1222:
1187:
754:
1116:
737:
outboard-powered boats. While the diver seeks out colonies of abalone amongst the reef beds, the deckhand operates the boat, known as working "live" and stays above where the diver is working. Bags of abalone pried from the rocks are brought to the surface by the diver or by way of "shot line", where the deckhand drops a weighted rope for the catch bag to be connected then retrieved. Divers measure each abalone before removing from the reef and the deckhand remeasures each abalone and removes excess weed growth from the shell. Since 2002, the
Victorian industry has seen a significant decline in catches, with the total allowable catch reduced from 1440 to 787 tonnes for the 2011/12
2813:
2784:
2755:
2726:
1302:
2825:
2796:
2767:
2738:
1158:
1069:
ormers is now restricted to a number of 'ormering tides', from 1 January to 30 April, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 millimetres (3.1 in) in shell length. Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws is a criminal offence and can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in prison. The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of
1146:
1391:
435:
1203:
1170:
774:
1353:
1336:
1104:
1370:
1319:
766:
5080:
1276:, as reduced pH erodes their shells. In the 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list, and possible restoration sites have been proposed for the San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island areas. The possibility of farming abalone to be reintroduced into the wild has also been proposed, with these abalone having special tags to help track the population.
1131:
5073:
1092:
535:
1080:
5066:
255:
51:
561:
553:
522:, have been used as jewelry and for buttons, buckles, and inlay. These shells have been found in archaeological sites around the world, ranging from 100,000-year-old deposits at Blombos Cave in South Africa to historic Chinese abalone middens on California's Northern Channel Islands. For at least 12,000 years, abalones were harvested to such an extent around the
4183:
1430:
1046:
abalone meat from South Africa is prohibited for sale in the country to help reduce poaching; however, much of the illegally harvested meat is sold in Asian countries. As of early 2008, the wholesale price for abalone meat was approximately US$ 40.00 per kilogram. There is an active trade in the shells, which sell for more than US$ 1,400 per
845:, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. Alternatively, the rock picker can feel underneath rocks at low tides for abalone. Abalone are mostly taken in depths from a few inches up to 10 m (33 ft); less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m (33 ft). Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources such as
347:, which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number is generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. An abalone has no
2944:
1294:
has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species range from 30 to 130. This list finds a compromise using the WoRMS database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57. The majority of abalone have not been rated for conservation
647:
As abalone became more popular and less common, the prices adjusted accordingly. In the 1920s, a restaurant-served portion of abalone, about 4 ounces, would cost (in inflation adjusted dollars) about US$ 7; by 2004, the price had risen to US$ 75. In the United States, prior to this time, abalone was
580:
Farming of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, there have been many increasingly successful endeavors to commercially farm abalone for the purpose of consumption. Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to such an extent that farmed
1068:
as well as in adjacent areas of France, and are pursued with great alacrity by the locals. This, and a recent lethal bacterial disease, has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century, and "ormering" is now strictly regulated to preserve stocks. The gathering of
736:
has had an active abalone fishery since the late 1950s. The state is sectioned into three fishing zones, Eastern, Central and
Western, with each fisher required a zone-allocated licence. Harvesting is performed by divers using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems operating from runabout-style,
1045:
section III appendix, which requests member governments to monitor the trade in this species. This listing was removed from CITES in June 2010 by the South
African government and South African abalone is no longer subject to CITES trade controls. Export permits are still required, however. The
709:
abalone. For blacklip abalone, the size limit varies between 138 mm (5.4 in) for the southern end of the state and 127 mm (5.0 in) for the northern end of the state. Greenlip abalones have a minimum size of 145 mm (5.7 in), except for an area around
785:
is permitted with a
California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, and as of 2017 the limit has been reduced to 12, only nine of which may be taken south of
342:
cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the
3787:
3731:
2937:
797:
As of 2017, abalone season is May to
October, excluding July. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport-obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken, as
648:
predominantly eaten, gathered, and prepared by
Chinese immigrants. Before that, abalone were collected to be eaten, and used for other purposes by Native American tribes. By 1900, laws were passed in California to outlaw the taking of abalone above the
3458:
219:
in New
Zealand. The number of abalone species recognized worldwide ranges between 30 and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.
969:. In addition, no person may be in possession, even on land, of more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pāua meat at any one time. Pāua can only be caught by free-diving; it is illegal to catch them using scuba gear.
1186:
596:, Western Australia to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5,000 separate concrete abalone habitat units, which can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery.
3779:
3723:
790:. Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of
2659:
2920:
984:
is a major industry in New
Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles and fines and in rare cases, imprisonment.
469:
tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow.
1221:
2972:
627:
in certain parts of Latin
America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Greater China region and among Overseas Chinese communities, abalone is commonly known as
99:
1232:
The highly iridescent inner nacre layer of the shell of abalone has traditionally been used as a decorative item, in jewelry, buttons, and as inlay in furniture and musical instruments, such as on
1301:
581:
abalone now supplies most of the abalone meat consumed. The principal abalone farming regions are China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. Abalone is also farmed in
Australia, Canada, Chile, France,
227:
of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of
3388:
Jones, Glenn A. (2008). ""Quite the Choicest Protein Dish": The Costs of Consuming Seafood in American Restaurants, 1850–2006". In Starkey, David J.; Holm, Poul; Barnard, Michaela (eds.).
1939:
972:
An extensive global black market exists in collecting and exporting abalone meat. This can be a particularly awkward problem where the right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under
714:
in the north of the state where the minimum size is 132 millimetres (5.2 in). With a recreational abalone licence, the bag limit is 10 per day, with a total possession limit of 20.
3950:
3645:
920:(or blackfoot pāua) is the ubiquitous New Zealand pāua, the highly polished nacre of which is extremely popular as souvenirs with its striking blue, green, and purple iridescence.
2362:
Plagányi, Éva; Butterworth, Doug; Burgener, Markus (1 January 2011). "Illegal and unreported fishing on abalone—Quantifying the extent using a fully integrated assessment model".
1115:
449:
The haliotid family has a worldwide distribution, along the coastal waters of every continent, except the Pacific coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of North America, the
2315:
652:. This forced the Chinese out of the market and the Japanese perfected diving, with or without gear, to enter the market. Abalone started to become popular in the US after the
4060:
2912:
1026:, occurs along roughly two-thirds of the country's coastline. Abalone-diving has been a recreational activity for many years, but stocks are currently being threatened by
849:. An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it has time to fully clamp down. Divers dive from boats, kayaks, tube floats, or directly off the shore.
7214:
4050:
1295:
status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is an animal that is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe.
1257:
3447:
The System of Nature Through the Three Kingdoms of Nature, According to Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, With the Characteristics, Differences, Synonyms, and Locations
1615:
4568:
1352:
2964:
2340:
362:
The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet. The iridescent
2684:
4107:
977:
958:
3233:
Geiger, Daniel L.; Groves, Lindsey T. (September 1999). "Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species".
457:. The majority of abalone species are found in cold waters, such as off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan.
1448:
1033:
For the last few years, however, no permits have been issued for collecting abalone, but commercial harvesting still continues as does illegal collection by
478:. The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles.
235:, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, jewelry, and as a source of colorful
3023:; Ho, Melanie; Wong, Eunice; Soars, Natalie A.; Selvakumaraswamy, Paulina; Shepard-Brennand, Hannah; Sworjanyn, Symon A.; Davis, Andrew R. (7 August 2011).
2938:"Submission on Consultation Document on Fisheries Research Services Proposed for 2004/2005 and 2004/08 Statement of Intent Including Output Plan for 2004/5"
2509:
Rogers-Bennett, Laura; et al. (1 October 2002). "Using Spatially Explicit Data to Evaluate Marine Protected Areas for Abalone in Southern California".
753:
653:
5218:
4005:
794:. A size minimum of 7 in (180 mm) measured across the shell is in place. A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time.
623:
Abalones have long been a valuable food source for humans in every area of the world where a species is abundant. The meat of this mollusc is considered a
514:
Abalone has been harvested worldwide for centuries as a source of food and decorative items. Abalone shells and associated materials, like their claw-like
487:
2150:
2124:
1157:
2895:
5261:
1390:
1260:. The meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments; historically, the shells were also used as currency in some communities.
3593:"Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) Associated With Molluscs on the South Coast of South Africa, With Descriptions of Two New Species"
2626:
1653:
1030:. In South Africa, all persons harvesting this shellfish need permits that are issued annually, and no abalone may be harvested using scuba gear.
