2824:"The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned." Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.
924:." Kroeber alternatively referred to the divisions of the Mongoloid stock as the following: "Asiatic Mongoloids," "Oceanic Mongoloids," and "American Mongoloids." Kroeber said that the differences among the three divisions of the Mongoloid stock are not very large. Kroeber said that the Malaysian and the American Indian are generalized type peoples while the Mongolian proper is the most extreme or pronounced form. Kroeber said that the original Mongoloid stock must be regarded as being more like the current Malaysians, the current American Indians, or an intermediate type between these two. Kroeber said that it is from these generalized type peoples, who kept more nearly the ancient type, that peoples such as the
2418:"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant... they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them... As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.", Charles Darwin,
3019:
1794:. Huxley indicates that he has omitted certain areas with complex ethnic compositions that do not fit into his racial paradigm, including much of the Indian subcontinent and Horn of Africa. (Huxley, Thomas (1873). Critiques and Addresses by Thomas Henry Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S. Macmillan and Company. p. 153.) By the late nineteenth century, his Xanthochroi group had been redefined as the
237:
419:
1149:, moderate prognathism, absent brow ridges, simple cranial sutures, prominent zygomatic bones, broad, flat, tented nasal root, short nasal spine, shovel-shaped upper incisor teeth (scooped out behind), straight nasal profile, moderately wide palate shape, arched sagittal contour, wide facial breadth and a flatter face."
1069:
With the availability of new data due to the development of modern genetics, the concept of races in a biological sense has become untenable. Problems of the concept include: It "is not useful or necessary in research", scientists are not able to agree on the definition of a certain proposed race,
383:
During the 19th century, diverging opinions were pronounced whether Native
Americans or Malays should be included in the grouping which was sometimes called "Mongolian" and sometimes "Mongoloid". For example, D. M. Warren in 1856 used a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malay" or
960:
appear to have primary
Mongoloid connections by way of the Malaysians. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element of Polynesians is not a specialized Mongoloid. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element in Polynesians appears to be larger than the definite Caucasian strain in Polynesians. Speaking of
414:
defined three races which he called "white", "black", and "yellow". His "yellow race", corresponding to other writers' "Mongoloid race", consisted of "the Altaic, Mongol, Finnish and Tartar branches". While he saw the "white race" as superior, he claimed that the "yellow race" was physically and
1383:
In the 21st century, this usage of the term is deemed "unacceptable" in the
English-speaking world and has fallen out of common use because of its offensive and misleading implications. The terminology change was brought about both by scientific and medical experts as well as people of Asian
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and they do not even agree on the number of races, with some proponents of the concept suggesting 300 or even more "races". Also, data are not reconcilable with the concept of a treelike evolution nor with the concept of "biologically discrete, isolated, or static" populations.
1169:
proposed that the relative flatness of "Mongoloid" faces was caused by adaption to the extreme cold of subarctic and arctic conditions. They supposed that "Mongoloid" eye sockets have been extended vertically to make room for adipose tissue around the eyeballs, and that the
1182:" to the cold. They also supposed that "Mongoloid" facial features reduce the surface area of the nose by having nasal bones that are flat against the face and having enlarged cheekbones that project forward which effectively reduce the external projection of the nose.
1511:
2433:"Indeed, if a species has sufficient gene flow, there can be no evolutionary tree of populations, because there are no population splits...", Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and Notions of Human Race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),
1693:
Blumenbach's name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th
129:
stated: "The belief in 'races' as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past."
900:, referring to the racial classification of humankind on the basis of physical features, said that there are basically "three grand divisions." Kroeber indicated that, within the three-part classification, the Mongoloid, the
2545:
flaches
Gesicht mit niedriger Nasenwurzel, betonte Jochbogen, flachliegende Lidspalte (die oft schräggestellt ist), dickes, straffes, dunkles Haar, dunkle Augen, gelbbräunl. Haut, in der Regel kurzer, untersetzter
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1518:
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169:. Meiners divided humanity into two races he labeled "Tartar-Caucasians" and "Mongolians", believing the former to be beautiful, the latter to be "weak in body and spirit, bad, and lacking in virtue".
1749:
Alle diese
Verschiedenheiten fließen aber durch so mancherley Abstufungen und Uebergänge so unvermerkt zusammen, daß sich keine andre, als sehr willkürliche Grenzen zwischen ihnen festsetzen lassen.
