158:
194:. The objectives given in the 1887 articles of incorporation were, "To unite its members; to combine their interests as railway conductors; to elevate their standards as such and their character as men for their mutual improvement and advantage, socially and otherwise..." The order provided mutual support and assistance to conductors, and administered a death and
239:
321:
May 26, 1955, after mediation, a strike ballot and
Presidential Emergency Board 109, the order achieved agreement on a graduated rate of pay system. Further gains were made in 1964, when employees won paid holidays and expenses away from home, and in 1966 when further improvements to wages and benefits were gained.
275:
on 23 August 1912. The commission sat through 154 days of public hearings between the fall of 1913 and the spring of 1915, uncovering many abuses and making various recommendations. In the late summer of 1916 Garretson played a leading role in negotiations in which railway workers won the right to an
320:
During the period from 1951 to 1954 various agreements were made over wage increases, cost of living adjustments and rules changes. The order had been accepting brakemen as members since the 1930s, and in 1954 the union changed its name to the Order of
Railway Conductors and Brakemen (ORC&B). On
221:
said "the
Brotherhood of Railway Conductors was organized at a time when the Order of Railway Conductors could scarcely be said to be in good standing with the laboring people because it had not a protective constitution. The young Brotherhood was organized to supply a pressing want of the time..."
266:
On 1 September 1906 Austin B. Garretson was elected Grand Chief
Conductor of the Order. His title was changed to president in 1907. In 1907 the ORC and other railroad unions managed to get Congress to pass laws that limited to sixteen the maximum number of hours a railroader could work in one day.
262:
was elected grand senior conductor, while C. H. Wilkins was assistant grand chief conductor. Garretson and
Wilkins then exchanged positions. In 1900 E. E. Clark made a speech at the Chicago Conference on Conciliation where he said that the men favored arbitration for settlement of labor disputes.
144:
The ORC represented the interests of train conductors, whose job function approximated that of an ocean ship captain and were consequently the most prestigious and highly compensated railway workers of their era. The ORC was governed by conventions held every three years and was not part of the
246:
Internal and external pressures combined to cause an upheaval in the organization in 1890. The old leaders were dismissed and a new, more aggressive policy of trade regulation was adopted. Good relations were established with other unions. The order continued to provide strong fraternal and
24:
247:
beneficial services, but the focus shifted to regulating working conditions and negotiating trade agreements to resolve difficulties with railroad owners. At the
September 21, 1891 meeting of the Brotherhood of Railway Conductors its Grand Chief
198:
plan. It covered the territories of the United States and Canada. Membership was open to white men in the occupations of road conductors, assistant conductors and ticket collectors; road brakemen,
209:
From 1877 to 1890 any member that participated in a strike would be expelled from the order. This led to the perception among other railway labor organizations that the conductors were
290:
The order's president S. N. Berry died on June 27, 1934. On 16 July 1934 James A. Phillips was appointed to fill his unexpired term as president. Phillips was elected chairman of the
176:
rather than a labor union. It adopted the name "Conductors
Brotherhood" at its first annual convention in 1869, and changed to the "Order of Railway Conductors of America" in 1878.
283:
Lucius E. Sheppard (1863-1934) was president of the Order of
Railway Conductors from 1919-28. He was one of the committee of six leaders of the main railway unions who founded the
226:
in 1886, the Rock Island
Division 106 of the Order of Railway Conductors said the demands of the switchmen were unjust and unreasonable. In response, one of the lodges of the
1181:
1060:
Proceedings of the Grand
Division of the Order of Railway Conductors (Formerly Conductors' Brotherhood): From Organization to the Eighteenth Session, Inclusive, 1868-1885.
258:
had been elected Grand Senior Conductor of the order. In 1890 he became Grand Chief Conductor of the Order. Clark would head the union until 1906. Assisting him, in 1894
230:
resolved, "That we extend our contempt and detestation to the members of Division 106, Order of Railway Conductors, for grovelling at the feet of railroad officials..."
325:
345:
313:
to join the Order of Railway Conductors during the war. The Order of Sleeping Car Conductors amalgamated with the ORC in 1942. Fraser was twice president of the
1171:
1156:
284:
1166:
1161:
314:
291:
130:
922:
871:
748:
721:
333:
294:
in February 1940. He replaced George Harrison, who resigned. Phillips became President-Emeritus of the Order of Railway Conductors in 1941.
