7201:
175:
6441:
7213:
3878:
7163:
705:
3902:
4645:
5601:
7189:
454:
122:
3890:
143:
691:
148:
147:
144:
149:
1900:
compressed femoral neck, asymmetric distribution of cortex in the femoral neck, shallow superior notch, and a well developed gluteal tuberosity which coalesces vertically with the crest that descends the femoral shaft posteriorly." It does, however, also share many of such properties with several
146:
830:
After the fossils were found in 2000, they were held at the
Kipsaraman village community museum, but the museum was subsequently closed. Since then, according to the Community Museums of Kenya chairman Eustace Kitonga, the fossils are stored at a secret bank vault in Nairobi.
2331:
1909:
is a basal hominid that adapted an early form of bipedalism. Based on the structure of its femoral head it still exhibited some arboreal properties, likely to forage and build shelters. The length of the femoral neck in
1944:
shares an early hominin feature in which their iliac blade is flared to help counter the torque of their body weight, this shows that they adapted bipedalism around 6 MYA. These features are shared with many species of
145:
1934:
is more closely related to humans than Lucy is have addressed this by asserting that the male australopithicine femurs in question in fact belong to a different species than Lucy.
827:
phalanx is of human proportions and has thus been associated with toolmaking, but should probably be associated with grasping abilities useful for tree-climbing in this context.
2885:
Senut, Brigitte; Pickford, Martin; Gommery, Dominique; Mein, Pierre; Cheboi, Kiptalam; Coppens, Yves (January 2001). "First hominid from the
Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)".
7302:
3775:
2004:
is uncertain, the evidence of the evolution of bipedalism is an invaluable discovery from this early fossil hominin. A recent phylogenetic analysis also recovered
2000:
is a basal hominin and that bipedalism developed early in the hominin clade and successfully evolved down the human evolutionary tree. While the phylogeny of
1857:
apes, rather than extant great apes, which shows instead that the femur shows itself as an intermediate between that of
Australopiths and said earlier apes.
1636:
492:
3011:
1506:
854:, being 6.05 million years old. However, there is no consensus that these impressions are distinct enough to confidently assign to a primate or even a
2971:
607:
were collected between 2005 and 2011 by the Franco-Kenyan Kenya
Palaeontology Expedition and they, alongside the Tabarin mandible, were classified by
3021:
7289:
3863:
3707:
1526:
895:
2632:
Pickford, Martin; Senut, Brigitte; Gommery, Dominique; Treil, Jacques (September 2002). "Bipedalism in
Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora".
3016:
2866:
1486:
1926:, this claim has been challenged by some researchers who have noted that the femoral heads of male australopithicines are more akin to those of
7378:
7363:
3765:
2459:
3026:
3770:
3648:
2855:
2828:
3940:
2738:
Sevim-Erol, Ayla; Begun, D. R.; Sözer, Ç Sönmez; Mayda, S.; van den Hoek
Ostende, L. W.; Martin, R. M. G.; Alçiçek, M. Cihat (2023-08-23).
3727:
7348:
3836:
2943:
134:
3702:
3846:
3742:
3623:
2017:
1846:; there is, however, some debate over this point. This debate is largely centered around the fact that Lucy was female and the
1676:
3841:
3142:
2572:
Almécija, Sergio; Tallman, Melissa; Alba, David M.; Pina, Marta; Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Jungers, William L. (3 December 2013).
1888:
shares several apomorphic features with modern humans, as well as some with australopithecines, including the presence of an
1964:. This would mean that Australopithecus would represent a side branch in the homin evolution that does not directly lead to
2964:
7179:
3712:
3589:
3475:
2838:
Senut, Brigitte (2007). "6 the
Earliest Putative Hominids". In Henke, Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tattersall, Ian (eds.).
1116:
888:
763:
776:
is thicker. The dentition differs from both these species in the presence of a mesial groove on the upper canines. The
7193:
5353:
3906:
3810:
3628:
3149:
3003:
2114:
1466:
865:
7368:
7358:
3894:
3668:
3599:
3135:
3128:
3121:
1820:
1569:
1303:
1295:
1287:
7353:
6440:
3851:
3747:
3643:
1407:
174:
3933:
3882:
3185:
2957:
2929:
574:
during the early 1980s. The mandible is known as the
Tabarin mandible, which was previously classified within
7162:
7373:
6198:
6016:
5423:
3820:
3757:
3717:
3163:
2939:
2818:
2574:"The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins"
1377:
881:
7267:
2935:
7229:
5477:
5181:
4562:
3815:
3790:
3785:
3678:
3633:
3594:
3156:
2870:
1336:
789:
1930:, and by extension modern humans, than those of female australopithicines. Proponents of the notion that
6263:
5947:
5889:
5827:
3199:
2867:"Martin Pickford answers a few questions about this month's fast breaking paper in field of Geosciences"
2482:
2063:"Taxonomic status of the hominid mandible KNM-ER TI 13150 from the middle pliocene of tabarin, in Kenya"
1108:
567:
418:
4644:
2496:
7276:
6667:
6361:
5854:
5820:
5756:
5497:
5245:
4983:
4860:
4808:
3780:
3683:
3584:
3545:
3490:
3395:
3099:
3092:
2894:
2696:
2641:
2585:
2508:
2249:
2175:
1745:
1546:
1393:
1262:
1247:
839:
576:
6378:
5986:
5600:
4928:
4572:
4462:
4330:
4196:
4060:
1897:
834:
More recently, in 2017, impressions resembling human-like footprints were reported on the island of
7205:
6940:
6321:
6036:
5882:
5868:
5699:
5518:
5463:
4874:
4838:
4718:
4453:
4323:
4274:
4154:
3926:
3192:
2469:
6243:
5971:
5201:
5030:
4599:
4582:
4358:
4210:
4203:
4182:
4083:
3901:
6583:
6148:
5773:
5763:
5713:
5393:
5309:
4955:
4555:
4469:
4309:
4288:
4168:
4161:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4090:
4076:
3737:
3604:
3579:
3455:
2910:
2720:
2532:
2441:
2273:
2199:
2144:
2090:
1656:
519:
359:
169:
5875:
5255:
5147:
5040:
4867:
4337:
4316:
4302:
4245:
4238:
4147:
2293:"Origin of the hominidae: The record of african large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my"
1976:
femora morphology, which weakens this claim. Another study conducted by
Almecija suggested that
796:
was more closely related to modern humans than australopithecines as early members of the genus
553:, was first described by Ward (1985) and Ward & Hill (1988), and was initially described as
7307:
5861:
5020:
4428:
4414:
4365:
4281:
4264:
4217:
4175:
4104:
4069:
7343:
7315:
6162:
6138:
5811:
5123:
4435:
4400:
4344:
4252:
4231:
4189:
4049:
3856:
3722:
3663:
3653:
3424:
3388:
3242:
3036:
2851:
2824:
2777:
2759:
2712:
2603:
2524:
2433:
2312:
2292:
2265:
2191:
2136:
2082:
1815:
847:
812:
515:
496:
411:
7320:
4794:
4708:
4476:
4442:
4407:
4379:
4351:
2383:
500:
7070:
6714:
6607:
6290:
6073:
6009:
5979:
5916:
5003:
4919:
4853:
4764:
4421:
4372:
3732:
3485:
3302:
3264:
3111:
2902:
2843:
2767:
2751:
2704:
2649:
2593:
2516:
2425:
2413:
2304:
2257:
2183:
2126:
2074:
1328:
1277:
751:
595:
504:
6993:
6962:
6954:
6838:
6738:
6593:
6563:
6180:
6026:
5963:
5793:
5743:
5729:
5722:
5676:
5470:
5265:
4935:
4888:
4822:
4137:
3539:
3512:
3410:
3368:
2980:
1902:
1869:
1361:
1130:
1086:
608:
488:
473:
345:
1901:
Miocene ape species, even showing some transitional elements between basal apes like the
723:
are believed to be from at least five individuals. They include: the posterior part of a
2898:
2772:
2739:
2700:
2645:
2589:
2512:
2253:
2179:
800:, who were almost certainly the direct ancestors of modern humans, were also megadonts.
