have been related to the
191:
1058:. There is a dam, the river narrows and becomes yellow and the railroad needs many bridges and tunnels all the way to
120:
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force it sharply southwards. The eastern side of the loop runs about 600 kilometers (373 mi), re-entering the
1297:. Because the people represented in archaeological finds tend to display Europoid features, also earlier noted by
1074:
Approximate area of
Chinese civilization during the Spring and Autumn period. Note the extension up the Wei valley
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2234:
580:
340:
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1195:
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127:
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1965:
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evidence showing that they were related to the remains from
Yinniugou, as well as modern populations like
792:. After reversing course back towards the east, it begins the massive Ordos Loop by turning northwards at
109:
2125:
2029:
1751:
1374:
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cultures at Ordos, dated between 2200 and 1500 BC. It is associated with about 327 burials, with recent
1879:
1814:
820:
506:
467:
422:) with a total area of 370,000 km (140,000 sq mi), and includes territories from five
1398:
781:
278:
262:
2044:
1286:
1219:(M63:22, M63:23, M84:5), Etuoke (M1, M6), Xihaokou (M3), lower Woertuhao (M3:1), and Mengjialiang.
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from a source not far from its southwestern corner to a confluence at the southeastern corner. The
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906:. Because of its low and variable rainfall the region was once notorious for drought and famine.
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486:
423:
200:
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for tent-poles, horse gear, and small plaques and fittings for clothes and horse harness, using
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bronze culture and show strong
Mongoloid features. A similar type of burial at Hulusitai around
1698:
2191:
2099:
2074:
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2052:
2010:
2004:
Nomadic art of the eastern
Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections
1979:
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Russia and the Mongol yoke: th history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde,1502
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and early Bronze Age. While the Zhukaigou culture population appears to have been exclusively
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The south and east of the plateau belong historically and culturally to China, for which see
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and remains densely populated throughout history. The largest city in the Guanzhong region,
1844:
1699:"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of remains from Zhukaigou archaeological site in Inner Mongolia"
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1089:
927:
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595:(its third, fourth, eighth and eleventh most populous prefectures respectively), and all of
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of 1,000–1,600 m (3,300–5,200 ft), and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the
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1971:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
1104:. The Ordosian culture, also sometimes called the Ordos culture, is documented from the
317:
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The Original Xiongnu, An Archaeological Exploration of the Xiongnu's History and Culture
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At the southwest corner near where the Yellow River emerges from the Tibetan Plateau is
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The area is of high archaeological interest. Skeletal remains and artifacts show the
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on the other side. The south Ordos and the Guanzhong Plain together were one of the
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populations of the period. Their former territory is now located just north of the
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in a roughly eastern course before turning northwest after its confluence with the
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of the Yellow River, the second highest in China. The river leaves the gorge near
462:), but is demographically dominated by the former three, hence is also called the
2089:
1969:
1482:
1697:
Wang Hai-jing; Chang E; Cai Da-wei; Zhang Quan-chao; Zhou Hui; Zhu Hong (2007).
1423:
1394:
1389:, the Yuezhi in turn defeated the Sakas (Scythians) and pushed them away at the
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Paleoanthropology and Paleolithic Archaeology in the People's Republic of China
1341:
1340:. They were also culturally related to another nomadic tribe to the east, the
1321:
1222:
Horse nomads occupied the area of the Ordos Plateau previously settled by the
1211:
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produces the river's yellow color—for the Ordos proper before turning east in
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The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–5
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529:— from the agricultural south (or "lower Ordos", i.e. northern part of the
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815:. It continues this course for about 320 kilometers (199 mi) before
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715:
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396:
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and war horses were readily available from the northern grasslands. The
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800:. It runs northwards about 640 kilometers (398 mi), leaving the
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1575:
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Willem van Ruysbroeck; Giovanni di Piano (abp. of Antivari) (1900).
1293:
affinity to have settled here, just to the east of the better-known
1070:
1328:. The western neighbours of Ordos may have been identical with the
1194:. The archaeological finds at the site are similar to those of the
1062:. Upstream various tributaries extend in the direction of Lanzhou.