826:
closed recreational abalone season due to dramatically declining populations. That year, they extended the moratorium to last through April 2021.
1950:
3537:
3342:
3095:
Dauphin, Y.; Cuif, J. P.; Mutvei, H.; Denis, A. (1989). "Mineralogy, Chemistry and Ultrastructure of the External Shell-layer in Ten Species of
3841:
3572:
3310:
2408:
3875:
3930:
3812:
3712:
3397:
3370:
3287:
3163:
3150:
3010:
2709:
2615:
6459:
4561:
3780:"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.16 Abalone Report Card and Tagging Requirements (FG 2915, See Section 701)"
2243:
4023:
3209:
976:
customary rights. When such permits to harvest are abused, it is frequently difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving
943:
4013:
599:
The abalone feed on seaweed that grows naturally on the habitats; the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of
6213:
823:
777:
Two highly endangered white abalone: Prohibitions on commercial and recreational harvest of this species have been in place since 1996.
685:
In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sautéed with caramelized mango, or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour.
3748:
2989:
4033:
1625:
961:(MPI) are followed. The legal recreational daily limit is 10 per diver, with a minimum shell length of 125 mm (4.9 in) for
7229:
5223:
4537:
4100:
1335:
1145:
389:
hooks, the first four very large. The rounded foot is very large in comparison to most molluscs. The soft body is coiled around the
3442:
Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturæ, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
2003:
4070:
4065:
366:
that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple.
5015:
4939:
4554:
297:, rounded to oval in shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species has a small, flat
4055:
3020:
1369:
1202:
852:
The largest abalone recorded in California is 12.34 in (31.3 cm), caught by John Pepper somewhere off the coast of
2457:
1318:
7224:
5254:
3983:
4028:
7209:
4987:
4093:
1253:
853:
787:
523:
271:
2862:
2676:
4075:
1796:
Braje, Erlandson & Rick (2007). "An Historic Chinese Abalone Fishery on California's Northern Channel Islands".
1169:
659:
In Japan, live and raw abalones are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in
7219:
6057:
3133:
1901:
957:
does not require a permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the
491:
6670:
5846:
5821:
4486:
2607:
1027:
2887:
6506:
6328:
6182:
5878:
5634:
5247:
5133:
4894:
4283:
2316:"'The pāua that clings to the sea': a new species of abalone found only in waters off a remote NZ island chain"
1416:
1103:
31:
393:, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The
7137:
6511:
6230:
6206:
6139:
6042:
5717:
5628:
5440:
5382:
5293:
4437:
4325:
3857:
861:
842:
2154:
2128:
6132:
5778:
5745:
5345:
5195:
5128:
5079:
4382:
656:
in 1915, which exhibited 365 varieties of fish with cooking demonstrations, and a 1,300-seat dining hall.
565:
701:
supplies about 25% of the yearly world abalone harvest. Around 12,500 Tasmanians recreationally fish for
682:
porridge and pan-fried abalone steak with butter are popular but also commonly used in soups or ramyeon.
7037:
6092:
6068:
6052:
5623:
5611:
5498:
5213:
5190:
5153:
4649:
4639:
4318:
3977:
3918:
3597:
2634:
2601:
1079:
1034:
938:
865:
is often sold in the United States under the name "Chilean abalone", though it is not an abalone, but a
718:
for abalone is allowed, and has a rich history in Australia. (Scuba diving for abalone in the states of
434:
390:
348:
1268:
Abalones are one of the many classes of organism threatened with extinction due to overfishing and the
4041:
1976:
1130:
474:
around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as
6874:
6531:
5773:
5676:
5601:
5473:
5435:
5372:
5308:
4644:
4388:
4276:
3606:
3522:
3327:
3242:
2518:
2371:
1754:
1343:
811:
742:
733:
569:
406:
280:
3829:
3557:
3298:
2412:
1091:
773:
7204:
6869:
6087:
5873:
5180:
4356:
3898:
1269:
637:
267:
3177:
2701:
1041:
of abalone, the South African government listed abalone as an endangered species according to the
6278:
6258:
6199:
5793:
5696:
5686:
5671:
5666:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5430:
5350:
5340:
5298:
5228:
5208:
4363:
4332:
4305:
3685:
3505:
3440:
3266:
3188:
2651:
2542:
1813:
1778:
1381:
1326:
1249:
922:
807:
711:
706:
352:
286:
42:
439:
5065:
3467:] (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (Duodecima ed.). Holmia , Sweden: Laurentii Salvii.
3025:"Unshelled Abalone and Corrupted Urchins; Development of Marine Calcifiers in a Changing Ocean"
6725:
6308:
6125:
6102:
6019:
5905:
5862:
5856:
5827:
5816:
5552:
5547:
5483:
5478:
5335:
4546:
4370:
4339:
4171:
4164:
4139:
3926:
3890:
3708:
3624:
3424:
3393:
3376:
3366:
3283:
3258:
3169:
3159:
3112:
3083:
3062:
3044:
3006:
2611:
2534:
1770:
1621:
1554:
1013:
1007:
1001:
928:
911:
791:
723:
498:, as their fluids will not clot in the case of a laceration or puncture wound. Members of the
466:
3804:
2560:
1940:"Information Memorandum, 2013 Ranching of Greenlip Abalone, Flinders Bay – Western Australia"
6635:
6464:
6418:
6338:
6014:
5966:
5916:
5910:
5851:
5788:
5681:
5617:
5417:
5324:
4345:
4269:
4219:
4157:
4150:
3759:
3680:
3614:
3500:
3416:
3407:
Lin, Albert; Meyers, Marc André (15 January 2005). "Growth and Structure in Abalone Shell".
3250:
3052:
3036:
2526:
2379:
2294:
2287:
Gmelin, 1791 and a new abalone from Aotearoa New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Haliotidae)"
1805:
1762:
1309:
890:
819:
471:
418:
is high and increases with their size, laying from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time. The
401:
382:
374:
339:
315:
171:
108:
64:
5072:
3637:
381:
has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. They have about 70
6730:
6665:
6476:
6449:
5798:
5783:
5768:
5763:
5367:
5356:
5185:
5158:
5138:
5046:
4843:
4420:
4310:
4045:
3923:
Abalone Tales: Collaborative Explorations of Sovereignty and Identity in Native California
3200:
1741:
Henshilwood; et al. (October 2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at
1193:
1065:
719:
649:
519:
411:
302:
298:
236:
224:
150:
973:
3610:
3246:
3217:
3152:
Aquaculture and Related Biological Attributes of Abalone Species in Australia – A Review
2522:
2375:
1758:
7083:
7027:
7015:
6944:
6588:
6526:
6303:
6156:
6097:
6047:
6037:
5941:
5712:
5691:
5606:
5542:
5522:
5173:
5148:
5051:
5036:
4764:
4724:
4659:
4587:
4501:
4496:
4262:
4205:
3999:
3057:
3024:
2244:"California abalone season sunk until 2021 to give stressed population time to rebuild"
1398:
1360:
1273:
1073:
was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear when illegally diving for ormers.
1022:
995:
765:
702:
633:
313:, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell".
208:
161:
4018:
3365:. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
7198:
7158:
7088:
7047:
6715:
6469:
6454:
6403:
6161:
6062:
5955:
5948:
5868:
5740:
5735:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5493:
5445:
5425:
5163:
5041:
5031:
4813:
4808:
4736:
4709:
4654:
4506:
4481:
4256:
4198:
3671:
3662:
3491:
3482:
3454:
3436:
2530:
1817:
1376:
916:
834:
815:
803:
799:
3861:
3449:] (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Decima ed.). Holmia , Sweden: Laurentii Salvii.
3270:
2546:
2281:
Walton, Kerry; Marshall, Bruce A.; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Spencer, Hamish G. (2024).
1782:
386:
319:
has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of
7183:
7178:
7173:
7125:
7078:
6908:
6854:
6640:
6521:
6481:
6373:
5808:
5330:
5111:
5101:
5005:
4828:
4754:
4596:
4516:
4491:
4414:
4226:
4212:
3869:. Vol. II: Muricinæ, Purpurinæ. Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.
1742:
1237:
1225:
738:
715:
604:
593:
2383:
2299:
2282:
328:
54:
Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right.