349:, the former arguing for a single origin of all humankind, the latter holding that each human race had a specific origin. Monogenists based their arguments either on a literal interpretation of the
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1102:
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Still, in 1965 a study by A. T. Steegmann showed that the so-called cold-adapted
Mongoloid face provided no greater protection against frostbite than the facial structure of Europeans.
196:, and points out that the transition from one race to another is so gradual that the distinctions between the races presented by him are "very arbitrary". In Blumenbach's concept, the
1721:
Es giebt nur eine
Gattung (species) im Menschengeschlecht; und alle uns bekannte Völker aller Zeiten und aller Himmelsstriche können von einer gemeinschaftlichen Stammrasse abstammen.
4034:
3889:
1302:
2695:
1890:
Winchell, A. (1881). Preadamites; or A Demonstration of the
Existence of Men Before Adam; (3rd ed.). Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Company; London: Trubner & Co. pp. 57, 66.
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126:
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and a monogenist, presented the views of polygenists in 1865: "ome imagine their assumed species of mankind were created where we find them... the
Mongolians from the
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and proposing to replace the term "race" with "ethnic groups" because "serious errors ... are habitually committed when the term 'race' is used in popular parlance".
2800:
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von
Eickstedt, Egon Frhr. (21 April 2018). "Die Indien-Expedition des Staatlichen Forschungsinstituts für Völkerkunde in Leipzig. 1. Anthropologischer Bericht".
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said that the notion of the whole world being composed of three distinct races, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid, seemed credible because of the history of
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of Myanmar. He also classified the Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Shan, Sri Lankans, Tai, South Chinese, Munda and Juang, and others as having "mixed" with the
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1366:. Coined in 1908, the term remained in medical usage until the 1950s. In 1961, its use was deprecated by a group of genetic experts in an article in
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are the three "primary racial stocks of mankind." Kroeber said that the following are the divisions of the Mongoloid stock: the "Mongolian proper of
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4024:
3306:
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1145:: "The Mongoloid skull shows a round head shape with a medium-width nasal aperture, rounded orbital margins, massive cheekbones, weak or absent
1125:(1971–79, 25 volumes) lists the following characteristics of the "Mongoloid" populations of Asia: "Flat face with a low nasal root, accentuated
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1228:
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1931:
1824:
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Polynesians, Kroeber said that there are locally possible minor Negroid absorptions, as the ancestral Polynesians had to pass by or through
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1129:, flat-lying eyelids (which are often slanting), thick, tight, dark hair, dark eyes, yellow-brownish skin, usually short, stocky build."
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said that the FBI Laboratory is in a good position for the examination of Mongoloid hairs, because it does most of the examinations for
1101:
1046:
Since Coon followed the traditional methods of physical anthropology, relying on morphological characteristics, and not on the emerging
2468:
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).
1337:
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897:
709:
645:
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1961:
1908:
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791:", along with Mongolians and "hybrid Japanese", after the Alpines colonized East Asia from Central Asia before migrating to Europe.
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not once but five times, as each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more
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is the most particularized sub-variety out of the American Mongoloids. Kroeber said that in the East Indies, and in particular the
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841:
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1251:. In 1911, the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was placing all "East Indians," a term which included the peoples of "
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The fact that there are no sharp distinctions between the supposed racial groups had been observed by Blumenbach and later by
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389:
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1819:
Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning. The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, New York: Nation Books 2016.
110:
809:, classified people from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, East India, parts of Northeast India, western Myanmar and Sri Lanka as
341:
Discussions on race among Western scholars during the 19th century took place against the background of the debate between
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Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon in 25 Bänden. Neunte, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage zum 150jährigen Bestehen des Verlages
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origins. Eickstedt also classified the people of central Myanmar, Yunnan, southern Tibet, Thailand and parts of India as
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2018:
1354:"Mongoloid" has had a second usage, now generally avoided as highly offensive: until the late 20th century, people with
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424:
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1408:
798:
173:
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Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio (2011-07-30). "Fifty years of evolution of the term Down's syndrome".
1599:
Keevak, Michael. "Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
141:, now generally regarded as highly offensive. Those affected were often referred to as "Mongoloids" or in terms of "
3913:
3807:
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1762:
1735:
1707:
1393:
20:
3023:
2352:
Jackson, John Jr. (June 2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".
2308:
Jackson, John Jr. (June 2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".
