1605:
agreement with the Somali if abolishment of slavery would be a pre-condition. When Kenya became a
British protectorate, this discussion resurfaced as it was seen as shameful to have slavery in the British empire. In Tana River District and the North Eastern Province this discussion focused around the position of the clientized Orma amongst the Somali community. It was clear that the Orma clients had not become clients out of their free will, were in fact slaves and could not leave the Somali. Since these Orma clients were, as long as they adhered to paying tribute and ‘symbolic’ submission, often allowed to live in their own villages and keep livestock. An aspect of the 'symbolic' submission was that Orma girls should always have their first sexual intercourse with a Somali. The children of these women were often considered Somali and it enriched the Ogaden with a mixed population. With some pressure of the British the Somali agreed to the Somali-oromo agreement, which stated that the Orma could return to their brothers on the right bank of the Tana, provided they left half of their livestock with the Somali. This agreement also implied clearly that the Somali should remain on the left bank of the Tana. A good number of the enslaved Orma returned, but since the British had limited military power, they were not in a position to guarantee the return of all the Orma who wanted to cross the river. Initially these back-migrants were called Wardey, also written as Waridei Wardeh and Wardei, etc. In 1939 the Somali refuted the Somali-oromo agreement and no clientized Orma crossed the Tana until after Independence.
1592:. The first attempt in 1842 failed, but in 1844 they tried again and were allowed to enter as clients (shegats). The usual method of Darod penetration into a new area was to adopt a client relationship with the people already there. In practice, this meant that they became herdsboys who were allowed to keep some animals of their own. Then these clients slowly consolidated their numbers until they had achieved parity with or even superiority over the original inhabitants. Around 1865, when smallpox epidemiology weakened the Warra Daya, they were attacked by Darod from the North and to a lesser extent by the Kamba from the West and Masai from the South. The Darod clients joined the conflict and this explained the severity of the conflict and the heavy defeats of the Warra Daya. In 1867 the Somali invited the Warra Daya elders for a great peace offering, which was accepted by the Warra Daya. However, the feast turned out to be an ambush and thousands of Warra Daya were slaughtered. Extensive Somali raids followed the offering. Most of the remaining Warra Daya were forced to cross the River Tana and sought refuge along the southern and eastern banks of the
1562:. In white colonial literature these people are called the Galla. The Oromo never called themselves Galla as they considered the name offensive. In the middle of the twentieth century, following the principle that the name a people use for themselves is to be taken in for official and scientific use, the name Galla was slowly replaced by Oromo. There exist no agreed-upon etymology for this name and both Orma and Oromo are used, although the spelling Oromo is preferred since the second half of the twentieth century. For the group of people discussed here the name Orma is used as this is their self-chosen name. The name Orma forms enough contrast to other tribes in the area, but if we want to distinguish them from other Orma and Oromo and want to prevent confusion, we should specify them as the Tana Orma.
1596:. Large numbers of Orma men were killed and an estimated 8,000 women and children were captured. Women and children were often exploited by the Somali and sold as slaves. Since there was a shortage of women under the Somali, they took Orma women as concubines and some were even married by the Somali. In order to protect the remaining free Warra Daya on the east bank of the Tana from the Somali, in 1909 the few remaining Warra Daya on the east bank of the Tana were moved by the British to the west bank. These Warra Daya on the west bank became known as the Tana Orma. The decimation of the Tana Orma also resulted in their becoming an isolated ethnical group that no longer shared a border with other Oromo-speaking people.
1623:
96% lived in Tana River
District, 2% in other Coast districts and 1.5% in Garissa. The remaining 0.5% lived scattered over Kenya. In 1979 they were estimated at 32,000. Between 1969 and 1979 their increase was 96%, whereas other ethnical groups as the Pokomo in Tana River County had only a population increase of 12%. This large increase was again due to the back-migration and Somali disguised as Wardey. This ‘back-migration’ has continued since. In 2009 the Orma were counted as 74,146. In 2019 their number was 158,993. For the first time the category Wardey was available under the main category Orma and 65,965 of the Orma categorized themselves as Wardey.
1658:
people encroaching on the Pokomo agricultural area. Two factors have contributed to the transformation of the previous fairly harmonious relationship of the two into very antagonistic conflicts. First the population increase has caused pressure on the limited resources. Secondly the Orma have been pushed southwards by Wardey and Somali people. Since these groups are often better armed, the Orma did not have an alternative but to move southwards, which brought them into conflict with the Pokomo.