1046:, a former capital of China and now a large city. West of Xi'an is
670:
The more populous south Ordos is traversed by the upper reaches of
2179:
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dynasties the area came under at least loose Chinese control. The
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of China, and on the south bank of the northernmost hook of the
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The Ordos were in contact and often at war with the pre-Han and
1135:
on the lower Wei was several times the capital of China. By the
954:
and westward. Downriver (north) from Lanzhou is a gorge through
886:
808:
517:, is similarly named due to its location within the Ordos Loop.
379:
is colored blue. The yellow area is Inner Mongolia and Ningxia.
2136:
918:, the westernmost large city in north China and the capital of
1361:
In Chinese accounts, the Xiongnu first appear at Ordos in the
172:
70:
29:
1234:. The Ordos Plateau contained the best pasture lands on the
990:, flows through desert and enters a large irrigated area at
418:. It is China's second largest sedimentary basin (after the
2091:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
1881:
The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture
1816:
The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture
1108:. The points and sides of their tools indicate a "Moustero-
478:, and south by the Huanglong Mountains, Meridian Ridge and
839:
and again turning sharply eastward. It then flows through
1884:. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371.
1819:. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371.
1599:
Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A., eds. (2012).
942:. This corridor and the Wei River valley became the main
375:
Provincial boundaries. The Loess Plateau is shaded. The
986:. The river leaves the northern tip of Ningxia south of
686:, whose valleys cut through the mountain ranges east of
196:
322:
308:
1245:
Bronze statuette of a man, Ordos, 3-1st century BC.
1014:. About 70 miles northeast of the northeast bend is
1289:, they are thought to be the easternmost people of
885:Underlying the loess plateau is one of the largest
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334:
316:
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295:
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1509:
962:. The river emerges from the mountains and enters
1226:from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, creating the
501:, which originally means "palaces" or "court" in
533:). The north Ordos consists mainly of the arid
1554:. Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 57.
1054:capital. The river exits the mountains west of
722:and the most populous settlement in the entire
345:
982:, the capital of Ningxia. To the west are the
2148:
874:, which flows south to a confluence with the
276:
260:
27:Highland sedimentary basin in northwest China
8:
2009:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1405:, and colonized the area of the Ordos under
1269:decoration with relationships both with the
998:mountains force the river to turn east near
414:, a large northerly rectangular bend of the
2073:. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press.
749:saw the development or introduction of the
561:of Ordos Loop's northern bends are fertile
466:. The basin is bounded in the east by the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2155:
2141:
2133:
1913:
1865:
287:
1301:, Lededynsky suggests the Ordos to be of
1146:The Ordosian culture was followed by the
870:—separate its watershed from that of the
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1800:
1605:. Oxford University Press. p. 297.
1336:, migrated to southern Asia to form the
1253:notes that the statuette displays clear
827:before reaching its confluence with the
370:
1626:Wu Rukang; John W. Olsen, eds. (2009).
1446:
1399:fight the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC
1273:of regions much further west, and also
1100:, when the culture may be known as the
237:
7:
938:runs along the northern edge of the
774:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1602:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
1332:who, after being vanquished by the
545:deserts), which is administered by
1230:, before being driven away by the
25:
1632:. Left Coast Press. p. 187.
974:dam to the irrigated area around
190:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:This article has multiple issues.
490:
177:
75:
34:
934:. North of Xining the Gansu or
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2096:University of California Press
1878:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973).
1813:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973).
1350:
1345:
994:. At the northwest corner the
323:
309:
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1:
772:flows from its source in the
726:, and had long served as the
702:to drain into the crescentic
1773:Ma 2005, p. 232-233, 278-279
1285:of the region. According to
1277:. Its relationship with the
922:. To the west of Lanzhou is
753:, which was followed by the
1703:Journal of Jilin University
1508:Michael Kohn (1 May 2008).
1131:started in the Wei valley.
2251:
1976:Princeton University Press
1516:. Lonely Planet. pp.
1487:. British Academic Press.