3863:
Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species
3702:
7120:
7010:
6849:
6799:
6794:
6710:
6552:
6428:
6378:
6253:
6248:
5974:
5701:
5581:
5557:
5488:
5468:
5450:
5387:
5362:
5168:
5121:
5106:
5088:
4791:
4759:
4671:
4634:
4447:
1727:
1435:
1060:
782:
727:
641:
612:
573:
547:
543:
495:
419:
400:
These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at
370:
263:
259:
232:
184:
157:
3420:
534:
6954:
6899:
6774:
6687:
6655:
6645:
6547:
6496:
6433:
6408:
6283:
6166:
6006:
5932:
5649:
5318:
5116:
5010:
4997:
4904:
4521:
4465:
4126:
3390:
Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations
3254:
1425:
1233:
1177:
838:
503:
475:
454:
344:
306:
174:
3894:
3628:
3428:
3262:
3173:
3116:
3087:
3076:
The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin
3048:
2538:
2458:"A Guitar Lover's Guide to the CITES Conservation Treaty | Fretboard Journal"
7100:
7093:
6964:
6959:
6939:
6864:
6789:
6783:
6764:
6660:
6601:
6516:
6413:
6348:
6323:
6313:
6243:
6222:
5979:
5922:
5897:
5503:
5392:
5313:
4889:
4876:
4833:
4619:
3661:
Smith, G.; Stamm, C.; Petrovic, F.; et al. (McGill University) (2003).
1766:
1122:
866:
660:
499:
465:
The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic
423:
415:
356:
310:
164:
35:
4080:
3724:"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.15 Abalone"
3066:
3040:
2870:
1774:
560:
552:
254:
50:
4182:
3619:
3592:
2842:
7168:
7142:
7131:
7068:
6995:
6934:
6924:
6919:
6879:
6819:
6809:
6769:
6751:
6740:
6735:
6650:
6606:
6491:
6486:
6423:
6363:
6353:
6318:
6293:
6268:
6263:
6171:
5276:
4856:
4823:
4776:
4771:
4699:
4629:
4604:
4526:
4232:
4117:
1831:
1690:
1443:
1285:
1070:
1038:
981:
698:
624:
443:
243:
179:
3476:. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.
3125:
2965:"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for White Abalone"
2913:"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for Black Abalone"
332:
294:
7163:
7073:
6894:
6859:
6844:
6829:
6814:
6804:
6677:
6611:
6562:
6501:
6358:
6333:
6298:
6029:
5997:
5706:
5593:
5406:
5303:
4977:
4967:
4949:
4922:
4861:
4818:
4803:
4781:
4744:
4704:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4578:
4455:
4350:
4251:
4243:
1809:
878:
830:
600:
586:
582:
494:
killed up to 90% of stock in affected regions. Abalone are also severe
167:
4085:
3158:. Vol. 128. North Beach, WA, Australia: Department of Fisheries.
2004:"Abalone grown in world-first sea ranch in WA 'as good as wild catch'"
1429:
324:
177:, which once contained six subgenera but now contains only one genus,
7063:
6969:
6929:
6904:
6839:
6824:
6720:
6705:
6700:
6616:
6567:
6557:
6273:
6238:
6116:
5755:
5514:
5460:
5377:
5143:
4972:
4962:
4927:
4796:
4786:
4609:
4409:
4404:
4376:
1620:. National Geographic Field Guides. National Geographic. p. 93.
608:
589:, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, and the United States.
515:
450:
378:
17:
3472:
Loosanoff, Victor L. (1997). "Abalone". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).
3105:
Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala
632:, and sometimes forms part of a Chinese banquet. In the same way as
526:
that shells in the area decreased in size four thousand years ago.
7042:
7032:
7022:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6949:
6779:
6759:
6695:
6627:
6368:
6343:
6288:
6079:
5888:
5838:
5727:
5398:
5239:
4982:
4932:
4917:
4866:
4719:
4694:
4614:
4511:
4460:
4144:
3380:
3361:
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (1993). "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica".
2314:
Walton, Kerry; Spencer, Hamish; Rawlence, Nic (3 September 2024).
1220:
1209:
1047:
1042:
772:
764:
752:
559:
551:
533:
433:
363:
253:
228:
49:
1358:
Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone,
757:
Workers drying abalone shells in the sun in southern California,
6914:
6889:
6884:
6834:
6596:
5285:
5096:
4912:
4851:
4714:
4624:
4300:
4034:
Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods : Shell Catalog
932:
are also found in New Zealand waters, but are less popular than
846:
426:
and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.
394:
6195:
5243:
4550:
4089:
3074:
Cox, Keith W. (1962). "California abalone, family Haliotidae".
2055:
Seaweed, Salmon, and Manzanita Cider: A California Indian Feast
1977:"First wild abalone farm in Australia built on artificial reef"
663:. Salted, fermented abalone entrails are the main component of
4884:
4749:
3998:
2681:
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
2656:
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
980:
fishery officers with the backing of the New Zealand Police.
3640:[Abalone Farming in Brittany: Sylvain Sea Truffles].
899:
741:, due to dwindling stocks and most notably the abalone virus
592:
After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in
6191:
3005:. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 667–669.
414:. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their
4076:
Fathom magazine "The Abalone Divers" Pages 43,44,45 (1972)
1290:
The number of species that are recognized within the genus
953:
Like all New Zealand shellfish, recreational harvesting of
902:
135:
129:
120:
88:
82:
76:
4038:
246:, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cultures.
566:
Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery
278:
Most abalone vary in size from 20 mm (0.8 in) (
114:
70:
3297:
Gofas, Serge; Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2014).
3003:
Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis: An Essential Reference
2969:
Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States
2917:
Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States
745:, which is fast-spreading and lethal to abalone stocks.
3638:"Abalone-Zucht in der Bretagne: Sylvains Meerestrüffel"
3029:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1902:"El marisco más exclusivo del mundo se cría en Galicia"
993:
There are five species endemic to South Africa, namely
1499:
132:
111:
85:
1248:
Abalone has been an important staple in a number of
896:
769:
A young Japanese abalone diver in California in 1905
284:) to 200 mm (8 in). The largest species,
126:
117:
79:
73:
7113:
7056:
6978:
6749:
6686:
6625:
6587:
6580:
6540:
6442:
6396:
6389:
6229:
6149:
6115:
6078:
6028:
6005:
5996:
5965:
5931:
5896:
5887:
5837:
5807:
5754:
5726:
5657:
5648:
5592:
5513:
5459:
5416:
5284:
5275:
5087:
5024:
4996:
4948:
4903:
4875:
4842:
4735:
4670:
4595:
4586:
4474:
4446:
4430:
4397:
4293:
4241:
4190:
4124:
2229:
2217:
2202:
2190:
2175:
1617:
National Geographic Field Guide to the Water's Edge
893:
829:An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick
242:The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a
123:
67:
3942:A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae
3326:Gustafson, Rick; Rumsey, Scott (1 November 2007).
3001:Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (1998).
2053:Dubin, Margaret (2008). Tolley, Sara-Larus (ed.).
644:, and is traditionally reserved for celebrations.
373:head lobes and side lobes that are fimbriated and
3964:(3). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014
3958:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
3874:Westaway, Cameron; Norriss, Jeff (October 1997).
2990:"Illegal Ormering Brings First Underwater Arrest"
4051:Fisheries Western Australia – Abalone Fact Sheet
3481:McDougall, P.T.; Ploss, J.; Tuthill, J. (2006).
2497:
1485:
1469:
41:"Ormer" redirects here. For the restaurant, see
3210:"Maritime Morsels: Fresh Abalone in California"
2943:. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries.
1877:
4067:Pro abalone diver, Mallacoota, Victoria (1967)
3756:State of California: Division of Fish and Game
1228:carving with rectangular abalone shell accents
486:Abalones are subject to various diseases. The
6207:
5255:
4562:
4101:
2708:. State of Guernsey Commerce and Employment.
2606:(4th ed.). Odyssey Publishing. pp.
2186:
2184:
144:
8:
3686:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en
3506:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61743A12552981.en
1449:Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus
274:is 24.3 mm or 0.955 in in diameter
2600:Abbott, R. Tucker; Dance, S. Peter (2000).
2584:
1307:A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone,
1252:cultures around the world, specifically in
1064:) are considered a delicacy in the British
822:abalone are protected by law. In 2018, the
568:, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory, Lucap,
438:Abalone with a live sponge on its shell in
6584:
6393:
6214:
6200:
6192:
6002:
5893:
5654:
5281:
5262:
5248:
5240:
4592:
4569:
4555:
4547:
4108:
4094:
4086:
4056:Imagemap of worldwide abalone distribution
3876:"Abalone Aquaculture in Western Australia"
3828:Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2009).