7217:
7119:
7080:
7011:
6868:
6858:
6828:
6805:
6795:
6785:
6697:
6646:
6631:
6616:
6553:
6532:
6522:
6189:
6169:
5784:
5511:
5488:
4946:
3359:
3063:
3049:
2988:
1182:
1169:
1099:
1073:
647:
484:
319:
158:
2906:
2681:
2653:
1828:
is both earlier, by almost 3 million years, and more similar to modern humans than is
7337:
7098:
6933:
6924:
6653:
6623:
6573:
6543:
6385:
6351:
6283:
6205:
6155:
6114:
6093:
5692:
5652:
5373:
5336:
5292:
5285:
5235:
5211:
4831:
4754:
4521:
3527:
3380:
3070:
2536:
2148:
1369:
740:
72:
2914:
2724:
2445:
2094:
749:
had small teeth relative to its body size. Its dentition differs from that found in
7212:
7130:
7059:
6970:
6947:
6895:
6878:
6848:
6690:
6638:
6492:
6273:
6226:
6131:
6066:
6056:
6046:
5956:
5838:
5800:
5685:
5532:
5525:
5433:
5171:
5157:
5090:
4969:
4739:
4697:
4495:
4034:
3533:
3521:
3463:
3337:
3285:
3250:
3175:
3082:
2464:
2277:
2203:
1918:. While it was originally claimed that its femoral head is larger in comparison to
1838:
1814:
proves to be a direct human ancestor, then according to some paleoanthropologists,
1777:
1351:
1318:
1232:
1156:
1143:
780:
are ape-like but reduced, like those found in
Miocene apes and female chimpanzees.
777:
773:
768:
304:
30:
2429:
704:
453:
2847:
2817:
Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (2007).
2520:
1860:
Other fossils (leaves and many mammals) found in the Lukeino Formation show that
7261:
7036:
6219:
6100:
6083:
5847:
5453:
5363:
5228:
5191:
5111:
5050:
4771:
4224:
3417:
3344:
3316:
3309:
3257:
1423:
1047:
820:
785:
756:
659:
563:
by Ferguson (1989) based on specimen KNM-TH 13150, a mandible discovered in the
558:
372:
47:
2755:
2682:"Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism"
2113:
Pickford, Martin; Senut, Brigitte; Gommery, Dominique; Kipkech, Joseph (2022).
6512:
6304:
5631:
5618:
5568:
5504:
5443:
5346:
5329:
5221:
5164:
5137:
5100:
5070:
5060:
4785:
4511:
4393:
4097:
4042:
3994:
3949:
3402:
3323:
2062:
855:
808:
804:
792:. However, some researchers have denied that this is compelling evidence that
393:
236:
92:
57:
7252:
2763:
2528:
2316:
2269:
2195:
2140:
2086:
1914:
fossils is elongated and is similar in shape and length to modern humans and
823:
indicates it climbed trees. While the proximal phalanx is curved, the distal
6981:
6911:
6885:
6754:
6704:
6341:
6331:
6254:
6107:
5997:
5896:
5662:
5416:
5319:
4533:
4295:
4011:
3469:
3374:
2708:
2308:
1892:
groove, elongated femoral neck, anteriorly twisted head (posterior twist in
1761:
1592:
1438:
1060:
728:
495:. Starting from 17 October 2000, 20 fossils were found at four sites in the
404:
266:
256:
186:
97:
41:
2781:
2716:
2607:
2437:
2237:
7188:
121:
7246:
7047:
7023:
6816:
6775:
6721:
6660:
6233:
5383:
5276:
4976:
4901:
4801:
4386:
4026:
3967:
3330:
3295:
3272:
2993:
2801:
2131:
1884:
share no derived features of hominoid great-ape relatives. In contrast, "
1723:
1701:
1612:
1034:
724:
564:
469:
458:
415:
276:
206:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
34:
2164:"Late Miocene sediments and fossils from the Northern Kenya Rift Valley"
7294:
7001:
6728:
6368:
6297:
5549:
5542:
5404:
5299:
5081:
4962:
4908:
4728:
4589:
4546:
3979:
3480:
2598:
2573:
2078:
1865:
1854:
1680:
1019:
736:
651:
408:
400:
226:
102:
77:
2163:
6678:
6502:
6311:
6212:
5933:
5130:
4846:
4676:
4663:
4615:
3973:
3961:
2261:
2187:
1824:("Lucy") may be considered a side branch of the hominid family tree:
760:
667:
524:
509:
246:
216:
196:
7223:
2740:"A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines"
3555:
3446:
3436:
2949:
1953:
shares with modern humans show that it is more closely related to
1853:
Another point of view cites comparisons between Orrorin and other
843:
835:
824:
732:
663:
571:
452:
422:
396:
7281:
7088:
6121:
3214:
690:
616:
555:
369:
7227:
6456:
5616:
4661:
3992:
3922:
2953:
6471:
6458:
6408:
1794:
860:
3918:
2370:
1949:. It has been suggested by Pickford that the many features
2548:
2546:
1938:
appears to have developed bipedalism 6 million years ago.