86:
1478:
123:
33:
1604:
Already in the 19th century there were regularly discussions whether the
British should ignore slavery in Juba area or should take action against it. Theoretically, the British were opposed to any form of slavery, but in practice they condoned it, also because they would not be capable to enforce any
1613:
After the
Independence of Kenya (1963), many of the remaining clientized Orma returned and this explains the huge population increase of the Orma. In 1971 President Kenyatta officially welcomed the Wardey. Nowadays the term Wardey is mainly used for the clients who returned after Independence. Most
1622:
Early population figures of the Tana Orma are scanty. The colonial government estimated the number in 1926 at 2,394. In 1932 they were estimated at 5,000. This increase was due to the return of Wardey. The first full count of the Orma took place in 1962. Their number was counted as 15,985 of which
1759:
Schlee, 1992: 7-8. Lewis analyzed why the Orma were defeated so badly and mentioned that the
Somalis had better weapons, sometimes they used horses, and above all, had higher numbers. Moreover, their area was large and the main body of the Orma lived elsewhere, hence it was difficult for the Tana
1648:
Although originally the Orma were pastoralists, they have now become increasingly sedentary and economically diversified. The majority, however, is still pastoralist. The Orma pattern of seasonal livestock movement is based on alternating use of riverine floodplain pastures in the dry season and
1940:
Kelly, H. (1990), Commercialization, sedentarization, economic diversification and changing property relations among Orma pastoralists of Kenya: some possible target issues for future research. In 'Property, poverty and people: changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development' by
1657:
Especially since the collapse of the Somali state in the nineties, regularly there were conflicts between the Orma, Wardey and Somali in Tana River County. In 2012-13 serious conflicts broke out between the Pokomo and Orma resulting in almost 200 dead people. The cause of the conflicts were Orma
1704:
In an ethnographic journal it was vaguely ('may be') argued that the name Galla is an Oromo word, adopted by neighbours, for there is a word galla "wandering" or "to go home" in their language (International
African Institute Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5, Issue 2 (1969): The Galla of
1639:
Both sexes are circumcised (genitally mutilated, in terms of the girls) but female genital mutilation (FGM) has been a practice of controversy in the recent past and many elders are preaching against the act of (FGM) The Tana Orma strictly adhere to marrying outside their moiety, a universally
1557:
The literature on the Orma, Oromo, Warra Daya, (Wardai, Waridei, and Wardeh) shows that the terminology is extremely confusing. Therefore, first a few comments concerning the terminology. In the oldest literature, the
Cushitic speaking people who nowadays are identified as the Orma and Oromo
1579:
The Warra Daya were first mentioned in an Arabic source in the 15th century. According to
Trenton, they migrated into the Juba area in the 16th century. In the early 19th century they were at the height of their power when they inhabited almost all of the Westbank of
1705:
Ethiopia; The
Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II: 11). Schlee (1992) called most etymological explanations for the name Galla ‘silly’. In his opinion this applies also for explanations as ‘free men’ and ‘the sons of men’.
1841:
This census did not have a category Wardey and these people were recorded as Orma, Somali or other
Kenyans. People who might call themselves in the Northern Eastern Province Somali, might call themselves Orma in Coast
1565:
The Somali still call the Tana Orma Wardey or Warra-Daya. However, the Tana Orma restrict the name Wardey to back-migrants who had lived as serfs under the Somali and who were descendants of Orma captives.
1760:
Orma to request assistance (Lewis,1965: 32). The Orma also repeatedly requested assistance from the Europeans, which they did not get. In practice, their presence contributed to the decline of the Orma.
1588:. West Jubaland (roughly Northern and Eastern Kenya and South Western Somalia). In the 19th century the Darod Somali, particularly Ogaden, advanced southwards across the
1723:
Schlee (1992: 4) argues this strongly. In practice many authors who wrote about this group of people had already done this. For instance, Turnton, 1970 and Kelly, 1992.
2013:
1956:
Schlee, Günther (1992), Who are the Tana Orma? The problem of their identification in a wider Oromo framework (1992). Universität of Bielefeld, Working Paper 170.
1631:
The Tana Orma converted relatively recently to the Islam and primarily after the 1920s and en masse in the 1930s and 1940 and since then almost all are Islamic.
1111:
1508:
1965:
Turton, E.R. (1975), Bantu, Galla and Somali Migrations in the Horn of Africa: a reassessment of the Juba/Tana area. Journal of Africa History, 519-535.