1377:before it was occupied by
1358:people of Chinese annals.
978:. It continues north past
565:historically known as the
402:in parts of most Northern
2170:
1664:. Vol. I. New York:
1642:– via Google Books.
1615:– via Google Books.
1576:"China Population (2020)"
1162:, and at least partly of
741:occupied the area in the
720:10th largest Chinese city
365:
346:
286:
245:
2006:(fully available online)
2000:Bunker, Emma C. (2002).
1966:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1455:
1196:lower Xiajiadian culture
256:Traditional Chinese
203:may contain suggestions.
188:may need to be rewritten
1299:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
1251:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
505:. The seventh largest
272:Simplified Chinese
2209:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
2086:Maenschen-Helfen, Otto
1481:Leo de Hartog (1996).
1258:
1075:
926:from whence caravans (
866:—including the famous
380:
2126:Encyclopedia of China
2030:Encyclopedia of China
1752:Encyclopedia of China
1375:Warring States period
1244:
1121:natural fortification
1073:
730:in more than a dozen
537:(subdivided into the
442:and a thin fringe of
374:
2045:Lebedynsky, Yaroslav
1705:. Medicine edition.
1166:peoples. Under the
1010:runs from Baotou to
910:Along the two rivers
712:Chinese civilization
464:Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin
387:, also known as the
95:improve this article
2069:Ma, Liqing (2005).
1934:Ma 2005, p. 220-225
1791:Ma 2005, p. 188-189
1782:Ma 2005, p. 282-290
1764:Ma 2005, p. 230-231
1727:Ma 2005, p. 298-299
1678:Ma 2005, p. 196-197
1287:Iaroslav Lebedynsky
1008:The main road south
928:and now the railway
784:("White River") in
1662:History of Mankind
1429:Six Frontier Towns
1259:
1106:Upper Palaeolithic
1076:
1038:on the south past
581:provincial capital
485:The name "Ordos" (
381:
341:Mongolian Cyrillic
2230:Plateaus of China
2217:
2216:
2192:Mongolian Plateau
2164:Plateaus of China
2121:Taohongbala Tombs
2038:Folia Quaternaria
1968:(16 March 2009).
1925:Lebedynsky, p.124
1891:978-0-520-01596-8
1826:978-0-520-01596-8
1747:Taohongbala Tombs
1654:Hawkes, Jacquetta
1527:978-1-74104-578-9
1494:978-1-85043-961-5
1224:Zhukaigou culture
1176:Zhukaigou culture
1148:Zhukaigou culture
1098:Upper Paleolithic
902:) and is part of
849:North China Plain
821:Lüliang Mountains
751:Zhukaigou culture
743:Upper Paleolithic
732:ancient dynasties
495:) comes from the
468:Lüliang Mountains
400:sedimentary basin
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1102:Ordosian culture
1090:History of China
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739:Ordosian culture
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1528:
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1506:
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1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1415:
1283:desertification
1160:Eurasian nomads
1068:
1026:, receives the
1020:Hukou Waterfall
984:Helan Mountains
940:Tibetan Plateau
912:
895:
889:beds in China.
778:Tibetan Plateau
766:
724:Northwest China
704:Guanzhong Plain
674:'s two largest
649:Eastern Göktürk
609:Eurasian nomads
522:Ming Great Wall
476:Helan Mountains
470:, north by the
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
208:
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195:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
110:"Ordos Plateau"
104:
102:
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2200:
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2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:Wuzhang Plains
2182:
2171:
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2167:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2137:
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2130:
2117:
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2034:
2025:Salawusu Relic
2021:
2015:
1997:
1985:978-1400829941
1984:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
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1671:
1668:. p. 172.