227:
1186:
317:. Fraser died of a series of heart attacks at the union convention in May 1950. Roy O. Hughes of Milwaukee was elected as his successor.
268:
214:
329:
310:
218:
137:, and formed the "Conductors Union", which was to organize conductors across the country. On December 15, 1868 the group met at
350:
833:
242:
This ORC membership card for 1912 features a perforated serial number reminiscent of the train tickets punched by conductors.
938:
764:
309:
he was a representative of labor interests of the government's Management-Labor Policy Committee. Fraser encouraged the
187:
and moved to a semi-monthly frequency in August 1889. The magazine's frequency reverted to monthly status in June 1891.
146:
863:
Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912-1921
101:
34:
251:
recommended consolidation with the Order of Railway conductors. The rival Brotherhood was absorbed into the order.
96:
in the United States. It has its origins in the Conductors Union founded in 1868. Later it extended membership to
93:
1176:
169:
122:
272:
887:
157:
696:. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library.
803:
23:
195:
259:
141:, where they elected the leaders to form a "grand division" and adopted a constitution and bylaws.
126:
912:
738:
711:
895:
851:
769:
191:
173:
60:
1058:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1014:
958:
918:
867:
829:
823:
744:
717:
673:
134:
861:
786:
1031:
1000:
976:
693:
684:
248:
687:. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
302:
118:
217:
was formed as a labor union in 1885. A later report of this event in the journal of the
255:
199:
138:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
305:
was president of the Order of Railway Conductors of America from 1941 to 1950. During
1150:
785:
Fisher, C.O. (1922). "Use of Federal Power in settlement of railway labor disputes".
210:
306:
994:
825:
Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime, Volume 1
999:. U. S. Govt. Print. Off. for United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. p.
694:"Guide to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen Records, 1873-1975"
433:
431:
277:
942:
531:
529:
527:
525:
701:
DeLeon, Solon; Fine, Nathan (1926). "Order of Railway Conductors of America".
1068:
Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century.
203:
607:
488:
486:
484:
482:
685:"Guide to the Order Of Railway Conductors And Brakemen Records, 1868-1969"
238:
1063:
Cedar Rapids, IA: Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors, 1888.
97:
583:
276:
eight-hour day and time and a half overtime pay with the passage of the
223:
461:
179:
The order began to publish its official organ, the monthly magazine
672:
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (1891). "Proposed Consolidation".
595:
237:
156:
535:
437:
190:
The order was incorporated in 1887 and made its headquarters in
492:
100:. In 1969 the ORC merged with three other unions to form the
1075:
Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917.
473:
788:
Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
449:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
117:
The first Conductor's Union was formed in early 1868 at
960:
Report of Officers and Committees to the Grand Division
911:
Onofrio, Jan (2000-05-01). "Garretson, Austin Bruce".
849:"J.A. Phillips Chosen Chairman of Labor Executives".
66:
56:
48:
40:
30:
631:
957:Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen (1934).
336:to form the "United Transportation Union" (UTU).
1070:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
206:conductors, yard foremen and other yard trades.
1077:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
996:Handbook of American trade-unions: 1936 edition
608:President-Emeritus Served Nation and Labor 1949
326:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
975:"President-Emeritus Served Nation and Labor".
655:
346:History of rail transport in the United States
713:10,000 Famous Freemasons From A To J Part One
584:Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen 1934
8:
822:Gerard, Gene C. (2007). "Fraser, Harry W.".
643:
571:
125:. Soon after another division was formed at
16:
804:"Former O.R.C. Chief dies of Heart Trouble"
285:Conference for Progressive Political Action
705:. New York: Rand School of Social Science.
385:
153:Benefit and temperance society (1869-1890)
22:
15:
1182:Organizations based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
692:Bulkley, Connie; Eastman, Carol (2002).
547:
267:Garretson was appointed a member of the
559:
516:
422:
410:
373:
366:
131:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
619:
596:J.A. Phillips Chosen Chairman NYT 1940
504:
324:In 1969 the ORC&B merged with the
86:Order of Railway Conductors of America
17:Order of Railway Conductors of America
438:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 1891
315:Railway Labor Executives' Association
292:Railway Labor Executives' Association
183:in 1884. The publication was renamed
133:. The two groups met in July 1868 at
92:) was a labor union that represented
7:
740:10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z
536:ORC&B reigned for a century: UTU
462:Mr. Clark's qualifications: NYT 1902
129:, by a group of conductors from the
1172:Trade unions disestablished in 1969
1157:Railway unions in the United States
161:Cover of the January 1885 issue of
703:The American Labor Year Book, 1926
334:Switchmen's Union of North America
269:Commission on Industrial Relations
228:Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association
121:, by a group of conductors on the
14:
939:"ORC&B reigned for a century"
791:. U.S. Government Printing Office
493:Former O.R.C. Chief dies ... 1931
215:Brotherhood of Railway Conductors
1167:Trade unions established in 1868
917:. North American Book Dist LLC.
330:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
311:Order of Sleeping Car Conductors
222:During a strike of switchmen in
219:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
168:The original organization was a
1162:1868 establishments in Illinois
866:. UNC Press Books. p. 19.
675:The Railroad Trainman, Volume 8
351:List of American railway unions
828:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1:
993:Stewart, Estelle May (1936).
474:Edgar E. Clark dead: NYT 1930
287:in Chicago in February 1922.
280:. Garretson retired in 1919.
914:Iowa Biographical Dictionary
888:"Mr. Clark's qualifications"
860:McCartin, Joseph A. (1997).
737:Denslow, William R. (2004).
710:Denslow, William R. (2004).
181:Railway Conductor's Monthly,
163:Railway Conductor's Monthly.
147:American Federation of Labor
1187:United Transportation Union
1081:Railway Conductor's Monthly
683:Bulkley, Constance (2002).
102:United Transportation Union
35:United Transportation Union
1203:
1057:William P. Daniels (ed.),
978:The Conductor and Brakeman
656:Bulkley & Eastman 2002
298:Later history (1941-1969)
234:Consolidation (1890-1941)
213:. In response, the rival
123:Illinois Central Railroad
21:
743:. Kessinger Publishing.
716:. Kessinger Publishing.
450:Switchmen's Journal 1886
74:United States and Canada
632:Union Chief Dies: 1950
386:DeLeon & Fine 1926
273:United States Congress
243:
202:and train baggagemen;
165:
108:Organizational history
1085:The Railway Conductor
1073:Paul Michel Taillon,
941:. UTU. Archived from
765:"Edgar E. Clark dead"
241:
185:The Railway Conductor
160:
808:Cedar Rapids Gazette
196:disability insurance
1019:. Vol. 1. 1886
1016:Switchmen's Journal
855:. 17 February 1940.
260:Austin B. Garretson
127:Galesburg, Illinois
18:
1032:"Union Chief Dies"
899:. October 17, 1902
896:The New York Times
852:The New York Times
810:. 27 February 1931
773:. December 2, 1930
770:The New York Times
678:. The Brotherhood.
244:
192:Cedar Rapids, Iowa
174:temperance society
166:
61:Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1143:
1036:Coshocton Tribune
981:. 1949. p. 5
924:978-0-403-09304-5
873:978-0-8078-4679-7
750:978-1-4179-7579-2
723:978-1-4179-7578-5
170:fraternal benefit
135:Mendota, Illinois
113:Foundation (1868)
82:
81:
44:December 15, 1868
1194:
1177:Fraternal orders
1091:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:: 1. 14 May 1950
1027:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1008:
1007:
989:
987:
986:
971:
969:
968:
953:
951:
950:
934:
932:
931:
907:
905:
904:
892:
883:
881:
880:
856:
845:
843:
842:
818:
816:
815:
799:
797:
796:
781:
779:
778:
760:
758:
757:
733:
731:
730:
706:
697:
688:
679:
659:
653:
647:
644:Denslow 2004 A-J
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
572:Denslow 2004 K-Z
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
426:
420:
414:
408:
389:
383:
377:
371:
249:George W. Howard
94:train conductors
75:
26:
19:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1147:
1146:
1054:
1052:Further reading
1049:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1003:
992:
984:
982:
974:
966:
964:
956:
948:
946:
937:
929:
927:
925:
910:
902:
900:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
859:
848:
840:
838:
836:
821:
813:
811:
802:
794:
792:
784:
776:
774:
763:
755:
753:
751:
736:
728:
726:
724:
709:
700:
691:
682:
671:
662:
654:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:, p. 24ff.