1548:
1546:
1526:
678:(/juhn-bok/) and used in various recipes.
488:Victorian Department of Primary Industries
3684:
3618:
3504:
3056:
2298:
2213:
2211:
1981:Australian Broadcasting Corporation Rural
1714:
1640:
397:are symmetrical and both well developed.
7215:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances
3940:Geiger, Daniel L.; Poppe, G. T. (2000).
3307:WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species)
2268:
2079:
2008:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
3838:WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species
3569:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service
3534:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service
3339:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service
1926:
1866:
1537:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1297:
1075:
837:, and gloves, and usually also a mask,
654:Panama–Pacific International Exposition
3975:
3278:Geiger, Daniel L.; Owen, Buzz (2012).
3196:
3186:
2888:"Six Arrested in Massive Abalone Bust"
2847:Ocean Biogeographic Information System
1975:Fitzgerald, Bridget (28 August 2014).
1889:
1495:
1493:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1054:Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy
404:depths, although some species such as
3925:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
3790:from the original on 25 December 2016
3126:"Haliotis speciosa: Splendid Abalone"
2433:
2112:
2090:
2067:
2040:
2028:
2010:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1983:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1677:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1510:
1508:
1020:The largest abalone in South Africa,
944:Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands
461:Structure and properties of the shell
27:Common name for a group of sea snails
7:
3951:"Abalone Fishing in South Australia"
3844:from the original on 17 October 2014
3803:Taggart, Stewart (25 January 2002).
3747:State of California (January 2011).
3648:from the original on 4 February 2014
3409:Materials Science and Engineering: A
3313:from the original on 10 October 2014
2444:
2396:
2101:
1855:
1236:and binding of guitars. See article
290:, reaches 300 mm (12 in).
4039:book on crafting with Abalone Shell
3672:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3556:Neuman, Melissa (2 November 2007).
3523:"Species of Concern: Green Abalone
3492:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3348:from the original on 7 October 2012
3328:"Species of Concern: Pinto Abalone
3282:. Hackenheim, Germany: Conchbooks.
3136:from the original on 21 August 2014
2923:from the original on 26 August 2014
2898:from the original on 19 August 2014
2863:"Abalone Information: Introduction"
2712:from the original on 19 August 2014
2662:from the original on 23 August 2014
2409:"Ormers « Jersey Evening Post"
1514:
824:California Fish and Game Commission
4019:ABMAP: The Abalone Mapping Project
3558:"Species of Concern: Pink Abalone
883:In New Zealand, abalone is called
674:In South Korea, abalone is called
231:, which in many species is highly
25:
4538:List of fishing topics by subject
3944:. Hackenheim Germany: Conchbooks.
3815:from the original on 12 June 2022
3734:from the original on 4 March 2016
3578:from the original on 4 March 2016
3543:from the original on 4 March 2016
3214:Gayot: The Guide to the Good Life
2975:from the original on 29 July 2014
2950:from the original on 4 March 2016
2687:from the original on 26 July 2014
2242:Duggan, Tara (13 December 2018).
1037:. In 2007, because of widespread
965:and 80 mm (3.1 in) for
5078:
5071:
5064:
4181:
4072:Tathra NSW(1961), Abalone (1963)
3636:Simons, Stefan (14 April 2010).
3521:Neuman, Melissa (10 June 2009).
3216:. The Food Paper. Archived from
3103:(Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda)".
2627:"The Enduring Appeal of Abalone"
2531:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01002.x
1428:
1389:
1368:
1351:
1334:
1317:
1300:
1201:
1185:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
889:
730:catch limit of two is allowed).
321:Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii
107:
63:
3149:Freeman, Kylie A. (June 2001).
2652:"Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis"
2341:"South African abalone - SANBI"
978:Ministry for Primary Industries
959:Ministry for Primary Industries
506:are known as pests of abalone.
305:. The last whorl, known as the
4191:Land and freshwater gastropods
2633:. Kikkoman.com. Archived from
2002:Murphy, Sean (23 April 2016).
1654:"Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis"
1486:Beesley, Ross & Wells 1998
1470:Gofas, Tran & Bouchet 2014
1240:regarding Korean handicraft.
942:is a small species endemic to
355:of the shell is very wide and
1:
3280:Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae
2561:"Abalone: History and Future"
2384:10.1016/j.fishres.2010.11.005
2300:10.1080/13235818.2024.2390476
1272:from recent higher levels of
1028:illegal commercial harvesting
946:that superficially resembles
671:is mainly enjoyed with sake.
335:spire, and has prickly ribs.
323:is also unusual as it has an
34:. For the Abelone grape, see
3778:State of California (2008).
3749:"Special Animals (898 Taxa)"
3722:State of California (2014).
2843:"Distribution Map: Haliotis"
1658:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com
1614:Leatherman, Stephen (2012).
667:, a local dish from Honshū.
160:for any small to very large
3805:"Abalone Farming on a Boat"
2250:. San Francisco, California
1878:Westaway & Norriss 1997
7246:
4081:Abalone Healing Properties
4014:Abalone: Species Diversity
3883:Fisheries Management Paper
3701:Smookler, Michael (2005).
3421:10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072
1728:"What are abalone pearls?"
1414:
1283:
876:
640:, abalone is considered a
541:
40:
29:
7151:
6180:
5764:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
5204:
5062:
4535:
4179:
3982:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3392:. London, UK: Earthscan.
3255:10.1017/S0022336000040713
2625:Akimichi, Tomoya (1999).
1832:"Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758"
1691:"Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758"
410:used to be common in the
293:The shell of abalones is
7230:South Australian cuisine
5635:Placopecten magellanicus
5479:New Zealand green-lipped
4284:Placopecten magellanicus
3949:Pollard, Graham (2001).
3832:Haliotis corrugata oweni
3591:Simon, Carol A. (2011).
2988:Anon (15 January 1969).
2911:Anon (14 January 2009).
2683:. Tasmanian Government.
2658:. Tasmanian Government.
2487:. Duke University Press.
2230:State of California 2014
2218:State of California 2014
2203:State of California 2014
2191:State of California 2014
2176:State of California 2008
1553:Anderson, Jenny (2003).
1417:List of abalone synonyms
1258:Northwest American coast
32:Abalone (disambiguation)
6716:Nickel silver (alpacca)
6140:Acanthopleura granulata
5709:(group of four species)
4438:Freshwater pearl mussel
4326:Austrovenus stutchburyi
4061:Oman’s Abalone Harvest
4006:Encyclopædia Britannica
3363:Encyclopædia Britannica
3235:Journal of Paleontology
2603:Compendium of Seashells
2585:Abbott & Dance 2000
2248:San Francisco Chronicle
2151:"FRDC greenlip abalone"
2125:"FRDC blacklip abalone"
1767:10.1126/science.1211535
1270:acidification of oceans
1085:The raw meat of abalone
862:Concholepas concholepas
203:in parts of Australia,
6133:Acanthopleura echinata
6043:Atlantic white-spotted
5494:Asian/Philippine green
4383:Ruditapes largillierti
4009:(11th ed.). 1911.
3919:Lomawaima, K. Tsianina
3830:"WoRMS Taxon Details:
3707:. Arcadia Publishing.
3704:San Mateo County Coast
3485:Haliotis kamtschatkana
3474:Collier's Encyclopedia
3330:Haliotis Kamtschatkana
3299:"WoRms Taxon Details:
3041:10.1098/rspb.2010.2404
2886:Anon (11 April 2007).
2729:Haliotis kamtschatkana
1798:Historical Archaeology
1555:"Abalone Introduction"
1527:Geiger & Owen 2012
1229:
778:
770:
762:
577:
557:
539:
446:
275:
145:
55:
7057:Other natural objects
6069:Amphioctopus fangsiao
5713:South African abalone
5585:("true oyster" genus)
5351:California butterclam
5214:World fish production
4577:Principal commercial
4319:Mercenaria mercenaria
4242:Free-swimming marine
3679:: e.T41880A10566196.
3620:10.5733/afin.052.0104
3598:African Invertebrates
3499:: e.T61743A12552981.
3208:Gayot, Alain (2010).
2702:"Ormering Tides 2014"
1908:. PRISA. 28 July 2016
1643:, p. 27 & 38
1641:Lin & Meyers 2005
1224:
1163:A Korean abalone stew
776:
768:
756:
615:among other species.