1802:. As such, Huxley's Melanochroi eventually also comprised various other dark Caucasoid populations, including the
4029:
3591:
3541:
3313:
1362:" or "Mongolian imbecility". The term was motivated by the observation that people with Down syndrome often have
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3731:
3556:
3244:
3124:
3064:
1975:
1871:"Huxley, Thomas, On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006"
71:
1810:. (Gregory, John Walter (1931). Race as a Political Factor. Watts & Company. p. 19. Retrieved 8 May 2016.)
415:
intellectually mediocre but had an extremely strong materialism that allowed them to achieve certain results.
2768:
Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). (2005). Forensic Human Hair Examination Guidelines.
3421:
736:
561:
166:
1973:
Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity"".
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concludes in 2016: "he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no."
192:, his arguments were basically anti-racist, since he underlined that humankind as a whole forms one single
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has been "viewed as the last gasp of an outdated scientific methodology that was soon to be supplanted."
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90:. The term is derived from a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the past, other terms such as "
3546:
948:, there can at times be distinguished a less specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "
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Warren, D.M. (1856). A System of Physical Geography. Philadelphia: H. Cowperthwait & Co. p. 77.
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or on secular research. Since polygenism stressed the perceived differences, it was popular among
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1992:
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216:, who form a race of their own in his concept. Of peoples living outside Asia, he includes the "
2454:
Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and Notions of Human Race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),
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1957:
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1600:
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Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.).
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162:
125:, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. In 2019, the
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3182:
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2438:
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2142:
2107:
2087:
1984:
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1453:
1359:
1349:
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985:
856:. This made the point of view of three races appear to be "true, natural, and inescapable."
776:
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534:
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142:
32:
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1655:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race"
1403:
1363:
1244:
1166:
1162:
1106:
933:
784:
673:
574:
358:
1174:" brow ridges decrease the size of the air spaces inside of the brow ridges known as the
697:
614:
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1921:
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races, he posited two races among the indigenous populations of sub-Saharan Africa: the
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3646:
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2990:
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2061:
A Genealogy of an Ethnocratic Present: Rethinking Ethnicity after Sri Lanka's Civil War
1679:
1654:
1435:
1317:
1275:
1267:
1240:
1126:
1110:
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936:, and a "certain generic refinement of physique." Kroeber said that, according to most
925:
905:
826:
681:
665:
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added the Australian as a secondary race (subrace) of the principal race of Mongolian.
225:
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2466:. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in:
2284:
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2004:
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369:
138:
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In 1909, a map published based on racial classifications in South Asia conceived by
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404:
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209:
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2624:
Joseph K. So (1980). "Human Biological Adaptation to Arctic and Subarctic Zones".
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1870:
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1628:
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2196:
2115:
2033:
1512:"Galileo Wept: A Critical Assessment of the Use of Race in Forensic Anthropology"
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After discussing various criteria used in biology to define subspecies or races,
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Malaysian," and a more specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "
3988:
3978:
3581:
3391:
3338:
3212:
3152:
3147:
2669:
2405:
1795:
1670:
1545:
Lieberman, Leonard (1997). "Out of Our Skulls: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid?".
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for his division of humanity into five races in the revised 1795 edition of his
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Commenting on the situation of the United States in the early 20th century,
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373:
334:
271:
102:
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2503:
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2442:
2131:"The Nordic and Alpine Races and Their Kin: A Study of Ethnological Trends"
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indicated that the following skeletal collections were of the "Mongoloid" "
2597:
1988:
1328:
term designating one of the major groups of human beings originating from
236:
3953:
3333:
2999:
2663:
Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California.
1372:
due to its "misleading connotations". The term continued to be used as a
1260:
1047:
893:
492:
201:
122:
95:
79:
2721:
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forensic Hair Comparisons.
2181:
1996:
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in the second half of the 20th century, with shortened versions such as
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3251:
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3109:
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On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind
245:
On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind
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83:
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1452:. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361.
1216:
In 1885, the California State Legislature amended its code to make
1031:
had already been divided into five different races or subspecies. "
1842:
Collected Essays of Thomas Huxley: Man's Place in Nature and Other
1807:
1476:
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019).
1252:
1231:
was using the term "Mongolic grand division," not only to include
1202:
1100:
783:(1966) classified the Sinhalese as partly Mongoloid. According to
768:
636:
483:
350:
221:
188:). Although Blumenbach's concept of five races later gave rise to
3923:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
113:. It was further developed by Western scholars in the context of
1329:
75:
3037:
2402:
For a criticism of Coon's relying on typology alone, see also:
388:(1881) included both Malays and indigenous Americans. In 1861,
2458:(pp. 346–361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
2282:
Anthropology: Race, Language, Culture, Psychology, Prehistory.