1666:Harper and Row
1645:
1638:
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1580:PopulationStat
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1500:
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1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
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1426:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1401:under emperor
1247:British Museum
1178:is one of the
1067:
1064:
930:) started for
911:
908:
904:Inner Mongolia
894:
891:
813:Inner Mongolia
765:
762:
547:Inner Mongolia
511:Inner Mongolia
474:, west by the
440:Inner Mongolia
391:or simply the
367:
366:
363:
362:
350:
349:
348:
347:
343:
337:
336:
335:Mongolian name
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291:Transcriptions
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2195:
2194:
2193:
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2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:Loess Plateau
2173:
2172:
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2079:7-81074-796-7
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2018:
2016:9780300096880
2012:
2008:
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2003:
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1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
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1919:
1916:, p. 127
1915:
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1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:Beckwith 2009
1797:
1794:
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1785:
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1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
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1612:9780199735785
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1563:
1561:9780524015322
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1477:
1474:
1463:on 2009-11-22
1462:
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1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
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1359:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1338:Kushan Empire
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
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1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Ordos culture
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
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1111:
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1103:
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1094:
1092:
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1079:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Qin Mountains
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Gaolan County
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Hexi Corridor
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
892:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Qin Mountains
861:
860:Loess Plateau
857:
852:
850:
847:to enter the
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Loess Plateau
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
802:Loess Plateau
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
761:
759:
758:Ordos culture
756:
755:iron-wielding
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:and south of
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
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638:
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582:
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570:
569:
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560:
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540:
536:
532:
531:Loess Plateau
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
493:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:Yin Mountains
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
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390:
386:
385:Ordos Plateau
378:
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241:Ordos Plateau
239:
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212:
202:
198:
193:
189:
186:This article
184:
180:
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174:
165:
162:
154:
151:December 2015
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2124:
2111:February 18,
2109:. Retrieved
2090:
2070:
2048:
2037:
2028:
2005:
2002:
1991:February 18,
1989:. Retrieved
1970:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1909:
1900:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1852:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1803:, p. 71
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1706:
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1674:
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1648:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1550:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1511:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1449:
1443:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1326:Yellow River
1315:
1307:Asian Steppe
1271:Scythian art
1267:animal style
1260:
1236:Asian steppe
1221:
1150:of the late
1145:
1137:Tang dynasty
1125:Zhou dynasty
1114:
1110:Levalloisian
1095:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1077:
976:Wuzhong City
948:China proper
913:
900:Ordos desert
896:
884:
853:
770:Yellow River
767:
736:
669:
665:Ming dynasty
657:Tang dynasty
645:Northern Wei
627:dynasties),
568:Hetao Plains
566:
535:Ordos Desert
527:Ordos proper
526:
519:
496:
484:
463:
416:Yellow River
411:
392:
388:
384:
382:
377:Yellow River
324:Ê-êrh-to-ssŭ
304:Hanyu Pinyin
250:Chinese name
222:
209:January 2015
206:
197:You can help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2049:Les nomades
1856:Bunker, 200
1424:Ordos Block
1397:started to
1395:Han dynasty
1373:during the
1370:Shanhaijing
1275:Chinese art
1141:Grand Canal
1129:Qin dynasty
1052:Qin dynasty
972:Qingtongxia
952:Tarim basin
946:route from
786:Maqu County
745:. The late
676:tributaries
637:Han dynasty
555:floodplains
420:Tarim Basin
389:Ordos Basin
18:Ordos Basin
2224:Categories
2105:0520015967
1709:(1): 5–8.
1585:2020-02-28
1533:17 January
1467:2009-11-13
1435:References
1342:Eastern Hu
1322:Great Wall
1212:Maoqinggou
1084:Prehistory
845:Hangu Pass
684:Luo Rivers
563:grasslands
557:along the
553:, but the
551:Ordos City
515:Ordos City
507:prefecture
503:Old Turkic
412:Ordos Loop
318:Wade–Giles
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2129:, 1st ed.
2040:39: 63-99
2033:, 1st ed.
1755:, 1st ed.
1715:1671-587X
1440:Citations
1391:Issyk Kul
1364:Yizhoushu
1257:features.
1180:neolithic
1156:Mongoloid
1152:Neolithic
1117:Fen River
1036:Mount Hua
1028:Fen River
996:Lang Shan
944:silk road
872:Han River
868:Mount Hua
856:Wei River
829:Wei River
764:Geography
747:Neolithic
718:, is the
692:Pingliang
672:Wei River
487:Mongolian
426:, namely
424:provinces
408:elevation
201:talk page
56:talk page
2088:(1973).