546:
542:
534:
523:
515:
511:
503:
499:
491:
480:
472:
468:
460:
456:
448:
444:
436:
429:
421:
417:
409:
392:
384:
380:
372:
368:
359:
342:
303:Harry W. Fraser
300:
271:created by the
236:
155:
119:Amboy, Illinois
115:
110:
78:
73:
52:January 1, 1969
12:
11:
5:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:Vol. 13 (1896)
1137:Vol. 12 (1895)
1133:Vol. 11 (1894)
1129:Vol. 10 (1893)
1088:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1066:Walter Licht,
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1028:
1011:
990:
972:
954:
935:
923:
908:
884:
872:
857:
846:
834:
819:
800:
782:
761:
749:
734:
722:
707:
698:
689:
680:
668:
661:
660:
648:
646:, p. 266.
636:
624:
622:, p. 315.
612:
600:
588:
586:, p. 369.
576:
574:, p. 129.
564:
562:, p. 293.
552:
540:
521:
519:, p. 292.
509:
497:
478:
466:
454:
442:
440:, p. 710.
427:
425:, p. 255.
415:
413:, p. 254.
390:
388:, p. 105.
378:
376:, p. 253.
365:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
341:
338:
299:
296:
256:Edgar E. Clark
235:
232:
211:strikebreakers
154:
151:
139:Columbus, Ohio
114:
111:
109:
106:
80:
79:
77:
76:
70:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Vol. 9 (1892)
1122:
1121:Vol. 8 (1891)
1118:
1117:Vol. 7 (1890)
1114:
1113:Vol. 6 (1889)
1110:
1109:Vol. 5 (1888)
1106:
1105:Vol. 4 (1887)
1102:
1101:Vol. 3 (1886)
1098:
1097:Vol. 2 (1885)
1094:
1093:Vol. 1 (1884)
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
980:
979:
973:
963:. p. 369
962:
961:
955:
945:on 2013-06-17
944:
940:
936:
926:
920:
916:
915:
909:
898:
897:
889:
885:
875:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
853:
847:
837:
831:
827:
826:
820:
809:
805:
801:
790:
789:
783:
772:
771:
766:
762:
752:
746:
742:
741:
735:
725:
719:
715:
714:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
657:
652:
649:
645:
640:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
604:
601:
597:
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
548:McCartin 1997
544:
541:
537:
532:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
507:, p. 38.
506:
501:
498:
494:
489:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
463:
458:
455:
451:
446:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
370:
367:
364:
363:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
297:
295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
264:
261:
257:
252:
250:
240:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
164:
159:
152:
150:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
72:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1021:. Retrieved
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
995:
983:. Retrieved
977:
965:. Retrieved
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
928:. Retrieved
913:
901:. Retrieved
894:
877:. Retrieved
862:
850:
839:. Retrieved
824:
812:. Retrieved
807:
793:. Retrieved
787:
775:. Retrieved
768:
754:. Retrieved
739:
727:. Retrieved
712:
702:
674:
664:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
560:Onofrio 2000
555:
543:
517:Onofrio 2000
512:
500:
469:
457:
445:
423:Stewart 1936
418:
411:Stewart 1936
381:
374:Stewart 1936
369:
361:
360:
323:
319:
307:World War II
301:
289:
282:
265:
253:
245:
208:
189:
184:
180:
178:
167:
162:
143:
116:
89:
85:
83:
57:Headquarters
620:Gerard 2007
505:Fisher 1922
278:Adamson Act
1151:Categories
1042:2013-08-07
1023:2013-08-07
1006:2013-08-07
985:2013-08-08
967:2013-08-08
949:2013-08-07
930:2013-08-08
903:2009-02-28
879:2013-08-08
841:2013-08-07
835:0313334218
814:2013-08-07
795:2013-08-07
777:2009-02-28
756:2013-08-08
729:2013-08-07
357:References
332:, and the
362:Citations
49:Dissolved
340:See also
254:In 1888
98:brakemen
67:Location
665:Sources
224:Chicago
200:flagmen
41:Founded
921:
870:
832:
747:
720:
328:, the
31:Merged
891:(PDF)
919:ISBN
868:ISBN
830:ISBN
745:ISBN
718:ISBN
204:yard
172:and
84:The
1001:253
90:ORC
1153::
1139:|
1135:|
1131:|
1127:|
1123:|
1119:|
1115:|
1111:|
1107:|
1103:|
1099:|
1095:|
1083:/
1034:.
893:.
806:.
767:.
524:^
481:^
430:^
393:^
149:.
104:.
1045:.
1026:.
1009:.
988:.
970:.
952:.
933:.
906:.
882:.
844:.
817:.
798:.
780:.
759:.
732:.
658:.
634:.
610:.
598:.
538:.
495:.
476:.
464:.
452:.
88:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