2115:"New Pliocene hominid fossils from Baringo County, Kenya"
2414:"Scientists Spar over Claims of Earliest Human Ancestor"
2046:
296:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
788:, like modern humans, whereas australopithecines were
7177:
2932:- The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
1984:. An analysis of the BAR 10020' 00 femur showed that
1864:
lived in a dry evergreen forest environment, not the
7126:
7115:
7104:
7094:
7076:
7066:
7055:
7007:
6989:
6921:
6891:
6874:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6801:
6791:
6781:
6771:
6734:
6710:
6686:
6604:
6589:
6579:
6569:
6559:
6549:
6539:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6374:
6357:
6347:
6337:
6327:
6317:
6279:
6269:
6239:
6144:
6127:
6089:
6079:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6032:
6022:
6005:
5944:
5929:
5769:
5740:
5710:
5673:
5658:
5648:
5538:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5412:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5342:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5261:
5251:
5241:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5177:
5153:
5143:
5119:
5096:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5016:
4885:
4819:
4782:
4751:
4735:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4693:
4595:
4578:
4568:
4528:
4517:
4507:
4007:
2887:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
2483:
Oldest footprints of pre-humans identified in Crete.
2366:
2364:
7236:
7046:
7022:
6980:
6920:
6909:
6815:
6752:
6677:
6603:
6469:
6407:
6253:
6188:
6179:
5996:
5943:
5914:
5837:
5810:
5783:
5739:
5709:
5672:
5629:
5567:
5487:
5403:
5275:
5110:
5080:
5001:
4945:
4918:
4884:
4818:
4781:
4750:
4674:
4614:
4545:
4494:
4452:
4262:
4135:
4059:
4005:
3829:
3803:
3756:
3694:
3613:
3572:
3565:
3511:
3444:
3435:
3358:
3283:
3230:
3213:
3173:
3109:
3080:
3035:
3002:
2987:
2802:"Orrorin Tugenensis: Pushing back the hominin line"
3459:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
1980:is more closely related to early hominins than to
1905:and Australopithecus. According to recent studies
1850:femur it has been compared to belonged to a male.
2680:Richmond, B. G.; Jungers, W. L. (21 March 2008).
2497:"Comments on possible Miocene hominin footprints"
1922:and is much closer in shape and relative size to
677:means roughly “group of people who came before.”
2495:Meldrum, Jeff; Sarmiento, Esteban (2018-08-01).
842:", found in fossilized beach sediments near the
522:are found in the upper levels of the formation (
479:The team that found the rest of the holotype of
731:and several isolated teeth; three fragments of
2869:. Essential Science Indicators. Archived from
850:, have been dated to a similar time period as
3934:
2965:
2820:Evolution and prehistory: the human challenge
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
889:
858:, or that they are indeed footprints at all.
815:protrudes medially. While these suggest that
8:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
16:Postulated early hominin discovered in Kenya
2460:"Whereabouts of fossil treasure sparks row"
2384:"Orrorin tugenensis essay | Becoming Human"
1836:femur is morphologically closer to that of
476:in 1974 and described by Pickford (1975).
7224:
7028:
6917:
6764:
6760:
6481:
6477:
6466:
6453:
6404:
6185:
5922:
5748:
5641:
5637:
5626:
5613:
5564:
5009:
4893:
4686:
4682:
4671:
4658:
4500:
4491:
4018:
4002:
3989:
3941:
3927:
3919:
3569:
3441:
3234:
3227:
3041:
2999:
2972:
2958:
2950:
2501:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
896:
882:
141:
120:
20:
2771:
2597:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2297:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2130:
811:is elongated and oval in section and the
807:is spherical and rotated anteriorly; the
3864:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2552:
1996:. The current prevailing theory is that
7184:
2032:
434:, named in 2001, and a second species,
3649:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2223:
7:
3889:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2056:
2054:
1733:
1711:
1689:
1665:
1645:
1625:
1601:
1581:
1558:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1475:
1455:
2291:Hill, Andrew; Ward, Steven (1988).
2238:"Early hominid from Baringo, Kenya"
1968:. However the femora morphology of
472:, a lower molar, was discovered by
2944:National Museum of Natural History
2865:Pickford, Martin (December 2001).
1832:. The main similarity is that the
499:, Kenya: of these, the fossils at
493:National Museum of Natural History
135:National Museum of Natural History
14:
620:, so they were classified within
535:was named and described by Senut
438:, assigned to the genus in 2022.
7211:
7199:
7187:
7161:
6439:
5599:
4643:
3900:
3888:
3877:
3876:
703:
689:
173:
2330:Hawks, John (10 October 2023).
2018:List of human evolution fossils
784:had small post-canines and was
759:are smaller and less elongated
2468:. May 19, 2009. Archived from
1972:shares many similarities with
743:; and a distal thumb phalanx.
719:The 20 specimens belonging to
614:(2022) as being separate from
1:
7379:Taxa named by Martin Pickford
7364:Fossil taxa described in 2001
2907:10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01529-4
2840:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
2654:10.1016/s1631-0683(02)00028-3
2430:10.1126/science.291.5508.1460
819:was bipedal, the rest of the
710:
696:
2936:Human Timeline (Interactive)
2848:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_49
2521:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.05.006
2061:Ferguson, Walter W. (1989).
1868:assumed by many theories of
603:Several referred remains of
3907:Evolutionary biology Portal
2485:OCTOBER 11, 2021 - phys.org
1988:is an intermediate between
7395:
2756:10.1038/s42003-023-05210-5
1994:Australopithecus afarensis
1821:Australopithecus afarensis
646:) means "original man" in
7349:Neogene mammals of Africa
7158:
7031:
6767:
6763:
6484:
6480:
6465:
6452:
6437:
6403:
5925:
5751:
5644:
5640:
5625:
5612:
5597:
5563:
5012:
4896:
4689:
4685:
4670:
4657:
4640:
4503:
4490:
4021:
4001:
3988:
3956:
3872:
3852:Evolutionary anthropology
3237:
3044:
1790:
874:
863:
365:
358:
335:
330:
310:
303:
170:Scientific classification
168:
156:
140:
128:
119:
23:
2412:Balter, Michael (2001).
3758:Origin of modern humans
2709:10.1126/science.1154197
2309:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
1876:Evolution of bipedalism
1778:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1637:Dispersal beyond Africa
590:"Ardipithecus" praegens
2842:. pp. 1519–1538.
2744:Communications Biology
2634:Comptes Rendus Palevol
909:−10 —
468:The first part of the
465:
3766:Recent African origin
3004:Last common ancestors
2578:Nature Communications
2388:www.becominghuman.org
2236:Hill, Andrew (1985).
2162:Pickford, M. (1975).
999:−1 —
989:−2 —
979:−3 —
969:−4 —
959:−5 —
949:−6 —
939:−7 —
929:−8 —
919:−9 —
697:Location of discovery
456:
133:femur (BAR 1002'00),
7194:Evolutionary biology
3781:Behavioral modernity
3771:Multiregional origin
3551:archaic Homo sapiens
3546:Homo heidelbergensis
3491:Red Deer Cave people
2823:. Cengage Learning.