563:
555:
537:
437:
272:The US coin (quarter)
257:
215:in South Africa, and
53:
7225:Mollusc common names
6532:Wire wrapped jewelry
6512:Repoussé and chasing
5794:Ribbed Mediterranean
5309:Grooved carpet shell
4389:Grooved carpet shell
4277:Argopecten irradians
4044:9 March 2021 at the
3858:Tryon, George W. Jr.
3665:Haliotis cracherodii
3465:The System of Nature
3130:Encyclopedia of Life
3101:Haliotis tuberculata
2996:. Bowling Green, KY.
2994:Park City Daily News
2963:Anon (29 May 2001).
2822:NatureServe Explorer
2816:Haliotis cracherodii
2793:NatureServe Explorer
2764:NatureServe Explorer
2735:NatureServe Explorer
2511:Conservation Biology
1344:Haliotis cracherodii
1264:Threat of extinction
1208:Abalone (dish) - in
1061:Haliotis tuberculata
833:, including a hood,
781:Sport harvesting of
570:Alaminos, Pangasinan
407:Haliotis cracherodii
281:Haliotis pulcherrima
30:For other uses, see
7210:Commercial molluscs
7074:Ebonite (vulcanite)
5789:Rayed Mediterranean
5383:Japanese littleneck
4431:Freshwater bivalves
4357:Spisula solidissima
3917:Field, Les (2008).
3611:2011AfrIn..52...39S
3247:1999JPal...73..872G
3035:(1716): 2376–2383.
2892:Mail & Guardian
2873:on 13 November 2007
2631:Kikkoman Food Forum
2523:2002ConBi..16.1308R
2483:Field, Les (2008).
2376:2011FishR.107..221P
2157:on 4 September 2016
2131:on 9 September 2016
1947:Ocean Grown Abalone
1759:2011Sci...334..219H
1500:Dauphin et al. 1989
1341:The black abalone,
856:in September 1993.
585:, Ireland, Mexico,
472:Material scientists
268:Northern California
195:, and, now rarely,
6419:Jewellery designer
6162:Land snail farming
5576:Gillardeau oysters
5294:Atlantic jackknife
5229:Fisheries glossary
5219:Commercial species
5209:Commercial fishing
4597:Large pelagic fish
4364:Paphies ventricosa
4333:Saxidomus nuttalli
4306:Atlantic surf clam
3904:on 19 August 2014.
3765:on 24 January 2014
3560:Haliotis corrugata
3183:on 19 August 2014.
3099:With Reference to
2787:Haliotis sorenseni
2758:Haliotis refescens
2464:. 2 September 2008
2364:Fisheries Research
2291:Molluscan Research
1956:on 10 October 2016
1810:10.1007/BF03377298
1382:Haliotis sorenseni
1327:Haliotis corrugata
1324:The pink abalone,
1230:
939:Haliotis pirimoana
923:Haliotis australis
779:
771:
763:
578:
558:
540:
490:said in 2007 that
482:Diseases and pests
447:
287:Haliotis rufescens
276:
56:
43:Ormer (restaurant)
7220:Organic gemstones
7192:
7191:
7109:
7108:
6979:Organic gemstones
6576:
6575:
6189:
6188:
6167:Gastropod anatomy
6126:Chiton magnificus
6111:
6110:
6088:New Zealand arrow
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5863:Kelletia lischkei
5828:Littorina sitkana
5774:Yellow-foot opihi
5644:
5643:
5538:Colchester native
5237:
5236:
5134:Freshwater prawns
5060:
5059:
4544:
4543:
4487:Gathering by hand
4371:Paphies australis
4340:Arctica islandica
4294:Infaunal bivalves
4172:Kelletia lischkei
4165:Kelletia kelletii
3932:978-0-8223-4233-5
3714:978-0-7385-3061-1
3399:978-1-84407-527-0
3372:978-0-85229-961-6
3289:978-3-9397-6743-5
3220:on 19 August 2014
3165:978-0-7309-8456-6
3012:978-0-643-05756-2
2828:on 26 August 2014
2799:on 26 August 2014
2770:on 26 August 2014
2760:– Swainson, 1822"
2741:on 26 August 2014
2706:visitguernsey.com
2677:"Abalone Fishing"
2637:on 18 August 2014
2617:978-0-9661720-0-3
2565:www.marinebio.net
2498:Byrne et al. 2011
2462:Fretboard Journal
2285:Haliotis virginea
1753:(6053): 219–222.
1745:, South Africa".
1730:. 22 August 2019.
929:Haliotis virginea
792:San Francisco Bay
724:Western Australia
467:calcium carbonate
391:columellar muscle
301:and two to three
262:surface inside a
16:(Redirected from
7237:
6636:Britannia silver
6585:
6394:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6193:
6003:
5917:Chorus giganteus
5894:
5655:
5618:Pecten jacobaeus
5325:Mactra stultorum
5282:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5241:
5082:
5075:
5068:
4650:southern bluefin
4640:Atlantic bluefin
4593:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4398:Sessile bivalves
4270:Pecten jacobaeus
4220:Cepaea nemoralis
4185:
4158:Bullacta exarata
4151:Buccinum undatum
4110:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4010:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3945:
3936:
3905:
3903:
3897:. Archived from
3880:
3870:
3868:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3758:. Archived from
3753:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3718:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3632:
3622:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3566:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3531:
3525:Haliotis fulgens
3517:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3477:
3468:
3450:
3432:
3403:
3384:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3336:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3293:
3274:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3176:. Archived from
3157:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3120:
3091:
3070:
3060:
3016:
2997:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2869:. Archived from
2857:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:. Archived from
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2789:– Bartsch, 1940"
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:. Archived from
2750:
2748:
2746:
2737:. Archived from
2721:
2719:
2717:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2621:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2517:(5): 1308–1317.
2506:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2411:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2370:(1–3): 221–232.
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2320:The Conversation
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2153:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2127:. Archived from
2121:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1949:. Archived from
1944:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1393:
1372:
1355:
1338:
1321:
1310:Haliotis asinina
1304:
1217:Decorative items
1205:
1189:
1172:
1160:
1151:Grilled abalones
1148:
1133:
1118:
1109:Braised abalones
1106:
1094:
1082:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
854:San Mateo County
788:Mendocino County
689:Sport harvesting
638:bird's nest soup
556:Abalone hatchery
316:Haliotis asinina
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
104:
103:
102:
101:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
21:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7147:
7105:
7094:Spondylus shell
7052:
6974:
6745:
6731:Stainless steel
6682:
6666:Sterling silver
6626:Precious metal
6621:
6589:Precious metals
6572:
6536:
6438:
6385:
6225:
6220:
6190:
6185:
6176:
6172:Bivalve anatomy
6145:
6107:
6093:Japanese flying
6074:
6024:
5984:
5961:
5927:
5883:
5833:
5803:
5784:Common European
5750:
5722:
5640:
5624:Peruvian calico
5588:
5509:
5506:(mussel family)
5455:
5412:
5357:Senilia senilis
5271:
5270:Edible mollusks
5268:
5238:
5233:
5200:
5139:Gilt-head bream
5083:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5056:
5047:Lobster fishing
5020:
4992:
4944:
4899:
4877:Other wild fish
4871:
4844:Freshwater fish
4838:
4731:
4666:
4645:Pacific bluefin
4582:
4575:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4470:
4442:
4426:
4421:Pinctada maxima
4393:
4311:Soft-shell clam
4289:
4237:
4186:
4177:
4120:
4114:
4046:Wayback Machine
4024:Abalone biology
4000:"Abalone"
3997:
3994:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3953:
3948:
3939:
3933:
3916:
3913:
3911:Further reading
3908:
3901:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3834:Talmadge, 1966"
3827:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3721:
3715:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3635:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3480:
3471:
3453:
3435:
3406:
3400:
3387:
3373:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3303:Linnaeus, 1758"
3296:
3290:
3277:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3166:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3123:
3094:
3073:
3019:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:on 18 June 2015
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:. Heyday Books.