59:
2456:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
2435:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
1450:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
2785:
About FSC. (n.d.). The FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation.
1901:
The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography
3809:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
2746:
A Data Base for Forensic Anthropology: Final Report to the
50:
44:
1434:(2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012, from
41:
2437:(p. 355). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
787:(1931), the Chinese represented "the eastern wing of the
47:
2470:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
1358:
were often referred to as "Mongoloids", or in terms of "
1141:
gave a description of "Mongoloid" skulls in her book on
2076:"The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon. Howard W. Stoudt"
3891:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
660:(1885–90), peoples included in the Mongoloid race are
101:
The concept of dividing humankind into the Mongoloid,
2698:: Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission.
1577:"Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective"
1320:
defined the term "Mongoloid," as the term is used in
53:
2657:
2655:
1505:
1503:
109:
races was introduced in the 1780s by members of the
62:
56:
3941:
3800:
3369:
3267:
3123:
3080:
1278:, and it conducts examinations for the majority of
161:as a term for race was first introduced in 1785 by
38:
35:
2836:"Ricky Gervais, please stop using the word 'mong'"
1495:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
403:, published 1853–55), which would later influence
127:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
2197:"Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit"
200:comprises the peoples living in Asia east of the
2519:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
2511:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
2210:
2208:
2206:
1482:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
74:of various peoples indigenous to large parts of
1324:hair examinations. It defined the term as, "an
1235:, but "in the widest sense of all," to include
137:has had a second usage referencing people with
2661:Burns, John F. & Orsi, Richard J. (2003).
844:with most immigrants coming from three areas,
384:the "American" races, while Huxley (1870) and
4035:Pejorative terms for people with disabilities
3835:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3049:
2744:Jantz, R.L. & Moore-Jansen, P.H. (1987).
2592:. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 132, 147, 148.
2238:
2236:
1792:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London
8:
2917:"John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message"
2406:"Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective"
2257:(1955). History of Anthropological Thought.
1956:gid/s work Duke University Press, 2002, p.8
1844:Kessinger Publishing: Montana, 2005. p.247.
1493:The organization has since been renamed the
1121:The last edition of the German encyclopedia
2910:
2908:
2753:National Criminal Justice Reference Service
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2579:
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1540:
1538:
3827:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
3056:
3042:
3034:
2562:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
1903:C. Scribner's Sons: New York, 1900, p.282
1471:
1469:
1467:
401:Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3851:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
2989:
2966:"On the diagnostic term "Down's disease""
2932:
2493:
2474:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2091:
1678:
1384:ancestry, including those from Mongolia.
172:His more influential Göttingen colleague
1622:"Why White People are Called Caucasian?"
1595:
1593:
1229:Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
417:
397:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
235:
2543:(in German). Vol. 2. p. 308.
2386:The reference given there is to "Coon,
2303:
2301:
1424:
1197:enacted the first bill of several that
220:" in northern America and the European
3442:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2291:. Pages 126, 131, 133, & 137–140.
2220:""Race" 1997 and 2001: A Race Odyssey"
2064:. MA thesis, Kansas State University.
877:of men and races" among the causes of
2799:Ward, Connor O. John Langdon (2006).
2619:
2617:
2586:Dahlberg, A.A.; Graber, T.M. (1977).
2195:Eickstedt, Egon von (21 April 2018).
1798:, whereas his Melanochroi became the
1263:," in the "Mongolic" grand division.
7:
2803:. Down-syndrome.info. Archived from
2770:Forensic Science Communications, (7)
2227:American Anthropological Association
1761:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1734:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1706:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1050:to classify humans, the debate over
3994:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
2921:Down Syndrome Research and Practice
2638:10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000431
2515:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
2199:. F. Enke – via Google Books.
1478:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
1109:according to French anthropologist
773:The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon
232:In the context of scientific racism
2834:Clark, Nicola (October 19, 2011).
1517:. Emory University. Archived from
1266:In 1985, Michael P. Malone of the
992:in 1962. Coon divided the species
898:University of California, Berkeley
182:De generis humani varietate nativa
14:
4040:Slurs related to low intelligence
3899:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
3819:The Outline of History of Mankind
2723:(1985). Host Laboratory Division
2354:Journal of the History of Biology
2310:Journal of the History of Biology
2035:The Concept of Race in South Asia
1627:. Yale University. Archived from
896:Professor of Anthropology at the
186:On the Natural Variety of Mankind
16:Outdated grouping of human beings
3867:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
3017:
2589:Orofacial growth and development
2118:. Cape – via Google Books.