2371:Haviland et al. 2007
2132:10.37520/fi.2022.020
1593:Earliest stone tools
840:Trachilos footprints
577:Ardipithecus ramidus
549:The second species,
442:Discovery and naming
428:The type species is
6322:Paradolichopithecus
3418:H. neanderthalensis
3338:H. e. tautavelensis
2899:2001CRASE.332..137S
2701:2008Sci...319.1662R
2695:(5870): 1662–1665.
2646:2002CRPal...1..191P
2590:2013NatCo...4.2888A
2513:2018PrGA..129..577M
2424:(5508): 1460–1461.
2254:1985Natur.315..222H
2180:1975Natur.256..279P
670:was found in 2000.
7268:Orrorin tugenensis
7238:Orrorin tugenensis
5948:Victoriapithecidae
5890:Plesiopliopithecus
5828:Platodontopithecus
3605:Self-domestication
3396:H. heidelbergensis
3345:H. e. yuanmouensis
3310:H. e. lantianensis
3037:Australopithecines
2930:Orrorin tugenensis
2599:10.1038/ncomms3888
2079:10.1007/BF02381261
1998:Orrorin tugenensis
1920:Australopithicines
1916:Australopithicines
1912:Orrorin tugenensis
1907:Orrorin tugenensis
1890:obturator externus
1882:Orrorin tugenensis
1816:australopithecines
1394:H. heidelbergensis
852:Orrorin tugenensis
838:in Greece. These "
803:In the femur, the
666:, where the first
636:The name of genus
533:Orrorin tugenensis
514:), while those in
466:
448:Ororrin tugenensis
314:Orrorin tugenensis
7369:Prehistoric Kenya
7359:Pliocene primates
7331:
7330:
7316:Open Tree of Life
7230:Taxon identifiers
7175:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
6905:
6904:
6748:
6747:
6448:
6447:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5812:Dionysopithecidae
5714:Propliopithecidae
5608:
5607:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5559:
5558:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4653:
4652:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4610:
4609:
4486:
4485:
3916:
3915:
3857:Paleoanthropology
3799:
3798:
3776:Archaic admixture
3654:Stoned ape theory
3590:Endurance running
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3354:
3353:
3317:H. e. nankinensis
3273:H. tsaichangensis
3209:
3208:
2857:978-3-540-32474-4
2830:978-0-495-38190-7
2248:(6016): 222–224.
2226:, pp. 1527–9
2174:(5515): 279–284.
2047:Senut et al. 2001
1974:Australopithicine
1898:anteroposteriorly
1803:
1802:
1795:million years ago
1754:
1753:
1732:
1731:
1710:
1709:
1702:Earliest rock art
1688:
1687:
1664:
1663:
1657:Earliest language
1644:
1643:
1624:
1623:
1600:
1599:
1580:
1579:
1570:Earliest sign of
1557:
1556:
1547:Earliest sign of
1534:
1533:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1493:
1474:
1473:
1117:Ou. macedoniensis
867:Hominine timeline
813:lesser trochanter
727:in two pieces; a
568:Mabaget Formation
497:Lukeino Formation
419:Mabaget Formation
412:Lukeino Formation
385:
384:
379:
352:
299:
297:Senut et al. 2001
150:
7386:
7354:Miocene primates
7324:
7323:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7284:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7183:
7166:
7165:
7128:
7117:
7106:
7096:
7078:
7071:Australopithecus
7068:
7057:
7029:
7009:
6991:
6923:
6918:
6893:
6876:
6866:
6856:
6846:
6836:
6826:
6803:
6793:
6783:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6736:
6712:
6688:
6608:Dendropithecidae
6606:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6530:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6467:
6454:
6443:
6405:
6376:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6281:
6271:
6241:
6186:
6146:
6129:
6091:
6081:
6064:
6054:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6010:Cercopithecoides
6007:
5980:Victoriapithecus
5946:
5931:
5923:
5917:Cercopithecoidea
5771:
5749:
5742:
5712:
5675:
5660:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5627:
5614:
5603:
5565:
5540:
5461:
5451:
5441:
5431:
5414:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5344:
5327:
5317:
5307:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5219:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5179:
5155:
5145:
5121:
5098:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5010:
4920:Proteopithecidae
4894:
4887:
4821:
4784:
4753:
4737:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4672:
4659:
4648:
4647:
4597:
4580:
4570:
4530:
4519:
4509:
4501:
4492:
4019:
4009:
4003:
3990:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3816:Human prehistory
3791:Recent evolution
3786:Early migrations
3728:Thermoregulation
3629:Expensive tissue
3600:Sexual selection
3570:
3442:
3324:H. e. pekinensis
3235:
3228:
3143:A. bahrelghazali
3112:Australopithecus
3042:
3012:Chimpanzee–human
3000:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2918:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2861:
2834:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2686:
2677:
2658:
2657:
2629:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2569:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2262:10.1038/315222a0
2233:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2188:10.1038/256279a0
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2058:
2049:
2044:
1962:Australopithecus
1947:Australopithecus
1894:Australopithecus
1783:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:Earliest clothes
1717:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1671:
1666:
1651:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1613:Earliest sign of
1607:
1602:
1587:
1582:
1572:Australopithecus
1564:
1559:
1541:
1536:
1527:Earliest bipedal
1521:
1516:
1507:Chimpanzee split
1501:
1496:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1456:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1354:
1341:
1321:
1308:
1280:
1278:Australopithecus
1267:
1252:
1235:
1222:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1121:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1064:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
898:
891:
884:
878:
868:
861:
752:Australopithecus
707:
693:
544:Orrorin praegens
528:
513:
507:are the oldest (
491:from the French
377:
344:
295:
288:
178:
177:
161:of the thumb of
152:
151:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7319:
7314:
7306:
7301:
7293:
7288:
7280:
7275:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7232:
7222:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7186:
7178:
7176:
7167:
7160:
7136:
7042:
7018:
6994:Chororapithecus
6976:
6963:Pierolapithecus
6955:Hispanopithecus
6914:
6901:
6839:Gigantopithecus
6811:
6757:
6744:
6739:Yuanmoupithecus
6673:
6668:Turkanapithecus
6599:
6594:Samburupithecus
6564:Nacholapithecus
6474:
6461:
6444:
6423:
6391:
6362:Procynocephalus
6249:
6181:Cercopithecinae
6175:
6027:Dolichopithecus
5992:
5964:Nsungwepithecus
5939:
5919:
5902:
5855:Barberapithecus
5833:
5821:Dionysopithecus
5806:
5794:Epipliopithecus
5779:
5757:Krishnapithecus
5744:Pliopithecoidea
5735:
5730:Propliopithecus
5723:Aegyptopithecus
5705:
5677:Oligopithecidae
5668:
5634:
5621:
5604:
5583:
5555:
5483:
5399:
5271:
5246:Proteropithecia
5106:
5076:
5006:
4989:
4984:Ucayalipithecus
4941:
4914:
4889:Parapithecoidea
4880:
4861:Myanmarpithecus
4823:Amphipithecidae
4814:
4809:Phenacopithecus
4777:
4746:
4679:
4666:
4649:
4642:
4630:
4606:
4541:
4482:
4448:
4258:
4138:Anaptomorphinae
4131:
4055:
4015:
3997:
3984:
3952:
3947:
3917:
3912:
3868:
3825:
3811:Human evolution
3795:
3752:
3696:
3690:
3669:Cooperative eye
3614:Specific models
3609:
3561:
3540:Homo antecessor
3495:
3431:
3425:H. rhodesiensis
3389:H. floresiensis
3350:
3331:H. e. soloensis
3303:H. e. georgicus
3279:
3243:H. gautengensis
3218:
3216:
3205:
3169:
3105:
3076:
3031:
3022:Orangutan–human
2991:
2983:
2981:Human evolution
2978:
2926:
2921:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2661:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2551:
2544:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2211:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2029:
2014:
1903:Aegyptopithecus
1880:The fossils of
1878:
1870:human evolution
1808:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:H o m i n i d s
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:Chororapithecus
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1087:Samburupithecus
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
902:
876:
870:
866:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
708:
700:
699:
698:
694:
683:
673:The epithet of
634:
547:
523:
508:
489:Martin Pickford
474:Martin Pickford
451:
444:
326:
317:
294:
286:
172:
142:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7392:
7390:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7374:Baringo County
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7336:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7312:
7299:
7286:
7273:
7258:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7221:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7120:Sahelanthropus
7113:
7102:
7092:
7085:
7081:Graecopithecus
7074:
7064:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7012:Nakalipithecus
7005:
6998:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6927:
6915:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6882:
6872:
6869:Lufengpithecus
6862:
6859:Khoratpithecus
6852:
6842:
6832:
6829:Ankarapithecus
6821:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6806:Ouranopithecus
6799:
6796:Nakalipithecus
6789:
6786:Graecopithecus
6779:
6768:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6683:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6647:Rangwapithecus
6643:
6635:
6632:Nyanzapithecus
6628:
6620:
6617:Dendropithecus
6612:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6557:
6554:Morotopithecus
6547:
6537:
6533:Kamoyapithecus
6526:
6523:Griphopithecus
6516:
6506:
6496:
6485:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6379:Soromandrillus
6372:
6365:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6325:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6277:
6267:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6199:Allenopithecus
6194:
6192:
6190:Cercopithecini
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6170:Trachypithecus
6166:
6159:
6152:
6142:
6135:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6087:
6077:
6070:
6060:
6050:
6040:
6030:
6020:
6013:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5987:Zaltanpithecus
5983:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5926:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5787:
5785:Pliopithecidae
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5656:
5645:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5536:
5529:
5526:Leontopithecus
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5491:
5489:Callitrichidae
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5420:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5350:
5340:
5333:
5323:
5313:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4947:Parapithecidae
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4929:Proteopithecus
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4733:
4722:
4712:
4702:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4593:
4586:
4576:
4573:Hesperotarsius
4566:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4515:
4504:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4331:Gunnelltarsius
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4197:Pseudotetonius
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4063:
4061:Microchoerinae
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4022:
4016:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3821:Human timeline
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Drunken monkey
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3573:General models
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3360:Archaic humans
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3265:H. rudolfensis
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3186:P. aethiopicus
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3064:Sahelanthropus
3060:
3053:
3050:Nakalipithecus
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2946:(August 2016).
2933:
2925:
2924:External links
2922:
2920:
2919:
2893:(2): 137–144.
2882:
2862:
2856:
2835:
2829:
2814:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2730:
2659:
2640:(4): 191–203.
2613:
2557:
2542:
2507:(4): 577–580.
2487:
2475:
2472:on 2019-04-30.
2451:
2399:
2375:
2360:
2334:Sahelanthropus
2322:
2283:
2228:
2209:
2154:
2125:(2): 451–488.
2119:Fossil Imprint
2100:
2073:(3): 383–387.
2050:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:as a hominin.
1877:
1874:
1807:
1806:Classification
1804:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1329:H. rudolfensis
1314:
1313:
1312:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1183:Graecopithecus
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:Sahelanthropus
1166:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1100:Ouranopithecus
1096:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1074:Nakalipithecus
1070:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:0 —
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
893:
886:
875:
872:
871:
864:
709:
702:
701:
695:
688:
687:
686:
685:
684:
682:
679:
633:
630:
546:
541:
485:Brigitte Senut
450:
445:
443:
440:
431:O. tugenenesis
383:
382:
381:
380:
378:Ferguson, 1989
363:
362:
356:
355:
354:
353:
333:
332:
331:Other species
328:
327:
318:
308:
307:
301:
300:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
166:
165:
159:distal phalanx
154:
153:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7391:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7207:
7197:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7164:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7099:Kenyanthropus
7093:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7013:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6934:Anoiapithecus
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6925:Dryopithecini
6919:
6916:
6913:
6908:
6898:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6654:Rukwapithecus
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:Micropithecus
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:Otavipithecus
6568:
6566:
6565:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:Kenyapithecus
6538:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6442:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6388:
6387:
6386:Theropithecus
6383:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6352:Procercocebus
6346:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6284:Gorgopithecus
6278:
6276:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:Cercopithecus
6210:
6208:
6207:
6206:Allochrocebus
6203:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6156:Semnopithecus
6153:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6139:Rhinopithecus
6136:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6094:Parapresbytis
6088:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:Kuseracolobus
6031:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5913:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5883:Laccopithecus
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5869:Egarapithecus
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5700:Talahpithecus
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:Oligopithecus
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5653:Micropithecus
5647:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5602:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:Protopithecus
5368:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5236:Plecturocebus
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5212:Miocallicebus
5206:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4875:Siamopithecus
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:Bugtipithecus
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:Amphipithecus
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:Afrotarsiidae
4749:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:Aseanpithecus
4713:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:Cephalopachus
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:Afrotarsiidae
4516:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4454:Tarkadectinae
4451:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4324:Ekwiiyemakius
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:Ageitodendron
4272:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:Anaptomorphus
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:Life history
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:Homo ergaster
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3457:H. s. sapiens
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Modern humans
3434:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:H. luzonensis
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:H. antecessor
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:H. e. erectus
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:A. deyiremeda
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3071:Kenyanthropus
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Gorilla–human
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2873:on 2002-06-02
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:Pickford 2001
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2373:, p. 122
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:(S9): 49–83.