2047:(2007).
1839:Compare
1660:(1963).
1512:Mongolia
1413:See also
1407:Shuofang
1403:Han Wudi
1303:Scythian
1291:Scythian
1255:Europoid
1204:Bayannur
1164:Europoid
1127:and the
1060:Tianshui
1048:Xianyang
1024:Hancheng
980:Yinchuan
968:Zhongwei
833:Tongguan
696:Qingyang
688:Tianshui
611:such as
589:Bayannur
448:counties
406:with an
397:highland
310:Èěrduōsī
1959:Sources
1334:Xiongnu
1279:Xiongnu
1263:finials
1232:Xiongnu
1208:Yinshan
1200:Xiongnu
1066:History
992:Dengkou
964:Ningxia
950:to the
916:Lanzhou
893:Climate
876:Yangtze
837:Shaanxi
817:Shaanxi
804:—whose
798:Ningxia
776:on the
708:cradles
661:Mongols
629:Xiongnu
603:except
597:Ningxia
573:Ningxia
456:Lüliang
452:Xinzhou
436:Ningxia
428:Shaanxi
395:, is a
135:scholar
2119:Wuen,
2102:
2077:
2059:
2013:
1982:
1888:
1823:
1745:Wuen,
1713:
1636:
1609:
1558:
1524:
1491:
1351:Donghu
1330:Yuezhi
1295:Yuezhi
1217:Baotou
1192:Evenks
1050:, the
1040:Weinan
1004:Baotou
960:Baiyin
924:Xining
806:eroded
782:Bai He
700:Yan'an
678:, the
659:) and
641:Rouran
605:Guyuan
601:cities
585:Baotou
577:Hohhot
543:Kubuqi
460:Linfen
444:Shanxi
199:. The
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2180:Hetao
1419:Hetao
1387:Modun
1311:Sakas
1188:Daurs
1133:Xi'an
1056:Baoji
1044:Xi'an
1034:with
1016:Hohot
1012:Xi'an
1000:Linhe
988:Wuhai
966:near
932:Lhasa
920:Gansu
880:Wuhan
841:Henan
790:Gansu
716:Xi'an
621:Shang
593:Wuhai
559:banks
539:Mu Us
432:Gansu
404:China
393:Ordos
359:Ordos
352:ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ
142:JSTOR
128:books
2113:2015
2100:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1993:2015
1980:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1845:this
1843:and
1841:this
1821:ISBN
1711:ISSN
1634:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1535:2011
1522:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1456:市情概况
1383:Zhao
1381:and
1367:and
1190:and
1170:and
1087:and
958:and
887:coal
854:The
809:silt
768:The
698:and
682:and
680:Jing
655:and
635:and
625:Zhou
623:and
617:Rong
615:and
591:and
541:and
520:The
498:orda
458:and
383:The
279:鄂尔多斯
263:鄂爾多斯
114:news
1520:–.
1379:Qin
1318:Han
1309:as
1172:Han
1168:Qin
1042:to
878:at
843:'s
835:in
831:at
819:'s
796:in
710:of
667:).
653:Sui
647:),
639:),
633:Qin
599:'s
583:),
549:'s
509:of
450:of
97:by
2226::
2123:.
2098:.
2094:.
2055:.
2051:.
2027:.
1978:.
1974:.
1749:.
1707:33
1701:.
1656:;
1578:.
1518:25
1356:Di
1348:;
1346:東胡
1313:.
1249:.
1238:.
1143:.
1093:.
1006:.
882:.
851:.
788:,
760:.
734:.
694:,
613:Di
587:,
513:,
489::
482:.
454:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
59:.
2156:e
2149:t
2142:v
2115:.
2081:.
2065:.
2019:.
1995:.
1894:.
1829:.
1717:.
1588:.
1564:.
1537:.
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1470:.
1344:(
898:(
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643:(
631:(
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223:(
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164:)
158:(
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139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
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66:)
62:(
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