1510:Smay, Diana; Armelagos, George.
1137:In 2004, British anthropologist
842:immigration to the United States
731:, people of mixed Mongoloid and
94:race", "yellow", "Asiatic" and "
31:
2725:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1344:Use as a term for Down syndrome
976:
813:, referring to people of mixed
165:, a scholar at the then modern
4025:Historical definitions of race
3859:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
3065:Historical definitions of race
2801:"Down the man and the message"
2674:University of California Press
2560:Forensic Facial Reconstruction
2058:Schubert, Stefan Andi (2016).
1220:for "children of Mongoloid or
1143:forensic facial reconstruction
998:into five groups: Besides the
969:Negroid to get to the central
956:Malaysian." Kroeber said that
825:deriving from the name of the
801:, an influential proponent of
390:Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
243:map of racial categories from
224:, among whom he includes the "
98:" have been used as synonyms.
1:
3883:The Passing of the Great Race
3022:The dictionary definition of
2964:Howard-Jones, Norman (1979).
2875:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9
2748:National Institute of Justice
2626:Annual Review of Anthropology
2135:American Journal of Sociology
2093:10.1525/aa.1963.65.3.02a00260
2032:Robb, Peter (21 April 1997).
1923:The Inequality of Human Races
1287:National Institute of Justice
885:Subraces according to Kroeber
771:origins. Howard S. Stoudt in
145:" or "Mongolian imbecility".
117:ideologies during the age of
3782:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2019:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
1764:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1737:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1732:German: "sehr willkürlich":
1709:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1195:California State Legislature
1123:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
1074:Current scientific consensus
869:. It condemned all forms of
658:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
425:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
212:, with the exception of the
3497:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
3462:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
3412:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
2755:. Title Page & Page 4.
2558:Caroline Wilkinson (2004).
2289:Harcourt, Brace and Company
2262:University of Chicago Press
2074:Angel, J. Lawrence (1963).
2038:. Oxford University Press.
1827:, chapters 4, 7–12, 14, 16
1671:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80
1409:Race (human categorization)
1058:Disproof by modern genetics
988:published his much debated
799:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
735:origin. Similarly in 1904,
174:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
111:Göttingen school of history
4061:
2705:Government Printing Office
2170:Anthropologischer Anzeiger
1653:Bhopal R (December 2007).
1394:Craniofacial anthropometry
1347:
1276:large Mongoloid population
1077:
873:, naming "the doctrine of
863:published their statement
757:racial origins as well as
719:classified inhabitants of
121:. With the rise of modern
21:Mongoloid (disambiguation)
18:
3592:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
3071:
2982:10.1017/s0025727300051048
2259:Yearbook of Anthropology.
2129:Taylor, Griffith (1931).
2116:"The living races of man"
2048:– via Google Books.
1920:Gobineau, Arthur (1915).
1285:In 1987, a report to the
1199:prohibited the attendance
3964:History of anthropometry
3732:Charles Gabriel Seligman
3557:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
3245:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
2404:Gill, George W. (2000).
1976:Journal of World History
1189:Use in United States law
984:American anthropologist
72:obsolete racial grouping
4020:Biological anthropology
3422:Daniel Garrison Brinton
2934:10.3104/perspectives.94
2707:. Pages 233 & 256.
2676:. Pages 115 & 116.
2366:10.1023/A:1010366015968
2322:10.1023/A:1010366015968
2080:American Anthropologist
2022:, 4th edition, 1885–90.
1926:. Putnam. p. 146.
1559:10.1111/an.1997.38.9.56
1338:Native American Indians
1025:Coon's thesis was that
796:physical anthropologist
781:The Living Races of Man
747:were a people of mixed
737:Ponnambalam Arunachalam
372:, a strong advocate of
3767:Thomas Griffith Taylor
3522:Reginald Ruggles Gates
2915:Ward, O Conor (1999).
2696:Immigration Commission
2690:Dillingham, William P.
2464:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
2443:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
2108:Coon, Carleton Stevens
1458:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
1282:in the United States.