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:(with images)
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:O. tugenensis
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:O. tugenensis
1939:
1937:
1936:O. tugenensis
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1746:Modern humans
1741:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1677:Earliest fire
1673:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1487:Gorilla split
1483:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1440:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1362:H. antecessor
1356:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1305:
1304:Au. anamensis
1299:
1297:
1296:Au. afarensis
1291:
1289:
1288:Au. africanus
1282:
1281:
1279:
1266:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1218:O. tugenensis
1213:
1211:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1013:
906:
905:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
873:
869:
862:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
742:
739:; a proximal
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:O. tugenensis
706:
692:
680:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
658:derives from
657:
656:O. tugenensis
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
599:
597:
596:Praeanthropus
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
566:
562:
560:
557:
552:
545:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:O. tugenensis
477:
475:
471:
464:
463:O. tugenensis
460:
455:
449:
446:
441:
439:
437:
433:
432:
426:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
390:
376:
374:
371:
367:
366:
364:
361:
357:
350:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
334:
329:
324:
321:
316:
315:
309:
306:
302:
298:
293:
292:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
164:
163:O. tugenensis
160:
155:
139:
136:
132:
131:O. tugenensis
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:6.1–4.5
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
7237:
7206:Paleontology
7131:Paranthropus
7129:
7118:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7087:
7079:
7069:
7060:Ardipithecus
7058:
7035:
7010:
7000:
6992:
6971:Rudapithecus
6969:
6961:
6953:
6948:Dryopithecus
6946:
6939:
6932:
6896:Sivapithecus
6894:
6884:
6879:Meganthropus
6877:
6867:
6857:
6849:Indopithecus
6847:
6837:
6827:
6804:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6737:
6729:Symphalangus
6727:
6720:
6713:
6703:
6696:
6691:Bunopithecus
6689:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6639:Oreopithecus
6637:
6630:
6622:
6615:
6592:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6493:Afropithecus
6491:
6384:
6377:
6367:
6360:
6350:
6340:
6330:
6320:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6274:Dinopithecus
6272:
6262:
6244:Nanopithecus
6242:
6232:
6227:Erythrocebus
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6137:
6132:Rhinocolobus
6130:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6101:Piliocolobus
6099:
6092:
6082:
6072:
6067:Microcolobus
6065:
6057:Mesopithecus
6055:
6047:Libypithecus
6045:
6035:
6025:
6015:
6008:
5985:
5978:
5972:Prohylobates
5970:
5962:
5957:Noropithecus
5955:
5932:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:Crouzeliidae
5826:
5819:
5801:Pliopithecus
5799:
5792:
5772:
5762:
5755:
5728:
5721:
5698:
5691:
5686:Catopithecus
5684:
5661:
5651:
5548:
5541:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5434:Dolichocebus
5432:
5422:
5415:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5345:
5335:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5210:
5202:Mazzonicebus
5200:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5163:
5158:Cebupithecia
5156:
5146:
5136:
5129:
5124:Antillothrix
5122:
5099:
5089:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5031:Perupithecus
5029:
5019:
4982:
4975:
4970:Parapithecus
4968:
4961:
4954:
4934:
4927:
4907:
4900:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4830:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4770:
4763:
4740:Phileosimias
4738:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4698:Altiatlasius
4696:
4600:Xanthorhysis
4598:
4588:
4583:Oligotarsius
4581:
4571:
4561:
4554:
4531:
4520:
4510:
4496:Tarsiiformes
4475:
4468:
4461:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4359:Macrotarsius
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4211:Strigorhysis
4209:
4204:Sphacorhysis
4202:
4195:
4188:
4183:Chlororhysis
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4084:Microchoerus
4082:
4075:
4068:
4048:
4041:
4035:Altiatlasius
4033:
4025:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3748:Gender roles
3743:Intelligence
3556:Homo sapiens
3554:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3534:Homo erectus
3532:
3526:
3522:Homo habilis
3520:
3481:Manot people
3470:H. s. idaltu
3468:
3464:Jebel Irhoud
3456:
3447:Homo sapiens
3445:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3367:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3286:Homo erectus
3284:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3231:Proto-humans
3220:
3217:proto-humans
3198:
3191:
3184:
3176:Paranthropus
3174:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3136:A. anamensis
3134:
3129:A. africanus
3127:
3122:A. afarensis
3120:
3110:
3098:
3091:
3083:Ardipithecus
3081:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3027:Gibbon–human
2890:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:the original
2839:
2819:
2806:. Retrieved
2747:
2743:
2733:
2692:
2688:
2637:
2633:
2581:
2577:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2478:
2470:the original
2465:Daily Nation
2463:
2454:
2421:
2417:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2342:Ardipithecus
2341:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2122:
2118:
2070:
2066:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:Homo sapiens
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:Homo sapiens
1837:
1833:
1830:A. afarensis
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1774:
1759:
1615:
1571:
1549:Ardipithecus
1548:
1467:Earlier apes
1424:Neanderthals
1408:Homo sapiens
1405:
1404:
1391:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1334:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1260:
1245:
1233:Ardipithecus
1230:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1157:Sivapithecus
1154:
1144:Oreopithecus
1141:
1128:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1059:
1045:
1032:
1017:
851:
833:
829:
816:
802:
797:
793:
781:
772:in that its
769:Ardipithecus
767:
755:in that its
750:
746:
745:
735:; a partial
720:
718:
674:
672:
655:
643:
638:
637:
635:
625:
621:
615:
611:
604:
602:
593:
589:
585:
581:
575:
554:
550:
548:
543:
536:
532:
531:
480:
478:
467:
462:
447:
435:
430:
429:
427:
388:
387:
386:
368:
348:
340:
339:
322:
313:
312:
305:Type species
290:
289:
243:Infraorder:
162:
130:
31:Late Miocene
24:
18:
7262:Wikispecies
6679:Hylobatidae
6369:Rungwecebus
6234:Miopithecus
6220:Chlorocebus
6149:Sawecolobus
6084:Paracolobus
5848:Anapithecus
5764:Paidopithex
5519:Leontocebus
5454:Panamacebus
5364:Paralouatta
5300:Brachyteles
5192:Insulacebus
5112:Pitheciidae
5051:Canaanimico
5004:Platyrrhini
4956:Abuqatrania
4772:Afrotarsius
4677:Simiiformes
4664:Simiiformes
4616:Simiiformes
4470:Tarkadectes
4310:Diablomomys
4289:Brontomomys
4225:Teilhardina
4169:Arapahovius
4162:Anemorhysis
4126:Vectipithex
4119:Quercyloris
4112:Pseudoloris
4091:Nannopithex
4077:Melaneremia
3679:Grandmother
3634:Shore-based
3595:Aquatic ape
3486:Tam Pa Ling
3381:H. ergaster
3200:P. robustus
2940:Smithsonian
2808:December 1,
2584:(1): 2888.