2052:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1394:
1385:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1313:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1246:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1194:mandarin orange
1190:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1097:Abalone sashimi
1095:
1086:
1083:
1066:Channel Islands
1056:
991:
892:
888:
881:
875:
751:
743:ganglioneuritis
720:New South Wales
696:
691:
650:intertidal zone
621:
550:
538:An abalone farm
532:
524:Channel Islands
512:
492:ganglioneuritis
484:
463:
440:Póvoa de Varzim
432:
412:intertidal zone
369:The animal has
252:
237:mother-of-pearl
110:
106:
98:
97:
96:
66:
62:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7243:
7241:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7155:Related topics
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6527:Wire sculpture
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:Oyster farming
6153:
6151:
6150:Related topics
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5942:Cornu aspersum
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5451:Giant Atlantic
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5373:Triangle shell
5370:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5224:Fishing topics
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5052:Shrimp fishery
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Crab fisheries
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:Smelt-whitings
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4765:Alaska pollock
4762:
4757:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:species groups
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Oyster farming
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4263:Pecten maximus
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4206:Cornu aspersum
4202:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
3993:
3992:External links
3990:
3989:
3988:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3871:
3854:
3825:
3800:
3775:
3744:
3719:
3713:
3698:
3658:
3642:Spiegel Online
3633:
3588:
3553:
3518:
3478:
3469:
3460:Systema Naturæ
3455:Linnaeus, Carl
3451:
3437:Linnaeus, Carl
3433:
3415:(1–2): 27–41.
3404:
3398:
3385:
3371:
3358:
3323:
3294:
3288:
3275:
3241:(5): 872–885.
3230:
3205:
3197:|journal=
3164:
3146:
3121:
3092:
3071:
3017:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2960:
2933:
2908:
2883:
2858:
2841:Anon (2014g).
2838:
2818:– Leach, 1814"
2812:Anon (2014f).
2809:
2783:Anon (2014e).
2780:
2754:Anon (2014d).
2751:
2731:– Jonas, 1845"
2725:Anon (2014c).
2722:
2700:Anon (2014b).
2697:
2675:Anon (2014a).
2672:
2647:
2622:
2616:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2552:
2501:
2490:
2475:
2449:
2437:
2426:
2400:
2389:
2354:
2332:
2306:
2273:
2261:
2234:
2222:
2207:
2195:
2180:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2105:
2094:
2083:
2072:
2060:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1994:
1967:
1931:
1919:
1893:
1882:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1823:
1804:(4): 117–128.
1788:
1733:
1719:
1715:Loosanoff 1997
1707:
1682:
1670:
1645:
1633:
1627:978-1426208683
1626:
1606:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:Marine Science
1542:
1530:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1473:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1423:
1420:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:Haliotis varia
1395:
1388:
1386:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1361:Haliotis rubra
1357:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1274:carbon dioxide
1265:
1262:
1245:
1244:Indigenous use
1242:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1121:Abalones with
1120:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1052:
1023:Haliotis midae
990:
987:
912:Māori language
877:Main article:
874:
871:
750:
747:
726:is illegal; a
695:
692:
690:
687:
634:shark fin soup
620:
617:
531:
528:
511:
508:
483:
480:
462:
459:
431:
428:
251:
248:
143:; via Spanish
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7242:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:Body piercing
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7048:Tortoiseshell
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6404:Bench jeweler
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Pacific giant
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5956:Helix pomatia
5953:
5951:
5950:
5949:Helix lucorum
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5569:Ostra chilena
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Mediterranean
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:(razor genus)
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Pacific razor
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Atlantic surf
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Krill fishery
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Cod fisheries
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Sea cucumbers
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Orange roughy
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:Demersal fish
4734:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Pearl farming
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Heliciculture
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:Queen scallop
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:Helix pomatia
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3647:
3644:(in German).
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3190:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2946:
2939:
2936:Anon (2004).
2934:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:Anon (2012).
2859:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:Anon (2014).
2648:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2485:Abalone Tales
2479:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2343:. 20 May 2018
2342:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:Smookler 2005
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:Akimichi 1999
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:white abalone
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:Abalone with
1188:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
988:
986:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
918:
917:Haliotis iris
913:
907:
886:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
863:
857:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
784:
775:
767:
760:
755:
749:United States
748:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
693:
688:
686:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
575:
571:
567:
562:
554:
549:
545:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
445:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
288:
283:
282:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
249:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
147:
140:
100:
93:
60:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7184:Wearable art
7179:Phaleristics
7174:Metalworking
7079:Gutta-percha
6985:
6855:Lapis lazuli
6641:Colored gold
6522:Stonesetting
6138:
6131:
6124:
6067:
6058:Southern red
5954:
5947:
5940:
5915:
5889:Other snails
5861:
5826:
5658:
5633:
5616:
5602:Atlantic bay
5580:
5568:
5533:Southern mud
5405:
5397:
5355:
5336:Ocean quahog
5323:
5164:salmon trout
4957:
4517:Pearl diving
4507:Oyster boats
4492:Clam digging
4419:
4415:Pearl oyster
4381:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4227:Otala lactea
4225:
4218:
4213:Helix aperta
4211:
4204:
4197:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4134:
4004:
3978:cite journal
3966:. Retrieved
3961:
3957:
3941:
3922:
3899:the original
3886:
3882:
3862:
3846:. Retrieved
3837:
3831:
3817:. Retrieved
3808:
3792:. Retrieved
3783:
3767:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3736:. Retrieved
3727:
3703:
3690:. Retrieved
3676:
3670:
3664:
3650:. Retrieved
3641:
3605:(1): 39–50.
3602:
3596:
3580:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3545:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3510:. Retrieved
3496:
3490:
3484:
3473:
3464:
3459:
3446:
3441:
3412:
3408:
3389:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3338:
3329:
3315:. Retrieved
3306:
3300:
3279:
3238:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3218:the original
3213:
3178:the original
3151:
3138:. Retrieved
3129:
3124:EoL (2014).
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3079:
3075:
3032:
3028:
3021:Byrne, Maria
3002:
2993:
2977:. Retrieved
2968:
2952:. Retrieved
2925:. Retrieved