1118:
653:
363:slaveholders in the US
338:
149:History of the concept
82:, and some regions in
3907:Annihilation of Caste
3811:in Different Climates
3762:William Graham Sumner
3742:Samuel Stanhope Smith
3687:James Cowles Prichard
3319:Racial discrimination
2598:10.1515/9783110807554
1989:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003
1584:Washington University
1299:North American Indian
1104:
1018:in the south and the
421:
327: 8: Mongoloids C
321: 8: Mongoloids B
315: 8: Mongoloids A
239:
3959:Great chain of being
3677:Ludwig Hermann Plate
3642:Samuel George Morton
3457:Samuel A. Cartwright
3307:in the United States
2787:Wayback Machine link
2774:Wayback Machine link
2757:Wayback Machine link
2733:Wayback Machine link
2245:, UNESCO, 1950, 11pp
965:which are presently
805:(racial studies) in
167:Göttingen University
19:For other uses, see
4045:Pejorative demonyms
3915:The Races of Europe
3843:The Races of Europe
3622:Dominick McCausland
3572:Thomas Henry Huxley
3517:Stanley Marion Garn
3397:Robert Bennett Bean
3125:Historical concepts
2350:Cited according to
2243:"The Race Question"
1873:. Aleph0.clarku.edu
1634:on October 20, 2013
1618:Painter, Nell Irvin
1575:Templeton, Alan R.
1334:Indian subcontinent
1280:Indian reservations
717:Herbert Hope Risley
3787:Alexander Winchell
3717:Henric Sanielevici
3577:Calvin Ira Kephart
3547:Hans F. K. Günther
3532:Arthur de Gobineau
3432:Alice Mossie Brues
3329:Racial stereotypes
2486:10.1002/ajpa.23120
2421:The Descent of Man
2157:– via JSTOR.
1800:Mediterranean race
1167:Joseph B. Birdsell
1139:Caroline Wilkinson
1119:
1097:General appearance
1035:then evolved into
729:Mongolo-Dravidians
654:
550: North Mongol
412:Arthur de Gobineau
386:Alexander Winchell
368:British biologist
359:white supremacists
339:
176:borrowed the term
4002:
4001:
3931:The Race Question
3777:John H. Van Evrie
3702:William Z. Ripley
3672:Charles Pickering
3617:Felix von Luschan
3587:Robert E. Kuttner
3487:Charles Davenport
3356:Whiteness studies
3082:Color terminology
3074:Scientific racism
2709:Google Books link
2678:Google Books link
2539:"Anthropologie".
2513:(27 March 2019).
2393:, 1963 , p. 657".
2114:(21 April 1966).
2045:978-0-19-564268-1
1952:DiPiero, Thomas.
1933:978-0-86527-430-3
1899:Deniker, Joseph.
1825:978-1-5685-8464-5
1605:978-0-691-14031-5
1586:. Realfuture.org.
1547:Anthropology News
1414:Race and genetics
1205:, Mongolians and
1086:Alan R. Templeton
1080:Race and genetics
890:Alfred L. Kroeber
866:The Race Question
838:Leonard Lieberman
656:According to the
652:
651:
190:scientific racism
163:Christoph Meiners
4052:
4030:Anti-Asian slurs
3810:
3757:Lothrop Stoddard
3752:Morris Steggerda
3727:Ilse Schwidetzky
3722:Heinrich Schmidt
3707:Alfred Rosenberg
3667:Isaac La Peyrère
3472:Carleton S. Coon
3447:Charles Caldwell
3402:François Bernier
3285:in Latin America
3058:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3021:
3004:
3003:
2993:
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2954:
2936:
2912:
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2783:
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2742:
2736:
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2574:
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2098:
2097:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1970:
1964:
1954:White Men Aren't
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1917:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1840:Huxley, Thomas.
1838:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:. pp. 61–62
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1682:
1665:(7633): 1308–9.
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1581:
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1523:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1380:in slang usage.
1364:epicanthic folds
1360:Mongolian idiocy
1350:Mongolian idiocy
1332:, excluding the
1218:separate schools
1159:Carleton S. Coon
1127:zygomatic arches
986:Carleton S. Coon
967:Papuo-Melanesian
938:anthropometrists
932:, who added the
850:Northwest Europe
777:Carleton S. Coon
741:Sinhalese people
643:
630:
621:
612:
603:
594:
581:
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143:Mongolian idiocy
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4050:
4049:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3937:
3875:Castes in India
3796:
3792:Ludwig Woltmann
3747:Herbert Spencer
3637:Lewis H. Morgan
3607:Cesare Lombroso
3482:Jan Czekanowski
3467:Sonia Mary Cole
3407:Renato Biasutti
3365:
3344:Nazism and race
3263:
3240:Proto-Mongoloid
3119:
3076:
3067:
3062:
3012:
3007:
2970:Medical History
2963:
2962:
2958:
2914:
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2715:
2694:Reports of the
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2112:Hunt, Edward E.