1106:
566:
1362:
2006:
1367:
1931:
1953:
Schlee, Günther (1989), Identities on the move; clanship and pastoralism in Northern Kenya. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1546:
1160:
69:
1986:
2339:
1999:
1170:
1787:
The Britisch always feared that the Somali would cross the Tana. Turnton describes this extensively (Turnton,1970: 501-502).
1501:
1197:
43:
892:
1959:
Townsend, N. (1978), Biased symbiosis on Tana River, in W. Weisleder (ed.), The Nomadic Alternative. The Hague: 289-295.
984:
51:
2344:
932:
1693:
2349:
1558:
speaking people were called Warra Daya. This name was used by the Somali for the Oromo or Southern Galla living in
1372:
216:
2033:
588:
1494:
1313:
1452:
1202:
969:
964:
859:
2280:
2272:
1927:
Darroch, Mahomey, Sharpe, et al (1928), Political Record Book Garissa and Tana River District. Nairobi: KNA.
738:
728:
2146:
1947:
Lewis, I.M. (1965), A Modern History of Somaliland; from Nation to State. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1101:
760:
654:
195:
2334:
2303:
2214:
2022:
1462:
1447:
1318:
1251:
1246:
1165:
974:
690:
544:
539:
1325:
1276:
1962:
Turton, E.R. (1970), The Pastoral Tribes of Northern Kenya 1800 – 1916. Thesis University of London.
2295:
2227:
2121:
1457:
1377:
1224:
1138:
1116:
1023:
765:
457:
387:
1944:
Kirchner, K (2012), Conflicts and Politics in the Tana Delta, Kenya. Leiden: Africa Study Centre.
1614:
of them do not speak Orma. The ones that migrated back during the colonial time are called Orma.
1593:
1422:
1412:
1148:
1031:
828:
733:
695:
580:
561:
1991:
2111:
1534:
1308:
1207:
1175:
979:
956:
867:
712:
700:
669:
659:
487:
90:
2285:
2257:
2232:
1585:
1337:
1281:
1187:
849:
823:
782:
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743:
679:
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556:
534:
467:
402:
221:
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176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
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146:
141:
133:
113:
2252:
2169:
1392:
1382:
1303:
1261:
1219:
1143:
1074:
806:
777:
748:
705:
674:
628:
603:
593:
472:
447:
350:
345:
335:
231:
1937:
Kelly, H. (1992), The Pastoral Orma of Kenya. PhD University of California (Los Angeles).
1549:. They are pastoralists and almost all are Muslims. In 2019 the Orma numbered 158,993.
2237:
2204:
2174:
2159:
2126:
2066:
1530:
1295:
1130:
1069:
1045:
623:
608:
514:
497:
482:
452:
442:
104:
2328:
2189:
2154:
2136:
2116:
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2081:
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2051:
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1981:
1442:
1417:
1387:
1330:
1266:
1009:
937:
882:
838:
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524:
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462:
437:
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375:
355:
253:
618:
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2242:
2222:
2194:
2164:
2131:
2096:
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2076:
1526:
1482:
1256:
1059:
922:
897:
816:
529:
519:
477:
412:
407:
397:
392:
370:
365:
360:
340:
308:
258:
211:
85:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php
2247:
2199:
2179:
2106:
2061:
2056:
1581:
1271:
1234:
1054:
1004:
927:
907:
902:
877:
432:
427:
417:
323:
273:
226:
2184:
1589:
1407:
1342:
1192:
942:
833:
382:
293:
206:
1397:
1229:
753:
633:
241:
122:
17:
2315:
1559:
1542:
613:
303:
1084:
1079:
912:
313:
298:
263:
1649:
more arid pastures with scattered wells and ponds in the wet season.
1089:
917:
872:
717:
664:
643:
638:
502:
318:
283:
278:
268:
1538:
1064:
328:
288:
236:
94:
84:
1950:
Rowlands, J.S.S. (1955), An Outline of Tana River History. Mimeo.
1545:. They share a common language and cultural heritage with other
1402:
887:
1995:
26:
1860:
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2019, Volume IV: 423.
1653:
Conflicts between the Tana Orma and other ethnical groups
2294:
2271:
2213:
2145:
2032:
2316:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation
1930:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2019), 2019
1640:practised custom by all Oromo speaking people.
46:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2007:
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1112:The Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival
8:
1584:River to their east bordering the powerful
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2000:
1992:
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1495:
99:
1971:Unknown (1933), Telemugger Annual Report.
1968:Unknown (1932), Telemugger Annual Report.
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1107:Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT)
1796:Unknown, 1932 and 1932. Darroch, et al.
1667:
848:
212:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture
111:
1600:Somali-Oromo agreement and the Wardey
7:
1769:Turnton, 1970: 146-147, 160 and 221.
1932:Kenya Population and Housing Census
217:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic Culture
25:
1987:2012 Tana River District clashes
1476:
121:
82:Oromo clan in the Horn of Africa
31:
1851:This figure includes the Galla.
1171:Kenya Film Classification Board
1198:Kenya Broadcasting Corporation
1:
1914:Kirchner, 2013: 76 and 94-5.
1941:Baxter, P.W.T. and Hogg, R.
933:Rusinga (Cultural) Festival
162:Portuguese and Omani period
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1533:who predominantly live in
1373:Lothagam North Pillar Site
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1314:Football Kenya Federation
1896:Kirchner, 2013: i and 3)
1203:Kenya Television Network
1161:Communications Authority
172:Early post Independence
167:British Colonial Period
2340:Ethnic groups in Kenya
2026:(by linguistic origin)
2023:Ethnic groups in Kenya
1102:Kenya National Theatre
888:Lamu Cultural Festival
97:
1463:Coat of arms of Kenya
1319:Kenyan Premier League
1252:Business Daily Africa
1247:The African Executive
1166:Kenya Film Commission
975:African Inland Church
88:
1823:Rowland, 1955: 24-5.
1418:Dedan Kimathi Statue
1363:World Heritage Sites
1326:Rugby union in Kenya
1887:Kelly, 1992: 21>
1458:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu
1225:CRI Nairobi 91.9 FM
1155:Government agencies
1117:Too Early for Birds
1048:and performing arts
227:Elmenteitan culture
207:Koobi Fora Hominins
157:Swahili city states
2345:Tana River (Kenya)
1750:Turnton, 1970: 73.
1683:Kelly, 1992:20-21.
1618:Population figures
1423:Baden-Powell grave
1413:Tom Mboya Monument
1149:Nation Media Group
1032:Swahili literature
829:Kalenjin mythology
562:Kenyan Australians
248:Modern ethnicities
98:
50:You can assist by
2350:Tana River County
2322:
2321:
2027:
1869:Kelly, 1992: 301.
1814:Kelly, 1992: 359.
1778:Schlee, 1989: 43.
1732:Schlee, 1992: 4).
1535:Tana River County
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1368:List of Monuments
1309:Football in Kenya
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91:Tana River County
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1393:Jumba la Mtwana
1383:Thimlich Ohinga
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1348:
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1299:
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1287:
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1262:The EastAfrican
1220:98.4 Capital FM
1134:
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1121:
1096:Performing arts
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1000:
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2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
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2208:
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2202:
2197:
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2177:
2172:
2167:
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2157:
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1525:is one of the
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1129:
1128:
1127:
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1123:
1120:
1119:
1114:
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1070:Kenyan hip hop
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868:New Year's Day
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567:Kenyan Britons
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182:Recent history
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2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
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1998:
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1982:Orma language
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1714:Schlee (1997.
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1529:clans in the
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1343:Golf in Kenya
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1331:Safari Sevens
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1267:Kenya Gazette
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1010:Wangechi Mutu
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938:Christmas Day
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883:Easter Monday
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839:Luanda Magere
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739:West Germanic
737:
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729:Indo-European
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541:
540:White Kenyans
538:
536:
535:Kenyan Asians
533:
531:
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526:
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255:
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249:
243:
240:
238:
237:Urewe culture
235:
233:
230:
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225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
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197:
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96:
92:
87:
74:
71:
63:
53:
47:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
2335:Oromo groups
2228:Borana Oromo
2147:Nilo-Saharan
1922:Bibliography
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1878:Kelly, 1992.