2555:, Interview
1370:H. ergaster
1263:Ar. ramidus
1248:Ar. kadabba
1210:O. praegens
1048:Pleistocene
877:This box:
846:village of
844:west Cretan
821:postcranium
757:cheek teeth
675:O. praegens
660:Tugen Hills
626:O. praegens
605:O. praegens
551:O. praegens
520:Kapcheberek
483:was led by
436:O. praegens
341:O. praegens
263:Subfamily:
247:Simiiformes
7338:Categories
6513:Equatorius
6472:Hominoidea
6459:Hominoidea
6418:see below↓
6409:Hominoidea
6305:Mandrillus
6291:Lophocebus
6264:Cercocebus
6115:Procolobus
5876:Fanchangia
5632:Catarrhini
5619:Catarrhini
5578:see below↓
5569:Catarrhini
5505:Callithrix
5444:Killikaike
5347:Mohanamico
5330:Chilecebus
5256:Soriacebus
5222:Nuciruptor
5182:Homunculus
5172:Chiropotes
5165:Cheracebus
5148:Carlocebus
5138:Callicebus
5101:Tremacebus
5071:Lagonimico
5061:Branisella
5041:Szalatavus
4868:Pondaungia
4786:Eosimiidae
4625:see below↓
4512:Archicebus
4394:Shoshonius
4338:Hemiacodon
4317:Dyseolemur
4303:Chumashius
4246:Trogolemur
4239:Tetonoides
4148:Absarokius
4098:Necrolemur
4043:Bownomomys
3995:Haplorhini
3950:Haplorhini
3718:Skin color
3703:Bipedalism
3664:Killer ape
3476:Cro-Magnon
3375:Denisovans
3251:H. habilis
3215:Humans and
3100:A. ramidus
3093:A. kadabba
2877:2002-04-07
2750:(1): 842.
2393:2022-06-10
2353:1 February
2348:John Hawks
2332:"Guide to
2224:Senut 2007
2027:References
1439:Denisovans
1378:Au. sediba
1352:H. erectus
1319:H. habilis
1109:Ou. turkae
856:vertebrate
711:Map detail
650:, and the
598:" praegens
421:, both of
237:Haplorhini
233:Suborder:
6982:Gorillini
6912:Homininae
6755:Hominidae
6705:Hylobates
6584:Proconsul
6342:Pliopapio
6332:Parapapio
6255:Papionini
6122:Pygathrix
6108:Presbytis
5998:Colobinae
5897:Pliobates
5862:Crouzelia
5663:Saadanius
5498:Callimico
5417:Acrecebus
5394:Stirtonia
5337:Lagothrix
5320:Cartelles
5266:Xenothrix
5021:Parvimico
4547:Tarsiidae
4534:Omomyidae
4429:Washakius
4415:Uintanius
4366:Nesomomys
4296:Chipetaia
4282:Asiomomys
4265:Omomyinae
4218:Tatmanius
4176:Aycrossia
4105:Paraloris
4070:Indusomys
4012:Omomyidae
3960:Kingdom:
3837:Theorists
3804:Timelines
3684:Patriarch
3660:Behavior
3585:Gathering
3513:Ancestors
3258:H. naledi
3193:P. boisei
3164:A. sediba
2764:2399-3642
2537:134963777
2529:0016-7878
2317:0002-9483
2270:0028-0836
2196:0028-0836
2149:255055545
2141:2533-4069
2087:0032-8332
1337:Au. garhi
1061:Homininae
848:Trachilos
786:microdont
766:and from
729:symphysis
632:Etymology
407:from the
405:Homininae
267:Homininae
257:Hominidae
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
7344:Hominini
7308:11320418
7247:Wikidata
7048:Hominina
7024:Hominini
6941:Danuvius
6817:Ponginae
6776:Buronius
6722:Nomascus
6661:Simiolus
5550:Saguinus
5512:Cebuella
5464:Patasola
5384:Solimoea
5286:Alouatta
5277:Atelidae
5229:Pithecia
4977:Qatrania
4902:Arsinoea
4802:Eosimias
4436:Wyomomys
4401:Steinius
4387:Rooneyia
4345:Jemezius
4253:Walshina
4232:Tetonius
4190:Gazinius
4050:Kohatius
4027:Altanius
3980:Primates
3974:Mammalia
3968:Chordata
3966:Phylum:
3962:Animalia
3883:Category
3738:Language
3708:Skeleton
3403:H. longi
3157:A. garhi
2994:Hominins
2989:Taxonomy
2915:14235881
2800:CogWeb.
2782:37612372
2773:10447513
2725:20971393
2717:18356526
2608:24301078
2446:43010058
2438:11234056
2095:38147495
2067:Primates
2012:See also
1960:than to
1842:than is
1818:such as
1035:Pliocene
825:pollical
790:megadont
764:distally
725:mandible
644:Orroriek
642:(plural
609:Pickford
580:(or cf.
565:Pliocene
561:praegens
559:antiquus
539:(2001).
516:Kapsomin
470:holotype
459:holotype
416:Pliocene
375:praegens
373:antiquus
360:Synonyms
346:Pickford
277:Hominini
253:Family:
227:Primates
217:Mammalia
207:Chordata
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
129:Cast of
35:Pliocene
7321:3607732
7295:4827659
7282:8824351
7253:Q311630
7218:Science
7180:Portals
7109:Orrorin
7002:Gorilla
6698:Hoolock
6074:Nasalis
6017:Colobus
5543:Micodon
5478:Sapajus
5471:Saimiri
5405:Cebidae
5354:Oreonax
5310:Caipora
5131:Cacajao
5082:Aotidae
4963:Apidium
4936:Serapia
4909:Biretia
4795:Bahinia
4765:Afrasia
4729:Nosmips
4709:Amamria
4590:Tarsius
4556:Carlito
4477:Tarkops
4443:Yaquius
4408:Stockia
4380:Ourayia
4352:Loveina
3978:Order:
3972:Class:
3895:Commons
3847:Fossils
3713:Muscles
3624:Cooking
3580:Hunting
3057:Orrorin
2895:Bibcode
2793:Sources
2697:Bibcode
2689:Science
2642:Bibcode
2586:Bibcode
2509:Bibcode
2418:Science
2338:Orrorin
2278:4353464
2250:Bibcode
2204:4149259
2176:Bibcode
2006:Orrorin
2002:Orrorin
1986:Orrorin
1978:Orrorin
1958:sapiens
1951:Orrorin
1932:Orrorin
1928:Orrorin
1886:Orrorin
1866:savanna
1862:Orrorin
1855:Miocene
1848:Orrorin
1834:Orrorin
1826:Orrorin
1812:Orrorin
1738:←
1716:←
1694:←
1681:cooking
1670:←
1650:←
1630:←
1606:←
1586:←
1563:←
1540:←
1520:←
1500:←
1480:←
1460:←
1196:Orrorin
1021:Miocene
1004:–
994:–
984:–
974:–
964:–
954:–
944:–
934:–
924:–
914:–
817:Orrorin
794:Orrorin
782:Orrorin
778:canines
747:Orrorin
741:phalanx
737:humerus
681:Fossils
652:epithet
639:Orrorin
622:Orrorin
586:ramidus
501:Cheboit
409:Miocene
403:within
401:primate
394:extinct
389:Orrorin
291:Orrorin
283:Genus:
273:Tribe:
223:Order:
213:Class:
109:↓
25:Orrorin
6503:Ekembo
6298:Macaca
6163:Simias
5934:Alophe
5293:Ateles
4854:Krabia
4847:Ganlea
4422:Utahia
4373:Omomys
3830:Others
3733:Speech
3695:Topics
3640:Drugs
3566:Models
2913:
2854:
2827:
2804:. UCLA
2780:
2770:
2762:
2723:
2715:
2606:
2535:
2527:
2444:
2436:
2315:
2276:
2268:
2242:Nature
2202:
2194:
2168:Nature
2147:
2139:
2093:
2085:
1844:Lucy's
1449:
774:enamel
733:femora
668:fossil
612:et al.