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2016:
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1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1404:Proto-Mongoloid
1390:
1352:
1346:
1326:anthropological
1305:, and Chinese.
1191:
1176:frontal sinuses
1163:Stanley M. Garn
1155:
1153:Cold adaptation
1135:
1107:"Mongoloid" eye
1105:A drawing of a
1099:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1052:Origin of Races
990:Origin of Races
982:
979:Origin of Races
922:American Indian
887:
846:Southeast China
785:Griffith Taylor
710:Native American
648:
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619:
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3845:(Ripley, 1899)
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3697:Gustaf Retzius
3694:
3689:
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3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:Josiah C. Nott
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Ashley Montagu
3629:
3624:
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3614:
3612:Bertil Lundman
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
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3579:
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3569:
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3562:Earnest Hooton
3559:
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3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:George Gliddon
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Francis Galton
3509:
3504:
3502:Anténor Firmin
3499:
3494:
3492:Joseph Deniker
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Georges Cuvier
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3349:Racial hygiene
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3010:External links
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2778:
2761:
2737:
2731:5) & 112.
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2613:
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2568:
2550:
2531:
2480:(2): 318–327.
2447:
2426:
2423:p. 225 onwards
2411:
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2343:
2316:(2): 247–285.
2297:
2270:
2247:
2232:
2202:
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2176:(3): 208–219.
2160:
2147:10.1086/215619
2121:
2099:
2086:(3): 694–695.
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1945:
1932:
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1883:
1862:
1853:
1833:
1812:
1777:
1753:
1725:
1698:
1645:
1609:
1589:
1564:
1534:
1499:
1463:
1440:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1348:Main article:
1345:
1342:
1336:and including
1318:FBI Laboratory
1297:, Prehistoric
1274:, which has a
1268:FBI Laboratory
1211:public schools
1190:
1187:
1154:
1151:
1134:
1131:
1111:Joseph Deniker
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1075:
1072:
1064:Charles Darwin
1059:
1056:
981:
975:
886:
883:
827:Palaung people
819:South Mongolid
650:
649:
640:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
578:
565:
552:
546:
538:
525:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
462:
453:
444:
422:
329:
323:
317:
311:
302:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
233:
230:
198:Mongolian race
155:
152:
150:
147:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4057:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Pseudoscience
4013:
4012:
4010:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Miscegenation
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Paul Topinard
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Benjamin Rush
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Alfred Ploetz
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Oscar Peschel
3660:
3658:
3657:Roger Pearson
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:John Mitchell
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Carl Linnaeus
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Julian Huxley
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Ernst Haeckel
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Madison Grant
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Eugen Fischer
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Petrus Camper
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Louis Agassiz
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Mediterranean
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3028:at Wiktionary
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:(1): 102–04.
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:(9789): 402.
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2807:on 2006-09-02
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Roman numeral
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:9789027978899
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:0-521-82003-0
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:Origin of the
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:Kroeber, A.L.
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:Kroeber, A.L.
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2216:Lieberman, L.
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:(1): 93–139.
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:0-8223-2961-1
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:0-8369-5932-9
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:1-4179-7462-1
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:Huxley, T. H.
1781:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1638:September 27,
1630:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1524:on 2018-08-18
1520:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Down syndrome
1351:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:Farther India
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:In 1911, the
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:In 1858, the
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1147:canine fossae
1144:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
980:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:archipelagoes
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:and parts of
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
647:
638:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
585:
576:
572:
563:
559:
544:
543:
539:
536:
532:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
484:African Negro
476:
475:
469:
460:
451:
442:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:, the French
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:Thomas Huxley
366:
364:
361:, especially
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
309:
300:
291:
282:
273:
264:
255:
246:
242:
238:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
153:
148:
146:
144:
140:
139:Down syndrome
136:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
28:
22:
3949:Ethnogenesis
3930:
3922:
3917:(Coon, 1939)
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3808:
3801:Publications
3652:Karl Pearson
3542:John Grattan
3437:Halfdan Bryn
3302:in Singapore
3269:Sociological
3234:
3024:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2927:(1): 19–24.