2916:
2900:. Retrieved
2891:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:the original
2866:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2821:
2815:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2786:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2763:
2757:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2734:
2728:
2714:. Retrieved
2705:
2689:. Retrieved
2680:
2664:. Retrieved
2655:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2630:
2602:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2447:, p. 16
2440:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2403:
2392:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2335:
2325:17 September
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2271:, p. 76
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2225:
2198:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:the original
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2119:
2108:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2070:, p. 70
2063:
2054:
2048:
2043:, p. 66
2036:
2031:, p. 65
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2007:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1946:
1934:
1927:Freeman 2001
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1885:
1873:
1867:Taggart 2002
1862:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1836:www.gbif.org
1835:
1826:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1750:
1746:
1743:Blombos Cave
1736:
1722:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1695:www.gbif.org
1694:
1685:
1680:, p. 39
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1593:, p. 46
1586:
1581:, p. 41
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1538:Hoiberg 1993
1533:
1522:
1403:
1397:
1380:
1359:
1342:
1325:
1308:
1291:
1289:
1267:
1247:
1238:Najeonchilgi
1231:
1176:
1137:
1059:
1057:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
992:
989:South Africa
971:
967:H. australis
966:
962:
954:
952:
947:
937:
933:
927:
921:
915:
884:
882:
860:
859:The mollusc
858:
851:
828:
796:
780:
758:
739:fishing year
732:
716:Scuba diving
697:
684:
679:
675:
673:
668:
664:
658:
646:
629:
622:
605:pink snapper
598:
594:Flinders Bay
591:
579:
564:Part of the
513:
496:hemophiliacs
485:
464:
448:
430:Distribution
405:
399:
387:denticulated
368:
361:
337:
320:
314:
292:
285:
279:
277:
241:
222:
216:
212:
204:
201:muttonshells
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:common names
178:
153:
58:
57:
47:
7121:Art jewelry
6945:Tiger's eye
6850:Labradorite
6800:Chrysocolla
6795:Chrysoberyl
6711:Mokume-gane
6688:Base metals
6460:centrifugal
6429:Silversmith
6304:Ferronnière
6254:Belt buckle
6249:Belly chain
6103:Neon flying
5809:Periwinkles
5769:Turtle/talc
5702:Green ormer
5612:New Zealand
5582:Crassostrea
5563:Sydney rock
5441:New Zealand
5363:Smooth clam
5331:Blunt gaper
4998:Echinoderms
4905:Crustaceans
4672:Forage fish
4448:Cephalopods
4116:Commercial
3692:12 November
3512:12 November
2232:, §29.15(d)
2220:, §29.15(c)
2205:, §29.15(a)
2193:, §29.15(e)
2178:, §29.16(a)
1929:, p. 1
1890:Simons 2010
1880:, p. 1
1717:, p. 6
1540:, p. 7
1517:, p. 8
1502:, p. 9
1436:Food portal
1396:A shell of
1256:and on the
1234:fret boards
1014:H. speciosa
1008:H. queketti
1002:H. spadicea
948:H. virginea
910:, from the
873:New Zealand
843:weight belt
783:red abalone
728:free-diving
712:Perkins Bay
642:luxury item
619:Consumption
613:Samson fish
574:Philippines
548:Mariculture
544:Aquaculture
504:polychaetes
420:spermatozoa
402:sublittoral
331:, shows an
329:imperforate
266:shell from
264:red abalone
250:Description
158:common name
7205:Haliotidae
7199:Categories
6955:Tourmaline
6900:Prasiolite
6775:Aventurine
6646:Crown gold
6548:Draw plate
6497:Metal clay
6434:Watchmaker
6424:Lapidarist
6409:Clockmaker
6284:Collar pin
6279:Chatelaine
6020:Bottletail
6007:Cuttlefish
5967:Freshwater
5911:Korean mud
5874:Pear whelk
5650:Gastropods
5607:Great/king
5553:Windowpane
5548:Portuguese
5484:California
5388:Razor clam
5368:Soft-shell
5011:Sea urchin
4522:Ama divers
4475:Techniques
4466:Cuttlefish
4140:Periwinkle
4127:gastropods
4029:Conchology
3381:2002113989
2593:References
2468:27 October
2434:Anon 2014b
2161:5 December
2135:5 December
2113:Anon 2014a
2091:Gayot 2010
2068:Jones 2008
2041:Jones 2008
2029:Jones 2008
1678:Simon 2011
1663:17 January
1603:Anon 2014g
1591:Tryon 1880
1579:Tryon 1880
1250:Indigenous
1035:syndicates
542:See also:
476:body armor
455:Antarctica
371:fimbriated
345:selenizone
307:body whorl
260:iridescent
233:iridescent
197:muttonfish
189:ear shells
175:Haliotidae
7101:Toadstone
7038:Operculum
6965:Variscite
6960:Turquoise
6940:Tanzanite
6875:Moonstone
6870:Marcasite
6865:Malachite
6790:Carnelian
6765:Amazonite
6752:gemstones
6726:Pinchbeck
6671:Argentium
6661:Shibuichi
6602:Palladium
6581:Materials
6517:Soldering
6507:Polishing
6482:Engraving
6477:Enameling
6443:Processes
6414:Goldsmith
6349:Tie chain
6324:Neck ring
6314:Lapel pin
6223:Jewellery
6015:Spineless
5879:Lightning
5847:Channeled
5504:Mytilidae
5393:Pod razor
5314:Hard clam
5025:Fisheries
4890:Whitebait
4834:Toothfish
4660:yellowfin
4620:Swordfish
3968:16 August
3895:0819-4327
3848:19 August
3819:16 August
3794:16 August
3769:22 August
3738:16 August
3652:16 August
3629:1681-5556
3582:22 August
3547:22 August
3429:0921-5093
3352:22 August
3317:16 August
3263:0022-3360
3224:16 August
3199:ignored (
3189:cite book
3174:1035-4549
3140:21 August
3117:0302-2749
3088:6306-2593
3049:0962-8452
2979:22 August
2954:16 August
2927:22 August
2902:16 August
2877:16 August
2852:22 August
2832:22 August
2803:22 August
2774:22 August
2745:22 August
2716:16 August
2691:16 August
2666:16 August
2641:16 August
2539:0888-8892
2445:Anon 1969
2397:Anon 2007
2347:12 August
2102:Anon 2014
1856:Anon 2012
1818:164710632
1455:Citations
1404:dohrniana
1123:asparagus
694:Australia
661:soy sauce
510:Human use
500:Spionidae
416:fecundity
349:operculum
327:form, is
213:perlemoen
165:gastropod
36:Chasselas
7169:Gemology
7143:Fineness
7134:(purity)
7069:Bog-wood
7016:Precious
6996:Ammolite
6935:Sunstone
6925:Sodalite
6920:Sapphire
6880:Obsidian
6820:Fluorite
6810:Diopside
6770:Amethyst
6750:Mineral
6741:Tungsten
6736:Titanium
6651:Electrum
6607:Platinum
6492:Kazaziye
6487:Filigree
6465:lost-wax
6364:Toe ring
6354:Tie clip
6329:Pectoral
6319:Necklace
6294:Cufflink
6269:Bracelet
6264:Bolo tie
6244:Barrette
6183:Category
6098:Humboldt
6048:Big blue
5906:Mud-flat
5857:Kellet's
5697:Greenlip
5692:Blacklip
5594:Scallops
5277:Bivalves
5181:Scallops
5159:Atlantic
4978:Scallops
4950:Molluscs
4857:Sturgeon
4824:Rockfish
4777:flounder
4772:Flatfish
4755:Atlantic
4725:european
4705:Sardines
4700:Menhaden
4655:skipjack
4630:albacore
4605:Mackerel
4527:Trawling
4497:Dredging
4244:bivalves
4233:Escargot
4118:mollusks
4042:Archived
3860:(1880).
3842:Archived
3813:Archived
3788:Archived
3732:Archived
3646:Archived
3573:Archived
3538:Archived
3457:(1767).
3439:(1758).
3343:Archived
3311:Archived
3301:Haliotis
3271:87537607
3134:Archived
3111:: 7–38.
3097:Haliotis
3067:21177689
2973:Archived
2945:Archived
2921:Archived
2896:Archived
2867:Fishtech
2710:Archived
2685:Archived
2660:Archived
2547:84134835
2254:26 March
2014:23 April
1987:23 April
1960:23 April
1783:40455940
1775:21998386
1564:10 March
1515:Cox 1962
1444:Delicacy
1422:See also
1411:Synonyms
1292:Haliotis
1286:Haliotis
1175:Abalone
1136:Abalone
1071:Guernsey
1058:Ormers (
1039:poaching
996:H. parva
982:Poaching
734:Victoria
707:greenlip
703:blacklip
699:Tasmania
669:Tottsuru
665:tottsuru
625:delicacy
444:Portugal
424:filiform
375:cirrated
357:nacreous
353:aperture
333:exserted
311:auriform
244:delicacy
193:sea ears
183:. Other
180:Haliotis
149:, from
7164:Fashion
7138:Finding
6986:Abalone
6895:Peridot
6860:Larimar
6845:Kyanite
6830:Howlite
6815:Emerald
6805:Diamond
6678:Tumbaga
6656:Shakudō
6612:Rhodium
6563:Mandrel
6502:Plating
6455:Casting
6450:Carving
6359:Tie pin
6334:Pendant
6309:Genital
6299:Earring
6117:Chitons
6030:Octopus
5998:Inkfish
5980:Nerites
5869:Knobbed
5756:Limpets
5741:Elegant
5728:Conches
5718:Chilean
5659:Abalone
5543:Pacific
5528:Olympia
5523:Eastern
5515:Oysters
5461:Mussels
5418:Cockles
5407:Paphies
5304:Geoduck
5196:Tilapia
5186:Seaweed
5174:chinook
5149:Oysters
5144:Mussels
5129:Catfish
5112:crucian
5102:bighead
5016:more...
4988:more...
4973:Oysters
4968:Octopus
4963:Mussels
4958:Abalone
4940:more...
4923:Lobster
4895:more...
4862:Tilapia
4819:Pollock
4804:Haddock
4782:halibut
4760:Pacific
4745:Catfish
4690:Herring
4685:Capelin
4680:Anchovy
4579:fishery
4456:Octopus
4351:Geoduck
4252:Scallop
4135:Abalone
4125:Marine
3921:(ed.).