537:et al.
505:Aragai
392:is an
351:, 2022
349:et al.
325:, 2001
323:et al.
7303:IRMNG
6886:Pongo
6715:Junzi
6312:Papio
5424:Cebus
5091:Aotus
4463:Tarka
3842:Books
3620:Diet
2911:S2CID
2721:S2CID
2685:(PDF)
2533:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2274:S2CID
2200:S2CID
2145:S2CID
2091:S2CID
836:Crete
761:mesio
664:Kenya
648:Tugen
572:Kenya
423:Kenya
397:genus
320:Senut
7290:GBIF
7089:Homo
5774:Kapi
5533:Mico
3723:Hair
3543:) →
3221:Homo
2852:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2810:2010
2778:PMID
2760:ISSN
2713:PMID
2604:PMID
2525:ISSN
2434:PMID
2355:2024
2340:and
2313:ISSN
2266:ISSN
2192:ISSN
2137:ISSN
2083:ISSN
1992:and
1982:Homo
1966:Homo
1955:Homo
1616:Homo
897:edit
890:talk
883:view
809:neck
805:head
798:Homo
617:Homo
584:cf.
556:Homo
529:).
518:and
503:and
487:and
457:The
414:and
370:Homo
157:The
48:PreꞒ
7277:EoL
7037:Pan
3537:(→
3428:(?)
3406:(?)
3384:(?)
3276:(?)
3268:(?)
3246:(?)
2903:doi
2891:332
2844:doi
2768:PMC
2752:doi
2705:doi
2693:319
2650:doi
2594:doi
2517:doi
2505:129
2426:doi
2422:291
2305:doi
2258:doi
2246:315
2184:doi
2172:256
2127:doi
2075:doi
1990:Pan
1896:),
1810:If
662:in
654:of
624:as
592:or
588:),
570:of
525:5.7
510:6.1
461:of
399:of
7340::
7318::
7305::
7292::
7279::
7264::
7249::
3553:→
3549:→
3531:/
3525:→
2942:,
2938:–
2909:.
2901:.
2889:.
2850:.
2776:.
2766:.
2758:.
2746:.
2742:.
2719:.
2711:.
2703:.
2691:.
2687:.
2662:^
2648:.
2636:.
2616:^
2602:.
2592:.
2580:.
2576:.
2560:^
2545:^
2531:.
2523:.
2515:.
2503:.
2499:.
2462:.
2440:.
2432:.
2420:.
2416:.
2402:^
2386:.
2363:^
2346:.
2336:,
2311:.
2301:31
2299:.
2295:.
2272:.
2264:.
2256:.
2244:.
2240:.
2212:^
2198:.
2190:.
2182:.
2170:.
2166:.
2143:.
2135:.
2123:78
2121:.
2117:.
2103:^
2089:.
2081:.
2071:30
2069:.
2065:.
2053:^
2035:^
1872:.
1679:/
628:.
600:.
582:A.
527:Ma
512:Ma
425:.
98:Pg
42:Ma
37:,
7182::
7127:†
7123:?
7116:†
7112:?
7105:†
7095:†
7084:?
7077:†
7067:†
7063:?
7056:†
7015:?
7008:†
6997:?
6990:†
6966:?
6958:?
6922:†
6892:†
6875:†
6865:†
6855:†
6845:†
6835:†
6825:†
6802:†
6792:†
6782:†
6772:†
6735:†
6711:†
6687:†
6642:?
6627:?
6605:†
6590:†
6580:†
6570:†
6560:†
6550:†
6540:†
6536:?
6529:†
6519:†
6509:†
6499:†
6489:†
6375:†
6358:†
6348:†
6338:†
6328:†
6318:†
6280:†
6270:†
6240:†
6145:†
6128:†
6090:†
6080:†
6063:†
6053:†
6043:†
6033:†
6023:†
6006:†
5975:?
5967:?
5945:†
5930:†
5770:†
5741:†
5711:†
5674:†
5659:†
5649:†
5539:†
5460:†
5450:†
5440:†
5430:†
5413:†
5390:†
5380:†
5370:†
5360:†
5343:†
5326:†
5316:†
5306:†
5262:†
5252:†
5242:†
5218:†
5208:†
5198:†
5188:†
5178:†
5154:†
5144:†
5120:†
5097:†
5067:†
5057:†
5047:†
5037:†
5027:†
5017:†
4886:†
4842:?
4820:†
4783:†
4757:?
4752:†
4743:?
4736:†
4732:?
4725:†
4715:†
4705:†
4701:?
4694:†
4603:?
4596:†
4579:†
4569:†
4538:?
4536:"
4532:"
4529:†
4525:?
4518:†
4508:†
4267:"
4263:"
4140:"
4136:"
4038:?
4030:?
4014:"
4010:"
4008:†
3942:e
3935:t
3928:v
3223:)
3219:(
2996:)
2992:(
2973:e
2966:t
2959:v
2917:.
2905::
2897::
2880:.
2860:.
2846::
2833:.
2812:.
2784:.
2754::
2748:6
2727:.
2707::
2699::
2656:.
2652::
2644::
2638:1
2610:.
2596::
2588::
2582:4
2539:.
2519::
2511::
2448:.
2428::
2396:.
2357:.
2344:"
2319:.
2307::
2280:.
2260::
2252::
2206:.
2186::
2178::
2151:.
2129::
2097:.
2077::
1797:)
1793:(
1380:)
1376:(
1372:)
1368:(
1364:)
1360:(
1339:)
1335:(
1331:)
1327:(
1306:)
1302:(
1298:)
1294:(
1290:)
1286:(
1265:)
1261:(
1250:)
1246:(
1220:)
1216:(
1212:)
1208:(
1119:)
1115:(
1111:)
1107:(
594:"
338:†
311:†
287:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
33:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