2924:
2920:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:The Guardian
2839:
2829:
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2794:
2781:
2769:
2764:
2745:
2740:
2720:
2716:
2693:
2685:
2662:
2629:
2625:
2588:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2477:
2473:
2455:
2450:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2390:
2387:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2313:
2309:
2281:
2273:
2264:. Page 293.
2258:
2250:
2229:. p. 2.
2190:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2141:(1): 67–81.
2138:
2134:
2124:
2102:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2013:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1953:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1922:
1915:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1815:
1791:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1763:
1756:
1748:
1742:. Retrieved
1740:. p. 61
1736:
1728:
1720:
1714:. Retrieved
1712:. p. 60
1708:
1701:
1692:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1612:
1583:
1550:
1546:
1526:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1449:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1353:
1308:In 2005, an
1307:
1291:Ethnic Group
1284:
1265:
1226:
1215:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1156:
1136:
1120:
1113:, showing a
1083:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1037:Homo Sapiens
1036:
1033:Homo Erectus
1032:
1028:Homo erectus
1026:
1024:
1020:Congoid race
1019:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:Homo sapiens
993:
989:
983:
978:
920:," and the "
888:
879:World War II
874:
864:
858:
835:
830:
822:
818:
814:
811:East Brachid
810:
807:Nazi Germany
802:
793:
780:
772:
764:
758:
752:
748:
739:claimed the
728:
714:
662:North Mongol
655:
541:
540:
472:
438:
430:ethnographic
428:(1885–1890)
423:
405:Adolf Hitler
400:
396:
394:
382:
367:
355:Adam and Eve
340:
244:
210:Ganges River
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
171:
158:
157:
134:
132:
100:
26:
25:
3989:Pre-Adamite
3979:Multiracial
3582:Robert Knox
3392:John Beddoe
3339:Master race
3295:in Colombia
3183:East Baltic
2727:. Pages v (
2670:Los Angeles
1796:Nordic race
1399:Orientalism
1178:which are "
1015:Capoid race
958:Polynesians
946:Philippines
934:oblique eye
918:East Indies
854:West Africa
833:phenotype.
803:Rassenkunde
789:Alpine race
775:(1961) and
702:Micronesian
670:Indochinese
624:Micronesian
562:Indochinese
347:polygenists
343:monogenists
308:Polynesians
299:Xanthochroi
290:Australoids
281:Melanochroi
206:Caspian Sea
119:colonialism
4009:Categories
3984:Polygenism
3974:Monogenism
3692:Otto Reche
3597:Fritz Lenz
3427:Paul Broca
3417:Franz Boas
3387:Erwin Baur
3382:John Baker
3276:By region
3133:Australoid
2811:2013-12-02
2701:Washington
2508:See also:
2408:. Pbs.org.
2360:(2): 248.
1939:2007-10-18
1877:2013-12-15
1771:2020-05-24
1744:2020-05-24
1716:2020-05-24
1694:centuries.
1528:2012-10-10
1432:Mongoloid.
1420:References
1374:pejorative
1369:The Lancet
1293:": Arctic
1224:descent."
1180:vulnerable
1078:See also:
1009:Australoid
928:gradually
904:, and the
875:inequality
760:Indo-Aryan
694:Polynesian
606:Polynesian
524:Uncertain:
520:Australoid
502:Melanesian
409:aristocrat
3361:Négritude
3290:in Brazil
3235:Mongoloid
3143:Caucasoid
3025:mongoloid
2943:0968-7912
2883:1474-547X
2632:: 63–82.
2005:143762514
1553:(9): 56.
1157:In 1950,
1004:Mongoloid
1000:Caucasoid
914:Malaysian
910:East Asia
906:Caucasian
859:In 1950,
831:Palaungid
823:Palaungid
765:Dravidian
749:Mongolian
745:Sri Lanka
733:Dravidian
542:Mongoloid
535:Sinhalese
440:Caucasoid
374:Darwinism
353:story of
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272:Negritoes
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178:Mongolian
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133:The term
103:Caucasoid
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3954:Eugenics
3334:Colorism
3280:in India
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3925:(1943)
3909:(1936)
3901:(1930)
3893:(1920)
3885:(1916)
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3869:(1911)
3861:(1907)
3853:(1899)
3837:(1855)
3829:(1849)
3821:(1785)
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