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1700:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1609:Independence
1603:
1578:
1564:
1556:
1537:in northern
1522:
1520:
1448:Coat of arms
1277:The Standard
1257:Daily Nation
1240:
1239:
1213:
1212:
1181:
1180:
1154:
1153:
1095:
1094:
923:Mashujaa Day
898:Madaraka Day
761:Indo-Iranian
655:Nilo-Saharan
550:
549:
545:Kenyan Arabs
247:
246:
201:
66:
57:
44:copy editing
42:may require
41:
2215:Afroasiatic
2034:Niger–Congo
1553:Terminology
1547:Oromo clans
1378:Namoratunga
1272:Kenya Times
1235:Radio Maria
970:Anglicanism
965:Catholicism
928:Jamhuri Day
908:Eid al-Adha
903:Eid al-Fitr
878:Good Friday
691:Afroasiatic
589:Niger–Congo
142:Pleistocene
60:August 2024
18:Orma people
2329:Categories
1662:References
1644:Livelihood
1594:Tana River
1590:Dawa River
1408:Fort Jesus
1241:Newspapers
1193:Citizen TV
1182:Television
1139:Television
1024:Literature
943:Boxing Day
913:Huduma Day
893:Labour day
834:Kit-Mikayi
766:Hindustani
52:editing it
2233:Daasanach
2112:Mijikenda
1842:Province.
1403:Siyu Fort
1398:Lamu Fort
1356:Monuments
1230:Pamoja FM
860:Festivals
800:Mythology
754:Afrikaans
634:Kigiryama
624:Oluluhyia
581:Languages
488:Mijikenda
242:Shungwaya
147:Neolithic
2314:Source:
2304:European
2296:European
2253:Rendille
2170:Kalenjin
1976:See also
1627:Religion
1575:Overview
1560:Jubaland
1543:Ethiopia
1282:The Star
957:Religion
734:Germanic
701:Rendille
696:Cushitic
670:Kalenjin
629:Kipokomo
614:Ekegusii
551:Diaspora
473:Rendille
448:Ilchamus
351:Kipsigis
346:Marakwet
336:Kalenjin
304:Maragoli
105:a series
103:Part of
2281:Chinese
2238:El Molo
2205:Turkana
2175:Samburu
2127:Swahili
2067:Giriama
1635:Culture
1570:History
1436:Symbols
1085:Soukous
1080:Ohangla
1075:Lingala
985:Judaism
980:Quakers
850:Cuisine
783:Italian
744:English
713:Semitic
680:Turkana
660:Nilotic
619:Kimîîru
599:Swahili
515:Swahili
498:Giriama
483:Sengwer
453:Turkana
443:Samburu
314:Tachoni
299:Marachi
264:Banyala
177:Moi Era
134:History
2286:Indian
2258:Somali
2190:Maasai
2160:Ateker
2155:Ariaal
2137:Taveta
2117:Pokomo
2102:Mbeere
2082:Kikuyu
2072:Jibana
2052:Chonyi
2047:Bajuni
2042:Agumba
1692:See:
1144:Cinema
1090:Taarab
1060:Boomba
918:Diwali
873:Mawlid
817:Akamba
812:Gikuyu
778:French
773:Italic
749:German
718:Arabic
706:Somali
665:Dholuo
644:bajuni
639:Kiembu
604:Kikuyu
525:Taveta
508:Chonyi
503:Duruma
493:Jibana
463:Sakuye
458:Borana
438:Maasai
423:Mbeere
403:Somali
376:Sabaot
356:Elgeyo
319:Tiriki
309:Marama
284:Isukha
279:Idakho
269:Bukusu
254:Kikuyu
196:People
107:on the
2273:Asian
2263:Yaaku
2243:Gabra
2223:Aweer
2195:Okiek
2165:Camus
2132:Taita
2097:Luhya
2092:Kuria
2087:Kisii
2077:Kamba
1582:Jubba
1539:Kenya
1527:Oromo
1296:Sport
1214:Radio
1131:Media
1065:Genge
1055:Benga
1046:Music
609:Kamba
594:Bantu
530:Okiek
520:Taita
478:Gabra
413:Kuria
408:Kisii
398:Kamba
393:Kunta
371:Pokot
366:Terik
361:Tugen
341:Nandi
329:Wanga
324:Samia
289:Khayo
259:Luhya
95:Kenya
2248:Orma
2200:Teso
2180:Kore
2122:Suba
2107:Meru
2062:Embu
2057:Digo
1523:Orma
1521:The
1443:Flag
468:Orma
433:Teso
428:Embu
418:Meru
388:Suba
294:Kisa
274:Gisu
2185:Luo
998:Art
675:Maa
383:Luo
2331::
93:,
2015:e
2008:t
2001:v
1934:.
1510:e
1503:t
1496:v
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
54:.
48:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