3784:Westlaw
3728:Westlaw
3607:Bibcode
3243:Bibcode
3058:3119014
2519:Bibcode
2419:18 June
2372:Bibcode
1912:28 July
1906:El Pais
1755:Bibcode
1747:Science
1280:Species
963:H. iris
934:H. iris
867:muricid
839:snorkel
835:bootees
831:wetsuit
680:Jeonbok
676:Jeonbok
601:dhufish
587:Namibia
583:Iceland
576:, 2011)
530:Farming
502:of the
385:, with
170:in the
168:mollusc
156:) is a
59:Abalone
7128:(mass)
7064:Bezoar
6970:Zircon
6930:Spinel
6905:Quartz
6840:Jasper
6825:Garnet
6721:Pewter
6706:Copper
6701:Bronze
6628:alloys
6617:Silver
6568:Pliers
6558:Hammer
6470:vacuum
6397:People
6390:Making
6374:pocket
6274:Brooch
6239:Anklet
6038:Common
5923:Bailer
5852:Common
5839:Whelks
5822:Banded
5817:Common
5799:Rustic
5571:/Bluff
5446:Sydney
5436:Goolwa
5426:Common
5378:Tuatua
5191:Shrimp
5154:Salmon
5122:silver
5107:common
5089:Farmed
4933:Prawns
4928:Shrimp
4809:Mullet
4797:turbot
4787:plaice
4635:bigeye
4610:Salmon
4410:Mussel
4405:Oyster
4377:Tuatua
4346:Cockle
3929:
3893:
3711:
3627:
3427:
3396:
3379:
3369:
3286:
3269:
3261:
3172:
3162:
3115:
3086:
3065:
3055:
3047:
3009:
2614:
2545:
2537:
1841:27 May
1816:
1781:
1773:
1700:27 May
1624:
1254:Africa
1196:peels.
1138:bao yu
818:, and
630:bao yu
611:, and
609:wrasse
516:pearls
453:, and
451:Arctic
383:uncini
379:radula
377:. The
351:. The
340:mantle
303:whorls
295:convex
225:shells
209:the UK
172:family
162:marine
151:Rumsen
146:abulón
7132:Carat
7126:Carat
7114:Terms
7089:Shell
7043:Pearl
7033:Nacre
7023:Ivory
7011:Black
7006:Coral
7001:Copal
6991:Amber
6950:Topaz
6909:smoky
6780:Beryl
6760:Agate
6696:Brass
6541:Tools
6379:strap
6369:Watch
6344:Tiara
6289:Crown
6259:Bindi
6231:Forms
6080:Squid
6063:Mimic
5975:Apple
5779:China
5736:Queen
5682:Green
5677:Black
5667:White
5629:Yesso
5489:Brown
5431:Blood
5399:Ensis
5346:Venus
5319:Horse
5286:Clams
5117:grass
4983:Squid
4918:Krill
4867:Trout
4720:Sprat
4710:Saury
4695:Ilish
4615:Shark
4461:Squid
4145:Whelk
3954:(PDF)
3902:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3867:(PDF)
3809:Wired
3763:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3541:(PDF)
3530:(PDF)
3463:[
3445:[
3346:(PDF)
3335:(PDF)
3267:S2CID
3181:(PDF)
3156:(PDF)
2948:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2610:–23.
2570:6 May
2543:S2CID
1954:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1814:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1402:form
1226:Haida
1210:Macau
1048:tonne
1043:CITES
974:Māori
820:pinto
816:green
804:white
800:black
759:circa
520:nacre
395:gills
364:nacre
325:ovate
309:, is
299:spire
229:nacre
205:ormer
154:aulón
95:
18:Ormer
7084:Hair
6915:Ruby
6890:Opal
6885:Onyx
6835:Jade
6597:Gold
6553:File
6339:Ring
5933:Land
5707:Pāua
5687:Pink
5558:Rock
5499:Date
5469:Blue
5169:coho
5097:Carp
4913:Crab
4852:Carp
4792:sole
4715:Shad
4625:Tuna
4588:Wild
4301:Clam
3984:link
3970:2014
3927:ISBN
3891:ISSN
3850:2014
3821:2014
3796:2014
3771:2014
3740:2014
3709:ISBN
3694:2021
3677:2003
3654:2014
3625:ISSN
3584:2014
3549:2014
3514:2021
3497:2006
3425:ISSN
3394:ISBN
3377:LCCN
3367:ISBN
3354:2014
3319:2014
3284:ISBN
3259:ISSN
3226:2014
3201:help
3170:ISSN
3160:ISBN
3142:2014
3113:ISSN
3084:ISSN
3063:PMID
3045:ISSN
3007:ISBN
2981:2014
2956:2014
2929:2014
2904:2014
2879:2014
2854:2014
2834:2014
2805:2014
2776:2014
2747:2014
2718:2014
2693:2014
2668:2014
2643:2014
2612:ISBN
2572:2016
2535:ISSN
2470:2018
2421:2015
2349:2023
2327:2024
2256:2018
2163:2016
2137:2016
2016:2016
1989:2016
1962:2016
1914:2016
1843:2021
1771:PMID
1702:2021
1665:2018
1622:ISBN
1566:2021
1375:The
1011:and
955:pāua
926:and
885:pāua
879:Pāua
847:kelp
812:flat
808:pink
761:1900
722:and
705:and
546:and
518:and
422:are
258:The
223:The
217:pāua
187:are
7028:Jet
6784:red
5898:Sea
5746:Dog
5672:Red
4885:Eel
4750:Cod
3887:109
3681:doi
3615:doi
3501:doi
3417:doi
3413:390
3251:doi
3080:118
3053:PMC
3037:doi
3033:278
2527:doi
2380:doi
2368:107
2295:doi
1806:doi
1763:doi
1751:334
1178:Hoe
914:).
636:or
207:in
199:or
105:or
7201::
4003:.
3980:}}
3976:{{
3962:31
3960:.
3956:.
3889:.
3885:.
3881:.
3840:.
3836:.
3811:.
3807:.
3786:.
3782:.
3754:.
3730:.
3726:.
3675:.
3669:.
3623:.
3613:.
3603:52
3601:.
3595:.
3571:.
3567:.
3536:.
3532:.
3495:.
3489:.
3423:.
3411:.
3375:.
3341:.
3337:.
3309:.
3305:.
3265:.
3257:.
3249:.
3239:73
3237:.
3212:.
3193::
3191:}}
3187:{{
3168:.
3132:.
3128:.
3109:15
3107:.
3082:.
3078:.
3061:.
3051:.
3043:.
3031:.
3027:.
2992:.
2971:.
2967:.
2919:.
2915:.
2894:.
2890:.
2865:.
2845:.
2820:.
2791:.
2762:.
2733:.
2704:.
2679:.
2654:.
2629:.
2608:19
2563:.
2541:.
2533:.
2525:.
2515:16
2513:.
2460:.
2378:.
2366:.
2318:.
2293:.
2289:.
2246:.
2210:^
2183:^
2006:.
1979:.
1945:.
1904:.
1834:.
1812:.
1802:41
1800:.
1777:.
1769:.
1761:.
1749:.
1693:.
1656:.
1557:.
1545:^
1507:^
1492:^
1476:^
1462:^
1379:,
1050:.
1017:.
1005:,
999:,
950:.
936:.
900:aʊ
869:.
841:,
814:,
810:,
806:,
802:,
607:,
603:,
572:,
442:,
359:.
338:A
270:.
239:.
211:,
191:,
130:oʊ
83:oʊ
6911:)
6907:(
6786:)
6782:(
6215:e
6208:t
6201:v
5263:e
5256:t
5249:v
4570:e
4563:t
4556:v
4109:e
4102:t
4095:v
3986:)
3972:.
3935:.
3852:.
3823:.
3798:.
3773:.
3742:.
3717:.
3696:.
3683::
3667:"
3663:"
3656:.
3631:.
3617::
3609::
3586:.
3562:"
3551:.
3527:"
3516:.
3503::
3487:"
3483:"
3431:.
3419::
3402:.
3383:.
3356:.
3332:"
3321:.
3292:.
3273:.
3253::
3245::
3228:.
3203:)
3144:.
3119:.
3090:.
3069:.
3039::
3015:.
2983:.
2958:.
2931:.
2906:.
2881:.
2856:.
2836:.
2814:"
2807:.
2785:"
2778:.
2756:"
2749:.
2727:"
2720:.
2695:.
2670:.
2645:.
2620:.
2574:.
2549:.
2529::
2521::
2472:.
2423:.
2386:.
2382::
2374::
2351:.
2329:.
2303:.
2297::
2283:"
2258:.
2165:.
2139:.
2018:.
1991:.
1964:.
1916:.
1845:.
1820:.
1808::
1785:.
1765::
1757::
1704:.
1667:.
1630:.
1568:.
906:/
903:ə
897:p
894:ˈ
891:/
887:(
139:/
136:i
133:n
127:l
124:ˈ
121:ə
118:b
115:æ
112:ˌ
109:/
92:/
89:i
86:n
80:l
77:ə
74:b
71:æ
68:ˈ
65:/
61:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
